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Ferreira LO, Vasconcelos VW, Lima JDS, Vieira Neto JR, da Costa GE, Esteves JDC, de Sousa SC, Moura JA, Santos FRS, Leitão Filho JM, Protásio MR, Araújo PS, Lemos CJDS, Resende KD, Lopes DCF. Biochemical Changes in Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Cardiac Surgery: New Insights. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1506. [PMID: 37888117 PMCID: PMC10608001 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing coronary revascularization with extracorporeal circulation or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may develop several biochemical changes in the microcirculation that lead to a systemic inflammatory response. Surgical incision, post-CPB reperfusion injury and blood contact with non-endothelial membranes can activate inflammatory signaling pathways that lead to the production and activation of inflammatory cells, with cytokine production and oxidative stress. This inflammatory storm can cause damage to vital organs, especially the heart, and thus lead to complications in the postoperative period. In addition to the organic pathophysiology during and after the period of exposure to extracorporeal circulation, this review addresses new perspectives for intraoperative treatment and management that may lead to a reduction in this inflammatory storm and thereby improve the prognosis and possibly reduce the mortality of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Oliveira Ferreira
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Victoria Winkler Vasconcelos
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Janielle de Sousa Lima
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Jaime Rodrigues Vieira Neto
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Giovana Escribano da Costa
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Jordana de Castro Esteves
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Sallatiel Cabral de Sousa
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Jonathan Almeida Moura
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Felipe Ruda Silva Santos
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - João Monteiro Leitão Filho
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | | | - Pollyana Sousa Araújo
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínicas Gaspar Vianna, Belém 66083-106, Brazil; (P.S.A.); (C.J.d.S.L.)
| | - Cláudio José da Silva Lemos
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínicas Gaspar Vianna, Belém 66083-106, Brazil; (P.S.A.); (C.J.d.S.L.)
| | - Karina Dias Resende
- Residency Program in Anesthesiology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (V.W.V.); (J.d.S.L.); (J.R.V.N.); (G.E.d.C.); (J.d.C.E.); (S.C.d.S.); (J.A.M.); (F.R.S.S.); (J.M.L.F.); (K.D.R.)
| | - Dielly Catrina Favacho Lopes
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil
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Haroun RAH, Abdel-Aziz N, Saad S. The protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine against selenium toxicity and gamma irradiation in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:482-490. [PMID: 35361025 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2058010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a nutritional supplement and greatly applied as an antioxidant in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the metabolic and antioxidant protective effect of NAC against selenium (Se) toxicity and gamma irradiation in rats by measuring biochemical and molecular parameters. This study was conducted on sixty rats divided into six equal different groups; control, NAC, Rad, Se, Rad + NAC, and Se + NAC groups. Oxidative/nitrosative makers (LPO, NO, and NOS), antioxidants status markers (GSH, GPx, and SOD), liver metabolic markers (LDH, SDH, and ATP), and plasma metabolic markers (Glucose, total cholesterol, and total proteins) were measured using commercial colorimetric kits while plasma corticosterone concentration was measured using commercial ELISA kit. Also, Levels of NR3C1 and Glut-2 genes expression using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were done. Our results revealed that Se toxicity and gamma irradiation induced significant increases in oxidative/nitrosative stress markers and a significant decrease in antioxidant status markers in the liver and adrenal tissues. Moreover, metabolic disorders were recorded as manifested by elevation of plasma ALT, Albumin, glucose and cholesterol, and decrease in protein levels associated with a significant increase in corticosterone concentration. This was also accompanied by a significant decrease in SDH activity and ATP production in the hepatic tissue. Molecular analysis showed a marked increase in NR3C1 mRNA and decrease in Glut-2 mRNA in liver tissue. However, NAC supplementation attenuated the changes induced by these toxins. Finally, we could conclude that, oral supplementation of NAC can modulate the metabolic disturbances and has protective effects in rats exposed to Se toxicity and gamma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahed Abdel-Aziz
- Radiation Biology Department, NCRRT, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soha Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Li X, Bai R, Bai Y, Shi X, Yang Y, Xu S. ROS-mediated PPAR/RXR inhibition contributes to acetochlor-induced apoptosis and autophagy in Ctenopharyngodon idella hepatic cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:684-694. [PMID: 36028057 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetochlor is a high-volume herbicide whose widespread use threatens ecosystems and affects aquaculture. Apoptosis and autophagy are important causes of hepatotoxicity caused by toxicants, which can be mediated by oxidative stress and the inhibition of PPAR/RXR pathway. However, the mechanism of acetochlor on fish hepatocyte damage still needs to be further investigated. Therefore, we treated the Ctenopharyngodon idella hepatic cell line (L8824 cells) with different concentrations (10, 20, and 40 μM) of acetochlor and/or ROS scavenger NAC (1 mM) for 24 h. The results showed that acetochlor decreased the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. AO/EB staining and flow cytometry verified the increased apoptotic rates. Quantitative analysis of gene expression levels or protein expression levels displayed that the expression levels of Beclin1, P62, LC3B, BAX, and cleaved Casp3 were increased, and the expression of BCL2 was reduced. Besides, we detected the increased ROS contents and decreased PPAR/RXR pathway expressions after acetochlor treatment. The clearance of ROS alleviated the inhibition of the PPAR/RXR pathway and lightened apoptosis and autophagy under acetochlor stress. Overall, these results revealed that acetochlor exposure triggered BCL2/BAX/Casp3-cascaded apoptosis and Beclin1-dependent autophagy through ROS-mediated PPAR/RXR inhibition. The results partially explain the toxicological mechanism of acetochlor and provide targets for the development of its antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ruichen Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yichen Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xu Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Essadek S, Bouchab H, El Kebbaj R, Gondcaille C, El Kamouni S, Savary S, Vamecq J, Essamadi A, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Nasser B, Andreoletti P. Effects of a Short-Term Lipopolysaccharides Challenge on Mouse Brain and Liver Peroxisomal Antioxidant and β-oxidative Functions: Protective Action of Argan Oil. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040465. [PMID: 35455460 PMCID: PMC9030085 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During sepsis, the imbalance between oxidative insult and body antioxidant response causes the dysfunction of organs, including the brain and liver. Exposing mice to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) results in a similar pathophysiological outcome. The protection offered by argan oil was studied against LPS-induced oxidative stress, dysregulation of peroxisomal antioxidants, and β-oxidation activities in the brain and liver. In a short-term LPS treatment, lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde assay) increased in the brain and liver with upregulations of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)-α and anti-inflammatory interleukin (Il)-10 genes, especially in the liver. Although exposure to olive oil (OO), colza oil (CO), and argan oil (AO) prevented LPS-induced lipid peroxidation in the brain and liver, only AO exposure protected against liver inflammation. Remarkably, only exposure to AO prevented LPS-dependent glutathione (GSH) dysregulation in the brain and liver. Furthermore, exposure to AO increased more efficiently than OO and CO in both organs, peroxisomal antioxidant capacity via induction of catalase (Cat) gene, protein and activity expression levels, and superoxide dismutase (Sod1) mRNA and activity levels. Interestingly, LPS decreased protein levels of the peroxisomal fatty acid-ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, ABCD1 and ABCD2, and increased acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) protein expression. Moreover, these LPS effects were attenuated for ABCD1 and ACOX1 in the brain of mice pretreated with AO. Our data collectively highlight the protective effects of AO against early oxidative stress caused by LPS in the brain and liver and their reliance on the preservation of peroxisomal functions, including antioxidant and β-oxidation activities, making AO a promising candidate for the prevention and management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Essadek
- Laboratoire Biochimie, Neurosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP577, Settat 26000, Morocco; (S.E.); (H.B.); (R.E.K.); (S.E.K.); (A.E.); (B.N.)
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Habiba Bouchab
- Laboratoire Biochimie, Neurosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP577, Settat 26000, Morocco; (S.E.); (H.B.); (R.E.K.); (S.E.K.); (A.E.); (B.N.)
| | - Riad El Kebbaj
- Laboratoire Biochimie, Neurosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP577, Settat 26000, Morocco; (S.E.); (H.B.); (R.E.K.); (S.E.K.); (A.E.); (B.N.)
- Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Catherine Gondcaille
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Soufiane El Kamouni
- Laboratoire Biochimie, Neurosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP577, Settat 26000, Morocco; (S.E.); (H.B.); (R.E.K.); (S.E.K.); (A.E.); (B.N.)
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Joseph Vamecq
- INSERM and HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France;
- RADEME EA 7364, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille 2, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Abdelkhalid Essamadi
- Laboratoire Biochimie, Neurosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP577, Settat 26000, Morocco; (S.E.); (H.B.); (R.E.K.); (S.E.K.); (A.E.); (B.N.)
