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Barrios-Camacho CM, Zunitch MJ, Louie JD, Jang W, Schwob JE. An in vitro model of acute horizontal basal cell activation reveals gene regulatory networks underlying the nascent activation phase. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:1156-1171. [PMID: 39059377 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While horizontal basal cells (HBCs) make minor contributions to olfactory epithelium (OE) regeneration during homeostatic conditions, they possess a potent, latent capacity to activate and subsequently regenerate the OE following severe injury. Activation requires, and is mediated by, the downregulation of the transcription factor (TF) TP63. In this paper, we describe the cellular processes that drive the nascent stages of HBC activation. The compound phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induces a rapid loss in TP63 protein and rapid enrichment of HOPX and the nuclear translocation of RELA, previously identified as components of HBC activation. Using bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we find that PMA-treated HBCs pass through various stages of activation identifiable by transcriptional regulatory signatures that mimic stages identified in vivo. These temporal stages are associated with varying degrees of engraftment and differentiation potential in transplantation assays. Together, these data show that our in vitro HBC activation system models physiologically relevant features of in vivo HBC activation and identifies new candidates for mechanistic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Barrios-Camacho
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Matthew J Zunitch
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jonathan D Louie
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Woochan Jang
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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2
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Barrios-Camacho CM, Zunitch MJ, Louie JD, Jang W, Schwob JE. An in vitro model of acute horizontal basal cell activation reveals dynamic gene regulatory networks underlying the acute activation phase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.568855. [PMID: 38168359 PMCID: PMC10760135 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.568855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) activate only in response to severe olfactory epithelium (OE) injury. This activation is mediated by the loss of the transcription factor TP63. Using the compound phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), we find that we can model the process of acute HBC activation. First, we find that PMA treatment induces a rapid loss in TP63 protein and induces the expression of HOPX and the nuclear translocation of RELA, previously identified to mediate HBC activation. Using bulk RNA sequencing, we find that PMA-treated HBCs pass through various stages of acute activation identifiable by transcriptional regulatory signatures that mimic stages identified in vivo . These temporal stages are associated with varying degrees of engraftment and differentiation potential in transplantation assays. Together, this data shows that our model can model physiologically relevant features of HBC activation and identifies new candidates for mechanistic testing.
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3
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Moreau M, Fisher J, Andersen ME, Barnwell A, Corzine S, Ranade A, McMullen PD, Slattery SD. NAM-based Prediction of Point-of-contact Toxicity in the Lung: A Case Example With 1,3-dichloropropene. Toxicology 2022; 481:153340. [PMID: 36183849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Time, cost, ethical, and regulatory considerations surrounding in vivo testing methods render them insufficient to meet existing and future chemical safety testing demands. There is a need for the development of in vitro and in silico alternatives to replace traditional in vivo methods for inhalation toxicity assessment. Exposures of differentiated airway epithelial cultures to gases or aerosols at the air-liquid interface (ALI) can assess tissue responses and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation can align in vitro exposure levels with in-life exposures expected to give similar tissue exposures. Because the airway epithelium varies along its length, with various regions composed of different cell types, we have introduced a known toxic vapor to five human-derived, differentiated, in vitro airway epithelial cell culture models-MucilAir of nasal, tracheal, or bronchial origin, SmallAir, and EpiAlveolar-representing five regions of the airway epithelium-nasal, tracheal, bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar. We have monitored toxicity in these cultures 24hours after acute exposure using an assay for transepithelial conductance (for epithelial barrier integrity) and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay (for cytotoxicity). Our vapor of choice in these experiments was 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP). Finally, we have developed an airway dosimetry model for 1,3-DCP vapor to predict in vivo external exposure scenarios that would produce toxic local tissue concentrations as determined by in vitro experiments. Measured in vitro points of departure (PoDs) for all tested cell culture models were similar. Calculated rat equivalent inhaled concentrations varied by model according to position of the modeled tissue within the airway, with nasal respiratory tissue being the most proximal and most sensitive tissue, and alveolar epithelium being the most distal and least sensitive tissue. These predictions are qualitatively in accordance with empirically determined in vivo PoDs. The predicted PoD concentrations were close to, but slightly higher than, PoDs determined by in vivo subchronic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Moreau
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Jeff Fisher
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Asayah Barnwell
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Sage Corzine
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Aarati Ranade
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Patrick D McMullen
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Scott D Slattery
- ScitoVation, LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Suite 146, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA.
