1
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Alessandri M, Osorio-Forero A, Lüthi A, Chatton JY. The lactate receptor HCAR1: A key modulator of epileptic seizure activity. iScience 2024; 27:109679. [PMID: 38655197 PMCID: PMC11035371 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects millions globally with a significant portion exhibiting pharmacoresistance. Abnormal neuronal activity elevates brain lactate levels, which prompted the exploration of its receptor, the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) known to downmodulate neuronal activity in physiological conditions. This study revealed that HCAR1-deficient mice (HCAR1-KO) exhibited lowered seizure thresholds, and increased severity and duration compared to wild-type mice. Hippocampal and whole-brain electrographic seizure analyses revealed increased seizure severity in HCAR1-KO mice, supported by time-frequency analysis. The absence of HCAR1 led to uncontrolled inter-ictal activity in acute hippocampal slices, replicated by lactate dehydrogenase A inhibition indicating that the activation of HCAR1 is closely associated with glycolytic output. However, synthetic HCAR1 agonist administration in an in vivo epilepsy model did not modulate seizures, likely due to endogenous lactate competition. These findings underscore the crucial roles of lactate and HCAR1 in regulating circuit excitability to prevent unregulated neuronal activity and terminate epileptic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Alessandri
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Osorio-Forero
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Yves Chatton
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
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2
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Fringuello AR, Colbourn R, Goodman JH, Michelson HB, Ling DSF, Hrabetova S. Rapid volume pulsations of the extracellular space accompany epileptiform activity in trauma-injured neocortex and depend on the sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1. Epilepsy Res 2024; 201:107337. [PMID: 38461594 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Post traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a treatment-resistant consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recently, it has been revealed that epileptiform activity in acute chemoconvulsant seizure models is accompanied by transient shrinkages of extracellular space (ECS) called rapid volume pulsations (RVPs). Shrinkage of the ECS surrounding neurons and glia may contribute to ictogenic hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony during the chronic phase of TBI. Here, we identify the phenomenon of RVPs occurring spontaneously in rat neocortex at ≥ 3 weeks after injury in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model for PTE. We further report that blocking the electrogenic action of the astrocytic cotransporter NBCe1 with 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) eliminates both RVPs and epileptiform activity in ex-vivo CCI neocortical brain slices. We conclude that NBCe1-mediated extracellular volume shrinkage may represent a new target for therapeutic intervention in PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fringuello
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Robert Colbourn
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Goodman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, The New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Hillary B Michelson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Douglas S F Ling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sabina Hrabetova
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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3
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Cauli B, Dusart I, Li D. Lactate as a determinant of neuronal excitability, neuroenergetics and beyond. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106207. [PMID: 37331530 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, lactate has emerged as important energy substrate for the brain fueling of neurons. A growing body of evidence now indicates that it is also a signaling molecule modulating neuronal excitability and activity as well as brain functions. In this review, we will briefly summarize how different cell types produce and release lactate. We will further describe different signaling mechanisms allowing lactate to fine-tune neuronal excitability and activity, and will finally discuss how these mechanisms could cooperate to modulate neuroenergetics and higher order brain functions both in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cauli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dongdong Li
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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4
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Huang TH, Lai MC, Chen YS, Huang CW. The Roles of Glutamate Receptors and Their Antagonists in Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030686. [PMID: 36979664 PMCID: PMC10045490 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with a high mortality rate. When compared to chronic epilepsy, it is distinguished by the durability of seizures and frequent resistance to benzodiazepine (BZD). The Receptor Trafficking Hypothesis, which suggests that the downregulation of γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, and upregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors play major roles in the establishment of SE is the most widely accepted hypothesis underlying BZD resistance. NMDA and AMPA are ionotropic glutamate receptor families that have important excitatory roles in the central nervous system (CNS). They are both essential in maintaining the normal function of the brain and are involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy. Based on animal and human studies, antagonists of NMDA and AMPA receptors have a significant impact in ending SE; albeit most of them are not yet approved to be in clinically therapeutic guidelines, due to their psychomimetic adverse effects. Although there is still a dearth of randomized, prospective research, NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and the AMPA antagonist, perampanel, are regarded to be reasonable optional adjuvant therapies in controlling SE, refractory SE (RSE) or super-refractory SE (SRSE), though there are still a lack of randomized, prospective studies. This review seeks to summarize and update knowledge on the SE development hypothesis, as well as clinical trials using NMDA and AMPA antagonists in animal and human studies of SE investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
- Zhengxin Neurology & Rehabilitation Center, Tainan 70459, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiue Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
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5
