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De Giorgi R, Rizzo Pesci N, Rosso G, Maina G, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. The pharmacological bases for repurposing statins in depression: a review of mechanistic studies. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:253. [PMID: 37438361 PMCID: PMC10338465 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are commonly prescribed medications widely investigated for their potential actions on the brain and mental health. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggests that statins may play a role in the treatment of depressive disorders, but only the latter has been systematically assessed. Thus, the physiopathological mechanisms underlying statins' putative antidepressant or depressogenic effects have not been established. This review aims to gather available evidence from mechanistic studies to strengthen the pharmacological basis for repurposing statins in depression. We used a broad, well-validated search strategy over three major databases (Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO) to retrieve any mechanistic study investigating statins' effects on depression. The systematic search yielded 8068 records, which were narrowed down to 77 relevant papers. The selected studies (some dealing with more than one bodily system) described several neuropsychopharmacological (44 studies), endocrine-metabolic (17 studies), cardiovascular (6 studies) and immunological (15 studies) mechanisms potentially contributing to the effects of statins on mood. Numerous articles highlighted the beneficial effect of statins on depression, particularly through positive actions on serotonergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulation and modulation of inflammation. The role of other mechanisms, especially the association between statins, lipid metabolism and worsening of depressive symptoms, appears more controversial. Overall, most mechanistic evidence supports an antidepressant activity for statins, likely mediated by a variety of intertwined processes involving several bodily systems. Further research in this area can benefit from measuring relevant biomarkers to inform the selection of patients most likely to respond to statins' antidepressant effects while also improving our understanding of the physiopathological basis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Giorgi
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Rizzo Pesci
- University of Turin, Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rosso
- University of Turin, Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- University of Turin, Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", Via Cherasco 15, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Philip J Cowen
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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De Giorgi R, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. Statins in depression: a repurposed medical treatment can provide novel insights in mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:699-714. [PMID: 36786109 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Depression has a large burden, but the development of new drugs for its treatment has proved difficult. Progresses in neuroscience have highlighted several physiopathological pathways, notably inflammatory and metabolic ones, likely involved in the genesis of depressive symptoms. A novel strategy proposes to repurpose established medical treatments of known safety and to investigate their potential antidepressant activity. Among numerous candidates, growing evidence suggests that statins may have a positive role in the treatment of depressive disorders, although some have raised concerns about possible depressogenic effects of these widely prescribed medications. This narrative review summarises relevant findings from translational studies implicating many interconnected neurobiological and neuropsychological, cardiovascular, endocrine-metabolic, and immunological mechanisms by which statins could influence mood. Also, the most recent clinical investigations on the effects of statins in depression are presented. Overall, the use of statins for the treatment of depressive symptoms cannot be recommended based on the available literature, though this might change as several larger, methodologically robust studies are being conducted. Nevertheless, statins can already be acknowledged as a driver of innovation in mental health, as they provide a novel perspective to the physical health of people with depression and for the development of more precise antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Giorgi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Rudolfová V, Petrásek T, Antošová E, Frynta D, Landová E, Valeš K, Nekovářová T. Inter-individual differences in laboratory rats as revealed by three behavioural tasks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9361. [PMID: 35672428 PMCID: PMC9174278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable inter-individual differences in behaviour and personality have been studied for several decades now. The aim of this study was to test the repeatability of behaviour of the Long Evans strain of laboratory rats in order to assess their inter-individual differences. Male laboratory rats (n = 36) were tested in a series of tasks (Open field test, Elevated plus maze test, and modified T-maze test) repeated over time to assess their personality traits. To evaluate the temporal stability of the behaviour, we calculated repeatability estimates of the examined traits. We also checked for a link in behavioural traits across these experiments, which would suggest the existence of a behavioural syndrome. We found stable inter-individual differences in behaviour. Interestingly, no link emerged between the tasks we studied and therefore we did not find support for a behavioural syndrome. The lack of behavioural correlations between these experiments suggests that the results derived from these tasks should be interpreted carefully, as these experiments may measure various behavioural axes. Moreover, the animals habituate to the apparatus. Consequently, behaviour in the Open field test and Elevated plus maze test is not fully consistent and repeatable across subsequent trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Rudolfová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Petrásek
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Antošová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Landová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Valeš
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Nekovářová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. .,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic. .,Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Muhammad F, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Yang H, Li H. Antioxidative role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114821. [PMID: 34838943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neuroprotective Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been practiced in alternative medicine from early days. TCM-derived neuroprotective compounds, such as Chrysin, Cannabidiol, Toonasinoids, and β-asaron, exert significant effectiveness's towards Parkinson's disease (PD). Further, these neuroprotective TCM showed antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-septic, analgesic properties. Recent research showed that the reduction in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased the α-synuclein (α-syn) toxicity and enhanced the dopaminergic neuron regenerations, the main hallmarks of PD. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of novel TCM due to its antiradical activities needed deep investigations. AIMS OF THE STUDY This review aims to enlighten the neuroprotective TCM and its components with their antioxidative properties to the scientific community for future research. METHOD The relevant information on the neuroprotective TCM was gathered from scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Wiley Online Library, ACS Publications, and CNKI). Information was also gained from MS and Ph.D. thesis, books, and online databases. The literature cited in this review dates from 2001 to June 2, 0201. RESULTS Novel therapies for PD are accessible, mostly rely on Rivastigmine and Donepezil, offers to slow down the progression of disease at an early stage but embraces lots of disadvantages. Researchers are trying to find a potential drug against PD, which is proficient at preventing or curing the disease progress, but still needed to be further identified. Oxidative insult and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to be the main culprit of neurodegenerations. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the only causative agent in all interactions, leading to PD, from mitochondrial dysfunctions, α-syn aggregative toxicity, and DA neurons degenerations. It is evident from the redox balance, which seems an imperative therapeutic approach against PD and was necessary for the significant neuronal activities. CONCLUSION Our study is explaining the newly discovered TCM and their neuroprotective and antioxidative properties. But also bring up the possible treatment approaches against PD for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Muhammad
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yongtao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Parkinson's Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Instiute of Biology Gansu Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Hongyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