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Holbrook EH, Coelho DH. Cranial Nerve Stimulation for Olfaction (Cranial Nerve 1). Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2019; 53:73-85. [PMID: 31685237 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Like sensory maps in other systems, the sense of smell has an organizational structure based on converging projections of olfactory receptor neurons containing unique odorant receptors onto the olfactory bulb in synaptic aggregations termed glomeruli. This organizational structure provides the potential for electrical stimulation and restoration of smell. Prior animal and human studies support the feasibility of an olfactory stimulation device, encouraging ongoing work in development of olfactory implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Daniel H Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO Box 980146, Richmond, VA 23298-0146, USA
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5
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Chen HW, Chou YS, Young TH, Cheng NC. Inhibition of melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer by chitosan biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1239-1250. [PMID: 31436375 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing skin pigmentation is desirable for various medical or cosmetic conditions. Although numerous pharmaceutical agents are currently available, their depigmentation effects are still not satisfactory. In this study, we investigated the effects of chitosan, a natural marine product, on melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer. Treating B16F10 melanoma cells caused the inhibitory effect of chitosan on melanogenesis to be more prominent under α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulation. Chitosan samples of different molecular weights inhibited melanogenesis to a comparable extent, whereas increasing the deacetylation of chitosan enhanced its depigmentation effects. Chitosan was found to effectively reduce basal or α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis by suppressing the expression of melanogenic-related proteins (microphthalmia transcription factor, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein-1 and protein-2) as well as inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of chitosan on melanogenesis in human melanocytes was confirmed. A transwell coculture system using permeable inserts was designed to allow the contact of human melanocytes and human HaCaT keratinocytes through the tiny holes on the membrane. When chitosan was added to this melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture system, we observed decreased melanosome release from melanocytes. Reduced melanosome uptake by keratinocytes was also observed, and was probably mediated by inhibiting protease-activated receptor 2 expression. Many skin-whitening agents can modulate the process of melanogenesis, but few have been shown to inhibit the melanosome transfer and uptake process. We demonstrated that chitosan exhibits a robust effect on depigmentation by inhibiting melanogenesis as well as melanosome transfer and uptake. Therefore, chitosan represents a potential therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Shuan Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chen Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Kurtenbach S, Goss GM, Goncalves S, Choi R, Hare JM, Chaudhari N, Goldstein BJ. Cell-Based Therapy Restores Olfactory Function in an Inducible Model of Hyposmia. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1354-1365. [PMID: 31155504 PMCID: PMC6565856 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as a strategy to replace damaged tissues, especially in the nervous system. A primary sensory modality, olfaction, is impaired in 12% of the US population, but lacks treatment options. We report here the development of a novel mouse model of inducible hyposmia and demonstrate that purified tissue-specific stem cells delivered intranasally engraft to produce olfactory neurons, achieving recovery of function. Adult mice were rendered hyposmic by conditional deletion of the ciliopathy-related IFT88 gene in the olfactory sensory neuron lineage and following experimentally induced olfactory injury, received either vehicle or stem cell infusion intranasally. Engraftment-derived olfactory neurons were identified histologically, and functional improvements were measured via electrophysiology and behavioral assay. We further explored mechanisms in culture that promote expansion of engraftment-competent adult olfactory basal progenitor cells. These findings provide a basis for translational research on propagating adult tissue-specific sensory progenitor cells and testing their therapeutic potential. A novel mouse model of inducible olfactory loss was used to test stem cell therapy Purified adult tissue-specific stem cells can engraft and restore olfaction Culture expansion of engraftment-competent stem cells was examined via RNA-seq
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kurtenbach
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Biomedical Research Building, Room 809, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Garrett M Goss
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Biomedical Research Building, Room 809, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stefania Goncalves
