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Gao J, Khang MK, Liao Z, Webb K, Detloff MR, Lee JS. Rolipram-loaded PgP nanoparticle reduces secondary injury and enhances motor function recovery in a rat moderate contusion SCI model. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 53:102702. [PMID: 37574117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immediate axonal damage and cell death, as well as a prolonged secondary injury consist of a cascade of pathophysiological processes. One important aspect of secondary injury is activation of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) that leads to reduce cAMP levels in the injured spinal cord. We have developed an amphiphilic copolymer, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP) that can deliver Rolipram, the PDE4 inhibitor. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of rolipram loaded PgP (Rm-PgP) on secondary injury and motor functional recovery in a rat moderate contusion SCI model. We observed that Rm-PgP can increase cAMP level at the lesion site, and reduce secondary injury such as the inflammatory response by macrophages/microglia, astrogliosis by activated astrocytes and apoptosis as well as improve neuronal survival at 4 weeks post-injury (WPI). We also observed that Rm-PgP can improve motor functional recovery after SCI over 4 WPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Min Kyung Khang
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhen Liao
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Ken Webb
- MicroEnvironmental Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Megan Ryan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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Butler MB, Vellaiyappan SK, Bhatti F, Syed FEM, Rafati Fard A, Teh JQ, Grodzinski B, Akhbari M, Adeeko S, Dilworth R, Bhatti A, Waheed U, Robinson S, Osunronbi T, Walker B, Ottewell L, Suresh G, Kuhn I, Davies BM, Kotter MRN, Mowforth OD. The impact of phosphodiesterase inhibition on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1237219. [PMID: 37675134 PMCID: PMC10479944 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1237219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Study design Systematic review. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019150639). Searches were performed in MEDLINE and Embase. Studies were included if they evaluated the impact of PDE inhibitors on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic or non-traumatic SCI. Data were extracted from relevant studies, including sample characteristics, injury model, and neurobehavioral assessment and outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE checklist. Results The search yielded a total of 1,679 studies, of which 22 met inclusion criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 11 to 144 animals. PDE inhibitors used include rolipram (n = 16), cilostazol (n = 4), roflumilast (n = 1), and PDE4-I (n = 1). The injury models used were traumatic SCI (n = 18), spinal cord ischemia (n = 3), and degenerative cervical myelopathy (n = 1). The most commonly assessed outcome measures were Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score (n = 13), and grid walking (n = 7). Of the 22 papers that met the final inclusion criteria, 12 showed a significant improvement in neurobehavioral outcomes following the use of PDE inhibitors, four papers had mixed findings and six found PDE inhibitors to be ineffective in improving neurobehavioral recovery following an SCI. Notably, these findings were broadly consistent across different PDE inhibitors and spinal cord injury models. Conclusion In preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic SCI, the administration of PDE inhibitors appeared to be associated with statistically significant improvements in neurobehavioral outcomes in a majority of included studies. However, the evidence was inconsistent with a high risk of bias. This review provides a foundation to aid the interpretation of subsequent clinical trials of PDE inhibitors in spinal cord injury. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=150639, identifier: CRD42019150639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max B. Butler
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sundar K. Vellaiyappan
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Faheem Bhatti
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fazal-E-Momin Syed
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Rafati Fard
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jye Quan Teh
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Grodzinski
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melika Akhbari
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylva Adeeko
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Dilworth
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aniqah Bhatti
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Unaiza Waheed
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Temidayo Osunronbi
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benn Walker
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Ottewell
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gayathri Suresh
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. Davies
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. N. Kotter
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D. Mowforth