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Avan R, Sahebnasagh A, Hashemi J, Monajati M, Faramarzi F, Henney NC, Montecucco F, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Update on Statin Treatment in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1365. [PMID: 34947895 PMCID: PMC8703562 DOI: 10.3390/life11121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are widely accepted as first-choice agents for the prevention of lipid-related cardiovascular diseases. These drugs have both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, which may also make them effective as potential treatment marked by perturbations in these pathways, such as some neuropsychiatric disorders. In this narrative review, we have investigated the effects of statin therapy in individuals suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bipolar disorder (BD), delirium, and autism spectrum disorders using a broad online search of electronic databases. We also explored the adverse effects of these drugs to obtain insights into the benefits and risks associated with their use in the treatment of these disorders. Lipophilic statins (including simvastatin) because of better brain penetrance may have greater protective effects against MDD and schizophrenia. The significant positive effects of statins in the treatment of anxiety disorders without any serious adverse side effects were shown in numerous studies. In OCD, BD, and delirium, limitations, and contradictions in the available data make it difficult to draw conclusions on any positive effect of statins. The positive effects of simvastatin in autism disorders have been evaluated in only a small number of clinical trials. Although some studies showed positive effect of statins in some neuropsychiatric disorders, further prospective studies are needed to confirm this and define the most effective doses and treatment durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Avan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 9453155166, Iran;
| | - Javad Hashemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 9453155166, Iran;
| | - Mahila Monajati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4934174515, Iran;
| | - Fatemeh Faramarzi
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613131, Iran;
| | - Neil C. Henney
- Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UX, UK;
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
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Mirzaei E, Mirjalili M, Jahangard L, Haghighi M, Yasrebifar F, Mohammadi Y, Larki-Harchagani A, Mehrpooya M. Influence of Simvastatin as Augmentative Therapy in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:242-252. [PMID: 33070132 DOI: 10.1159/000510853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence is promising regarding the anxiolytic effects of statins in animal models of anxiety. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of simvastatin augmentation versus placebo in the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with residual symptoms despite treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). METHODS A double-blind, 8-week controlled trial was conducted from August 2018 to December 2019 in an outpatient psychiatry clinic in Hamadan, Iran. A total of 138 patients with a diagnosis of GAD were assessed for eligibility. Of them, 84 patients who met the study criteria were randomly assigned either to the adjuvant simvastatin (20 mg/day) or to the placebo group. Standard medication consisting of SSRIs was consistent 2 months prior to and during the study. The severity of anxiety symptoms for each patient was assessed based on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) score at baseline, week 4, and week 8 after treatment. Additionally, blood lipid values were assessed at baseline and on completion of the study. RESULTS Thirty-three out of 42 patients in the intervention group and 35 out of 42 patients in the control group completed the 8 weeks of the study period. Compared to the placebo group, in the simvastatin group cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein significantly decreased, and high-density lipoprotein significantly increased over time. General linear model analysis demonstrated that although over time a higher decrease in mean HAM-A scores was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.11). In addition, at the end of the study, the number of responders and remitters was comparable in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The results from this clinical study did not support the potential efficacy of adjunctive simvastatin in the treatment of patients with GAD. Thus, large-scale and long-term clinical trials are required to more accurately assess the potential efficacy of statins in the treatment of patients with anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahtabalsadat Mirjalili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Jahangard
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Haghighi
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yasrebifar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Larki-Harchagani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehrpooya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran,
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Moshiri M, Mehmannavaz F, Hashemi M, Yazdian-Robati R, Shabazi N, Etemad L. Evaluation of the efficiency of simvastatin loaded PLGA nanoparticles against acute paraquat-intoxicated rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106053. [PMID: 34728365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, we reported a novel nanotherapeutic platform for paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury in animal models using simvastatin (SV) loaded into Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). In this way, Male Wistar rats orally received PQ (120 mg / kg) plus saline, SV (20 mg / kg) or PLGA-SV NPs containing 5, 10 and 20 mg SV/ kg. The levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and glutathione content were evaluated. In addition, the pathological changes in the lung were monitored. Our results indicated that PQ (120 mg/kg) significantly reduced the body weight of rats compared to the control group. The most decrease in the level of inflammatory cytokines, bleeding, alveolar destruction as well as lymphocytic infiltration in the lung was observed at group treated with PLGA-SV NPs (10 mg). Free SV (20 mg) as well as PLGA-SV NPs (5 mg) modulated the inflammatory factors and glutathione content, however, they could not prevent tissue damage of PQ. Interestingly, PLGA-SV NPs (20 mg) could not improve the PQ- induced pulmonary damage. In conclusion, PLGA-SV NPs (10 mg) attenuated PQ-induced lung injury. The underlying mechanism may be relevant to increasing glutathione levels and inhibition of the production of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mehmannavaz
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Molecular and Cell biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Niosha Shabazi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Jeong A, Cheng S, Zhong R, Bennett DA, Bergö MO, Li L. Protein farnesylation is upregulated in Alzheimer's human brains and neuron-specific suppression of farnesyltransferase mitigates pathogenic processes in Alzheimer's model mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:129. [PMID: 34315531 PMCID: PMC8314463 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain elusive and to date there are no effective prevention or treatment for AD. Farnesyltransferase (FT) catalyzes a key posttranslational modification process called farnesylation, in which the isoprenoid farnesyl pyrophosphate is attached to target proteins, facilitating their membrane localization and their interactions with downstream effectors. Farnesylated proteins, including the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, are involved in regulating diverse physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that isoprenoids and farnesylated proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the dynamics of FT and protein farnesylation in human brains and the specific role of neuronal FT in the pathogenic progression of AD are not known. Here, using postmortem brain tissue from individuals with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or Alzheimer's dementia, we found that the levels of FT and membrane-associated H-Ras, an exclusively farnesylated protein, and its downstream effector ERK were markedly increased in AD and MCI compared with NCI. To elucidate the specific role of neuronal FT in AD pathogenesis, we generated the transgenic AD model APP/PS1 mice with forebrain neuron-specific FT knockout, followed by a battery of behavioral assessments, biochemical assays, and unbiased transcriptomic analysis. Our results showed that the neuronal FT deletion mitigates memory impairment and amyloid neuropathology in APP/PS1 mice through suppressing amyloid generation and reversing the pathogenic hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling. These findings suggest that aberrant upregulation of protein farnesylation is an early driving force in the pathogenic cascade of AD and that targeting FT or its downstream signaling pathways presents a viable therapeutic strategy against AD.
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Statins in the treatment of depression: Hype or hope? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Ghasemi H, Nomani H, Sahebkar A, Mohammadpour AH. Anti-inflammatory Augmentation Therapy in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: A Review. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999200520122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is considered as a serious disabling
psychiatric disorder, influencing 2-3% of the total general population, with an unknown etiology.
Methods:
A comprehensive literature search in electronic databases was performed to investigate
treatments targeting inflammation in patients suffering from OCD.
Results:
Recent studies display that inflammation processes and the dysfunction of the immune system
are likely to play a role in the pathophysiology of OCD, indicating that the disturbances in neurotransmitters
such as serotonin and dopamine cannot be alone involved in the development of
OCD. Therefore, it seems that medications with anti-inflammatory effects have the potential to be
evaluated as a new therapeutic strategy for OCD. However, this issue can be studied closely if OCD
etiological factors are thoroughly understood. The present review study aims at gathering all obtained
results concerning new treatments targeting inflammation in OCD patients. Reviewing the
conducted studies shows that the use of agents with anti-inflammatory properties, including some
NSAIDs, Minocycline and Atorvastatin, could lead to promising and intriguing results in the treatment
of OCD. Curcumin also showed good efficacy in the reduction of OCD-like behavior when it
has been used in an animal model. However, there is still no definitive and conclusive evidence for
any of the medications proposed.