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rhea Choi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Biomedical Research Building, Room 809, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nirupa Chaudhari
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Biomedical Research Building, Room 809, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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7
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Peterson J, Lin B, Barrios-Camacho CM, Herrick DB, Holbrook EH, Jang W, Coleman JH, Schwob JE. Activating a Reserve Neural Stem Cell Population In Vitro Enables Engraftment and Multipotency after Transplantation. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:680-695. [PMID: 30930245 PMCID: PMC6450498 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium (OE) regenerates after injury via two types of tissue stem cells: active globose cells (GBCs) and dormant horizontal basal cells (HBCs). HBCs are roused to activated status by OE injury when P63 levels fall. However, an in-depth understanding of activation requires a system for culturing them that maintains both their self-renewal and multipotency while preventing spontaneous differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that mouse, rat, and human HBCs can be cultured and passaged as P63+ multipotent cells. HBCs in vitro closely resemble HBCs in vivo based on immunocytochemical and transcriptomic comparisons. Genetic lineage analysis demonstrates that HBCs in culture arise from both tissue-derived HBCs and multipotent GBCs. Treatment with retinoic acid induces neuronal and non-neuronal differentiation and primes cultured HBCs for transplantation into the lesioned OE. Engrafted HBCs generate all OE cell types, including olfactory sensory neurons, confirming that HBC multipotency and neurocompetency are maintained in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Peterson
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brian Lin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Camila M Barrios-Camacho
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Daniel B Herrick
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Woochan Jang
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Julie H Coleman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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8
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Canonical Notch Signaling Directs the Fate of Differentiating Neurocompetent Progenitors in the Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5022-5037. [PMID: 29739871 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0484-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult olfactory epithelium (OE) has the remarkable capacity to regenerate fully both neurosensory and non-neuronal cell types after severe epithelial injury. Lifelong persistence of two stem cell populations supports OE regeneration when damaged: the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), dormant and held in reserve; and globose basal cells, a heterogeneous population most of which are actively dividing. Both populations regenerate all cell types of the OE after injury, but the mechanisms underlying neuronal versus non-neuronal lineage commitment after recruitment of the stem cell pools remains unknown. We used both retroviral transduction and mouse lines that permit conditional cell-specific genetic manipulation as well as the tracing of progeny to study the role of canonical Notch signaling in the determination of neuronal versus non-neuronal lineages in the regenerating adult OE. Excision of either Notch1 or Notch2 genes alone in HBCs did not alter progenitor fate during recovery from epithelial injury, whereas conditional knock-out of both Notch1 and Notch2 together, retroviral transduction of progenitors with a dominant-negative form of MAML (mastermind-like), or excision of the downstream cofactor RBPJ caused progeny to adopt a neuronal fate exclusively. Conversely, we show that overexpressing the Notch1-intracellular domain (N1ICD) either genetically or by transduction blocks neuronal differentiation completely. However, N1ICD overexpression requires both alleles of the canonical cofactor RBPJ to specify downstream lineage. Together, our results suggest that canonical RBPJ-dependent Notch signaling through redundant Notch1 and Notch2 receptors is both necessary and sufficient for determining neuronal versus non-neuronal differentiation in the regenerating adult OE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite the substantial reconstitution of the olfactory epithelium and its population of sensory neurons after injury, disruption and exhaustion of neurogenesis is a consequence of aging and a cause of olfactory dysfunction. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the generation of replacement neurons and non-neuronal cells is critical to any therapeutic strategy aimed at rebuilding a functional neuroepithelium. The results shown here demonstrate that canonical Notch signaling determines the balance between neurons and non-neuronal cells during restoration of the epithelium after injury. Moreover, the complexities of the multiple Notch pathways impinging on that decision are dissected in detail. Finally, RBPJ, the canonical Notch transcriptional cofactor, exhibits a heretofore unreported haploinsufficiency in setting the balance among the regenerating populations.