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Zhou G, Wang Z, Han S, Chen X, Li Z, Hu X, Li Y, Gao J. Multifaceted Roles of cAMP Signaling in the Repair Process of Spinal Cord Injury and Related Combination Treatments. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:808510. [PMID: 35283731 PMCID: PMC8904388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.808510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in multiple pathophysiological processes, including blood–spinal cord barrier disruption, hemorrhage/ischemia, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, scar formation, and demyelination. These responses eventually lead to severe tissue destruction and an inhibitory environment for neural regeneration.cAMP signaling is vital for neurite outgrowth and axonal guidance. Stimulating intracellular cAMP activity significantly promotes neuronal survival and axonal regrowth after SCI.However, neuronal cAMP levels in adult CNS are relatively low and will further decrease after injury. Targeting cAMP signaling has become a promising strategy for neural regeneration over the past two decades. Furthermore, studies have revealed that cAMP signaling is involved in the regulation of glial cell function in the microenvironment of SCI, including macrophages/microglia, reactive astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. cAMP-elevating agents in the post-injury milieu increase the cAMP levels in both neurons and glial cells and facilitate injury repair through the interplay between neurons and glial cells and ultimately contribute to better morphological and functional outcomes. In recent years, combination treatments associated with cAMP signaling have been shown to exert synergistic effects on the recovery of SCI. Agents carried by nanoparticles exhibit increased water solubility and capacity to cross the blood–spinal cord barrier. Implanted bioscaffolds and injected hydrogels are potential carriers to release agents locally to avoid systemic side effects. Cell transplantation may provide permissive matrices to synergize with the cAMP-enhanced growth capacity of neurons. cAMP can also induce the oriented differentiation of transplanted neural stem/progenitor cells into neurons and increase the survival rate of cell grafts. Emerging progress focused on cAMP compartmentation provides researchers with new perspectives to understand the complexity of downstream signaling, which may facilitate the clinical translation of strategies targeting cAMP signaling for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyuan Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of International Medical Service, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Gao
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Jung YJ, Tweedie D, Scerba MT, Kim DS, Palmas MF, Pisanu A, Carta AR, Greig NH. Repurposing Immunomodulatory Imide Drugs (IMiDs) in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:656921. [PMID: 33854417 PMCID: PMC8039148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.656921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a common trait in the pathology and progression of the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders have emerged as a global crisis, affecting 1 in 4 people, while neurological disorders are the second leading cause of death in the elderly population worldwide (WHO, 2001; GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, 2019). However, there remains an immense deficit in availability of effective drug treatments for most neurological disorders. In fact, for disorders such as depression, placebos and behavioral therapies have equal effectiveness as antidepressants. For neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, drugs that can prevent, slow, or cure the disease have yet to be found. Several non-traditional avenues of drug target identification have emerged with ongoing neurological disease research to meet the need for novel and efficacious treatments. Of these novel avenues is that of neuroinflammation, which has been found to be involved in the progression and pathology of many of the leading neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation is characterized by glial inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the meta-analyses have provided evidence of genetic/proteomic upregulation of inflammatory factors in certain stages of neurological disorders. Although the mechanisms underpinning the connections between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders are unclear, and meta-analysis results have shown high sensitivity to factors such as disorder severity and sample type, there is significant evidence of neuroinflammation associations across neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and introduce current research on the potential of immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) as a new treatment strategy for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Jung
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael T Scerba
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- AevisBio, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
- Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Augusta Pisanu
- National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Transneuronal delivery of hyper-interleukin-6 enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord injury in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:391. [PMID: 33452250 PMCID: PMC7810685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes severe and permanent disabilities due to the regenerative failure of severed axons. Here we report significant locomotor recovery of both hindlimbs after a complete spinal cord crush. This is achieved by the unilateral transduction of cortical motoneurons with an AAV expressing hyper-IL-6 (hIL-6), a potent designer cytokine stimulating JAK/STAT3 signaling and axon regeneration. We find collaterals of these AAV-transduced motoneurons projecting to serotonergic neurons in both sides of the raphe nuclei. Hence, the transduction of cortical neurons facilitates the axonal transport and release of hIL-6 at innervated neurons in the brain stem. Therefore, this transneuronal delivery of hIL-6 promotes the regeneration of corticospinal and raphespinal fibers after injury, with the latter being essential for hIL-6-induced functional recovery. Thus, transneuronal delivery enables regenerative stimulation of neurons in the deep brain stem that are otherwise challenging to access, yet highly relevant for functional recovery after SCI.