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.G.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.-M.); (P.A.); Tel.: +33-380-39-6237 (M.C.-M.); +33-380-39-6255 (P.A.)
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratoire Biochimie, Neurosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP577, Settat 26000, Morocco; (S.E.); (H.B.); (R.E.K.); (S.E.K.); (A.E.); (B.N.)
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; (C.G.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.-M.); (P.A.); Tel.: +33-380-39-6237 (M.C.-M.); +33-380-39-6255 (P.A.)
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Cuenod M, Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Khadimallah I, Klauser P, Conus P, Do KQ. Caught in vicious circles: a perspective on dynamic feed-forward loops driving oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1886-1897. [PMID: 34759358 PMCID: PMC9126811 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating a pathological link between oxidative stress and schizophrenia. This evidence identifies oxidative stress as a convergence point or "central hub" for schizophrenia genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we review the existing experimental and translational research pinpointing the complex dynamics of oxidative stress mechanisms and their modulation in relation to schizophrenia pathophysiology. We focus on evidence supporting the crucial role of either redox dysregulation, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction, neuroinflammation or mitochondria bioenergetics dysfunction, initiating "vicious circles" centered on oxidative stress during neurodevelopment. These processes would amplify one another in positive feed-forward loops, leading to persistent impairments of the maturation and function of local parvalbumin-GABAergic neurons microcircuits and myelinated fibers of long-range macrocircuitry. This is at the basis of neural circuit synchronization impairments and cognitive, emotional, social and sensory deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. Potential therapeutic approaches that aim at breaking these different vicious circles represent promising strategies for timely and safe interventions. In order to improve early detection and increase the signal-to-noise ratio for adjunctive trials of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and NMDAR modulator drugs, a reverse translation of validated circuitry approach is needed. The above presented processes allow to identify mechanism based biomarkers guiding stratification of homogenous patients groups and target engagement required for successful clinical trials, paving the way towards precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ines Khadimallah
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klauser
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Menon V, Balasubramanian I, Rajkumar R. Association between markers of oxidative stress and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. ANNALS OF INDIAN PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/aip.aip_174_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Shea TB. Improvement of cognitive performance by a nutraceutical formulation: Underlying mechanisms revealed by laboratory studies. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:281-304. [PMID: 34352370 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline, decrease in neuronal function and neuronal loss that accompany normal aging and dementia are the result of multiple mechanisms, many of which involve oxidative stress. Herein, we review these various mechanisms and identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, including modification of diet, that may reduce the risk and progression of cognitive decline. The optimal degree of neuronal protection is derived by combinations of, rather than individual, compounds. Compounds that provide antioxidant protection are particularly effective at delaying or improving cognitive performance in the early stages of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Laboratory studies confirm alleviation of oxidative damage in brain tissue. Lifestyle modifications show a degree of efficacy and may augment pharmacological approaches. Unfortunately, oxidative damage and resultant accumulation of biomarkers of neuronal damage can precede cognitive decline by years to decades. This underscores the importance of optimization of dietary enrichment, antioxidant supplementation and other lifestyle modifications during aging even for individuals who are cognitively intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Shea
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
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Ginsberg Y, Gutzeit O, Hadad S, Divon MY, Khatib N, Fainaru O, Weiner Z, Beloosesky R. Maternal Progesterone Treatment Reduces Maternal Inflammation-Induced Fetal Brain Injury in a Mouse Model of Preterm Birth. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:166-176. [PMID: 32833191 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal natural vaginal progesterone (nVP) administration has been shown to reduce the risk of preterm birth (PTB). The largest randomized trial of nVP for PTB (OPPTIMUM) noted a sonographic reduction in neonatal brain injury following nVP treatment. We investigated the neuroinflammatory protective effect of maternal nVP in a mouse model for maternal inflammation. Pregnant mice (n = 24) were randomized to nVP (1 mg/day) or vehicle from days 13-16 of gestation. At days 15 and 16, lipopolysaccharide (30 μg) or saline were administered. Mice were sacrificed 4 h following the last injection. Fetal brains and placentas were collected. Levels of NF-κB, nNOS, IL-6, and TNFα were determined by Western blot. Maternal lipopolysaccharide significantly increased fetal brain levels of IL-6 (0.33 ± 0.02 vs. 0.11 ± 0.01 u), TNFα (0.3 ± 0.02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.01 u), NF-κB (0.32 ± 0.01 vs. 0.17 ± 0.01 u), and nNOS (0.24 ± 0.04 vs. 0.08 ± 0.01 u), and reduced the total glutathione levels (0.014 ± 0.001 vs. 0.026 ± 0.001 pmol/μl; p < 0.01) compared with control. Maternal nVP significantly reduced fetal brain levels of IL-6 (0.14 ± 0.01 vs. 0.33 ± 0.02 u), TNFα (0.2 ± 0.06 vs. 0.3 ± 0.02 u), NF-κB (0.16 ± 0.01 vs 0.32 ± 0.01 u), and nNOS (0.14 ± 0.01 vs 0.24 ± 0.04 u), and prevented the reduction of fetal brain total glutathione levels (0.022 ± 0.001 vs. 0.014 ± 0.001 pmol/μl; p < 0.01) to levels similar to controls. A similar pattern was demonstrated in the placenta. Maternal nVP for PTB may protect the fetal brain from inflammation-induced brain injury by inhibiting specific inflammatory and oxidative pathways in both brain and placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ginsberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'alya St., 38302, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Ola Gutzeit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'alya St., 38302, Haifa, Israel
| | - Salim Hadad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'alya St., 38302, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Y Divon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nizar Khatib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'alya St., 38302, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Fainaru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'alya St., 38302, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zeev Weiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'alya St., 38302, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ron Beloosesky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'alya St., 38302, Haifa, Israel
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Zhang D, Yang XY, Qin YZ, Wu GD, Ning GB, Huo NR, Tian WX. Antagonistic effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine against cadmium-induced cytotoxicity and abnormal immune response on chicken peritoneal macrophages. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111185. [PMID: 32890923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a highly toxic metal threatening human and animal health. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was reported to play a positive role in disease treatment and immune regulation. The present study aimed to explore the effect of NAC administration on Cd-induced cytotoxicity and abnormal immune response on chicken peritoneal macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from Isa Brown male chickens were exposed to CdCl2 (20 or 50 μM) and/or NAC (500 μM) for different time periods. Results showed that Cd caused dose-dependent damage on chicken peritoneal macrophages characterized by morphologic and ultrastructural alterations, increased cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial injury. Cd exposure inhibited phagocytic activity of chicken peritoneal macrophages, and promoted transcriptional status of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in both unactivated macrophages and cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli. Pretreatment with 500 μM NAC did not affect growth of normal chicken peritoneal macrophages, while remarkably inhibiting Cd-caused cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. NAC pretreatment significantly prevented intracellular Cd2+ accumulation in the Cd-exposed macrophages. Inhibitory effects of NAC on Cd-induced ROS accumulation and mitochondrial injury on chicken macrophages were confirmed in HD-11 macrophage cell line. In addition, NAC pretreatment promoted the phagocytic activity of Cd-exposed chicken peritoneal macrophages, and significantly inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in both Cd-exposed macrophages and Cd-treated cells in response to LPS stimuli. In conclusion, the present study firstly demonstrated the antagonistic effect of NAC against Cd-caused damage and abnormal immune response on chicken peritoneal macrophages. Protective effect of NAC on chicken macrophages was highly related to its suppression on Cd-induced ROS overproduction, pro-inflammatory reaction and intracellular Cd2+ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Ying-Ze Qin
- Second hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Guo-Dong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Guan-Bao Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Nai-Rui Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China.