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9
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Minovi A, Aguado A, Brunert D, Kurtenbach S, Dazert S, Hatt H, Conrad H. Isolation, culture optimization and functional characterization of stem cell neurospheres from mouse neonatal olfactory bulb and epithelium. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:3071-3085. [PMID: 28478501 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium contains basal cells with stem cell characteristics, which have the capacity to differentiate throughout life into olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Here we investigate the in vitro characteristics of stem cells taken from the olfactory bulb (OB) and the olfactory epithelium (OE) of neonatal TIS21 knock-in mice. The major aim of the study was the generation of olfactory neurospheres (ONS) derived from OB and OE of neonatal mice as a tool to further analyze the elementary processes of ORN development. Our data showed that the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) leads to a significant increase in number of ONS derived from OB but not from OE. The differentiation of ONSs led to the formation of different neuronal cell types, in particular to bipolar-shaped cells as well as putative pyramidal-neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of astrocytes and neurons in both types of ONSs. In order to investigate the functionality of the neurons we performed calcium imaging and patch-clamp experiments. Calcium imaging experiments revealed that the application of high potassium concentration provokes calcium transients. No excitable properties, neither sodium currents nor action potentials, were observed for the bipolar-shaped cells derived from OB and OE neurospheres, which means that these types of cells morphologically defined as putative neuronal cells, were not physiologically active. Interestingly, patch-clamp recordings performed in the pyramidal-shaped cells of OB neurospheres showed sodium and potassium currents as well as action potentials. Our study will help to establish further models in the field of olfactology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Minovi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bleichstr. 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Ainhara Aguado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bleichstr. 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniela Brunert
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kurtenbach
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dazert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bleichstr. 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heike Conrad
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Goldstein BJ, Goss GM, Choi R, Saur D, Seidler B, Hare JM, Chaudhari N. Contribution of Polycomb group proteins to olfactory basal stem cell self-renewal in a novel c-KIT+ culture model and in vivo. Development 2016; 143:4394-4404. [PMID: 27789621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory epithelium (OE) has a lifelong capacity for neurogenesis due to the presence of basal stem cells. Despite the ability to generate short-term cultures, the successful in vitro expansion of purified stem cells from adult OE has not been reported. We sought to establish expansion-competent OE stem cell cultures to facilitate further study of the mechanisms and cell populations important in OE renewal. Successful cultures were prepared using adult mouse basal cells selected for expression of c-KIT. We show that c-KIT signaling regulates self-renewal capacity and prevents neurodifferentiation in culture. Inhibition of TGFβ family signaling, a known negative regulator of embryonic basal cells, is also necessary for maintenance of the proliferative, undifferentiated state in vitro Characterizing successful cultures, we identified expression of BMI1 and other Polycomb proteins not previously identified in olfactory basal cells but known to be essential for self-renewal in other stem cell populations. Inducible fate mapping demonstrates that BMI1 is expressed in vivo by multipotent OE progenitors, validating our culture model. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the renewal and potency of olfactory stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA .,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Garrett M Goss
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rhea Choi
- MD, PhD Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nirupa Chaudhari
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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11
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Schwob JE, Jang W, Holbrook EH, Lin B, Herrick DB, Peterson JN, Hewitt Coleman J. Stem and progenitor cells of the mammalian olfactory epithelium: Taking poietic license. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1034-1054. [PMID: 27560601 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the olfactory epithelium (OE) for lifelong neurogenesis and regeneration depends on the persistence of neurocompetent stem cells, which self-renew as well as generating all of the cell types found within the nasal epithelium. This Review focuses on the types of stem and progenitor cells in the epithelium and their regulation. Both horizontal basal cells (HBCs) and some among the population of globose basal cells (GBCs) are stem cells, but the two types plays vastly different roles. The GBC population includes the basal cells that proliferate in the uninjured OE and is heterogeneous with respect to transcription factor expression. From upstream in the hierarchy to downstream, GBCs encompass 1) Sox2+ /Pax6+ stem-like cells that are totipotent and self-renew over the long term, 2) Ascl1+ transit-amplifying progenitors with a limited capacity for expansive proliferation, and 3) Neurog1+ /NeuroD1+ immediate precursor cells that make neurons directly. In contrast, the normally quiescent HBCs are activated to multipotency and proliferate when sustentacular cells are killed, but not when only OSNs die, indicating that HBCs are reserve stem cells that respond to severe epithelial injury. The master regulator of HBC activation is the ΔN isoform of the transcription factor p63; eliminating ΔNp63 unleashes HBC multipotency. Notch signaling, via Jagged1 ligand on Sus cells and Notch1 and Notch2 receptors on HBCs, is likely to play a major role in setting the level of p63 expression. Thus, ΔNp63 becomes a potential therapeutic target for reversing the neurogenic exhaustion characteristic of the aged OE. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1034-1054, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Woochan Jang