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Chio JCT, Wang J, Surendran V, Li L, Zavvarian MM, Pieczonka K, Fehlings MG. Delayed administration of high dose human immunoglobulin G enhances recovery after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury by modulation of neuroinflammation and protection of the blood spinal cord barrier. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105187. [PMID: 33249350 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION The neuroinflammatory response plays a major role in the secondary injury cascade after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). To date, systemic anti-inflammatory medications such as methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) have shown promise in SCI. However, systemic immunosuppression can have detrimental side effects. Therefore, immunomodulatory approaches including the use of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) could represent an attractive alternative. While emerging preclinical data suggests that hIgG is neuroprotective after SCI, the optimal time window of administration and the mechanism of action remain incompletely understood. These knowledge gaps were the focus of this research study. METHODS Female adult Wistar rats received a clip compression-contusion SCI at the C7/T1 level of the spinal cord. Injured rats were randomized, in a blinded manner, to receive a single intravenous bolus of hIgG (2 g/kg) or control buffer at 15 minutes (min), 1 hour (h) or 4 h post-SCI. At 24 h and 8 weeks post-SCI, molecular, histological and neurobehavioral analyses were undertaken. RESULTS At all 3 administration time points, hIgG (2 g/kg) resulted in significantly better short-term and long-term outcomes as compared to control buffer. No significant differences were observed when comparing outcomes between the different time points of administration. At 24 h post-injury, hIgG (2 g/kg) administration enhanced the integrity of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) by increasing expression of tight junction proteins and reducing inflammatory enzyme expression. Improvements in BSCB integrity were associated with reduced immune cell infiltration, lower amounts of albumin and Evans Blue in the injured spinal cord and greater expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, hIgG (2 g/kg) increased expression of neutrophil chemoattractants in the spleen and sera. After hIgG (2 g/kg) treatment, there were more neutrophils in the spleen and fewer neutrophils in the blood. hIgG also co-localized with endothelial cell ligands that mediate neutrophil extravasation into the injured spinal cord. Importantly, short-term effects of delayed hIgG (2 g/kg) administration were associated with enhanced tissue and neuron preservation, as well as neurobehavioral and sensory recovery at 8 weeks post-SCI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION hIgG (2 g/kg) shows promise as a therapeutic approach for SCI. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by hIgG (2 g/kg) in the injured spinal cord might be explained in twofold. First, hIgG might antagonize neutrophil infiltration into the spinal cord by co-localizing with endothelial cell ligands that mediate various steps in neutrophil extravasation. Second, hIgG could traffic neutrophils towards the spleen by increasing expression of neutrophil chemoattractants in the spleen and sera. Overall, we demonstrate that delayed administration of hIgG (2 g/kg) at 1 and 4-h post-injury enhances short-term and long-term benefits after SCI by modulating local and systemic neuroinflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Vithushan Surendran
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katarzyna Pieczonka
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Diogo CC, da Costa LM, Pereira JE, Filipe V, Couto PA, Geuna S, Armada-da-Silva PA, Maurício AC, Varejão ASP. Kinematic and kinetic gait analysis to evaluate functional recovery in thoracic spinal cord injured rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:18-28. [PMID: 30611796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of walking function following spinal cord injury (SCI) is of major importance to patients and clinicians. In experimental SCI studies, a rat model is widely used to assess walking function, following thoracic spinal cord lesion. In an effort to provide a resource which investigators can refer to when seeking the most appropriate functional assay, the authors have compiled and categorized the behavioral assessments used to measure the deficits and recovery of the gait in thoracic SCI rats. These categories include kinematic and kinetic measurements. Within this categorization, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of measurement. The present review includes the type of outcome data that they produce, the technical difficulty and the time required to potentially train the animals to perform them, and the need for expensive or highly specialized equipment. The use of multiple kinematic and kinetic parameters is recommended to identify subtle deficits and processes involved in the compensatory mechanisms of walking function after experimental thoracic SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cardoso Diogo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Maltez da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; CECAV, Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; CECAV, Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vítor Filipe
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; INESC TEC, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 - 465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alexandre Couto
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Paulo A Armada-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana (FMH), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Dafundo, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; CIPER-FMH: Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo de Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana (FMH), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada - Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Animal Science and Study Centre (CECA), Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agroenvironment of the University of Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401, Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur S P Varejão