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10
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Won HR, Lee GH, Kim JH, Lee SH, Kwon SY, Baek SK, Ryu CH, Lee SJ, Park IS, Shin SC, Lee DW, Chung PS, Koo BS. Effects of N-acetylcysteine inhalation therapy on the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer who are receiving radiation therapy: a prospective non-randomized controlled multi-center study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:539-547. [PMID: 32803294 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND PURPOSE Radiation therapy is an important mode of treatment for patients with head and neck cancers, but some associated complications can reduce the quality of life. We investigated whether N-acetylcysteine inhalation therapy improved the quality of life of such patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We designed a prospective, non-randomized controlled multi-center study involving 10 institutions. We enrolled 120 patients (80 in the experimental group and 40 in the control group). Patients in the experimental group inhaled nebulized liquid N-acetylcysteine (2400 mg daily) for 8 weeks from the start of radiation therapy. Quality of life was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire H&N 35. RESULTS N-acetylcysteine inhalation was not associated with any side effect or discomfort. The reduction in painkiller use from the end of N-acetylcysteine inhalation therapy to the 1-month follow-up was greater in the experimental group than in the control group (P = 0.014). Dry mouth symptoms also improved significantly in the experimental group (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION N-acetylcysteine inhalation improves the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancers who are receiving radiation therapy, without any specific side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ryun Won
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 640 Daesa-Dong, Chung-Gu, Daejeon, 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Ho Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 640 Daesa-Dong, Chung-Gu, Daejeon, 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Young Kwon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kuk Baek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Ryu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, 201 Manghyang-ro Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Seok Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Sang Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, 201 Manghyang-ro Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bon Seok Koo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 640 Daesa-Dong, Chung-Gu, Daejeon, 301-721, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Lawford HLS, Lee AC, Kumar S, Liley HG, Bora S. Establishing a conceptual framework of the impact of placental malaria on infant neurodevelopment. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 84:54-65. [PMID: 31028878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel conceptual framework to describe the relationship between placental malaria and adverse infant neurodevelopmental outcomes is proposed. This conceptual framework includes three distinct stages: (1) maternal and environmental risk factors for the development of placental malaria; (2) placental pathology and inflammation associated with placental malaria infection; and (3) postnatal impacts of placental malaria. The direct, indirect, and bidirectional effects of these risk factors on infant neurodevelopment across the three stages were critically examined. These factors ultimately culminate in an infant phenotype that not only leads to adverse birth outcomes, but also to increased risks of neurological, cognitive, and behavioural deficits that may impact the quality of life in this high-risk population. Multiple risk factors were identified in this conceptual framework; nonetheless, based on current evidence, a key knowledge gap is the uncertainty regarding which are the most important and how exactly they interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet L S Lawford
- Mothers, Babies and Women's Health Program, Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Cc Lee
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sailesh Kumar
- Mothers, Babies and Women's Health Program, Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen G Liley
- Mothers, Babies and Women's Health Program, Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samudragupta Bora
- Mothers, Babies and Women's Health Program, Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Mirza R, Sharma B. Benefits of Fenofibrate in prenatal valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder related phenotype in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:36-46. [PMID: 30769127 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with two major behavioral symptoms i.e. repetitive behavior and social-communication impairment. The unknown etiology of ASD is responsible for the difficulty in identifying the possible therapeutic modulators for ASD. Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant drug in both human and rodents with teratogenic effects during pregnancy. Therefore, prenatal exposure of VPA induced autism spectrum disorder like phenotypes in both human and rodents. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) is widely localized in the brain. This research investigates the utility of fenofibrate, a selective agonist of PPAR-α in prenatal VPA-induced experimental ASD in Wistar rats. The prenatal VPA has induced social impairment (three chambers social behavior apparatus), repetitive behavior (Y-maze), hyperlocomotion (actophotometer), anxiety (elevated plus maze) and low exploratory activity (hole board test). Also, prenatal VPA treated rats have shown higher levels of oxidative stress (increased in thiobarbituric acid reactive species and decreased in reduced glutathione level) and inflammation (increased in interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased in interleukin-10) in the cerebellum, brainstem and prefrontal cortex. Treatment with fenofibrate significantly attenuated prenatal VPA-induced social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety, and low exploratory activity. Furthermore, fenofibrate also decreased the prenatal VPA-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in brain regions. Hence, it may be concluded that fenofibrate may provide neurobehavioral and biochemical benefits in prenatal VPA-induced autism phenotypes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Mirza
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India; CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Delhi, India.
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13
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Tardiolo G, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Overview on the Effects of N-Acetylcysteine in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123305. [PMID: 30551603 PMCID: PMC6320789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is an acetylated cysteine compound, has aroused scientific interest for decades due to its important medical applications. It also represents a nutritional supplement in the human diet. NAC is a glutathione precursor and shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to the uses quoted in the literature, NAC may be considered helpful in therapies to counteract neurodegenerative and mental health diseases. Furthermore, this compound has been evaluated for its neuroprotective potential in the prevention of cognitive aging dementia. NAC is inexpensive, commercially available and no relevant side effects were observed after its administration. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the effects and applications of NAC in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorders and in neuropathic pain and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tardiolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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14
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Mirza R, Sharma B. Selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α protects propionic acid induced autism-like phenotypes in rats. Life Sci 2018; 214:106-117. [PMID: 30366038 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study investigated the neuropharmacological role of PPAR-α modulator, fenofibrate in postnatal-propionic acid induced symptomatology related with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS The propionic acid (250 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to rats from postnatal 21st day to 23rd day to induce autism-related neurobehavioral and neurobiochemical alterations in rats. Then, rats were treated with fenofibrate (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, orally) from postnatal 24th day till 48th day. The social behavior (three chambers social testing apparatus), repetitive behavior (Y-maze), locomotor activity (actophotometer), anxiety (elevated plus maze) and exploratory behavior (hole board test) were assessed. Biochemically, oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species and reduced glutathione level) and neuroinflammation (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10) were evaluated in the cerebellum, brainstem and prefrontal cortex of rats. KEY FINDINGS Propionic acid-treated rats showed social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperlocomotion, anxiety and low exploratory activity. Also, these animals showed higher levels of oxidative stress (increased in thiobarbituric acid reactive species and decreased in reduced glutathione level) as well as inflammation (increased in interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased in interleukin-10) and inflammation in aforementioned brain-regions. Treatment with fenofibrate significantly attenuated the propionic acid induced-social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety and low exploratory activity. Furthermore, fenofibrate also reduced the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in propionic acid-treated rats. SIGNIFICANCE A selective PPAR-α agonist, fenofibrate provides neurobehavioral and neurobiochemical benefits in postnatal-propionic acid induced autism-related phenotype in rats. Thus, fenofibrate may further be studied for its possible benefits in ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Mirza
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India; CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Delhi, India.
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15
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Klauser P, Xin L, Fournier M, Griffa A, Cleusix M, Jenni R, Cuenod M, Gruetter R, Hagmann P, Conus P, Baumann PS, Do KQ. N-acetylcysteine add-on treatment leads to an improvement of fornix white matter integrity in early psychosis: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:220. [PMID: 30315150 PMCID: PMC6185923 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism-based treatments for schizophrenia are needed, and increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress may be a target. Previous research has shown that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and glutathione (GSH) precursor almost devoid of side effects, improved negative symptoms, decreased the side effects of antipsychotics, and improved mismatch negativity and local neural synchronization in chronic schizophrenia. In a recent double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial by Conus et al., early psychosis patients received NAC add-on therapy (2700 mg/day) for 6 months. Compared with placebo-treated controls, NAC patients showed significant improvements in neurocognition (processing speed) and a reduction of positive symptoms among patients with high peripheral oxidative status. NAC also led to a 23% increase in GSH levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (GSHmPFC) as measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A subgroup of the patients in this study were also scanned with multimodal MR imaging (spectroscopy, diffusion, and structural) at baseline (prior to NAC/placebo) and after 6 months of add-on treatment. Based on prior translational research, we hypothesized that NAC would protect white matter integrity in the fornix. A group × time interaction indicated a difference in the 6-month evolution of white matter integrity (as measured by generalized fractional anisotropy, gFA) in favor of the NAC group, which showed an 11% increase. The increase in gFA correlated with an increase in GSHmPFC over the same 6-month period. In this secondary study, we suggest that NAC add-on treatment may be a safe and effective way to protect white matter integrity in early psychosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klauser
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lijing Xin
- 0000000121839049grid.5333.6Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margot Fournier
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Griffa
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martine Cleusix
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Jenni
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cuenod
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- 0000000121839049grid.5333.6Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patric Hagmann
- National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S. Baumann
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q. Do
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) “SYNAPSY – The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases”, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Petitdant N, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Alteration of adaptive behaviors of progeny after maternal mobile phone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10894-10903. [PMID: 29397508 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of pregnant women to radiofrequency (RF) devices raises questions on their possible health consequences for their progeny. We examined the hazard threshold of gestational RF on the progeny's glial homeostasis, sensory-motor gating, emotionality, and novelty seeking and tested whether maternal immune activation would increase RF toxicity. Pregnant dams were daily restrained with loop antennas adjoining the abdomen (fetus body specific absorption rates (SAR): 0, 0.7, or 2.6 W/kg) and received three lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intra-peritoneal injections (0 or 80 μg/kg). Scores in the prepulse startle inhibition, fear conditioning, open field, and elevated plus maze were assessed at adolescence and adulthood. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and interleukines-1β (ILs) were quantified. LPS induced a SAR-dependent reduction of the prepulse startle inhibition in adults. Activity in the open field was reduced at 2.6 W/kg at adolescence. GFAP and ILs, emotional memory, and anxiety-related behaviors were not modified. These data support the hypothesis that maternal immune activation increased the developmental RF exposure-induced long-term neurobiological impairments. These data support the fact that fetuses who receive combined environmental exposures with RF need special attention for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Petitdant
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France.