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Brian Lin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Daniel B Herrick
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Jesse N Peterson
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Julie Hewitt Coleman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
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Goncalves S, Goldstein BJ. Pathophysiology of Olfactory Disorders and Potential Treatment Strategies. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:115-121. [PMID: 27529054 DOI: 10.1007/s40136-016-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory disorders have been regarded in the past with a sense of therapeutic nihilism. However, there have been remarkable advances in chemosensory research over the past several years. The clinical importance of olfactory disorders is well established, and entities such as presbyosmia have gained considerable broad attention. Powerful basic science experimental approaches have revealed aspects of olfactory neuron physiology, olfactory tissue maintenance and regeneration that provide new potential therapeutic targets for certain forms of olfactory dysfunction. Although many recent advances remain in pre-clinical stages, there is considerable reason for optimism regarding future approaches for treatment of patients with olfactory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Goncalves
- Department of Otolaryngology and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Goss GM, Chaudhari N, Hare JM, Nwojo R, Seidler B, Saur D, Goldstein BJ. Differentiation potential of individual olfactory c-Kit+ progenitors determined via multicolor lineage tracing. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:241-51. [PMID: 26016700 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory tissue undergoes lifelong renewal, due to the presence of basal neural stem cells. Multiple categories of globose basal stem cells have been identified, expressing markers such as Lgr5, Ascl1, GBC-2, and c-Kit. The differentiation potential of individual globose cells has remained unclear. Here, we utilized Cre/loxP lineage tracing with a multicolor reporter system to define c-Kit+ cell contributions at clonal resolution. We determined that reporter expression permitted identification of c-Kit derived progeny with fine cellular detail, and that clones were found to be comprised by neurons only, microvillar cells only, microvillar cells and neurons, or gland/duct cells. Quantification of reporter-labeled cells indicated that c-Kit+ cells behave as transit amplifying or immediate precursors, although we also found evidence for longer-term c-Kit+ cell contributions. Our results from the application of multicolor fate mapping delineate the clonal contributions of c-Kit+ cells to olfactory epithelial renewal, and provide novel insight into tissue maintenance of an adult neuroepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Goss
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nirupa Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Raphael Nwojo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Translational potential of olfactory mucosa for the study of neuropsychiatric illness. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e527. [PMID: 25781226 PMCID: PMC4354342 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) is a unique source of regenerative neural tissue that is readily obtainable from living human subjects and thus affords opportunities for the study of psychiatric illnesses. OM tissues can be used, either as ex vivo OM tissue or in vitro OM-derived neural cells, to explore parameters that have been difficult to assess in the brain of living individuals with psychiatric illness. As OM tissues are distinct from brain tissues, an understanding of the neurobiology of the OM is needed to relate findings in these tissues to those of the brain as well as to design and interpret ex vivo or in vitro OM studies. To that end, we discuss the molecular, cellular and functional characteristics of cell types within the olfactory mucosa, describe the organization of the OM and highlight its role in the olfactory neurocircuitry. In addition, we discuss various approaches to in vitro culture of OM-derived cells and their characterization, focusing on the extent to which they reflect the in vivo neurobiology of the OM. Finally, we review studies of ex vivo OM tissues and in vitro OM-derived cells from individuals with psychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, we discuss the concordance of this work with postmortem brain studies and highlight possible future approaches, which may offer distinct strengths in comparison to in vitro paradigms based on genomic reprogramming.
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Wnt-responsive Lgr5⁺ globose basal cells function as multipotent olfactory epithelium progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8268-76. [PMID: 24920630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0240-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium provides a unique model to study neural stem cell self-renewal and fate determination. In the olfactory neuroepithelium, globose basal cells (GBCs) are considered to be the direct progenitors of olfactory neurons. However, the study of neurogenesis from GBCs has been impeded by the paucity of GBC-specific markers. Here we report that Lgr5, a recently discovered adult stem cell marker, is exclusively expressed in GBCs in neonatal and adult mice. Lgr5(+) cells display characteristics of cycling stem cells, including Ki67 expression and EdU incorporation. Lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that Lgr5(+) GBCs regenerate multiple cell types under normal turnover condition or after olfactory lesion. Furthermore, upregulation or downregulation of Wnt signaling in vivo indicates a key role of Wnt signaling not only in maintaining Lgr5(+) cell proliferation and promoting neuroregeneration, but also in delaying sensory neuron maturation. Together, our observations provided new insights into the dynamics of neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium.