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Tønnesen J, Hrabĕtová S, Soria FN. Local diffusion in the extracellular space of the brain. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105981. [PMID: 36581229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a vast interstitial reticulum of extreme morphological complexity, composed of narrow gaps separated by local expansions, enabling interconnected highways between neural cells. Constituting on average 20% of brain volume, the ECS is key for intercellular communication, and understanding its diffusional properties is of paramount importance for understanding the brain. Within the ECS, neuroactive substances travel predominantly by diffusion, spreading through the interstitial fluid and the extracellular matrix scaffold after being focally released. The nanoscale dimensions of the ECS render it unresolvable by conventional live tissue compatible imaging methods, and historically diffusion of tracers has been used to indirectly infer its structure. Novel nanoscopic imaging techniques now show that the ECS is a highly dynamic compartment, and that diffusivity in the ECS is more heterogeneous than anticipated, with great variability across brain regions and physiological states. Diffusion is defined primarily by the local ECS geometry, and secondarily by the viscosity of the interstitial fluid, including the obstructive and binding properties of the extracellular matrix. ECS volume fraction and tortuosity both strongly determine diffusivity, and each can be independently regulated e.g. through alterations in glial morphology and the extracellular matrix composition. Here we aim to provide an overview of our current understanding of the ECS and its diffusional properties. We highlight emerging technological advances to respectively interrogate and model diffusion through the ECS, and point out how these may contribute in resolving the remaining enigmas of the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tønnesen
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sabina Hrabĕtová
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Federico N Soria
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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6
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Paviolo C, Ferreira JS, Lee A, Hunter D, Calaresu I, Nandi S, Groc L, Cognet L. Near-Infrared Carbon Nanotube Tracking Reveals the Nanoscale Extracellular Space around Synapses. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6849-6856. [PMID: 36038137 PMCID: PMC9479209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We provide evidence of a local synaptic nanoenvironment in the brain extracellular space (ECS) lying within 500 nm of postsynaptic densities. To reveal this brain compartment, we developed a correlative imaging approach dedicated to thick brain tissue based on single-particle tracking of individual fluorescent single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in living samples and on speckle-based HiLo microscopy of synaptic labels. We show that the extracellular space around synapses bears specific properties in terms of morphology at the nanoscale and inner diffusivity. We finally show that the ECS juxta-synaptic region changes its diffusion parameters in response to neuronal activity, indicating that this nanoenvironment might play a role in the regulation of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paviolo
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Joana S. Ferreira
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Antony Lee
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Daniel Hunter
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ivo Calaresu
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Somen Nandi
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Cognet
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
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7
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Chiang PP, Kuo SP, Newman EA. Cellular mechanisms mediating activity-dependent extracellular space shrinkage in the retina. Glia 2022; 70:1927-1937. [PMID: 35678626 PMCID: PMC9378592 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Volume transmission plays an essential role in CNS function, with neurotransmitters released from synapses diffusing through the extracellular space (ECS) to distant sites. Changes in the ECS volume fraction (α) will influence the diffusion and the concentration of transmitters within the ECS. We have recently shown that neuronal activity evoked by physiological photic stimuli results in rapid decreases in ECS α as large as 10% in the retina. We now characterize the cellular mechanisms responsible for this ECS shrinkage. We find that block of inwardly rectifying K+ channels with Ba2+, inhibition of the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter with bumetanide, or block of AQP4 water channels with TGN‐020 do not diminish the light‐evoked ECS decrease. Inhibition of the Na+/HCO3− cotransporter by removing HCO3− from the superfusate, in contrast, reduces the light‐evoked ECS decrease by 95.6%. Inhibition of the monocarboxylate transporter with alpha‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (4‐CIN) also reduces the ECS shrinkage, but only by 32.5%. We tested whether the swelling of Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina, is responsible for the light‐evoked ECS shrinkage. Light stimulation evoked a 6.3% increase in the volume of the fine processes of Müller cells. This volume increase was reduced by 97.1% when HCO3− was removed from the superfusate. We conclude that a large fraction of the activity‐dependent decrease in ECS α is generated by the activation of the Na+/HCO3− cotransporter in Müller cells. The monocarboxylate transporter may also contribute to the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Chiang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sidney P Kuo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric A Newman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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8
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Cai M, Wang H, Song H, Yang R, Wang L, Xue X, Sun W, Hu J. Lactate Is Answerable for Brain Function and Treating Brain Diseases: Energy Substrates and Signal Molecule. Front Nutr 2022; 9:800901. [PMID: 35571940 PMCID: PMC9099001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.800901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research to date has provided novel insights into lactate's positive role in multiple brain functions and several brain diseases. Although notable controversies and discrepancies remain, the neurobiological role and the metabolic mechanisms of brain lactate have now been described. A theoretical framework on the relevance between lactate and brain function and brain diseases is presented. This review begins with the source and route of lactate formation in the brain and food; goes on to uncover the regulatory effect of lactate on brain function; and progresses to gathering the application and concentration variation of lactate in several brain diseases (diabetic encephalopathy, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy) treatment. Finally, the dual role of lactate in the brain is discussed. This review highlights the biological effect of lactate, especially L-lactate, in brain function and disease studies and amplifies our understanding of past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbiao Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyu Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanju Sun