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, BP no. 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Zhan X, Stamova B, Sharp FR. Lipopolysaccharide Associates with Amyloid Plaques, Neurons and Oligodendrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29520228 PMCID: PMC5827158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that lipopolysaccharide (LPS, found in the wall of all Gram-negative bacteria) could play a role in causing sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This is based in part upon recent studies showing that: Gram-negative E. coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid; bacterial-encoded 16S rRNA is present in all human brains with over 70% being Gram-negative bacteria; ultrastructural analyses have shown microbes in erythrocytes of AD patients; blood LPS levels in AD patients are 3-fold the levels in control; LPS combined with focal cerebral ischemia and hypoxia produced amyloid-like plaques and myelin injury in adult rat cortex. Moreover, Gram-negative bacterial LPS was found in aging control and AD brains, though LPS levels were much higher in AD brains. In addition, LPS co-localized with amyloid plaques, peri-vascular amyloid, neurons, and oligodendrocytes in AD brains. Based upon the postulate LPS caused oligodendrocyte injury, degraded Myelin Basic Protein (dMBP) levels were found to be much higher in AD compared to control brains. Immunofluorescence showed that the dMBP co-localized with β amyloid (Aβ) and LPS in amyloid plaques in AD brain, and dMBP and other myelin molecules were found in the walls of vesicles in periventricular White Matter (WM). These data led to the hypothesis that LPS acts on leukocyte and microglial TLR4-CD14/TLR2 receptors to produce NFkB mediated increases of cytokines which increase Aβ levels, damage oligodendrocytes and produce myelin injury found in AD brain. Since Aβ1–42 is also an agonist for TLR4 receptors, this could produce a vicious cycle that accounts for the relentless progression of AD. Thus, LPS, the TLR4 receptor complex, and Gram-negative bacteria might be treatment or prevention targets for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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18
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Walker CL, Pomatto LCD, Tripathi DN, Davies KJA. Redox Regulation of Homeostasis and Proteostasis in Peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:89-115. [PMID: 29167332 PMCID: PMC6335096 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic intracellular organelles involved in a variety of metabolic functions essential for the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, d-amino acids, and many polyamines. A byproduct of peroxisomal metabolism is the generation, and subsequent detoxification, of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Because of its relatively low reactivity (as a mild oxidant), H2O2 has a comparatively long intracellular half-life and a high diffusion rate, all of which makes H2O2 an efficient signaling molecule. Peroxisomes also have intricate connections to mitochondria, and both organelles appear to play important roles in regulating redox signaling pathways. Peroxisomal proteins are also subject to oxidative modification and inactivation by the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species they generate, but the peroxisomal LonP2 protease can selectively remove such oxidatively damaged proteins, thus prolonging the useful lifespan of the organelle. Peroxisomal homeostasis must adapt to the metabolic state of the cell, by a combination of peroxisome proliferation, the removal of excess or badly damaged organelles by autophagy (pexophagy), as well as by processes of peroxisome inheritance and motility. More recently the tumor suppressors ataxia telangiectasia mutate (ATM) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), which regulate mTORC1 signaling, have been found to regulate pexophagy in response to variable levels of certain reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It is now clear that any significant loss of peroxisome homeostasis can have devastating physiological consequences. Peroxisome dysregulation has been implicated in several metabolic diseases, and increasing evidence highlights the important role of diminished peroxisomal functions in aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura C D Pomatto
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Durga Nand Tripathi
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Cai Z, Shi T, Zhuang R, Fang H, Jiang X, Shao Y, Zhou H. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine activated carbon release microcapsule on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1809-1818. [PMID: 29434769 PMCID: PMC5776512 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of science and technology, and development of artery bypass, methods such as cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation have been practiced in recent years. Despite this, some methods fail to promote or recover the function of tissues and organs, and in some cases, may aggravate dysfunction and structural damage to tissues. The latter is typical of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Lipid peroxidation mediated by free radicals is an important process of myocardial IR injury. Myocardial IR has been demonstrated to induce the formation of large numbers of free radicals in rats, which promotes the peroxidation of lipids within unsaturated fatty acids in the myocardial cell membrane. Markers of lipid peroxidation include malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and lactic dehydrogenase. Recent studies have demonstrated that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is able to dilate blood vessels, prevent oxidative damage, improve immunity, inhibit apoptosis and the inflammatory response and promote glutathione synthesis in cells. NAC also improves the systolic function of myocardial cells and cardiac function, prevents myocardial apoptosis, protects ventricular remodeling and vascular remodeling, reduces opiomelanocortin levels in the serum and increases the content of nitric oxide in the serum, thus improving vascular endothelial function. Therefore, NAC has potent pharmacological activity; however, the relatively fast metabolism of NAC, along with its large clinical dose and low bioavailability, limit its applications. The present study combined NAC with medicinal activated carbons, and prepared N-acetylcysteine activated carbon sustained-release microcapsules (ACNACs) to overcome the limitations of NAC. It was demonstrated that ACNACs exerted greater effective protective effects than NAC alone on myocardial IR injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Rangxiao Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Yidan Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Oxidative stress, prefrontal cortex hypomyelination and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1171. [PMID: 28934193 PMCID: PMC5538118 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a broad symptomatology, including cognitive symptoms that are thought to arise from the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The neurobiological aetiology of these symptoms remains elusive, yet both impaired redox control and PFC dysconnectivity have been recently implicated. PFC dysconnectivity has been linked to white matter, oligodendrocyte (OL) and myelin abnormalities in SZ patients. Myelin is produced by mature OLs, and OL precursor cells (OPCs) are exceptionally susceptible to oxidative stress. Here we propose a hypothesis for the aetiology of cognitive symptomatology in SZ: the redox-induced prefrontal OPC-dysfunctioning hypothesis. We pose that the combination of genetic and environmental factors causes oxidative stress marked by a build-up of reactive oxygen species that, during late adolescence, impair OPC signal transduction processes that are necessary for OPC proliferation and differentiation, and involve AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt-mTOR-P70S6K and peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha signalling. OPC dysfunctioning coincides with the relatively late onset of PFC myelination, causing hypomyelination and disruption of connectivity in this brain area. The resulting cognitive deficits arise in parallel with SZ onset. Hence, our hypothesis provides a novel neurobiological framework for the aetiology of SZ cognitive symptoms. Future research addressing our hypothesis could have important implications for the development of new (combined) antioxidant- and promyelination-based strategies to treat the cognitive symptoms in SZ.
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Fernández de Cossío L, Guzmán A, van der Veldt S, Luheshi GN. Prenatal infection leads to ASD-like behavior and altered synaptic pruning in the mouse offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:88-98. [PMID: 27697456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental challenges to the maternal immune system during pregnancy have been associated with an increase in the frequency of neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) appearing in the offspring. Microglia, the brain's resident immune-cells, are now known to be critically involved in normal brain development, shaping connections between neurons by pruning superfluous synaptic spines. Our aim was to investigate whether maternal infection during critical stages of gestation compromises the role of microglia in sculpting neuronal circuits. Using a mouse model of maternal immune activation (MIA) induced by bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we assayed the offspring's behavior during postnatal development. Additionally, we quantified spines within the offspring's brain and assessed alterations in some molecular signals involved in pruning. LPS-induced MIA led to behavioral changes relevant to ASD in the offspring in the absence of gross neurological problems. Prenatal LPS resulted in a significant increase in the number of spines in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus, as well as a reduction in hippocampal expression of the fractalkine microglial receptor (CX3CR1), involved in mediating the pruning process in the offspring. Interestingly, these changes were only noted in the male progeny of the LPS challenged dams. These results provide an early indicator that microglial function is altered in the brain of offspring from immune challenged mothers and that the effects in the brain appear to be specific along sex lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Guzmán
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne van der Veldt
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giamal N Luheshi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
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Protective Effect of Cactus Cladode Extracts on Peroxisomal Functions in Microglial BV-2 Cells Activated by Different Lipopolysaccharides. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010102. [PMID: 28067864 PMCID: PMC6155690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Opuntia ficus-indica cactus cladode extracts in microglia BV-2 cells. Inflammation associated with microglia activation in neuronal injury can be achieved by LPS exposure. Using four different structurally and biologically well-characterized LPS serotypes, we revealed a structure-related differential effect of LPS on fatty acid β-oxidation and antioxidant enzymes in peroxisomes: Escherichia coli-LPS decreased ACOX1 activity while Salmonella minnesota-LPS reduced only catalase activity. Different cactus cladode extracts showed an antioxidant effect through microglial catalase activity activation and an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing nitric oxide (NO) LPS-dependent production. These results suggest that cactus extracts may possess a neuroprotective activity through the induction of peroxisomal antioxidant activity and the inhibition of NO production by activated microglial cells.