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Le Bourhis M, Rimbaud S, Grebert D, Congar P, Meunier N. Endothelin uncouples gap junctions in sustentacular cells and olfactory ensheathing cells of the olfactory mucosa. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2878-87. [PMID: 24995882 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several factors modulate the first step of odour detection in the rat olfactory mucosa (OM). Among others, vasoactive peptides such as endothelin might play multifaceted roles in the different OM cells. Like their counterparts in the central nervous system, the olfactory sensory neurons are encompassed by different glial-like non-neuronal OM cells; sustentacular cells (SCs) surround their cell bodies, whereas olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) wrap their axons. Whereas SCs maintain both the structural and ionic integrity of the OM, OECs assure protection, local blood flow control and guiding of olfactory sensory neuron axons toward the olfactory bulb. We previously showed that these non-neuronal OM cells are particularly responsive to endothelin in vitro. Here, we confirmed that the endothelin system is strongly expressed in the OM using in situ hybridization. We then further explored the effects of endothelin on SCs and OECs using electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging approaches on both in vitro and ex vivo OM preparations. Endothelin induced both robust calcium signals and gap junction uncoupling in both types of cells. This latter effect was mimicked by carbenoxolone, a known gap junction uncoupling agent. However, although endothelin is known for its antiapoptotic effect in the OM, the uncoupling of gap junctions by carbenoxolone was not sufficient to limit the cellular death induced by serum deprivation in OM primary culture. The functional consequence of the endothelin 1-induced reduction of the gap junctional communication between OM non-neuronal cells thus remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Le Bourhis
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Evry, France; Domaine de Vilvert, INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Biologie de l'Olfaction et Biosenseurs, Jouy en Josas, France; Neuro-Sud, IFR 144, Paris, France
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Wnt-responsive Lgr5⁺ globose basal cells function as multipotent olfactory epithelium progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014. [PMID: 24920630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0240‐14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium provides a unique model to study neural stem cell self-renewal and fate determination. In the olfactory neuroepithelium, globose basal cells (GBCs) are considered to be the direct progenitors of olfactory neurons. However, the study of neurogenesis from GBCs has been impeded by the paucity of GBC-specific markers. Here we report that Lgr5, a recently discovered adult stem cell marker, is exclusively expressed in GBCs in neonatal and adult mice. Lgr5(+) cells display characteristics of cycling stem cells, including Ki67 expression and EdU incorporation. Lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that Lgr5(+) GBCs regenerate multiple cell types under normal turnover condition or after olfactory lesion. Furthermore, upregulation or downregulation of Wnt signaling in vivo indicates a key role of Wnt signaling not only in maintaining Lgr5(+) cell proliferation and promoting neuroregeneration, but also in delaying sensory neuron maturation. Together, our observations provided new insights into the dynamics of neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium.
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Thakur A, Muniswami D, Tharion G, Kanakasabapathy I. Immunohistological and electrophysiological characterization of Globose basal stem cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 17:278-86. [PMID: 24904721 PMCID: PMC4046242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the past few decades, variety of foetal, embryonic and adult stem and progenitor cells have been tried with conflicting outcome for cell therapy of central nervous system injury and diseases. Cellular characteristics and functional plasticity of Globose basal stem cells (GBCs) residing in the olfactory epithelium of rat olfactory mucosa have not been studied in the past by the neuroscientists due to unavailability of specific markers for GBCs. In the present research, we standardized some techniques to isolate GBCs from rat olfactory epithelium in pure form using a highly selective GBC-III antibody passaged through fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). We also characterized these cells immunohistologically using various pluripotent stem cell markers. This work also throws some light on ionic channels present on these stem cells which are responsible for their neuron induction potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Globose basal stem cells were isolated from rat olfactory epithelium using GBC-III antibody and were characterized as multipotent stem cells using various neural progenitor markers. Ionic channels on GBCs were studied with voltage clamping. RESULTS GBCs could be isolated in pure (99% purity) form and were found to be stained positive for all neural progenitor cell markers. Voltage gated Na(+) channels were completely absent, which proves the unexcitable nature of GBCs. Leaky K(+) channels were found to be present on the GBC which was of no significance. CONCLUSION This research work can be helpful in understanding the nature of these stem cells and utilising them in future as potent candidates for neuro-regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Thakur
- Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi- 110029, India,Corresponding author: Avinash Thakur. Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung hospital, New Delhi- 110029, India. Tel: 091-9310203126;
| | - Duraimurugan Muniswami
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College Vellore, India
| | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Thakur A, Muniswami D, Tharion G, Kanakasabapathy I. Isolating globose Basal stem cells from albino wistar rats using a highly specific monoclonal antibody. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 7:2419-22. [PMID: 24392361 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6372.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory mucosa which is situated in the roof of the nasal cavity possesses an extremely peculiar and exceptional type of pluripotent stem cells called Globose Basal Cells (GBCs) which help in lifelong regeneration of the olfactory mucosa. Previous literature doesn't provide much knowledge on the cytological, histochemical and electrophysiological properties of these cells, as they have never been isolated in pure form. MATERIAL AND METHODS Olfactory mucosa was obtained from six Albino Wistar rats by using standardized surgical and chemical separation procedures. GBCs were isolated by using different chemical, surgical and fluorescent techniques. RESULTS In this research work, we standardized the techniques for isolating these stem cells in pure form from rat olfactory mucosa by tagging them with GBC-III antibody and separating them from other epithelial cells by using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS). GBC-III antibody is a mouse monoclonal IgM antibody which recognizes a 40 kDa surface antigen, which is a laminin receptor surface protein present on the GBCs. It is a highly specific marker for GBCs, unlike the earlier antibodies used, like GBC-I, which were nonspecific markers for GBCs and showed positive reactions, even with Horizontal Basal Cells (HBCs), sustentacular cells (Sus) and duct cells. This study also standardized the techniques for surgically excising the olfactory mucosa from the nasal septum and chemically separating the olfactory epithelium from the lamina propria. CONCLUSION GBCs are an important group of cells which can be exploited in future to study and treat neuro-degenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis, brain ischaemia, etc. and spinal cord trauma, as they reside in a niche similar to the microenvironment in the central nervous system and have the similar ectodermal development as the neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the CNS. Moreover, olfactory epithelium is easily accessible for autologous transplantation of GBCs for different CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Thakur
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital , New Delhi- 110029, India
| | - Duraimurugan Muniswami
- Faculty, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College Vellore, India
| | - George Tharion
- Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College , Vellore, India
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Molecular events in the cell types of the olfactory epithelium during adult neurogenesis. Mol Brain 2013; 6:49. [PMID: 24267470 PMCID: PMC3907027 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult neurogenesis, fundamental for cellular homeostasis in the mammalian olfactory epithelium, requires major shifts in gene expression to produce mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) from multipotent progenitor cells. To understand these dynamic events requires identifying not only the genes involved but also the cell types that express each gene. Only then can the interrelationships of the encoded proteins reveal the sequences of molecular events that control the plasticity of the adult olfactory epithelium. Results Of 4,057 differentially abundant mRNAs at 5 days after lesion-induced OSN replacement in adult mice, 2,334 were decreased mRNAs expressed by mature OSNs. Of the 1,723 increased mRNAs, many were expressed by cell types other than OSNs and encoded proteins involved in cell proliferation and transcriptional regulation, consistent with increased basal cell proliferation. Others encoded fatty acid metabolism and lysosomal proteins expressed by infiltrating macrophages that help scavenge debris from the apoptosis of mature OSNs. The mRNAs of immature OSNs behaved dichotomously, increasing if they supported early events in OSN differentiation (axon initiation, vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesions) but decreasing if they supported homeostatic processes that carry over into mature OSNs (energy production, axon maintenance and protein catabolism). The complexity of shifts in gene expression responsible for converting basal cells into neurons was evident in the increased abundance of 203 transcriptional regulators expressed by basal cells and immature OSNs. Conclusions Many of the molecular changes evoked during adult neurogenesis can now be ascribed to specific cellular events in the OSN cell lineage, thereby defining new stages in the development of these neurons. Most notably, the patterns of gene expression in immature OSNs changed in a characteristic fashion as these neurons differentiated. Initial patterns were consistent with the transition into a neuronal morphology (neuritogenesis) and later patterns with neuronal homeostasis. Overall, gene expression patterns during adult olfactory neurogenesis showed substantial similarity to those of embryonic brain.
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Primary culture of embryonic rat olfactory receptor neurons. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:650-9. [PMID: 23150136 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic cells are very robust in surviving dissection and culturing protocols and easily adapt to their in vitro environment. Despite these advantages, research in the olfactory field on cultured embryonic olfactory neurons is sparse. In this study, two primary rat olfactory explant cultures of different embryonic d (E17 and E20) were established, comprising epithelium and bulb. The functionality of these neurons was tested by measuring intracellular calcium responses to cAMP-inducing agents forskolin (FSK) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) with fluorescence microscopy. For E17, the responsive cell fraction increased over time, from an initial 3% at the 1 d in vitro (DIV) to a maximum of 19% at 11 DIV. The response of E20 neurons fluctuated over time around a more or less stable 13%. A logistic regression analysis indicated a significant difference between both embryonic d in the response to FSK + IBMX. In addition, of these functional neurons, 23.3% of E17 and 54.3% of E20 cultures were responsive to the odorant isoamyl acetate.