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wanju Sun
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Jingyun Hu
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9
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Colbourn R, Hrabe J, Nicholson C, Perkins M, Goodman JH, Hrabetova S. Rapid volume pulsation of the extracellular space coincides with epileptiform activity in mice and depends on the NBCe1 transporter. J Physiol 2021; 599:3195-3220. [PMID: 33942325 DOI: 10.1113/jp281544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Extracellular space (ECS) rapid volume pulsation (RVP) accompanying epileptiform activity is described for the first time. Such RVP occurs robustly in several in vitro and in vivo mouse models of epileptiform activity. In the in vitro 4-aminopyridine model of epileptiform activity, RVP depends on the activity of the electrogenic Na+ /HCO3 - cotransporter (NBCe1). NBCe1 pharmacological inhibition suppresses RVP and epileptiform activity. Inhibition of changes in ECS volume may be a useful target in epilepsy patients who are resistant to current treatments. ABSTRACT: The extracellular space (ECS) of the brain shrinks persistently by approximately 35% during epileptic seizures. Here we report the discovery of rapid volume pulsation (RVP), further transient drops in ECS volume which accompany events of epileptiform activity. These transient ECS contractions were observed in multiple mouse models of epileptiform activity both in vivo (bicuculline methiodide model) and in vitro (hyaluronan synthase 3 knock-out, picrotoxin, bicuculline and 4-aminopyridine models). By using the probe transients quantification (PTQ) method we show that individual pulses of RVP shrank the ECS by almost 15% in vivo. In the 4-aminopyridine in vitro model, the individual pulses of RVP shrank the ECS by more than 4%, and these transient changes were superimposed on a persistent ECS shrinkage of 36% measured with the real-time iontophoretic method. In this in vitro model, we investigated several channels and transporters that may be required for the generation of RVP and epileptiform activity. Pharmacological blockages of Na+ /K+ /2Cl- cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1), K+ /Cl- cotransporter (KCC2), the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1) were ineffective in halting the RVP and the epileptiform activity. In contrast, pharmacological blockade of the electrogenic Na+ /HCO3 - cotransporter (NBCe1) by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) eliminated both the RVP and the persistent ECS shrinkage. Importantly, this blocker also stopped the epileptiform activity. These results demonstrate that RVP is closely associated with epileptiform activity across several models of epileptiform activity and therefore the underlying mechanism could potentially represent a novel target for epilepsy management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Colbourn
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jan Hrabe
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Medical Physics Laboratory, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Charles Nicholson
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Perkins
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Goodman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, The New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Sabina Hrabetova
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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10
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Faraji AH, Rajendran S, Jaquins-Gerstl AS, Hayes HJ, Richardson RM. Convection-Enhanced Delivery and Principles of Extracellular Transport in the Brain. World Neurosurg 2021; 151:163-171. [PMID: 34044166 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic neurosurgery involves a targeted intervention based on congruence of image guidance to a reference fiducial system. This discipline has widespread applications in radiosurgery, tumor therapy, drug delivery, functional lesioning, and neuromodulation. In this article, we focused on convection-enhanced delivery to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain addressing areas of research and clinical development. We performed a robust literature review of all relevant articles highlighting current efforts and challenges of making this delivery technique more widely understood. We further described key biophysical properties of molecular transport in the extracellular space that may impact the efficacy and control of drug delivery using stereotactic methods. Understanding these principles is critical for further refinement of predictive models that can inform advances in stereotactic techniques for convection-enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Faraji
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA; Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA; Center for Translational Neural Prosthetics and Interfaces, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Sibi Rajendran
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Hunter J Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Paviolo C, Cognet L. Near-infrared nanoscopy with carbon-based nanoparticles for the exploration of the brain extracellular space. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 153:105328. [PMID: 33713842 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiology and pathology of the brain requires detailed knowledge of its complex structures as well as dynamic internal processes at very different scales from the macro down to the molecular dimensions. A major yet poorly described brain compartment is the brain extracellular space (ECS). Signalling molecules rapidly diffuse through the brain ECS which is complex and dynamic structure at numerous lengths and time scales. In recent years, characterization of the ECS using nanomaterials has made remarkable progress, including local analysis of nanoscopic dimensions and diffusivity as well as local chemical sensing. In particular, carbon nanomaterials combined with advanced optical technologies, biochemical and biophysical analysis, offer novel promises for understanding the ECS morphology as well as neuron connectivity and neurochemistry. In this review, we present the state-of-the-art in this quest, which mainly focuses on a type of carbon nanomaterial, single walled carbon nanotubes, as fluorescent nanoprobes to unveil the ECS features in the nanometre domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paviolo
- LP2N, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Cognet
- LP2N, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France.