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Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:299-317. [PMID: 27654215 PMCID: PMC5143505 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence to date, coupled with advances in immunology and genetics has afforded the field an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the hypothesis that a subset of patients with schizophrenia may manifest an immunophenotype, toward new potential diagnostics and therapeutics to reduce risk, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life in both at-risk populations and patients with established schizophrenia. In this paper, we will first summarize the findings on immune dysfunction in schizophrenia, including (1) genetic, prenatal, and premorbid immune risk factors and (2) immune markers across the clinical course of the disorder, including cytokines; C-reactive protein; immune cells; antibodies, autoantibodies and comorbid autoimmune disorders; complement; oxidative stress; imaging of neuroinflammation; infections; and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapy. We will then discuss a potential mechanistic framework toward increased understanding of a potential schizophrenia immunophenotype. We will then critically appraise the existing literature, and discuss suggestions for the future research agenda in this area that are needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Neuroinflammation in Autism: Plausible Role of Maternal Inflammation, Dietary Omega 3, and Microbiota. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3597209. [PMID: 27840741 PMCID: PMC5093279 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3597209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been identified. However, more recent work has highlighted that certain environmental exposures early in life may also account for some cases of autism. Environmental insults during pregnancy, such as infection or malnutrition, seem to dramatically impact brain development. Maternal viral or bacterial infections have been characterized as disruptors of brain shaping, even if their underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Poor nutritional diversity, as well as nutrient deficiency, is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in children. For instance, imbalanced levels of essential fatty acids, and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are observed in patients with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia). Interestingly, PUFAs, and specifically n-3 PUFAs, are powerful immunomodulators that exert anti-inflammatory properties. These prenatal dietary and immunologic factors not only impact the fetal brain, but also affect the microbiota. Recent work suggests that the microbiota could be the missing link between environmental insults in prenatal life and future neurodevelopmental disorders. As both nutrition and inflammation can massively affect the microbiota, we discuss here how understanding the crosstalk between these three actors could provide a promising framework to better elucidate ASD etiology.
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Monin A, Dwir D, O'Donnell P, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A "central hub" in schizophrenia pathophysiology? Schizophr Res 2016; 176:41-51. [PMID: 25000913 PMCID: PMC4282982 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to altered GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and impaired myelin/axonal integrity in schizophrenia. Both findings could be due to abnormal neurodevelopmental trajectories, affecting local neuronal networks and long-range synchrony and leading to cognitive deficits. In this review, we present data from animal models demonstrating that redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation and/or NMDAR hypofunction (as observed in patients) impairs the normal development of both parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes. These observations suggest that a dysregulation of the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems due to genetic and early-life environmental risk factors could contribute to the anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and white matter in schizophrenia, ultimately impacting cognition, social competence, and affective behavior via abnormal function of micro- and macrocircuits. Moreover, we propose that the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems form a "central hub" where an imbalance within any of these "hub" systems leads to similar anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes due to the tight and reciprocal interactions that exist among these systems. A combination of vulnerabilities for a dysregulation within more than one of these systems may be particularly deleterious. For these reasons, molecules, such as N-acetylcysteine, that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also regulate glutamatergic transmission are promising tools for prevention in ultra-high risk patients or for early intervention therapy during the first stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J H Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Monin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P O'Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Chao MW, Chen CP, Yang YH, Chuang YC, Chu TY, Tseng CY. N-acetylcysteine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced impairment in lamination of Ctip2-and Tbr1- expressing cortical neurons in the developing rat fetal brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32373. [PMID: 27577752 PMCID: PMC5006028 DOI: 10.1038/srep32373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory insults are the major instigating events of bacterial intrauterine infection that lead to fetal brain injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the remedial effects of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) for inflammation-caused deficits in brain development. We found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by RAW264.7 cells. Macrophage-conditioned medium caused noticeable cortical cell damage, specifically in cortical neurons. LPS at 25 μg/kg caused more than 75% fetal loss in rats. An increase in fetal cortical thickness was noted in the LPS-treated group. In the enlarged fetal cortex, laminar positioning of the early born cortical cells expressing Tbr1 and Ctip2 was disrupted, with a scattered distribution. The effect was similar, but minor, in later born Satb2-expressing cortical cells. NAC protected against LPS-induced neuron toxicity in vitro and counteracted pregnancy loss and alterations in thickness and lamination of the neocortex in vivo. Fetal loss and abnormal fetal brain development were due to LPS-induced ROS production. NAC is an effective protective agent against LPS-induced damage. This finding highlights the key therapeutic impact of NAC in LPS-caused abnormal neuronal laminar distribution during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Pein Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Chu
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- International Master Program of Biomedical Material and Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Center for Nano-Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Samuvel DJ, Shunmugavel A, Singh AK, Singh I, Khan M. S-Nitrosoglutathione ameliorates acute renal dysfunction in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:1310-9. [PMID: 27484743 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis induces an inflammatory response that results in acute renal failure (ARF). The current study is to evaluate the role of S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in renoprotection from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. METHODS Rats were divided to three groups. First group received LPS (5 mg/kg body weight), second group was treated with LPS + GSNO (50 μg/kg body weight), and third group was administered with vehicle (saline). They were sacrificed on day 1 and 3 post-LPS injection. Serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were analysed. Tissue morphology, T lymphocyte infiltrations, and the expression of inflammatory (TNF-α, iNOS) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) mediators as well as glutathione (GSH) levels were determined. KEY FINDING Lipopolysaccharide significantly decreased body weight and increased cellular T lymphocyte infiltration, caspase-3 and iNOS and decreased PPAR-γ in renal tissue. NO, creatinine and BUN were significantly elevated after LPS challenge, and they significantly decreased after GSNO treatment. TNF-α level was found significantly increased in LPS-treated serum and kidney. GSNO treatment of LPS-challenged rats decreased caspase-3, iNOS, TNF-α, T lymphocyte infiltration and remarkably increased levels of IL-10, PPAR-γ and GSH. CONCLUSION GSNO can be used as a renoprotective agent for the treatment of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devadoss J Samuvel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Petitdant N, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Cerebral radiofrequency exposures during adolescence: Impact on astrocytes and brain functions in healthy and pathologic rat models. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:338-50. [PMID: 27272062 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of mobile phones by adolescents raises concerns about possible health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF 900 MHz) on the immature brain. Neuro-development is a period of particular sensitivity to repeated environmental challenges such as pro-inflammatory insults. Here, we used rats to assess whether astrocyte reactivity, perception, and emotionality were affected by RF EMF exposures during adolescence. We also investigated if adolescent brains were more sensitive to RF EMF exposures after neurodevelopmental inflammation. To do so, we either performed 80 μg/kg intra-peritoneal injections of lipopolysaccharides during gestation or 1.25 μg/h intra-cerebro-ventricular infusions during adolescence. From postnatal day (P)32 to 62, rats were subjected to 45 min RF EMF exposures to the brain (specific absorption rates: 0, 1.5, or 6 W/kg, 5 days/week). From P56, they were tested for perception of novelty, anxiety-like behaviors, and emotional memory. To assess astrocytic reactivity, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein was measured at P64. Our results did not show any neurobiological impairment in healthy and vulnerable RF EMF-exposed rats compared to their sham-exposed controls. These data did not support the hypothesis of a specific cerebral sensitivity to RF EMF of adolescents, even after a neurodevelopmental inflammation. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:338-350, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Petitdant
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Laboratory of Perinatality and Toxical Risk (PERITOX), Amiens, France
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Toll-like receptor 4-mediated immune stress in pregnant rats activates STAT3 in the fetal brain: role of interleukin-6. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:781-7. [PMID: 25938734 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to pathogens induces long lasting effect on brain function and plasticity. It is unclear how maternal immune stress impacts fetal brain development. Immune challenged pregnant rats induce the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)1β, and IL-6. IL-6 crosses the placenta but its mechanism of action on fetal brain is unclear. METHODS Gestation day 15 (GD15) rats were given a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 µg/kg) in the presence or the absence of an IL-6 neutralizing antibody (IL-6Ab, 10 µg/kg). The activation of the intracellular signal of IL-6; signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) were monitored in fetal brains. RESULTS LPS administration to GD15 rats significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 in fetal brains. Such activation was blunted by IL-6Ab. LPS induced a significant rise in GCs in the plasma of dams but not in fetal brains. IL-6Ab significantly reduced LPS-induced GCs in maternal plasma. CONCLUSION Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced activation of the maternal innate immune system affects fetal brains likely via the mobilization of IL-6/STAT3 pathway. In contrast, TLR4-stimulated maternal GCs release is less likely to play a significant role in fetal brain development.