Conclusion:
More future studies are needed to investigate anti-inflammatory treatment strategies for
OCD and its other subtypes such as Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS), and
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal infection
(PANDAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Ghasemi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Homa Nomani
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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High dose simvastatin and rosuvastatin impair cognitive abilities of healthy rats via decreasing hippocampal neurotrophins and irisin. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:81-89. [PMID: 33010350 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are cholesterol lowering drugs that decrease the risk of cardiovascular events, but they are related with a few unfavorable symptoms in skeletal muscle including myopathy, and mild to moderate fatigue. Additionally, there has been discrepancies about the impacts of statins on brain and cognition. This study aimed to examine the impacts of two different statins, lipophilic simvastatin and hydrophilic rosuvastatin on cognitive functions in normal healthy rats. Simultaneously, we investigated the alterations of neurotropins and irisin levels in hippocampus and myokine levels in skeletal muscle. METHODS The rats were dosed with 88 mg kg body weight-1 day-1 simvastatin (n = 8), 150 mg kg body weight-1 day-1 rosuvastatin (n = 8) or vehicle (n = 8) for 18 days via oral gavage. After that behavioral assessment was performed and hippocampus and skeletal muscle samples were taken for the analysis of neurotrophins and irisin levels. RESULTS Locomotion and learning and memory functions were lower, but anxiety levels were higher in the simvastatin and rosuvastatin groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Hippocampal neurotrophins and irisin levels were lower, but skeletal muscle brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin levels were higher in the simvastatin and rosuvastatin groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that high dose simvastatin and rosuvastatin impair cognitive functions via decreasing BDNF, NGF and irisin levels in the hippocampus.
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Simvastatin-loaded nanoemulsions: development, characterization, stability study and toxicity assays. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:497-505. [PMID: 32842914 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to prepare and characterize simvastatin-loaded nanoemulsions (SIM-LN) as well as evaluate their physicochemical properties and toxicity. Methodology & results: The SIM-LN were prepared, their characteristics evaluated for 30 days, and after that, the SIM-LN toxicity was evaluated using Vero cell culture and the in vivo model of Caenorhabditis elegans. The prepared SIM-LN had an average droplet size of 139 ± 22 nm, with high encapsulation rate (>98.4%). The storage at room temperature proved to be the most optimal condition. Toxicity assays demonstrated no toxicity. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the surfactants used as emulsifiers optimized the properties without side effects, because no toxicity was measured in preliminary tests.
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13
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Hong J, Bang M. Anti-inflammatory Strategies for Schizophrenia: A Review of Evidence for Therapeutic Applications and Drug Repurposing. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:10-24. [PMID: 31958901 PMCID: PMC7006977 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder with a substantial socioeconomic and humanistic burden. Currently available treatment strategies mostly rely on antipsychotic drugs, which block dopaminergic effects in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain. Although antipsychotic drugs help relieve psychotic symptoms, a definitive cure for schizophrenia has yet to be achieved. Recent advances in neuroinflammation research suggest that proinflammatory processes in the brain could cause alterations in neurobehavioral development and increase vulnerability to schizophrenia. With a growing need for novel strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia, it would be meaningful to review the current evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory strategies. This review details the key findings of clinical trials that investigate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents as adjuvants to antipsychotic treatment. We further discuss the possibilities of repurposing anti-inflammatory agents and developing novel strategies for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghee Hong
- CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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14
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Wu H, Lv W, Pan Q, Kalavagunta PK, Liu Q, Qin G, Cai M, Zhou L, Wang T, Xia Z, Shang J. Simvastatin therapy in adolescent mice attenuates HFD-induced depression-like behavior by reducing hippocampal neuroinflammation. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:83-95. [PMID: 30236762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity/hyperlipidemia is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can be associated with depression. Emerging studies indicate that simvastatin (SMV, decreasing cholesterol levels) has therapeutic effects on neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases through hippocampal-dependent function. However, the studies on the HFD exposure in adolescent animals, which investigate the neuroprotective effects of SMV on the hippocampal morphology, serotonin (5-HT) system and inflammation, are limited. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether SMV attenuates HFD-induced major depressive disorders in adolescent animals and, more specifically, acts as an anti-neuroinflammatory response. METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control (n = 8), HFD (n = 8) and HFD + SMV (n = 8) for 14 weeks. In HFD + SMV group, SMV (10 mg/kg) was administrated from the 10th week of HFD feeding. The open field test (OFT) and the tail suspension test (TST) were used to examine the effect of SMV on behavioral performance. HE and Nissl staining were conducted to detect hippocampal morphology and neural survival. Expression of the inflammatory cytokine genes was assayed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). RESULTS Firstly, alterations in lipid parameters were minimized after SMV treatment. HFD-induced depression-like behavior, which was evidenced by an increase in immobility time in TST along with considerable decrease in locomotion activity, was significantly attenuated by SMV therapy for 4 weeks. Additionally, SMV could reduce HFD-induced structural abnormality, neuronal injury, serotonergic system disturbance and pro-inflammatory cytokine over-expression in the hippocampus. Neuroimmunological changes in central hippocampus displayed a similar characteristic (only IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) with that in periphery spleen, whereas they appeared in an entirely opposite trend with that in cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SMV may be a promising treatment for HFD-induced depression-like behavior during adolescent period through brain region-specific neuroninflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenting Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Praveen Kumar Kalavagunta
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qiongzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guohong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Minxuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liangliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhenjiang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Kim SW, Kang HJ, Jhon M, Kim JW, Lee JY, Walker AJ, Agustini B, Kim JM, Berk M. Statins and Inflammation: New Therapeutic Opportunities in Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30890971 PMCID: PMC6413672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia, have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. These are thought to be responsible for the potential effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we comprehensively review the literature to investigate the effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. In addition, we review adverse effects and drug interactions of statins to give clinically useful information guiding statin use in the psychiatric field. Statins seem useful in reducing depression, particularly in patients with physical disorders such as cardiovascular disease. In patients with schizophrenia, negative symptoms may be reduced by adjuvant statin therapy. Studies on cohorts at risk for dementia have generally shown protective effects of statins, while those on treatment for dementia show inconsistent results. In conclusion, statins used in combination with conventional psychotropic medications may be effective for various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. Further study is required to determine optimal doses and duration of statin use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Adam J Walker
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno Agustini
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Bukiya AN, Blank PS, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A. Cholesterol intake and statin use regulate neuronal G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:19-29. [PMID: 30420402 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, a critical component of the cellular plasma membrane, is essential for normal neuronal function. Cholesterol content is highest in the brain, where most cholesterol is synthesized de novo; HMG-CoA reductase controls the synthesis rate. Despite strict control, elevated blood cholesterol levels are common and are associated with various neurological disorders. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels mediate the actions of inhibitory brain neurotransmitters. Loss of GIRK function enhances neuron excitability; gain of function reduces neuronal activity. However, the effect of dietary cholesterol or HMG-CoA reductase inhibition (i.e., statin therapy) on GIRK function remains unknown. Using a rat model, we compared the effects of a high-cholesterol versus normal diet both with and without atorvastatin, a widely prescribed HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on neuronal GIRK currents. The high-cholesterol diet increased hippocampal CA1 region cholesterol levels and correspondingly increased neuronal GIRK currents. Both phenomena were reversed by cholesterol depletion in vitro. Atorvastatin countered the high-cholesterol diet effects on neuronal cholesterol content and GIRK currents; these effects were reversed by cholesterol enrichment in vitro. Our findings suggest that high-cholesterol diet and atorvastatin therapy affect ion channel function in the brain by modulating neuronal cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Bukiya