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12
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Ji W, Liu K, Zhao G, Wu F, Jiang Y, Hou L, Zhang M, Mao L. Electrochemical Sensing of Ascorbate as an Index of Neuroprotection from Seizure Activity by Physical Exercise in Freely Moving Rats. ACS Sens 2021; 6:546-552. [PMID: 33346640 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) has been drawing increasing attention to prevent and alleviate neural damage of brain diseases; however, in vivo sensing of the neuroprotection ability of PE remains a challenge. Here, we find that ascorbate can be used as a small molecular index for neuroprotective function of PE and the neuroprotection ability of PE can thus be in vivo monitored with an online electrochemical system (OECS) in freely moving animals. With the OECS as the sensing system, we find that the concentration of ascorbate in the microdialysate from the striatum increases greatly in kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure rats and reaches twice the basal level (i.e., 214.4 ± 32.7%, p < 0.001, n = 4) at a time point 90 min after KA microinjection. Such an increase of ascorbate is obviously attenuated (i.e., 153.6 ± 23.9% of the basal level, p < 0.05, n = 3) after PE, showing the neuroprotective activity of PE. This finding is believed to be significant in providing chemical insight into the neuroprotection ability of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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13
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Pawlik MJ, Obara-Michlewska M, Popek MP, Czarnecka AM, Czuczwar SJ, Łuszczki J, Kołodziej M, Acewicz A, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Albrecht J. Pretreatment with a glutamine synthetase inhibitor MSO delays the onset of initial seizures induced by pilocarpine in juvenile rats. Brain Res 2021; 1753:147253. [PMID: 33422530 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of glutamatergic transmission to generation of initial convulsive seizures (CS) is debated. We tested whether pretreatment with a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), affects the onset and progression of initial CS by cholinergic stimulus in juvenile rats. Male rats (24 days old, Sprague Dawley) sequentially received i.p. injections of lithium-carbonate, MSO, methyl-scopolamine, and pilocarpine (Pilo). Pilo was given 150 min after MSO. Animals were continuously monitored using the Racine scale, EEG/EMG and intrahippocampal glutamate (Glu) biosensors. GS activity as measured in hippocampal homogenates, was not altered by MSO at 150 min, showed initial, varied inhibition at 165 (15 min post-Pilo), and dropped down to 11% of control at 60 min post-Pilo, whereas GS protein expression remained unaltered throughout. Pilo did neither modulate the effect of MSO on GS activity nor affect GS activity itself, at any time point. MSO reduced from 32% to 4% the number of animals showing CS during the first 12 min post-Pilo, delayed by ~6 min the appearance of electrographic seizures, and tended to decrease EMG power during ~15 min post-Pilo. The results indicate that MSO impairs an aspect of glutamatergic transmission involved in the transition from the first cholinergic stimulus to the onset of seizures. A continuous rise of extracellular Glu lasting 60 min was insignificantly affected by MSO, leaving the nature of the Glu pool(s) involved in altered glutamatergic transmission undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J Pawlik
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz P Popek
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Maria Czarnecka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jarogniew Łuszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kołodziej
- Institute of Theory of Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Information Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Albert Acewicz
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Teresa Wierzba-Bobrowicz
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Modulation of solute diffusivity in brain tissue as a novel mechanism of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sci Rep 2020; 10:18488. [PMID: 33116214 PMCID: PMC7595173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The breadth of brain disorders and functions reported responsive to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) suggests a generalizable mechanism of action. Prior efforts characterized its cellular targets including neuron, glia and endothelial cells. We propose tDCS also modulates the substance transport in brain tissue. High resolution multiphoton microscopy imaged the spread across rat brain tissue of fluorescently-labeled solutes injected through the carotid artery after tDCS. The effective solute diffusion coefficient of brain tissue (Deff) was determined from the spatio-temporal solute concentration profiles using an unsteady diffusion transport model. 5–10 min post 20 min–1 mA tDCS, Deff increased by ~ 10% for a small solute, sodium fluorescein, and ~ 120% for larger solutes, BSA and Dex-70k. All increases in Deff returned to the control level 25–30 min post tDCS. A mathematical model for Deff in the extracelluar space (ECS) further predicts that this dose of tDCS increases Deff by transiently enhancing the brain ECS gap spacing by ~ 1.5-fold and accordingly reducing the extracellular matrix density. The cascades leading ECS modulation and its impact on excitability, synaptic function, plasticity, and brain clearance require further study. Modulation of solute diffusivity and ECS could explain diverse outcomes of tDCS and suggest novel therapeutic strategies.
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15
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Rasmussen R, O'Donnell J, Ding F, Nedergaard M. Interstitial ions: A key regulator of state-dependent neural activity? Prog Neurobiol 2020; 193:101802. [PMID: 32413398 PMCID: PMC7331944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the nervous system, ion gradients drive fundamental processes. Yet, the roles of interstitial ions in brain functioning is largely forgotten. Emerging literature is now revitalizing this area of neuroscience by showing that interstitial cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) are not static quantities but change dynamically across states such as sleep and locomotion. In turn, these state-dependent changes are capable of sculpting neuronal activity; for example, changing the local interstitial ion composition in the cortex is sufficient for modulating the prevalence of slow-frequency neuronal oscillations, or potentiating the gain of visually evoked responses. Disturbances in interstitial ionic homeostasis may also play a central role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases. For example, impairments in K+ buffering occur in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and abnormalities in neuronal activity in disease models disappear when interstitial K+ is normalized. Here we provide an overview of the roles of interstitial ions in physiology and pathology. We propose the brain uses interstitial ion signaling as a global mechanism to coordinate its complex activity patterns, and ion homeostasis failure contributes to central nervous system diseases affecting cognitive functions and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - John O'Donnell
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States.