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Ayers-Ringler JR, Jia YF, Qiu YY, Choi DS. Role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in alcohol use disorder. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:31-42. [PMID: 27014596 PMCID: PMC4804266 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most widespread neuropsychiatric conditions, having a significant health and socioeconomic impact. According to the 2014 World Health Organization global status report on alcohol and health, the harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 5.9% of all deaths worldwide. Additionally, 5.1% of the global burden of disease and injury is ascribed to alcohol (measured in disability adjusted life years, or disability adjusted life years). Although the neurobiological basis of AUD is highly complex, the corticostriatal circuit contributes significantly to the development of addictive behaviors. In-depth investigation into the changes of the neurotransmitters in this circuit, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyricacid, and glutamate, and their corresponding neuronal receptors in AUD and other addictions enable us to understand the molecular basis of AUD. However, these discoveries have also revealed a dearth of knowledge regarding contributions from non-neuronal sources. Astrocytes, though intimately involved in synaptic function, had until recently been noticeably overlooked in their potential role in AUD. One major function of the astrocyte is protecting neurons from excitotoxicity by removing glutamate from the synapse via excitatory amino acid transporter type 2. The importance of this key transporter in addiction, as well as ethanol withdrawal, has recently become evident, though its regulation is still under investigation. Historically, pharmacotherapy for AUD has been focused on altering the activity of neuronal glutamate receptors. However, recent clinical evidence has supported the animal-based findings, showing that regulating glutamate homeostasis contributes to successful management of recovery from AUD.
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Elbini Dhouib I, Jallouli M, Annabi A, Gharbi N, Elfazaa S, Lasram MM. A minireview on N-acetylcysteine: An old drug with new approaches. Life Sci 2016; 151:359-363. [PMID: 26946308 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine pro-drug and glutathione precursor has been used in therapeutic practices for several decades, as a mucolytic agent and for the treatment of numerous disorders including paracetamol intoxication. There is a growing interest concerning the beneficial effects of NAC against the early stages of toxicity-induced by pesticides. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic and clinical applications of NAC are not fully understood. In this review we aimed to focus on the protective effects of NAC against oxidative stress caused by pesticide in many organs. The possible mechanisms of action may be associated to its antioxidant properties. The anti-oxidative activity of NAC has been attributed to the fast reaction with free radicals as well as the restitution of reduced glutathione (GSH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Elbini Dhouib
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Ecole Supérieure Privée des Ingénieurs et des Etudes Technologiques, Université Arabe des Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Manel Jallouli
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alya Annabi
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Gharbi
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Elfazaa
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Montassar Lasram
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Al-Amin MM, Alam T, Hasan SMN, Hasan AT, Quddus AHMR. Prenatal maternal lipopolysaccharide administration leads to age- and region-specific oxidative stress in the early developmental stage in offspring. Neuroscience 2016; 318:84-93. [PMID: 26774051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been exploited to simulate brain disorder in animal model. Prenatal LPS-exposure has shown elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the early stages of the postnatal period. This study determines the effect of prenatal LPS-exposure on oxidative stress (OS) in the distinct brain regions in the early postnatal stages. LPS (50 μg/kg, i.p.) and water for injection (100 μl, i.p.) were given to the experimental (n=5) and control (n=5) group of pregnant Swiss albino mice respectively on gestational day (GD)-16 and 17. Animals were decapitated on postnatal day (PnD) - 1, 7, 14 and 21 to assay levels of oxidative markers from 6 distinct brain regions. When compared with the control, prenatal LPS-exposure alters levels of OS markers: (i) on PnD-1, glutathione (GSH) level is raised and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is dropped, (ii) on PnD-7, advanced oxidation of protein product (AOPP) level is elevated, (iii) on PnD-14, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and activity of catalase (CAT) are enhanced, (iv) on PnD-21, increased MDA continued. The hippocampus (HC) and cerebellum (CB) were mostly susceptible to OS in the early postnatal development. Levels of MDA and activity of CAT enzyme were increased on PnD-14 in the cortex, HC and CB. Except MDA, all OS markers recovered and returned to the level of control animals on PnD-21. Taken together, these results suggest that prenatal LPS-exposure induces age- and region-specific OS in the early postnatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh; The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QBI Building 79, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - T Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M N Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A T Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Jenkins DD, Wiest DB, Mulvihill DM, Hlavacek AM, Majstoravich SJ, Brown TR, Taylor JJ, Buckley JR, Turner RP, Rollins LG, Bentzley JP, Hope KE, Barbour AB, Lowe DW, Martin RH, Chang EY. Fetal and Neonatal Effects of N-Acetylcysteine When Used for Neuroprotection in Maternal Chorioamnionitis. J Pediatr 2016; 168:67-76.e6. [PMID: 26545726 PMCID: PMC4698030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical safety of antenatal and postnatal N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a neuroprotective agent in maternal chorioamnionitis in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-two mothers >24 weeks gestation presenting within 4 hours of diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis were randomized with their 24 infants to NAC or saline treatment. Antenatal NAC (100 mg/kg/dose) or saline was given intravenously every 6 hours until delivery. Postnatally, NAC (12.5-25 mg/kg/dose, n = 12) or saline (n = 12) was given every 12 hours for 5 doses. Doppler studies of fetal umbilical and fetal and infant cerebral blood flow, cranial ultrasounds, echocardiograms, cerebral oxygenation, electroencephalograms, and serum cytokines were evaluated before and after treatment, and 12, 24, and 48 hours after birth. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion imaging were performed at term age equivalent. Development was followed for cerebral palsy or autism to 4 years of age. RESULTS Cardiovascular measures, cerebral blood flow velocity and vascular resistance, and cerebral oxygenation did not differ between treatment groups. Cerebrovascular coupling was disrupted in infants with chorioamnionitis treated with saline but preserved in infants treated with NAC, suggesting improved vascular regulation in the presence of neuroinflammation. Infants treated with NAC had higher serum anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and lower proinflammatory vascular endothelial growth factor over time vs controls. No adverse events related to NAC administration were noted. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of newborns exposed to chorioamnionitis, antenatal and postnatal NAC was safe, preserved cerebrovascular regulation, and increased an anti-inflammatory neuroprotective protein. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00724594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea D. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Donald B. Wiest
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcome Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Denise M. Mulvihill
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Anthony M. Hlavacek
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Truman R. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience’s Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Joseph J. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience’s Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jason R. Buckley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Robert P. Turner
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics and Neurology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and Palmetto Health Richland Children’s Hospital, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Jessica P. Bentzley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kathryn E. Hope
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Andrew B. Barbour
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Danielle W. Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Renee H. Martin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eugene Y. Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Lasram MM, Dhouib IB, Annabi A, El Fazaa S, Gharbi N. A review on the possible molecular mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine against insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes development. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:1200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Farr RL, Lismont C, Terlecky SR, Fransen M. Peroxisome biogenesis in mammalian cells: The impact of genes and environment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1049-60. [PMID: 26305119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and progression of many human diseases are mediated by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. As all diseases begin with an imbalance at the cellular level, it is essential to understand how various types of molecular aberrations, metabolic changes, and environmental stressors function as switching points in essential communication networks. In recent years, peroxisomes have emerged as important intracellular hubs for redox-, lipid-, inflammatory-, and nucleic acid-mediated signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on how nature and nurture modulate peroxisome biogenesis and function in mammalian cells. First, we review emerging evidence that changes in peroxisome activity can be linked to the epigenetic regulation of cell function. Next, we outline how defects in peroxisome biogenesis may directly impact cellular pathways involved in the development of disease. In addition, we discuss how changes in the cellular microenvironment can modulate peroxisome biogenesis and function. Finally, given the importance of peroxisome function in multiple aspects of health, disease, and aging, we highlight the need for more research in this still understudied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Farr
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley R Terlecky
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Do KQ, Cuenod M, Hensch TK. Targeting Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Critical Period Plasticity in the Developmental Trajectory to Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:835-46. [PMID: 26032508 PMCID: PMC4466197 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder reflecting a convergence of genetic risk and early life stress. The slow progression to first psychotic episode represents both a window of vulnerability as well as opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Here, we consider recent neurobiological insight into the cellular and molecular components of developmental critical periods and their vulnerability to redox dysregulation. In particular, the consistent loss of parvalbumin-positive interneuron (PVI) function and their surrounding perineuronal nets (PNNs) as well as myelination in patient brains is consistent with a delayed or extended period of circuit instability. This linkage to critical period triggers (PVI) and brakes (PNN, myelin) implicates mistimed trajectories of brain development in mental illness. Strategically introduced antioxidant treatment or later reinforcement of molecular brakes may then offer a novel prophylactic psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Q. Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Takao K. Hensch