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; CECAV, Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Myers SA, Gobejishvili L, Saraswat Ohri S, Garrett Wilson C, Andres KR, Riegler AS, Donde H, Joshi-Barve S, Barve S, Whittemore SR. Following spinal cord injury, PDE4B drives an acute, local inflammatory response and a chronic, systemic response exacerbated by gut dysbiosis and endotoxemia. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:353-363. [PMID: 30557659 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence links changes in the gut microbiome and intestinal barrier function to alterations in CNS function. We examined the role of endotoxin-responsive, cAMP-specific, Pde4 subfamily b (Pde4b) enzyme in gut dysbiosis induced neuro-inflammation and white matter loss following spinal cord injury (SCI). Using a thoracic contusion model in C57Bl/6 wild type female mice, SCI led to significant shifts in the gut bacterial community including an increase in the phylum Proteobacteria, which consists of endotoxin-harboring, gram-negative bacteria. This was accompanied by increased systemic inflammatory marker, soluble CD14, along with markers of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) and inflammation in the SCI epicenter. Deletion of Pde4b reduced epicenter expression of markers for the ERSR and inflammation, at both acute and chronic time points post-SCI. Correspondingly, expression of oligodendrocyte mRNAs increased. Within the injury penumbra, inflammatory protein markers of activated astrocytes (GFAP), macrophage/microglia (CD11b, Iba1), and the proinflammatory mediator Cox2, were decreased in Pde4b-/- mice. The absence of Pde4b improved white matter sparing and recovery of hindlimb locomotion following injury. Importantly, SCI-induced gut dysbiosis, bacterial overgrowth and endotoxemia were also prevented in Pde4b-/- mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that PDE4B plays an important role in the development of acute and chronic inflammatory response and consequent recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Myers
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - C Garrett Wilson
- UAB School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Bevill Biomedical Research Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kariena R Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Amberly S Riegler
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hridgandh Donde
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Anatomical Science & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Cornel Iridoid Glycoside Improves Locomotor Impairment and Decreases Spinal Cord Damage in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6725381. [PMID: 27990434 PMCID: PMC5136393 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6725381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. This study was to investigate the effects of cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) on spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods. The thoracic cord (at T9) of rats was injured by clip compression for 30 sec. Locomotor function was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) rating scale. Neuroanatomic stereological parameters as well as Nogo-A, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and ROCKII expression were measured by histological processing, immunohistochemistry, and stereological analyses. The axons passing through the lesion site were detected by BDA tracing. Results. Intragastric administration of CIG (60 and 180 mg/kg) improved the locomotor impairment at 10, 17, 24, and 31 days post-injury (dpi) compared with untreated SCI model rats. CIG treatment decreased the volume of the lesion epicenter (LEp) and increased the volume of spared tissue and the number of surviving neurons in the injured spinal cord at 31 dpi. CIG promoted the growth of BDA-positive axons and their passage through the lesion site and decreased the expression of Nogo-A, p75NTR, and ROCKII both in and around the LEp. Conclusion. CIG improved the locomotor impairment, decreased tissue damage, and downregulated the myelin-associated inhibition signaling pathway in SCI rats. The results suggest that CIG may be beneficial for SCI therapy.
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Kline AE, Leary JB, Radabaugh HL, Cheng JP, Bondi CO. Combination therapies for neurobehavioral and cognitive recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury: Is more better? Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:45-67. [PMID: 27166858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health care crisis that affects two million individuals in the United Sates alone and over ten million worldwide each year. While numerous monotherapies have been evaluated and shown to be beneficial at the bench, similar results have not translated to the clinic. One reason for the lack of successful translation may be due to the fact that TBI is a heterogeneous disease that affects multiple mechanisms, thus requiring a therapeutic approach that can act on complementary, rather than single, targets. Hence, the use of combination therapies (i.e., polytherapy) has emerged as a viable approach. Stringent criteria, such as verification of each individual treatment plus the combination, a focus on behavioral outcome, and post-injury vs. pre-injury treatments, were employed to determine which studies were appropriate for review. The selection process resulted in 37 papers that fit the specifications. The review, which is the first to comprehensively assess the effects of combination therapies on behavioral outcomes after TBI, encompasses five broad categories (inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter dysregulation, neurotrophins, and stem cells, with and without rehabilitative therapies). Overall, the findings suggest that combination therapies can be more beneficial than monotherapies as indicated by 46% of the studies exhibiting an additive or synergistic positive effect versus on 19% reporting a negative interaction. These encouraging findings serve as an impetus for continued combination studies after TBI and ultimately for the development of successful clinically relevant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States, United States; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Jacob B Leary
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Hannah L Radabaugh
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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11
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De Berdt P, Vanacker J, Ucakar B, Elens L, Diogenes A, Leprince J, Deumens R, des Rieux A. Dental Apical Papilla as Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1575-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515604612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) represent great promise regarding treatment of neural tissue damage, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). They derive from the neural crest, express numerous neurogenic markers, and mediate neurite outgrowth and axonal targeting. The goal of the present work was to investigate for the first time their potential to promote motor recovery after SCI in a rat hemisection model when delivered in their original stem cell niche—that is, by transplantation of the human apical papilla tissue itself into the lesion. Control groups consisted of animals subjected to laminectomy only (shams) and to lesion either untreated or injected with a fibrin hydrogel with or without human SCAP. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor scores at 1 and 3 d postsurgery confirmed early functional decline in all SCI groups. This significant impairment was reversed, as seen in CatWalk analyses, after transplantation of apical papilla into the injured spinal cord wound, whereas the other groups demonstrated persistent functional impairment. Moreover, tactile allodynia did not develop as an unwanted side effect in any of the groups, even though the SCAP hydrogel group showed higher expression of the microglial marker Iba-1, which has been frequently associated with allodynia. Notably, the apical papilla transplant group presented with reduced Iba-1 expression level. Masson trichrome and human mitochondria staining showed the preservation of the apical papilla integrity and the presence of numerous human cells, while human cells could no longer be detected in the SCAP hydrogel group at the 6-wk postsurgery time point. Altogether, our data suggest that the transplantation of a human apical papilla at the lesion site improves gait in spinally injured rats and reduces glial reactivity. It also underlines the potential interest for the application of delivering SCAP in their original niche, as compared with use of a fibrin hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. De Berdt