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16
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Spatial Organization and Dynamics of the Extracellular Space in the Mouse Retina. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7785-7794. [PMID: 32887746 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1717-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular space (ECS) plays an important role in the physiology of neural circuits. Despite our detailed understanding of the cellular architecture of the mammalian retina, little is known about the organization and dynamics of the retinal ECS. We developed an optical technique based on two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled extracellular fluid to measure the ECS volume fraction (α) in the ex vivo retina of male and female mice. This method has high spatial resolution and can detect rapid changes in α evoked by osmotic challenge and neuronal activity. The measured ECS α varied dramatically in different layers of the adult mouse retina, with α equaling ∼0.050 in the ganglion cell layer, ∼0.122 in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), ∼0.025 in the inner nuclear layer (INL), ∼0.087 in the outer plexiform layer, and ∼0.026 in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). ECS α was significantly larger early in retinal development; α was 67% larger in the IPL and 100% larger in the INL in neonatal mice compared with adults. In adult retinas, light stimulation evoked rapid decreases in ECS α. Light-driven reductions in ECS α were largest in the IPL, where visual stimuli decreased α values ∼10%. These light-evoked decreases demonstrate that a physiological stimulus can lead to rapid changes in ECS α and indicate that activity-dependent regulation of extracellular space may contribute to visual processing in the retina.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The volume fraction of the extracellular space (ECS α), that portion of CNS tissue occupied by interstitial space, influences the diffusion of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and the volume transmission of transmitters. However, ECS α has never been measured in live retina, and little is known about how ECS α varies following physiological stimulation. Here we show that ECS α values vary dramatically between different retinal layers and decrease by 10% following light stimulation. ECS α differences within the retina will influence volume transmission and light-evoked α variations may modulate synaptic transmission and visual processing in the retina. Activity-dependent ECS α variations may represent a mechanism of synaptic modulation throughout the CNS.
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17
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Jorwal P, Sikdar SK. Lactate reduces epileptiform activity through HCA1 and GIRK channel activation in rat subicular neurons in an in vitro model. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2370-2385. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jorwal
- Molecular Biophysics Unit Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India
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18
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Microdialysis Findings in a Patient with New Onset Refractory Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2019; 32:889-893. [PMID: 31556003 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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ECS Dynamism and Its Influence on Neuronal Excitability and Seizures. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1020-1036. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Wilson CS, Mongin AA. Cell Volume Control in Healthy Brain and Neuropathologies. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:385-455. [PMID: 30243438 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular volume is a critical homeostatic process that is intimately linked to ionic and osmotic balance in the brain tissue. Because the brain is encased in the rigid skull and has a very complex cellular architecture, even minute changes in the volume of extracellular and intracellular compartments have a very strong impact on tissue excitability and function. The failure of cell volume control is a major feature of several neuropathologies, such as hyponatremia, stroke, epilepsy, hyperammonemia, and others. There is strong evidence that such dysregulation, especially uncontrolled cell swelling, plays a major role in adverse pathological outcomes. To protect themselves, brain cells utilize a variety of mechanisms to maintain their optimal volume, primarily by releasing or taking in ions and small organic molecules through diverse volume-sensitive ion channels and transporters. In principle, the mechanisms of cell volume regulation are not unique to the brain and share many commonalities with other tissues. However, because ions and some organic osmolytes (e.g., major amino acid neurotransmitters) have a strong impact on neuronal excitability, cell volume regulation in the brain is a surprisingly treacherous process, which may cause more harm than good. This topical review covers the established and emerging information in this rapidly developing area of physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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21
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Vinokurova D, Zakharov AV, Lebedeva J, Burkhanova GF, Chernova KA, Lotfullina N, Khazipov R, Valeeva G. Pharmacodynamics of the Glutamate Receptor Antagonists in the Rat Barrel Cortex. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 30018551 PMCID: PMC6038834 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epipial application is one of the approaches for drug delivery into the cortex. However, passive diffusion of epipially applied drugs through the cortical depth may be slow, and different drug concentrations may be achieved at different rates across the cortical depth. Here, we explored the pharmacodynamics of the inhibitory effects of epipially applied ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and dAPV on sensory-evoked and spontaneous activity across layers of the cortical barrel column in urethane-anesthetized rats. The inhibitory effects of CNQX and dAPV were observed at concentrations that were an order higher than in slices in vitro, and they slowly developed from the cortical surface to depth after epipial application. The level of the inhibitory effects also followed the surface-to-depth gradient, with full inhibition of sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in the supragranular layers and L4 and only partial inhibition in L5 and L6. During epipial CNQX and dAPV application, spontaneous activity and the late component of multiple unit activity (MUA) during sensory-evoked responses were suppressed faster than the short-latency MUA component. Despite complete suppression of SEPs in L4, sensory-evoked short-latency multiunit responses in L4 persisted, and they were suppressed by further addition of lidocaine suggesting that spikes in