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Gokoffski KK, Wu HH, Beites CL, Kim J, Kim EJ, Matzuk MM, Johnson JE, Lander AD, Calof AL. Activin and GDF11 collaborate in feedback control of neuroepithelial stem cell proliferation and fate. Development 2011; 138:4131-42. [PMID: 21852401 PMCID: PMC3171217 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the olfactory epithelium model system have demonstrated that production of neurons is regulated by negative feedback. Previously, we showed that a locally produced signal, the TGFβ superfamily ligand GDF11, regulates the genesis of olfactory receptor neurons by inhibiting proliferation of the immediate neuronal precursors (INPs) that give rise to them. GDF11 is antagonized by follistatin (FST), which is also produced locally. Here, we show that Fst(-/-) mice exhibit dramatically decreased neurogenesis, a phenotype that can only be partially explained by increased GDF11 activity. Instead, a second FST-binding factor, activin βB (ACTβB), inhibits neurogenesis by a distinct mechanism: whereas GDF11 inhibits expansion of INPs, ACTβB inhibits expansion of stem and early progenitor cells. We present data supporting the concept that these latter cells, previously considered two distinct types, constitute a dynamic stem/progenitor population in which individual cells alternate expression of Sox2 and/or Ascl1. In addition, we demonstrate that interplay between ACTβB and GDF11 determines whether stem/progenitor cells adopt a glial versus neuronal fate. Altogether, the data indicate that the transition between stem cells and committed progenitors is neither sharp nor irreversible and that GDF11, ACTβB and FST are crucial components of a circuit that controls both total cell number and the ratio of neuronal versus glial cells in this system. Thus, our findings demonstrate a close connection between the signals involved in the control of tissue size and those that regulate the proportions of different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K. Gokoffski
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hsiao-Huei Wu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Crestina L. Beites
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Euiseok J. Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Martin M. Matzuk
- Departments of Pathology, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jane E. Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Arthur D. Lander
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Olfactory epithelial transplantation: possible mechanism for restoration of smell. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 19:54-7. [PMID: 21102335 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e328341e242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the unique properties of the olfactory epithelium and the potential use of olfactory epithelial grafts to restore olfactory function. RECENT FINDINGS Sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium undergo continuous regeneration, grow new axons, and reestablish connections with the olfactory bulb throughout life. When transplanted into different regions of the brain, olfactory epithelial graft cells retain their morphological and regenerative properties. Olfactory cells within the grafts grow axons that enter into the surrounding brain tissue. Recent studies have shown that the olfactory epithelium can be grafted directly to the olfactory bulb. SUMMARY The olfactory epithelium has a remarkable capacity to continuously generate new sensory neurons and survives grafting into different regions of the brain. A review of the literature and the future use of olfactory grafts as a potential method to restore olfactory function is discussed.
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Krolewski RC, Jang W, Schwob JE. The generation of olfactory epithelial neurospheres in vitro predicts engraftment capacity following transplantation in vivo. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:308-23. [PMID: 21376038 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The stem and progenitor cells of the olfactory epithelium maintain the tissue throughout life and effectuate epithelial reconstitution after injury. We have utilized free-floating olfactory neurosphere cultures to study factors influencing proliferation, differentiation, and transplantation potency of sphere-grown cells as a first step toward using them for therapeutic purposes. Olfactory neurospheres form best and expand most when grown from neonatal epithelium, although methyl bromide-injured or normal adult material is weakly spherogenic. The spheres contain the full range of epithelial cell types as marked by cytokeratins, neuron-specific antigens, E-cadherin, Sox2, and Sox9. Globose basal cells are also prominent constituents. Medium conditioned by growth of phorbol ester-stimulated, immortalized lamina propria-derived cells (LP(Imm)) significantly increases the percentage of Neurog1eGFP(+) progenitors and immature neurons in spheres. Sphere-forming capacity resides within selected populations; FACS-purified, Neurog1eGFP(+) cells were poorly spherogenic, while preparations from ΔSox2eGFP transgenic mice that are enriched for Sox2(+) basal cells formed spheres very efficiently. Finally, we compared the potency following transplantation of cells grown in spheres vs. cells derived from adherent cultures. The sphere-derived cells engrafted and produced colonies with multiple cell types that incorporated into and resembled host epithelium; cells from adherent cultures did not. Furthermore, cells from spheres grown in conditioned media from the phorbol ester-activated LP(Imm) line gave rise to significantly more neurons after transplantation as compared with control. The current findings demonstrate that sphere formation serves as a biomarker for engraftment capacity and multipotency of olfactory progenitors, which are requirements for their eventual translational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Krolewski
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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