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Vanacker
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. Ucakar
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L. Elens
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Translational Research from Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology to Treatment Optimization, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J.G. Leprince
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R. Deumens
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. des Rieux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter Unit, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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12
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Baratz R, Tweedie D, Wang JY, Rubovitch V, Luo W, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH, Pick CG. Transiently lowering tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis ameliorates neuronal cell loss and cognitive impairments induced by minimal traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:45. [PMID: 25879458 PMCID: PMC4352276 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents an unmet medical need, as no effective pharmacological treatment currently exists. The development of such a treatment requires a fundamental understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin the sequelae resulting from TBI, particularly the ensuing neuronal cell death and cognitive impairments. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine that is a master regulator of systemic and neuroinflammatory processes. TNF-α levels are reported to become rapidly elevated post TBI and, potentially, can lead to secondary neuronal damage. Methods To elucidate the role of TNF-α in TBI, particularly as a drug target, the present study evaluated (i) time-dependent TNF-α levels and (ii) markers of apoptosis and gliosis within the brain and related these to behavioral measures of ‘well being’ and cognition in a mouse closed head 50 g weight drop mild TBI (mTBI) model in the presence and absence of post-treatment with an experimental TNF-α synthesis inhibitor, 3,6′-dithiothalidomide. Results mTBI elevated brain TNF-α levels, which peaked at 12 h post injury and returned to baseline by 18 h. This was accompanied by a neuronal loss and an increase in astrocyte number (evaluated by neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining), as well as an elevation in the apoptotic death marker BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID) at 72 h. Selective impairments in measures of cognition, evaluated by novel object recognition and passive avoidance paradigms - without changes in well being, were evident at 7 days after injury. A single systemic treatment with the TNF-α synthesis inhibitor 3,6′-dithiothalidomide 1 h post injury prevented the mTBI-induced TNF-α elevation and fully ameliorated the neuronal loss (NeuN), elevations in astrocyte number (GFAP) and BID, and cognitive impairments. Cognitive impairments evident at 7 days after injury were prevented by treatment as late as 12 h post mTBI but were not reversed when treatment was delayed until 18 h. Conclusions These results implicate that TNF-α in mTBI induced secondary brain damage and indicate that pharmacologically limiting the generation of TNF-α post mTBI may mitigate such damage, defining a time-dependent window of up to 12 h to achieve this reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana Baratz
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BRC Room 05C220, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BRC Room 05C220, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, BRC Room 05C220, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Singh PL, Agarwal N, Barrese JC, Heary RF. Current therapeutic strategies for inflammation following traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1812-21. [PMID: 25624806 PMCID: PMC4302532 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.23.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage from spinal cord injury occurs in two phases – the trauma of the initial mechanical insult and a secondary injury to nervous tissue spared by the primary insult. Apart from damage sustained as a result of direct trauma to the spinal cord, the post-traumatic inflammatory response contributes significantly to functional motor deficits exacerbated by the secondary injury. Attenuating the detrimental aspects of the inflammatory response is a promising strategy to potentially ameliorate the secondary injury, and promote significant functional recovery. This review details how the inflammatory component of secondary injury to the spinal cord can be treated currently and in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka L Singh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA ; Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA ; Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
| | - James C Barrese
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
| | - Robert F Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA ; Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
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Song Y, Xue H, Liu TT, Liu JM, Chen D. Rapamycin Plays a Neuroprotective Effect after Spinal Cord Injury via Anti-Inflammatory Effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 29:29-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Histology & Embryology; College of Basic Medical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy; Changchun Medical College; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Histology & Embryology; College of Basic Medical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-ting Liu
- Department of Pathology; Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical College; Jilin 132013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-mei Liu
- Department of Histology & Embryology; College of Basic Medical Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Guangdong Medical College; Dongguan 523808 People's Republic of China
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15
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Grosso MJ, Matheus V, Clark M, van Rooijen N, Iannotti CA, Steinmetz MP. Effects of an Immunomodulatory Therapy and Chondroitinase After Spinal Cord Hemisection Injury. Neurosurgery 2014; 75:461-71. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Individually, immunomodulatory therapy and chondroitinases have demonstrated neuroprotective and potential neuroregenerative effects following spinal cord injury.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the therapeutic potential of combined immunomodulatory and chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan degradation therapy in spinal cord injury.