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Paul S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Chen Z, Xiang Y, Bao B, Wu X, Xia Z, You J, Nie H. Simvastatin improves cerebrovascular injury caused by ischemia‑reperfusion through NF‑κB‑mediated apoptosis via MyD88/TRIF signaling. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3177-3184. [PMID: 30066928 PMCID: PMC6102662 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular injury is the most prevalent human cerebrovascular disease and frequently results in ischemic stroke. Simvastatin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with cerebrovascular injury. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of and the potential mechanisms regulated by simvastatin in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebrovascular injury. Cerebrovascular injury model rats were established and were subsequently treated with simvastatin or a vehicle control following I/R injury. Cell damage, neurological functions and neuronal apoptosis were examined, as well as the nuclear factor (NF)-κB-mediated myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)/toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (TRIF) signaling pathway following simvastatin treatment. The results of the present study demonstrated that simvastatin treatment led to a reduction in cell damage, improvement of neurological functions and decreased neuronal apoptosis compared with vehicle-treated I/R model rats, 14 days post-treatment. In addition, simvastatin treatment reduced cerebral water content and blood-brain barrier disruption in cerebrovascular injury induced by I/R. The results also revealed that simvastatin treatment inhibited neuronal apoptosis via the NF-κB-mediated MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway. In conclusion, simvastatin treatment may reduce I/R-induced neuronal apoptosis via inhibition of the NF-κB-mediated MyD88/TRIF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangbin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongbin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Jianyou You
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Nie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
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18
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Akouchekian S, Omranifard V, Moshfegh P, Maracy MR, Almasi A. The Effect of Atorvastatin on Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms of Refractory Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (Add-on Therapy). Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:90. [PMID: 29930930 PMCID: PMC5991271 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_114_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the effect of statins on the regulation of dopamine neurotransmitters and glutamates and importance of the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) due to its relatively high prevalence and disability of available drugs in treatment of many patients, we came to the point to examine effectiveness of statins in patients with OCD. Materials and Methods This study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial, which is done in OCD clinic of Isfahan Shariati in 2014 for 1 year. The target population consists of 64 patients with OCD; one group is given a daily 40 mg atorvastatin tablets and the other group receives placebo. At baseline, 4- and 8-week severities of obsessive-compulsive symptoms are measured using Yale-Brown scale and compared in the two groups. Results The study results show a statistically significant difference between the two groups of intervention and control (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the results show the intervention effect at the end of the 4th week and 8th week (P < 0.001) that this change is evident in the 4th week but remained almost constant in the 8th week. Conclusion Overall, the evidences obtained from the study declare the effects of adding statins to treat obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Akouchekian
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Victoria Omranifard
- Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parivash Moshfegh
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Almasi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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19
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Shen H, Li R, Yan R, Zhou X, Feng X, Zhao M, Xiao H. Adjunctive therapy with statins in schizophrenia patients: A meta-analysis and implications. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:84-93. [PMID: 29427912 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are some conflicting results regarding the benefit of adjunctive therapy with statins for severity of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. This study aimed to verify whether statins use for adjunctive therapy was indeed beneficial to improve psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. The data were from CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase and MEDLINE. The Boolean search term used for the electronic database search was (statin OR simvastatin OR atorvastatin OR fluvastatin OR lovastatin OR mevastatin OR pitavastatin OR pravastatin OR rosuvastatin OR cerivastatin) and (schizophrenia OR schizoaffective disorder OR psychosis). Inclusion criteria were the following: RCTs, the adult schizophrenia patients, received antipsychotics plus statins or placebo, and the PANSS or SANS scores. Exclusion criteria were as follows: no data reported and multiple reports of the same study. A meta-analysis was used to compare psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia patients with or without statins adjunctive therapy. The 6 RCTs included in the analysis represented 339 participants (169 in treatment group versus 170 in placebo group). A test for overall effect demonstrated that the PANSS positive scale and negative scale significantly reduced in participants receiving compliant with statins. Our meta-analyses first clarified that adjunctive therapy with statins could improve psychiatric symptoms, either negative symptoms or positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Neuro-psychiatric Institute, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China.
| | - Rui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 140# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yan
- Faculty of Health, University Of Canberra, University Drive, bruce ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Xia Zhou
- Neuro-psychiatric Institute, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- Neuro-psychiatric Institute, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Neuro-psychiatric Institute, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China.
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20
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Kim SS, Im SH, Yang JY, Lee YR, Kim GR, Chae JS, Shin DS, Song JS, Ahn S, Lee BH, Woo JC, Ahn JH, Yun CS, Kim P, Kim HR, Lee KR, Bae MA. Zebrafish as a Screening Model for Testing the Permeability of Blood-Brain Barrier to Small Molecules. Zebrafish 2017; 14:322-330. [PMID: 28488933 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the permeability of small molecules into the brain via the blood-brain barrier in zebrafish and to investigate the possibility of using this animal model as a screening tool during the early stages of drug discovery. Fifteen compounds were used to understand the permeation into the brain in zebrafish and mice. The ratio of brain-to-plasma concentration was compared between the two animal models. The partition coefficient (Kp,brain), estimated using the concentration ratio at designated times (0.167, 0.25, 0.5, or 2 h) after oral administrations (per os, p.o), ranged from 0.099 to 5.68 in zebrafish and from 0.080 to 11.8 in mice. A correlation was observed between the Kp,brain values obtained from the zebrafish and mice, suggesting that zebrafish can be used to estimate Kp,brain to predict drug penetration in humans. Furthermore, in vivo transport experiments to understand the permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter-mediated behavior of loperamide (LPM) in zebrafish were performed. The zebrafish, Kp,brain,30min of LPM was determined to be 0.099 ± 0.069 after dosing with LPM alone, which increased to 0.180 ± 0.115 after dosing with LPM and tariquidar (TRQ, an inhibitor of P-gp). In mouse, the Kp,brain,30min of LPM was determined to be 0.080 ± 0.004 after dosing with LPM alone and 0.237 ± 0.013 after dosing with LPM and TRQ. These findings indicate that the zebrafish could be used as an effective screening tool during the discovery stages of new drugs to estimate their distribution in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soon Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - So Hee Im
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,2 Life Science Institute , Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Yang
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Lee
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Geum Ran Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Sil Chae
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae-Seop Shin
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Hoi Lee
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Chun Woo
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Soo Yun
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Phiho Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyoung Rae Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,2 Life Science Institute , Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Yongin, Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