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, US; tel: +1-617-384-5882; fax: +1-617-495-4038; e-mail:
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Thangarajan R, Tantradi RR, Rai KS, Gopalakrishnan S, Perumal V. Inflammation During Gestation Induced Spatial Memory and Learning Deficits: Attenuated by Physical Exercise in Juvenile Rats. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:CF01-4. [PMID: 26266117 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12565.6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational infections induced inflammation (GIII) is a cause of various postnatal neurological deficits in developing countries. Such intra uterine insults could result in persistent learning-memory disabilities. There are no studies elucidating the efficacy of adolescence exercise on spatial learning- memory abilities of young adult rats pre-exposed to inflammatory insult during fetal life. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The present study addresses the efficacy of physical (running) exercise during adolescent period in attenuating spatial memory deficits induced by exposure to GIII in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant Wistar dams were randomly divided into control and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) groups, injected intra peritoneally (i.p) with saline (0.5ml) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.5mg/kg) on alternate days from gestation day 14 (GD 14) till delivery. After parturition, pups were divided into 3 groups (n=6/group) a) Sham control and LPS group divided into 2 subgroups- b) LPS and c) LPS exercise group. Running exercise was given only to LPS exercise group during postnatal days (PNDs) 30 to 60 (15min/day). Spatial learning and memory performance was assessed by Morris water maze test (MWM), on postnatal day 61 to 67 in all groups. RESULTS Young rats pre-exposed to GIII and subjected to running exercise through juvenile period displayed significant decrease in latency to reach escape platform and spent significant duration in target quadrant in MWM test, compared to age matched LPS group. Results of the current study demonstrated that exercise through juvenile/adolescent period effectively mitigates gestational inflammation-induced cognitive deficits in young adult rats. CONCLUSION Inflammation during gestation impairs offspring's spatial memory and learning abilities. Whereas, early postnatal physical exercise attenuates, to higher extent, cognitive impairment resulted from exposure to LPS induced inflammation during intrauterine growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Thangarajan
- Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal,Udupi- Dist,Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh Rao Tantradi
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal,Udupi- Dist, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiranmai S Rai
- Professor, Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College,Manipal University , Manipal, Udupi- Dist, Karnataka, India
| | - Sivakumar Gopalakrishnan
- Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal, Udupi- Dist, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Perumal
- Professional Practice Fellow, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago , P.O. Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Tracing the trajectory of behavioral impairments and oxidative stress in an animal model of neonatal inflammation. Neuroscience 2015; 298:455-66. [PMID: 25934038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to early-life inflammation results in time-of-challenge-dependent changes in both brain and behavior. The consequences of this neural and behavioral reprogramming are most often reported in adulthood. However, the trajectory for the expression of these various changes is not well delineated, particularly between the juvenile and adult phases of development. Moreover, interventions to protect against these neurodevelopmental disruptions are rarely evaluated. Here, female Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in either environmental enrichment (EE) or standard care (SC) and their male and female offspring were administered 50 μg/kg i.p. of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pyrogen-free saline in a dual-administration neonatal protocol. All animals maintained their respective housing assignments from breeding until the end of the study. LPS exposure on postnatal days (P) 3 and 5 of life resulted in differential expression of emotional and cognitive disruptions and evidence of oxidative stress across development. Specifically, social behavior was reduced in neonatal-treated (n)LPS animals at adolescence (P40), but not adulthood (P70). In contrast, male nLPS rats exhibited intact spatial memory as adolescents which was impaired in later life. Moreover, these males had decreased prefrontal cortex levels of glutathione at P40, which was normalized in adult animals. Notably, EE appeared to offer some protection against the consequences of inflammation on juvenile social behavior and fully prevented reduced glutathione levels in the juvenile prefrontal cortex. Combined, these time-dependent effects provide evidence that early-life inflammation interacts with other developmental variables, specifically puberty and EE, in the expression (and prevention) of select behavioral and molecular programs.
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Maternal lipopolysaccharide alters the newborn oxidative stress and C-reactive protein levels in response to an inflammatory stress. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 3:358-63. [PMID: 25102265 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441200027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection is associated with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory responses. We have previously shown that maternal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at E18 alters the subsequent offspring immune response. As immune responses are mediated, in part, by OS, we sought to determine if maternal inflammation during pregnancy programs offspring OS and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of saline or LPS at 18 days' gestation (n = 4), and pups delivered spontaneously at term. At postnatal day 24, male and female offspring received i.p. injection of LPS. Serum lipid peroxides formation (PD) and CRP levels were determined before and at 4 h following the LPS injection. Pups of LPS-exposed dams had significantly higher basal OS (PD 29.4 ± 5.4 v. 10.1 ± 4.8 nmol/ml) compared with controls. In response to LPS, CRP levels (20.4 ± 2.8 v. 5.7 ± 1.0 ng/ml) were significantly higher among pups of LPS-exposed dams than controls. Prenatal maternal exposure to LPS increases baseline OS levels in neonates and CRP levels in response to LPS. These results suggest that maternal inflammation during the antenatal period may induce long-term sequelae in the offspring that may predispose to adult disease.
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Baarine M, Beeson C, Singh A, Singh I. ABCD1 deletion-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is corrected by SAHA: implication for adrenoleukodystrophy. J Neurochem 2015; 133:380-96. [PMID: 25393703 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inherited peroxisomal metabolic neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by mutations/deletions in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCD1) gene encoding peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). Metabolic dysfunction in X-ALD is characterized by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids ≥ C22:0) in the tissues and plasma of patients. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial status following deletion of ABCD1 in B12 oligodendrocytes and U87 astrocytes. This study provides evidence that silencing of peroxisomal protein ABCD1 produces structural and functional perturbations in mitochondria. Activities of electron transport chain-related enzymes and of citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) were reduced; mitochondrial redox status was dysregulated and the mitochondrial membrane potential was disrupted following ABCD1 silencing. A greater reduction in ATP levels and citrate synthase activities was observed in oligodendrocytes as compared to astrocytes. Furthermore, most of the mitochondrial perturbations induced by ABCD1 silencing were corrected by treating cells with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, an Histone deacetylase inhibitor. These observations indicate a novel relationship between peroxisomes and mitochondria in cellular homeostasis and the importance of intact peroxisomes in relation to mitochondrial integrity and function in the cell types that participate in the pathobiology of X-ALD. These observations suggest suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid as a potential therapy for X-ALD. Schematic description of the effects of loss of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter D1 (ABCD1) gene on cellular Redox and mitochondrial activities and their correction by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) treatment. Pathogenomic accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) as a result of loss of ABCD1 leads to dysfunctions of mitochondrial biogenesis and its activities. Treatment with SAHA corrects mitochondrial dysfunctions. These studies describe unique cooperation between mitochondria and peroxisome for cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauhamad Baarine
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Wasiak T, Marcinkowska M, Pieszynski I, Zablocka M, Caminade AM, Majoral JP, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Cationic phosphorus dendrimers and therapy for Alzheimer's disease. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cationic phosphorus dendrimers show a weak antioxidant potential, reduce the level of TNF-alpha and mimic partial noncompetitive inhibitors of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasiak
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- Poland
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- Poland
| | | | - Maria Zablocka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- Poland
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
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Sharova VS, Izvolskaia MS, Zakharova LA. Lipopolysaccharide-induced maternal inflammation affects the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron development in fetal mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:222-32. [PMID: 25341493 DOI: 10.1159/000365482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provide evidence that prenatal immunological stress may affect the programming of reproductive health and sexual behavior in adult animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of maternal inflammation, induced by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 45 µg/kg) on embryonic day 11.5 (E 11.5), on the development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system in mouse fetuses as well as on the proinflammatory cytokine level in pregnant mice and their fetuses. In the fetuses, the GnRH neuron migration from the olfactory pit to the forebrain was estimated on embryonic days 14.5 and 18.5. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were measured with the cytometric bead and ELISA array method in the maternal and fetal blood, amniotic fluid and fetal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). According to our data, activation of the immune system by LPS treatment on embryonic day 11.5 leads to an increased quantity of neurons in the nasal and olfactory bulb areas and a decreased quantity in the forebrain area on embryonic day 14.5. There was a slight decrease in the total number of neurons in the forebrain area on embryonic day 18.5. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly increased within 3 h after LPS treatment in the maternal and fetal blood, amniotic fluid and fetal CSF. IL-6-receptor immunoreactivity was detected on olfactory/vomeronasal axons. Thus, prenatal immunological stress delays the GnRH neuron migration in the nasal compartment of mouse fetuses, which may be mediated by the regulation of IL-6, MCP-1 and LIF secretion in the maternal-fetal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Sharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Wiest DB, Chang E, Fanning D, Garner S, Cox T, Jenkins DD. Antenatal pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of N-acetylcysteine in chorioamnionitis for fetal neuroprotection. J Pediatr 2014; 165:672-7.e2. [PMID: 25064164 PMCID: PMC4177316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) and placental transfer of intravenous (i.v.) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in mothers with a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis (CA) and determine the PK of i.v. NAC in their infants. STUDY DESIGN In this prospective, double-blind study i.v. NAC 100 mg/kg/dose or saline was administered within 4 hours of CA diagnosis to pregnant women ≥24 weeks' gestation and then every 6 hours until delivery. Maternal PK and placental transfer were determined with maternal blood and matched maternal and cord venous blood. Neonatal PK estimates were determined from i.v. NAC (12.5-25 mg/kg/dose) administered every 12 hours for 5 doses. Noncompartmental analyses were performed for maternal and neonatal PK estimates. RESULTS Eleven mothers (5 preterm, 6 near-term) and 12 infants (1 set of twins) received NAC. Maternal clearance (CL) of NAC was faster than in nonpregnant adults, with a terminal elimination half-life of 1.2 ± 0.2 hours. The NAC cord to maternal ratio was 1.4 ± 0.8, suggesting rapid placental transfer and slower rate of fetal CL. Neonatal PK estimates for near-term compared with preterm infants showed a significantly shorter terminal elimination half-life (5.1 vs 7.5 hours, respectively) and greater CL (53.7 vs 45.0 mL/h/kg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Maternal CL and placental transfer of NAC was rapid, with umbilical cord concentrations frequently exceeding maternal concentrations. The administration of NAC to mothers with CA achieves predictable NAC plasma concentrations in the fetus, indicating that antenatal neuroprotection may be possible for these newborns at high risk for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B. Wiest