METHODS:
A combined immunomodulatory treatment using (1) liposome-encapsulated clodronate (selectively depletes peripheral macrophages), and (2) rolipram (a selective type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor), along with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzyme, chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), was assessed for its potential to promote axonal regrowth and improve locomotor recovery following midthoracic spinal cord hemisection injury in adult rats.
RESULTS:
We demonstrate that combined treatment with liposomal clodronate, rolipram, and ChABC attenuates macrophage accumulation at the site of injury, reduces axonal die-back of injured dorsal column axons, and produces the greatest improvement in locomotor recovery at 6 weeks postinjury compared with controls and noncombined therapy. Anterograde and retrograde tracing revealed that delivery of clodronate, rolipram, and ChABC did not promote substantial axonal regeneration through the site of injury, although the treatment did limit the extent of axonal die-back. Histological assessments revealed that combined treatment with clodronate/rolipram and/or ChABC resulted in a significant reduction in lesion size and cystic cavitation in comparison with injured controls. Combined clodronate, rolipram, and ChABC treatment reduced the accumulation of macrophages within the injured spinal cord 7 weeks after injury.
CONCLUSION:
The present data suggest that delivery of an immunomodulatory therapy consisting of clodronate and rolipram, in combination with ChABC, reduces axonal injury and enhances neuroprotection, plasticity, and hindlimb functional recovery after hemisection spinal cord injury in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Grosso
- Center for Spine Health, Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Michael P. Steinmetz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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16
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Combination of Chondroitinase ABC, Glial Cell Line–Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nogo A Antibody Delayed-Release Microspheres Promotes the Functional Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24:2153-7. [DOI: 10.1097/01.scs.0000436700.65891.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Xue H, Zhang XY, Liu JM, Song Y, Liu TT, Chen D. NDGA reduces secondary damage after spinal cord injury in rats via anti-inflammatory effects. Brain Res 2013; 1516:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Costa LM, Pereira JE, Filipe VM, Magalhães LG, Couto PA, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Raimondo S, Geuna S, Maurício AC, Nikulina E, Filbin MT, Varejão AS. Rolipram promotes functional recovery after contusive thoracic spinal cord injury in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Schaal SM, Garg MS, Ghosh M, Lovera L, Lopez M, Patel M, Louro J, Patel S, Tuesta L, Chan WM, Pearse DD. The therapeutic profile of rolipram, PDE target and mechanism of action as a neuroprotectant following spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43634. [PMID: 23028463 PMCID: PMC3446989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of damage following spinal cord injury (SCI) can be reduced by various neuroprotective regimens that include maintaining levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), via administration of the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor Rolipram. The current study sought to determine the optimal neuroprotective dose, route and therapeutic window for Rolipram following contusive SCI in rat as well as its prominent PDE target and putative mechanism of protection. Rolipram or vehicle control (10% ethanol) was given subcutaneously (s.c.) daily for 2 wk post-injury (PI) after which the preservation of oligodendrocytes, neurons and central myelinated axons was stereologically assessed. Doses of 0.1 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg (given at 1 h PI) increased neuronal survival; 0.5 mg to 1.0 mg/kg protected oligodendrocytes and 1.0 mg/kg produced optimal preservation of central myelinated axons. Ethanol also demonstrated significant neuronal and oligo-protection; though the preservation provided was significantly less than Rolipram. Subsequent use of this optimal Rolipram dose, 1.0 mg/kg, via different routes (i.v., s.c. or oral, 1 h PI), demonstrated that i.v. administration produced the most significant and consistent cyto- and axo- protection, although all routes were effective. Examination of the therapeutic window for i.v. Rolipram (1.0 mg/kg), when initiated between 1 and 48 h after SCI, revealed maximal neuroprotection at 2 h post-SCI, although the protective efficacy of Rolipram could still be observed when administration was delayed for up to 48 h PI. Importantly, use of the optimal Rolipram regimen significantly improved locomotor function after SCI as measured by the BBB score. Lastly we show SCI-induced changes in PDE4A, B and D expression and phosphorylation as well as cytokine expression and immune cell infiltration. We demonstrate that Rolipram abrogates SCI-induced PDE4B1 and PDE4A5 production, PDE4A5 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression and immune cell infiltration, while preventing post-injury reductions in IL-10. This work supports the use of Rolipram as an acute neuroprotectant following SCI and defines an optimal administration protocol and target for its therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marie Schaal