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Al-Asmari AK, Ullah Z, Al Masoudi AS, Ahmad I. Simultaneous administration of fluoxetine and simvastatin ameliorates lipid profile, improves brain level of neurotransmitters, and increases bioavailability of simvastatin. J Exp Pharmacol 2017; 9:47-57. [PMID: 28442937 PMCID: PMC5395284 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s128696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (STT), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is widely prescribed for dyslipidemia, whereas fluoxetine (FLX) is the first-choice drug for the treatment of depression and anxiety. A recent report suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can interact with the cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate, and another one suggests that STT enhances the antidepressant activity of FLX. However, the data are inconclusive. The present study was designed to explore the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of coadministration of STT and FLX in experimental animals. For this, Wistar rats weighing 250±10 g were divided into four groups, including control, STT (40 mg/kg/day), FLX (20 mg/kg/day), and STT+FLX group, respectively. After the dosing period of 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the blood and brain samples were collected for the analysis of STT, simvastatin acid (STA), FLX, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, and hydroxy indole acetic acid. It was found that the coadministration resulted in a significant increase in the bioavailability of STT in the plasma (41.8%) and brain (68.7%) compared to administration of STT alone (p<0.05). The maximum drug concentration (Cmax) of STT was also found to be increased significantly in the plasma and brain compared to that achieved after monotherapy (p<0.05). However, STT failed to improve the pharmacokinetics of FLX up to a significant level. The results of this study showed that the combined regimen significantly reduced the level of cholesterol and triglyceride and increased the level of HDL when compared to STT monotherapy. Furthermore, the coadministration of STT with FLX led to an elevated level of neurotransmitters in the brain (p<0.05). FLX increased the concentration of STT in the plasma and brain. The coadministration of these drugs also led to an improved lipid profile. However, in the long-term, this interaction may have a vital clinical importance because the increase in STT level may lead to life-threatening side effects associated with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zabih Ullah
- Department of Research, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh
| | - Aqeel Salman Al Masoudi
- Department of Research and Education, King Abdulaziz Airbase Armed Forces Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishtiaque Ahmad
- Department of Research, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh
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23
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Słupski W, Trocha M, Rutkowska M. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between simvastatin and diazepam in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:943-952. [PMID: 28666152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins and benzodiazepines are widely used drugs, especially in ischemic heart disease, where exacerbation caused by anxiety can even lead to cardiac death. There have not been any reports of statin drug interaction with anxiolytics so far, but it is possible that these drugs interact with each other. We examined the effect of chronic oral administration of simvastatin on the anxiolytic activity and pharmacokinetics of diazepam in rats. METHODS Studies were conducted on male Wistar Han rats treated with simvastatin (2.5, 5, 10, 20mg/kg) for 4-6 weeks, and/or diazepam (2.5, 5, 10mg/kg) administered once on the day of the study. Evaluation of potential pharmacodynamic interaction was based on the behavioral tests: elevated plus maze (EPM) test and the Vogel conflict test (VCT). The assessment of the potential pharmacokinetic interaction was based on measurements of concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites in the blood of animals. RESULTS Diazepam 5 and 10mg/kg given together with simvastatin 10 and 20mg/kg showed no anxiolytic effect in the EPM test. In the VCT diazepam combinations with simvastatin did not produce any anxiolytic effect either, with an exception of the co-administration of diazepam 10mg/kg and simvastatin 10mg/kg. Simvastatin (20mg/kg) significantly reduced the area under curve (AUC) of diazepam by 51.6% and temazepam by 54.6%. CONCLUSIONS Abolition of diazepam anxiolytic effect during concomitant use of simvastatin is probably caused by diminished bioavailability of diazepam, although pharmacodynamic interaction between these drugs cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Słupski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Trocha
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Rutkowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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24
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Oliveira KA, Dal-Cim T, Lopes FG, Ludka FK, Nedel CB, Tasca CI. Atorvastatin Promotes Cytotoxicity and Reduces Migration and Proliferation of Human A172 Glioma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1509-1523. [PMID: 28181188 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas have resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy that enable tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness. Alternative therapies in cancer treatment, as statins, have been suggested to decrease proliferation, inhibit cell migration, and induce cell death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin (ATOR) on cell viability, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in A172 human glioma cells. Temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapic used to glioma treatment, was tested as a comparison to cytotoxic effects on gliomas. Cell viability was also assessed in primary culture of cortical astrocytes. ATOR treatment (0.1 to 20 μM) did not alter astrocytic viability. However, in glioma cells, ATOR showed cytotoxic effect at 10 and 20 μM concentrations. TMZ (500 μM) reduced cell viability similarly to ATOR, and drug association did not show additive effect on cell viability. ATOR, TMZ, and their association decreased cell migration. ATOR also decreased glioma cell proliferation. ATOR increased apoptosis, and TMZ association showed a potentiation effect, enhancing it. ATOR and TMZ treatment increased acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) presence in A172 cells, an indicative of autophagy. ATOR effect of reducing A172 cell viability did not alter glutamate transport and glutamine synthetase activity, but it was partially prevented through antagonism of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Our data shows a cytotoxic effect of ATOR on glioma cells, whereas no toxicity was observed to astrocytes. ATOR showed similar cytotoxic effect as TMZ to glioma cells, and it may be a safer drug, regarding side effect induction, than chemotherapic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tharine Dal-Cim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Ludka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade do Contestado, Canoinhas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia B Nedel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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25
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Cruz JND, Magro DDD, Lima DDD, Cruz JGPD. Simvastatin treatment reduces the cholesterol content of membrane/lipid rafts, implicating the N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor in anxiety: a literature review. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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26
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Mackovski N, Liao J, Weng R, Wei X, Wang R, Chen Z, Liu X, Yu Y, Meyer BJ, Xia Y, Deng C, Huang XF, Wang Q. Reversal effect of simvastatin on the decrease in cannabinoid receptor 1 density in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat brains. Life Sci 2016; 155:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Fernández-Navarro J, Aldea P, de Hoz R, Salazar JJ, Ramírez AI, Rojas B, Gallego BI, Triviño A, Tejerina T, Ramírez JM. Neuroprotective Effects of Low-Dose Statins in the Retinal Ultrastructure of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154800. [PMID: 27144842 PMCID: PMC4856380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the pleiotropic effects to statins, we analyze the qualitative and quantitative retinal changes in hypercholesterolemic rabbits after a low-dosage statin treatment. For this purpose, New Zealand rabbits were split into three groups: control (G0; n = 10), fed a standard diet; hypercholesterolemic (G1; n = 8), fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months; and statins (G2; n = 8), fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months, together with the administration of statin (pravastatin or fluvastatin sodium) at a dose of 2 mg / kg / day each diet. The retinas were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (glial fibrillary acidic protein). The retinal thickness of nuclear and plexiform layers were quantified in semi-thin sections. The results revealed that the low-statin-treated rabbits in comparison with the hypercholesterolemic group showed: i) a more preserved structure in all retinal layers; ii) a significant reduction in retinal thickness; iii) a decrease in cell death in the nuclear-and ganglion-cell layers; iv) a reduction of hydropic degeneration in the plexiform and nerve-fiber layers; v) a preservation of astrocytes and of the retinal area occupied by them; and vi) a better-preserved retinal vascular structure. Our findings indicate that low doses of statins can prevent retinal degeneration, acting on retinal macroglia, neurons and retinal vessels, despite that hypercholesterolemia remained unchanged. Thus, the pleiotropic effects of the statins may help safeguard the retinal ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fernández-Navarro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Pilar Aldea
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
| | - Beatriz I. Gallego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
| | - Teresa Tejerina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
- * E-mail:
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28
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The effect of prolonged simvastatin application on serotonin uptake, membrane microviscosity and behavioral changes in the animal model. Physiol Behav 2016; 158:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Chauvet C, Nicolas C, Lafay-Chebassier C, Jaber M, Thiriet N, Solinas M. Statins Reduce the Risks of Relapse to Addiction in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1588-97. [PMID: 26466819 PMCID: PMC4832020 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Statins are drugs that have been used for decades in humans for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. More recently, several lines of evidence demonstrate that statins, in addition to their peripheral effects, produce a wide variety of effects in the brain and may be beneficial in neurological and psychiatric conditions. In this study, we allowed rats to self-administer cocaine for several weeks and, at the end of self-administration training, we treated them with low doses of statins daily for a 21-day period of abstinence. Chronic administration of brain-penetrating statins, simvastatin (1 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (1 mg/kg), reduced cocaine seeking compared with vehicle, whereas administration of pravastatin (2 mg/kg), a statin with low brain penetrability, did not. Importantly, the effects of brain-penetrating statins persisted even after discontinuation of the treatment and were specific for drug seeking because drug taking was not altered by simvastatin treatment. Finally, the effects of simvastatin were found to generalize to another drug of abuse such as nicotine, but not to food reward, and to reinstatement of cocaine seeking induced by stress. These results demonstrate that brain-penetrating statins can reduce risks of relapse to addiction. Given their well-known safety profile in humans, statins could be a novel effective treatment for relapse to cocaine and nicotine addiction and their use could be implemented in clinical settings without major health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Chauvet