thalamocortical axons contribute ∼20% to early multiunit responses. Epipial CNQX and dAPV also completely suppressed sensory-evoked very fast (∼500 Hz) oscillations and spontaneous slow wave activity in L2/3 and L4. However, delta oscillations persisted in L5/6. Thus, CNQX and dAPV exert inhibitory actions on cortical activity during epipial application at much higher concentrations than in vitro, and the pharmacodynamics of their inhibitory effects is characterized by the surface-to-depth gradients in the rate of development and the level of inhibition of sensory-evoked and spontaneous cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Vinokurova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology - National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Aix-Marseille University, UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julia Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | | | - Nailya Lotfullina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology - National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Aix-Marseille University, UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | - Rustem Khazipov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology - National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Aix-Marseille University, UMR1249, Marseille, France
| | - Guzel Valeeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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22
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Microdialysis and its use in behavioural studies: Focus on acetylcholine. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 300:206-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Tønnesen J, Inavalli VK, Nägerl UV. Super-Resolution Imaging of the Extracellular Space in Living Brain Tissue. Cell 2018; 172:1108-1121.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Imran I, Hillert MH, Klein J. Early metabolic responses to lithium/pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rat brain. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1007-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Biocenter N260; Goethe University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Bahauddin Zakariya University; Multan Pakistan
| | - Markus H. Hillert
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Biocenter N260; Goethe University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Biocenter N260; Goethe University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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25
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Abstract
The mass transport or flux of neurochemicals in the brain and how this flux affects chemical measurements and their interpretation is reviewed. For all endogenous neurochemicals found in the brain, the flux of each of these neurochemicals exists between sources that produce them and the sites that consume them all within μm distances. Principles of convective-diffusion are reviewed with a significant emphasis on the tortuous paths and discrete point sources and sinks. The fundamentals of the primary methods of detection, microelectrodes and microdialysis sampling of brain neurochemicals are included in the review. Special attention is paid to the change in the natural flux of the neurochemicals caused by implantation and consumption at microelectrodes and uptake by microdialysis. The detection of oxygen, nitric oxide, glucose, lactate, and glutamate, and catecholamines by both methods are examined and where possible the two techniques (electrochemical vs. microdialysis) are compared. Non-invasive imaging methods: magnetic resonance, isotopic fluorine MRI, electron paramagnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography are also used for different measurements of the above-mentioned solutes and these are briefly reviewed. Although more sophisticated, the imaging techniques are unable to track neurochemical flux on short time scales, and lack spatial resolution. Where possible, determinations of flux using imaging are compared to the more classical techniques of microdialysis and microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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26
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Yang H, Wu J, Guo R, Peng Y, Zheng W, Liu D, Song Z. Glycolysis in energy metabolism during seizures. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1316-26. [PMID: 25206426 PMCID: PMC4107649 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.14.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that glycolysis increases during seizures, and that the glycolytic metabolite lactic acid can be used as an energy source. However, how lactic acid provides energy for seizures and how it can participate in the termination of seizures remains unclear. We reviewed possible mechanisms of glycolysis involved in seizure onset. Results showed that lactic acid was involved in seizure onset and provided energy at early stages. As seizures progress, lactic acid reduces the pH of tissue and induces metabolic acidosis, which terminates the seizure. The specific mechanism of lactic acid-induced acidosis involves several aspects, which include lactic acid-induced inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme 6-diphosphate kinase-1, inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, activation of the acid-sensitive 1A ion channel, strengthening of the receptive mechanism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-minobutyric acid, and changes in the intra- and extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiongxing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yufen Peng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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27
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Hillert MH, Imran I, Zimmermann M, Lau H, Weinfurter S, Klein J. Dynamics of hippocampal acetylcholine release during lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. J Neurochem 2014; 131:42-52. [PMID: 24909269 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-pilocarpine model is a rat model of epilepsy that mimics status epilepticus in humans. Here, we report changes of acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampus before, during and after status epilepticus as monitored by microdialysis in unanesthetized rats. Administration of pilocarpine (30 mg/kg s.c.) to rats pretreated with lithium chloride (127 mg/kg i.p.) caused a massive, six-fold increase of hippocampal ACh release, paralleling the development of tonic seizures. When seizures were stopped by administration of diazepam (10 mg/kg i.p.) or ketamine (75 mg/kg i.p.), ACh levels returned to normal. Extracellular concentrations of glutamate remained unchanged during this procedure. Administration of atropine (1 mg/kg i.p.) 2 h after pilocarpine caused a further increase of ACh but did not affect seizures, whereas injection of mecamylamine (5 mg/kg i.p.) reduced ACh levels and seizures in a delayed fashion. Local infusion of tetrodotoxin, 1 μM locally) or hemicholinium (10 μM locally) strongly reduced ACh release and had delayed effects on seizures. Administration of glucose or inositol (250 mg/kg each i.p.) had no visible consequences. In parallel experiments, lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus also enhanced striatal ACh release, and hippocampal ACh levels equally increased when status epilepticus was induced by kainate (30 mg/kg i.p.). Taken together, our results demonstrate that seizure development in status epilepticus models is accompanied by massive increases of extracellular ACh, but not glutamate, levels. Treatments that reduce seizure activity also reliably reduce extracellular ACh levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H Hillert