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcome Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eugene Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Deanna Fanning
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Sandra Garner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcome Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Toby Cox
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcome Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Dorothea D. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Pathologic role of glial nitric oxide in adult and pediatric neuroinflammatory diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:168-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Back SA, Rosenberg PA. Pathophysiology of glia in perinatal white matter injury. Glia 2014; 62:1790-815. [PMID: 24687630 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the preterm brain has a particular predilection for cerebral white matter. White matter injury (WMI) is the most common cause of brain injury in preterm infants and a major cause of chronic neurological morbidity including cerebral palsy. Factors that predispose to WMI include cerebral oxygenation disturbances and maternal-fetal infection. During the acute phase of WMI, pronounced oxidative damage occurs that targets late oligodendrocyte progenitors (pre-OLs). The developmental predilection for WMI to occur during prematurity appears to be related to both the timing of appearance and regional distribution of susceptible pre-OLs that are vulnerable to a variety of chemical mediators including reactive oxygen species, glutamate, cytokines, and adenosine. During the chronic phase of WMI, the white matter displays abberant regeneration and repair responses. Early OL progenitors respond to WMI with a rapid robust proliferative response that results in a several fold regeneration of pre-OLs that fail to terminally differentiate along their normal developmental time course. Pre-OL maturation arrest appears to be related in part to inhibitory factors that derive from reactive astrocytes in chronic lesions. Recent high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data support that three distinct forms of chronic WMI exist, each of which displays unique MRI and histopathological features. These findings suggest the possibility that therapies directed at myelin regeneration and repair could be initiated early after WMI and monitored over time. These new mechanisms of acute and chronic WMI provide access to a variety of new strategies to prevent or promote repair of WMI in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Back
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Paintlia AS, Paintlia MK, Singh AK, Singh I. Modulation of Rho-Rock signaling pathway protects oligodendrocytes against cytokine toxicity via PPAR-α-dependent mechanism. Glia 2013; 61:1500-1517. [PMID: 23839981 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We earlier documented that lovastatin (LOV)-mediated inhibition of small Rho GTPases activity protects vulnerable oligodendrocytes (OLs) in mixed glial cell cultures stimulated with Th1 cytokines and in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the precise mechanism of OL protection remains unclear. We here employed genetic and biochemical approaches to elucidate the underlying mechanism that protects LOV treated OLs from Th1 (tumor necrosis factor-α) and Th17 (interleukin-17) cytokines toxicity in in vitro. Cytokines enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization with corresponding lowering of glutathione (reduced) level in OLs and that were reverted by LOV. In addition, the expression of ROS detoxifying enzymes (catalase and superoxide-dismutase 2) and the transactivation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)-α/-β/-γ including PPAR-γ coactivator-1α were enhanced by LOV in similarly treated OLs. Interestingly, LOV-mediated inhibition of small Rho GTPases, i.e., RhoA and cdc42, and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) activity enhanced the levels of PPAR ligands in OLs via extracellular signal regulated kinase (1/2)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/cytoplasmic phospholipase 2/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling cascade activation. Small hairpin RNA transfection-based studies established that LOV mainly enhances PPAR-α and less so of PPAR-β and PPAR-γ transactivation that enhances ROS detoxifying defense in OLs. In support of this, the observed LOV-mediated protection was lacking in PPAR-α-deficient OLs exposed to cytokines. Collectively, these data provide unprecedented evidence that LOV-mediated inhibition of the Rho-ROCK signaling pathway boosts ROS detoxifying defense in OLs via PPAR-α-dependent mechanism that has implication in neurodegenerative disorders including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaib S Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina
| | - Manjeet K Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina
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Marks KA. Hypoxic–ischemic brain injury and neuroprotection in the newborn infant. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have confirmed that in term infants with moderate-to-severe hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, death and severe developmental disability can be reduced by early treatment with hypothermia. However, meta-analysis of these trials has confirmed that two-thirds of the survivors remain seriously impaired. The search for new neuroprotective interventions has therefore continued. Extensive research has identified the important biochemical pathways that result in neuronal loss, and the subsequent repair and regeneration processes. The most promising neuroprotective agents that limit the former, and promote the latter, are being tested in animal models of hypoxic–ischemic brain injury and are awaiting clinical trials. It is likely that a ‘cocktail’ of agents, affecting a number of pathways, will ultimately prove to be the most effective intervention. The latest additions to a long list of proposed substances are various stem cells that promote neurogenesis by releasing trophic substances into the injured brain. Future clinical trials are likely to employ early biomarkers, of which MRI and proton spectroscopy are probably the most predictive of long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. In conclusion, the exponential increase in knowledge in this field can be expected to provide many more neuroprotective agents within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla-Anna Marks
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Centre, PO Box 151, Beersheva, Israel
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Ng E, McGirr A, Wong AHC, Roder JC. Using rodents to model schizophrenia and substance use comorbidity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:896-910. [PMID: 23567519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and substance use disorders (SUD) often occur together, yet it is unclear why this is the case or how best to manage dual diagnosis. Rodent models are well suited to study how genes and environment interact to impact neurodevelopment, brain function and behaviors relevant to dual diagnosis. Indeed a variety of rodent models for schizophrenia display behavioral and physiological features relevant to SUD including: neurodevelopmental models, models of a rare variant (Disc1), to models of common variants (neurexin, dysbindin and neuregulin), and models of various gene-drug interactions. Thus it may be worthwhile to probe models of schizophrenia for insights relevant to SUD and dual diagnosis. However, future studies on dual diagnosis should involve characterization beyond measuring locomotor responses to self-administration tasks, include drug classes other than psychostimulants, and dissect the neuroadaptations that underlie risk for dual diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Ng
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 860, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Developmental neuroinflammation and schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:20-34. [PMID: 22122877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in and evidence for altered immune factors in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Stimulated by various epidemiological findings reporting elevated risk of schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to infection, one line of current research aims to explore the potential contribution of immune-mediated disruption of early brain development in the precipitation of long-term psychotic disease. Since the initial formulation of the "prenatal cytokine hypothesis" more than a decade ago, extensive epidemiological research and remarkable advances in modeling prenatal immune activation effects in animal models have provided strong support for this hypothesis by underscoring the critical role of cytokine-associated inflammatory events, together with downstream pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress, hypoferremia and zinc deficiency, in mediating the short- and long-term neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal infection. Longitudinal studies in animal models further indicate that infection-induced developmental neuroinflammation may be pathologically relevant beyond the antenatal and neonatal periods, and may contribute to disease progression associated with the gradual development of full-blown schizophrenic disease. According to this scenario, exposure to prenatal immune challenge primes early pre- and postnatal alterations in peripheral and central inflammatory response systems, which in turn may disrupt the normal development and maturation of neuronal systems from juvenile to adult stages of life. Such developmental neuroinflammation may adversely affect processes that are pivotal for normal brain maturation, including myelination, synaptic pruning, and neuronal remodeling, all of which occur to a great extent during postnatal brain maturation. Undoubtedly, our understanding of the role of developmental neuroinflammation in progressive brain changes relevant to schizophrenia is still in infancy. Identification of these mechanisms would be highly warranted because they may represent a valuable target to attenuate or even prevent the emergence of full-blown brain and behavioral pathology, especially in individuals with a history of prenatal complications such as in-utero exposure to infection and/or inflammation.
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Glutathione-mediated intracellular release of anti-inflammatory N-acetyl-L-cysteine from mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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