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France
| | - Celine Nicolas
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France
| | - Claire Lafay-Chebassier
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France,Inserm, CIC 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France,Inserm, CIC 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France
| | - Marcello Solinas
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France,Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction Team, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U-1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 86022, France, Tel: +33 5 49 366343, Fax: +33 5 49 454014, E-mail:
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30
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Chen T, Zhang B, Li G, Chen L, Chen L. Simvastatin enhances NMDA receptor GluN2B expression and phosphorylation of GluN2B and GluN2A through increased histone acetylation and Src signaling in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:411-421. [PMID: 27016018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SV) can improve cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease patients and mice. Herein, we report that the administration of SV (20 mg/kg) for 5 days in mice (SV-mice) or the treatment of slices with SV (10 μM) for 4 h (SV-slices) could increase the density of NMDA-evoked inward currents (INMDA) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, which were blocked by farnesol (FOH) that converts farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), but not geranylgeraniol (GGOH) that increases geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP). Sensitivity of INMDA to ifenprodil in SV-mice or SV-slices was significantly increased. The levels of hippocampal GluN2B and GluN2A or Src phosphorylation in SV-mice or SV-slices were higher than controls, which were sensitive to FOH. The Src inhibitor PP2 could inhibit the SV-enhanced phosphorylation of GluN2B and GluN2A and SV-augmented INMDA, but PI3K inhibitor LY294002 did not. The levels of GluN2B mRNA and protein were elevated in SV-mice, which was abolished by FOH, but not by GGOH or PP2. Furthermore, the histone H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation of GluN2B promoter was increased in SV-mice, which was suppressed by FOH rather than GGOH or PP2. In control mice and slices, the reduction of FPP by farnesyl transferase inhibitor could increase the levels of GluN2B expression, the histone H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation and enhance the phosphorylation of GluN2B, GluN2A and Src. The findings indicate that the administration of SV can enhance GluN2B expression and GluN2B and GluN2A phosphorylation leading to augmentation of NMDAR activity through reducing FPP to increase histone acetylation of GluN2B and Src signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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31
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Eger GA, Ferreira VV, Batista CR, Bonde H, Lima DDD, Wyse AT, Cruz JND, Rodrigues AF, Magro DDD, Cruz JGD. Antioxidant effect of simvastatin throught oxidative imbalance caused by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:335-48. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620140490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to directly investigate the behavioral and antioxidant effects of simvastatin in a model of bipolar mania induced by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. Wistar rats were treated for 30 days with simvastatin. On the 24th day after the start of treatment, each rat was administered lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for 7 days. The results suggest that simvastatin combined with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate induced a significant increased locomotion and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate administration causes an oxidative imbalance determined by an increment in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in brain areas; moreover, in the presence of simvastatin, most of these effects were prevented. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, associated with increased oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant enzymatic defense. In view of the central role played by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, the established antioxidant effect of simvastatin therapy is of major interest.
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32
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Jin H, Chen T, Li G, Wang C, Zhang B, Cao X, Sha S, Wan Q, Chen L. Dose-Dependent Neuroprotection and Neurotoxicity of Simvastatin through Reduction of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate in Mice Treated with Intracerebroventricular Injection of Aβ 1-42. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:501-16. [PMID: 26757191 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyuan Cao
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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33
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Mansouri MT, Khodayar MJ, Tabatabaee A, Ghorbanzadeh B, Naghizadeh B. Modulation of morphine antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence by co-administration of simvastatin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 137:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can be associated with anxiety and depression. I investigated the antidepressant effect of simvastatin (SMV) on diabetic rats. Rats were divided into control (CTR) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ) groups and were orally administered 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg of SMV daily for 14 days, then exposed to the forced swimming test (FST). Our results showed that diabetic rats had higher immobility duration than the CTR rats, and SMV decreased this depressive-like behavior in the diabetic rats. However, clomipramine lowered the immobility time in the CTR and STZ rats. STZ decreased serotonin concentration in the hippocampus, which was reversed by SMV and clomipramine. The dopamine concentration in the hippocampus decreased in the STZ groups compared with the CTR groups. However, SMV and clomipramine had no significant effect on the dopamine levels in either the CTR or STZ groups. Corticosterone levels were increased in the untreated STZ group; SMV and clomipramine significantly decreased corticosterone levels in the STZ groups, but had no effect on the CTR groups. In conclusion, SMV exerts an antidepressant-like effect on diabetic rats that are submitted to the FST. The antidepressant-like effect of SMV in the FST appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the biochemical changes to the blood levels of corticosterone and of serotonin concentration in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Mohamed ElBatsh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
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35
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Chen T, Wang C, Sha S, Zhou L, Chen L, Chen L. Simvastatin Enhances Spatial Memory and Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal CA1 via Upregulation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Métais C, Hughes B, Herron CE. Simvastatin increases excitability in the hippocampus via a PI3 kinase-dependent mechanism. Neuroscience 2015; 291:279-88. [PMID: 25701710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor commonly used in the clinic to treat hypercholesterolemia. In addition, simvastatin has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and pleiotropic effects of simvastatin have been reported including anti-inflammatory properties, enhancement of neurite outgrowth, and memory enhancement properties. However, little has been reported on the effects of simvastatin on basal synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. Here we report that simvastatin increases the fEPSP, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated fEPSP using extracellular recordings in the dendritic region of the CA1 of hippocampal slices taken from 8-week-old C57Black6J mice. In addition, we found that simvastatin perfusion causes a change in the input/output curve and a decrease of the paired-pulse facilitation ratio, indicating respectively an increase of the neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. We have also observed that acute application of simvastatin increased the amplitude of the compound action potential in the CA1 region. Notably, using LY294002, we have demonstrated that this effect was PI3K dependent and was occluded if the animals had previously received a diet supplemented with simvastatin. We have finally shown that the simvastatin-mediated increase of the compound action potential amplitude was also present in hippocampal slices from aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Métais
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - B Hughes
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C E Herron
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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37
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Vandresen-Filho S, França LM, Alcantara-Junior J, Nogueira LC, de Brito TM, Lopes L, Junior FM, Vanzeler ML, Bertoldo DB, Dias PG, Colla ARS, Hoeller A, Duzzioni M, Rodrigues ALS, de Lima TCM, Tasca CI, Viola GG. Statins enhance cognitive performance in object location test in albino Swiss mice: involvement of beta-adrenoceptors. Physiol Behav 2015; 143:27-34. [PMID: 25700896 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, thereby inhibiting cell synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids. Moreover, several studies have been evaluating pleiotropic effects of statins, mainly because they present neuroprotective effects in various pathological conditions. However, knowledge about behavioral effects of statins per se is relatively scarce. Considering these facts, we aimed to analyze behavioral responses of atorvastatin or simvastatin-treated mice in the open field test, elevated plus maze and object location test. Atorvastatin treatment for 7 consecutive days at 1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg (v.o.) or simvastatin 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg enhanced cognitive performance in object location test when compared to control group (saline-treated mice). Simvastatin effects on mice performance in the object location test was abolished by post-training infusion of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. Atorvastatin and simvastatin did not change the behavioral response in open field and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests in any of the used doses. These data demonstrate the positive effects of both statins in cognitive processes in mice, without any alteration in locomotor parameters in the open field test or anxiolytic-like behavior in EPM. In conclusion, we demonstrate that atorvastatin and simvastatin per se improve the cognitive performance in a rodent model of spatial memory and this effect is related to beta-adrenergic receptors modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Vandresen-Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Lucas Moreira França