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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28
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Walls AB, Bak LK, Sonnewald U, Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS. Metabolic Mapping of Astrocytes and Neurons in Culture Using Stable Isotopes and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1059-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Effects of anesthetic agents on seizure-induction with intra-cortical injection of convulsants. Epilepsy Res 2013; 105:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Larach DB, Kofke WA, Le Roux P. Potential non-hypoxic/ischemic causes of increased cerebral interstitial fluid lactate/pyruvate ratio: a review of available literature. Neurocrit Care 2012; 15:609-22. [PMID: 21336786 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-011-9517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis, an in vivo technique that permits collection and analysis of small molecular weight substances from the interstitial space, was developed more than 30 years ago and introduced into the clinical neurosciences in the 1990s. Today cerebral microdialysis is an established, commercially available clinical tool that is focused primarily on markers of cerebral energy metabolism (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) and cell damage (glycerol), and neurotransmitters (glutamate). Although the brain comprises only 2% of body weight, it consumes 20% of total body energy. Consequently, the ability to monitor cerebral metabolism can provide significant insights during clinical care. Measurements of lactate, pyruvate, and glucose give information about the comparative contributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms to brain energy. The lactate/pyruvate ratio reflects cytoplasmic redox state and thus provides information about tissue oxygenation. An elevated lactate pyruvate ratio (>40) frequently is interpreted as a sign of cerebral hypoxia or ischemia. However, several other factors may contribute to an elevated LPR. This article reviews potential non-hypoxic/ischemic causes of an increased LPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Larach
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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31
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Guy Y, Faraji AH, Gavigan CA, Strein TG, Weber SG. Iontophoresis from a micropipet into a porous medium depends on the ζ-potential of the medium. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2179-87. [PMID: 22264102 DOI: 10.1021/ac202434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Iontophoresis uses electricity to deliver solutes into living tissue. Often, iontophoretic ejections from micropipets into brain tissue are confined to millisecond pulses for highly localized delivery, but longer pulses are common. As hippocampal tissue has a ζ-potential of approximately -22 mV, we hypothesized that, in the presence of the electric field resulting from the iontophoretic current, electroosmotic flow in the tissue would carry solutes considerably farther than diffusion alone. A steady state solution to this mass transport problem predicts a spherically symmetrical solute concentration profile with the characteristic distance of the profile depending on the ζ-potential of the medium, the current density at the tip, the tip size, and the solute electrophoretic mobility and diffusion coefficient. Of course, the ζ-potential of the tissue is defined by immobilized components of the extracellular matrix as well as cell-surface functional groups. As such, it cannot be changed at will. Therefore, the effect of the ζ-potential of the porous medium on ejections is examined using poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels with various magnitudes of ζ-potential, including that similar to hippocampal brain tissue. We demonstrated that nearly neutral fluorescent dextran (3 and 70 kD) solute penetration distance in the hydrogels and OHSCs depends on the magnitude of the applied current, solute properties, and, in the case of the hydrogels, the ζ-potential of the matrix. Steady state solute ejection profiles in gels and cultures of hippocampus can be predicted semiquantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Guy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Astrocyte dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: K+ channels and gap junction coupling. Glia 2012; 60:1192-202. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rusakov DA, Savtchenko LP, Zheng K, Henley JM. Shaping the synaptic signal: molecular mobility inside and outside the cleft. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:359-69. [PMID: 21470699 PMCID: PMC3133640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid communication in the brain relies on the release and diffusion of small transmitter molecules across the synaptic cleft. How these diffuse signals are transformed into cellular responses is determined by the scatter of target postsynaptic receptors, which in turn depends on receptor movement in cell membranes. Thus, by shaping information transfer in neural circuits, mechanisms that regulate molecular mobility affect nearly every aspect of brain function and dysfunction. Here we review two facets of molecular mobility that have traditionally been considered separately, namely extracellular and intra-membrane diffusion. By focusing on the interplay between these processes we illustrate the remarkable versatility of signal formation in synapses and highlight areas of emerging understanding in the molecular physiology and biophysics of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Rusakov
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1 3BG, UK
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Early life LiCl-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus reduces acutely hippocampal glutamate uptake and Na+/K+ ATPase activity. Brain Res 2011; 1369:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Changes in mouse brain metabolism following a convulsive dose of soman: A proton HRMAS NMR study. Toxicology 2010; 267:99-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hosoi R, Kitano D, Momosaki S, Kuse K, Gee A, Inoue O. Remarkable increase in 14C-acetate uptake in an epilepsy model rat brain induced by lithium-pilocarpine. Brain Res 2009; 1311:158-65. [PMID: 19909730 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates changes in rat brain glial metabolism during the acute phase of epilepsy. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced using the lithium-pilocarpine model. Glial metabolism was measured with (14)C-acetate. Local cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism were also measured using (14)C-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) and (14)C-2-deoxyglucose (2DG), respectively. At the initiation of the seizure, (14)C-acetate uptake did not change significantly. However, a marked increase was observed 2 h after the pilocarpine injection in all brain regions studied. The increase of brain uptake was transient, and the maximum enhancement was seen at 2 h after the pilocarpine injection. The increase of (14)C-acetate uptake was almost to the same degree in all regions, whereas (14)C-IMP and (14)C-2DG uptakes showed a heterogeneous increase. In the case of (14)C-IMP, the highest increase was observed in the thalamus (280%), and a moderate increase (120 to 150%) was seen in the orbital cortex, cingulate cortex and pyriform cortex. (14)C-2DG uptake increased by 130 to 240% in most regions of the brain, however, an increase of only 40 and 20% was observed in the cerebellum and pons-medulla, respectively. These results demonstrated that glial energy metabolism was markedly enhanced during a prolonged seizure. To our knowledge, this study is the first observation showing large and widespread glial metabolic increases in the rat brain during status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hosoi
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Bak LK, Walls AB, Schousboe A, Ring A, Sonnewald U, Waagepetersen HS. Neuronal glucose but not lactate utilization is positively correlated with NMDA-induced neurotransmission and fluctuations in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. J Neurochem 2009; 109 Suppl 1:87-93. [PMID: 19393013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain utilizes glucose for energy production, individual brain cells may to some extent utilize substrates derived from glucose. Thus, it has been suggested that neurons consume extracellular lactate during synaptic activity. However, the precise role of lactate for fueling neuronal activity is still poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated that glucose metabolism is up-regulated in cultured glutamatergic neurons during neurotransmission whereas that of lactate is not. Here, we show that utilization of glucose but not lactate correlates with NMDA-induced neurotransmitter glutamate release in cultured cerebellar neurons from mice. Pulses of NMDA at 30, 100, and 300 microM, leading to a progressive increase in both cytosolic [Ca2+] and release of glutamate, increased uptake and metabolism of glucose but not that of lactate as evidenced by mass spectrometric measurement of 13C incorporation into intracellular glutamate. In this manuscript, a cascade of events for the preferential neuronal utilization of glucose during neurotransmission is suggested and discussed in relation to our current understanding of neuronal energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse K Bak
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is constrained by the volume fraction and the tortuosity and a modified diffusion equation represents the transport behavior of many molecules in the brain. Deviations from the equation reveal loss of molecules across the blood-brain barrier, through cellular uptake, binding, or other mechanisms. Early diffusion measurements used radiolabeled sucrose and other tracers. Presently, the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method is employed for small ions and the integrative optical imaging (IOI) method for fluorescent macromolecules, including dextrans or proteins. Theoretical models and simulations of the ECS have explored the influence of ECS geometry, effects of dead-space microdomains, extracellular matrix, and interaction of macromolecules with ECS channels. Extensive experimental studies with the RTI method employing the cation tetramethylammonium (TMA) in normal brain tissue show that the volume fraction of the ECS typically is approximately 20% and the tortuosity is approximately 1.6 (i.e., free diffusion coefficient of TMA is reduced by 2.6), although there are regional variations. These parameters change during development and aging. Diffusion properties have been characterized in several interventions, including brain stimulation, osmotic challenge, and knockout of extracellular matrix components. Measurements have also been made during ischemia, in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in human gliomas. Overall, these studies improve our conception of ECS structure and the roles of glia and extracellular matrix in modulating the ECS microenvironment. Knowledge of ECS diffusion properties is valuable in contexts ranging from understanding extrasynaptic volume transmission to the development of paradigms for drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Syková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Characterizing molecular probes for diffusion measurements in the brain. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 171:218-25. [PMID: 18466980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain diffusion properties are at present most commonly evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion imaging. MR cannot easily distinguish between the extracellular and intracellular signal components, but the older technique of real-time iontophoresis (RTI) detects exclusively extracellular diffusion. Interpretation of the MR results would therefore benefit from auxiliary RTI measurements. This requires a molecular probe detectable by both techniques. Our aim was to specify a minimum set of requirements that such a diffusion probe should fulfill and apply it to two candidate probes: the cation tetramethylammonium (TMA(+)), used routinely in the RTI experiments, and the anion hexafluoroantimonate (SbF(6)(-)). Desirable characteristics of a molecular diffusion probe include predictable diffusion properties, stability, minimum interaction with cellular physiology, very slow penetration into the cells, and sufficiently strong and selective MR and RTI signals. These properties were evaluated using preparations of rat neocortical slices under normal and ischemic conditions, as well as solutions and agarose gel. While both molecules can be detected by MR and RTI, neither proved an ideal candidate. TMA(+) was very stable but it penetrated into the cells and accumulated there within tens of minutes. SbF(6)(-) did not enter the cells as readily but it was not stable, particularly in ischemic tissue and at higher temperatures. Its presence also resulted in a decreased extracellular volume. These probe properties help to interpret previously published MR data on TMA(+) diffusion and might play a role in other diffusion experiments obtained with them.
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