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - José Alcantara-Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Lucas Caixeta Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Thiago Marques de Brito
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Lousã Lopes
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mesquita Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Maria Luzinete Vanzeler
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bohn Bertoldo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paula Gomes Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Genética do Comportamento, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - André R S Colla
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hoeller
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Thereza C M de Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Giordano Gubert Viola
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Wang Q, Wei X, Gao H, Li J, Liao J, Liu X, Qin B, Yu Y, Deng C, Tang B, Huang XF. Simvastatin reverses the downregulation of M1/4 receptor binding in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonian rats: The association with improvements in long-term memory. Neuroscience 2014; 267:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Parent MALT, Hottman DA, Cheng S, Zhang W, McMahon LL, Yuan LL, Li L. Simvastatin treatment enhances NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission by upregulating the surface distribution of the GluN2B subunit. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:693-705. [PMID: 24687455 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ramifications of statins on plasma cholesterol and coronary heart disease have been well documented. However, there is increasing evidence that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway may provide independent neuroprotective and procognitive pleiotropic effects, most likely via inhibition of isoprenoids, mainly farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). FPP and GGPP are the major donors of prenyl groups for protein prenylation. Modulation of isoprenoid availability impacts a slew of cellular processes including synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Our previous work has demonstrated that simvastatin (SV) administration improves hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, rescuing memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Treatment of hippocampal slices with SV enhances long-term potentiation (LTP), and this effect is dependent on the activation of Akt (protein kinase B). Further studies showed that SV-induced enhancement of hippocampal LTP is driven by depletion of FPP and inhibition of farnesylation. In the present study, we report the functional consequences of exposure to SV at cellular/synaptic and molecular levels. While application of SV has no effect on intrinsic membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons, including hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide channel-mediated sag potentials, the afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and excitability, SV application potentiates the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated contribution to synaptic transmission. In mouse hippocampal slices and human neuronal cells, SV treatment increases the surface distribution of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR without affecting cellular cholesterol content. We conclude that SV-induced enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus is likely mediated by augmentation of synaptic NMDAR components that are largely responsible for driving synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Alexander L T Parent
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Sousa DND, Santana WMD, Ferreira VM, Duarte WR. Behavioural and cognitive effects of simvastatin dose used in stimulation of bone regeneration in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 29:151-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502014000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Wang Q, Li J, Wei X, Liao J, Xu Y, Lu T, Qin B, Xie J, Deng C, Huang X. Alterations of NMDA receptor binding in various brain regions among 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonian rats. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:457-65. [PMID: 24102195 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.853058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) system closely interacts with the dopaminergic system and is strongly implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic paradigms of Parkinson's disease. This study aims to systematically investigate the changes of NMDA receptors in a wide range of brain structures 3 weeks after unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesion by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). NMDA receptor distributions and alterations in the post-mortem rat brain were detected by [(3)H] MK-801 binding autoradiography. In the 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonian rat model, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron loss significantly mediated the decreased [(3)H] MK-801 binding, predominantly in the hippocampus (-22.4%, p < 0.001), caudate putamen (-14.1%, p < 0.01), accumbens nucleus (-13.8%, p < 0.05), cingulate cortex (-13.4%, p < 0.001), posteromedial cortical amygdala (-14.5%, p < 0.01) and piriform cortex (-9%, p < 0.05) compared to the controls, while there was a profound reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Alterations in [(3)H] MK-801 in the specific brain regions related to cognitive functions may indicate that cognitive dysfunctions caused by 6-OHDA lesion were via the NMDA system. The downregulation of NMDA receptor binding in the present study provides indirect evidence for plasticity in the NMDA system in the rat brain. The present study improves our understanding of the critical roles of the NMDA receptors in treating neurodegenerative disorders, and implicates NMDA receptors as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Vandresen-Filho S, Martins WC, Bertoldo DB, Mancini G, Herculano BA, de Bem AF, Tasca CI. Atorvastatin prevents cell damage via modulation of oxidative stress, glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity in hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:948-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xu YQ, Long L, Yan JQ, Wei L, Pan MQ, Gao HM, Zhou P, Liu M, Zhu CS, Tang BS, Wang Q. Simvastatin induces neuroprotection in 6-OHDA-lesioned PC12 via the PI3K/AKT/caspase 3 pathway and anti-inflammatory responses. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 19:170-7. [PMID: 23279934 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their original applications for lowering cholesterol, statins display multiple neuroprotective effects. Inflammatory reactions and the PI3K/AKT/caspase 3 pathway are strongly implicated in dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to investigate how simvastatin affects 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned PC12 via regulating PI3K/AKT/caspase 3 and modulating inflammatory mediators. METHODS 6-hydroxydopamine-treated PC12 cells were used to investigate the neuroprotection of simvastatin, its association with the PI3K/AKT/caspase 3 pathway, and antiinflammatory responses. Dopamine transporters (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated PC12 after simvastatin treatment. RESULTS Simvastatin-mediated neuroprotection was associated with a robust reduction in the upregulation induced by 6-OHDA of inflammatory mediators including IL-6, COX2, and TNF-α. The downregulated DAT and TH levels in 6-OHDA-lesioned PC12 were restored after simvastatin treatment. Simvastatin reversed 6-OHDA-induced downregulation of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and attenuated 6-OHDA-induced upregulation of caspase 3 in PC12. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 pronouncedly abolished the simvastatin-mediated attenuation in caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that simvastatin provides robust neuroprotection against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, partially via antiinflammatory mechanisms and the PI3K/Akt/caspase 3 pathway. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in treating PD and might elucidate the molecular mechanisms of simvastatin effects in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Russo E, Donato di Paola E, Gareri P, Siniscalchi A, Labate A, Gallelli L, Citraro R, De Sarro G. Pharmacodynamic potentiation of antiepileptic drugs' effects by some HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice. Pharmacol Res 2012; 70:1-12. [PMID: 23253428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are effective in both the primary and the secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. Increasing evidence indicates that statins have protective effects in several neurological diseases including stroke, cerebral ischemia, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effects of some HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (i.e. lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin and pravastatin) commonly used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the DBA/2 mice, an animal model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Furthermore, the co-administration of these compounds with some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs; i.e. carbamazepine, diazepam, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate and valproate) was studied in order to identify possible positive pharmacological interactions. Simvastatin only was active against both the tonic and clonic phase of audiogenic seizures, whereas the other statins tested were only partially effective against the tonic phase with the following order of potency: lovastatin>fluvastatin>atorvastatin; pravastatin was completely ineffective up to the dose of 150mg/kg. The co-administration of ineffective doses of all statins with AEDs generally increased the potency of the latter reducing their ED50 values. In particular, simvastatin was the most active in potentiating the activity of AEDs and the combinations of statins with carbamazepine, diazepam, felbamate, lamotrigine, topiramate and valproate were the most favorable, whereas, the co-administrations with the other AEDs studied was in most cases neutral. The increase in potency was generally associated with an enhancement of motor impairment (TD50); however, the therapeutic index (TD50/ED50) of combined treatment of AEDs with statins was predominantly more favorable than control. Statins administration did not significantly affect the total plasma but, in some cases, it increased the free plasma levels and the brain concentrations of some of the AEDs studied (i.e. carbamazepine, diazepam, phenytoin and valproate); however, these alterations where not statistically significant. Therefore, with the exception of the latter compounds, we might exclude pharmacokinetic interactions and conclude that for the most of AEDs, potentiation was of pharmacodynamic nature. In conclusion, simvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin showed an additive anticonvulsant effect when co-administered with some AEDs, most notably carbamazepine, diazepam, felbamate, lamotrigine, topiramate and valproate, implicating a possible therapeutic relevance of such drug combinations. The present results suggest that statins, besides the beneficial cardiovascular effects, might be able to affect brain areas, which might participate in the regulation of seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Krisanova N, Sivko R, Kasatkina L, Borisova T. Neuroprotection by lowering cholesterol: A decrease in membrane cholesterol content reduces transporter-mediated glutamate release from brain nerve terminals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1553-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Xu Y, Yan J, Zhou P, Li J, Gao H, Xia Y, Wang Q. Neurotransmitter receptors and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:1-13. [PMID: 22387368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most typical characteristics in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (advanced stage). Although several mechanisms like neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses have been recognized to be involved in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction in these diseases, recent studies on neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction have demonstrated a significant impact of receptor modulation on cognitive changes. The pathological alterations in various receptors appear to contribute to cognitive impairment and/or deterioration with correlation to diversified mechanisms. This article recapitulates the present understandings and concepts underlying the modulation of different receptors in human beings and various experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as a conceptual update on the underlying mechanisms. Specific roles of serotonin, adrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine receptors, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease will be interactively discussed. Complex mechanisms involved in their signaling pathways in the cognitive dysfunction associated with the neurodegenerative diseases will also be addressed. Substantial evidence has suggested that those receptors are crucial neuroregulators contributing to cognitive pathology and complicated correlations exist between those receptors and the expression of cognitive capacities. The pathological alterations in the receptors would, therefore, contribute to cognitive impairments and/or deterioration in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Future research may shed light on new clues for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases by targeting specific alterations in these receptors and their signal transduction pathways in the frontal-striatal, fronto-striato-thalamic, and mesolimbic circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
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Santos T, Baungratz MM, Haskel SP, de Lima DD, da Cruz JN, Magro DDD, da Cruz JGP. Behavioral interactions of simvastatin and fluoxetine in tests of anxiety and depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2012; 8:413-22. [PMID: 23055736 PMCID: PMC3464062 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s31714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, and is widely used to control plasma cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease. However, emerging evidence indicates that the beneficial effects of simvastatin extend to the central nervous system. The effects of simvastatin combined with fluoxetine provide an exciting and potential paradigm to decreased anxiety and depression. Thus, the present paper investigates the possibility of synergistic interactions between simvastatin and fluoxetine in models of anxiety and depression. We investigated the effects of subchronically administered simvastatin (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) combined with fluoxetine (2 or 10 mg/kg) at 24, 5, and 1 hour on adult rats before conducting behavioral tests. The results indicate that simvastatin and/or fluoxetine treatment reduces anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests. Our results showed that simvastatin and/or fluoxetine induced a significant increase in the swimming activity during the forced swimming test (antidepressant effect), with a concomitant increase in climbing time in simvastatin-treated animals only (noradrenergic activation). We hypothesize that anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of simvastatin and/or fluoxetine produce their behavioral effects through similar mechanisms and provide an important foundation for future preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainaê Santos
- Department of Medicine, Regional University of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Maggo S, Clark D, Ashton JC. The effect of statins on performance in the Morris water maze in guinea pig. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 674:287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Mans RA, McMahon LL, Li L. Simvastatin-mediated enhancement of long-term potentiation is driven by farnesyl-pyrophosphate depletion and inhibition of farnesylation. Neuroscience 2011; 202:1-9. [PMID: 22192838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SV), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and a widely prescribed treatment for hypercholesterolemia, exerts numerous positive pleiotropic effects that are thought to occur independent of its cholesterol-lowering properties. In previously published work, we have shown that chronic SV treatment rescues cognitive function in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and enhances learning and memory in non-transgenic mice without affecting total brain cholesterol and amyloid-beta levels. More recently, we demonstrated the ability of SV to enhance long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in slices from wild-type C57BL/6 mice via a mechanism dependent upon phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt activation during LTP induction. The present study was conducted to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying SV-induced enhancement of LTP. Specifically, it was found that inhibiting production of isoprenoid intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol triggers the downstream events leading to enhanced LTP. Interestingly, two major isoprenoid intermediates exhibit differential effects. Replenishment of farnesyl pyrophosphate, but not geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, abolished the LTP-enhancing ability of SV. In parallel to this finding, inhibiting farnesylation, but not geranylgeranylation, replicated the enhancement of LTP caused by SV. Finally, inhibiting farnesylation promotes the activation of Akt during the induction phase. Together, these results suggest that SV enhances LTP in CA1 by modulating isoprenylation-dependent molecular pathways downstream of farnesyl transferase. These findings will aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets that modulate synaptic and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Mans
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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50
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Yan J, Xu Y, Zhu C, Zhang L, Wu A, Yang Y, Xiong Z, Deng C, Huang XF, Yenari MA, Yang YG, Ying W, Wang Q. Simvastatin prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental parkinsonian models: the association with anti-inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20945. [PMID: 21731633 PMCID: PMC3120752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their original applications to lowering cholesterol, statins display multiple neuroprotective effects. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors interact closely with the dopaminergic system and are strongly implicated in therapeutic paradigms of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to investigate how simvastatin impacts on experimental parkinsonian models via regulating NMDA receptors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Regional changes in NMDA receptors in the rat brain and anxiolytic-like activity were examined after unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesion by 6-hydroxydopamine via a 3-week administration of simvastatin. NMDA receptor alterations in the post-mortem rat brain were detected by [³H]MK-801(Dizocilpine) binding autoradiography. 6-hydroxydopamine treated PC12 was applied to investigate the neuroprotection of simvastatin, the association with NMDA receptors, and the anti-inflammation. 6-hydroxydopamine induced anxiety and the downregulation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, CA1(Cornu Ammonis 1 Area), amygdala and caudate putamen was observed in 6-OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine) lesioned rats whereas simvastatin significantly ameliorated the anxiety-like activity and restored the expression of NMDA receptors in examined brain regions. Significant positive correlations were identified between anxiolytic-like activity and the restoration of expression of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, amygdala and CA1 following simvastatin administration. Simvastatin exerted neuroprotection in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat brain and 6-hydroxydopamine treated PC12, partially by regulating NMDA receptors, MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), and TNF-a (tumour necrosis factor-alpha). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide strong evidence that NMDA receptor modulation after simvastatin treatment could partially explain its anxiolytic-like activity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in experimental parkinsonian models. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in treating PD via NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Deng
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Midori A. Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuan-Guo Yang
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihai Ying
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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