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maneesh Sen Garg
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lilie Lovera
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Lopez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Monal Patel
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jack Louro
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samik Patel
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Luis Tuesta
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Damien Daniel Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Pathological changes in the white matter after spinal contusion injury in the rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43484. [PMID: 22952690 PMCID: PMC3430695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that after spinal cord injury, the loss of grey matter is relatively faster than loss of white matter suggesting interventions to save white matter tracts offer better therapeutic possibilities. Loss of white matter in and around the injury site is believed to be the main underlying cause for the subsequent loss of neurological functions. In this study we used a series of techniques, including estimations of the number of axons with pathology, immunohistochemistry and mapping of distribution of pathological axons, to better understand the temporal and spatial pathological events in white matter following contusion injury to the rat spinal cord. There was an initial rapid loss of axons with no detectable further loss beyond 1 week after injury. Immunoreactivity for CNPase indicated that changes to oligodendrocytes are rapid, extending to several millimetres away from injury site and preceding much of the axonal loss, giving early prediction of the final volume of white matter that survived. It seems that in juvenile rats the myelination of axons in white matter tracts continues for some time, which has an important bearing on interpretation of our, and previous, studies. The amount of myelin debris and axon pathology progressively decreased with time but could still be observed at 10 weeks after injury, especially at more distant rostral and caudal levels from the injury site. This study provides new methods to assess injuries to spinal cord and indicates that early interventions are needed for the successful sparing of white matter tracts following injury.
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21
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Ritfeld GJ, Tewarie RDSN, Vajn K, Rahiem ST, Hurtado A, Wendell DF, Roos RAC, Oudega M. Bone Marrow Stromal Cell-Mediated Tissue Sparing Enhances Functional Repair after Spinal Cord Contusion in Adult Rats. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1561-75. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) transplantation has shown promise for repair of the spinal cord. We showed earlier that a BMSC transplant limits the loss of spinal nervous tissue after a contusive injury. Here, we addressed the premise that BMSC-mediated tissue sparing underlies functional recovery in adult rats after a contusion of the thoracic spinal cord. Our results reveal that after 2 months BMSCs had elicited a significant increase in spared tissue volumes and in blood vessel density in the contusion epicenter. A strong functional relationship existed between spared tissue volumes and blood vessel density. BMSC-transplanted rats exhibited significant improvements in motor, sensorimotor, and sensory functions, which were strongly correlated with spared tissue volumes. Retrograde tracing revealed that rats with BMSCs had twice as many descending brainstem neurons with an axon projecting beyond the contused spinal cord segment and these correlated strongly with the improved motor/sensorimotor functions but not sensory functions. Together, our data indicate that tissue sparing greatly contributes to BMSC-mediated functional repair after spinal cord contusion. The preservation/formation of blood vessels and sparing/regeneration of descending brainstem axons may be important mediators of the BMSC-mediated anatomical and functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby J. Ritfeld
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Katarina Vajn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sahar T. Rahiem
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andres Hurtado
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dane F. Wendell
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymund A. C. Roos
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Oudega
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Drug-eluting microfibrous patches for the local delivery of rolipram in spinal cord repair. J Control Release 2012; 161:910-7. [PMID: 22634093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major challenge for regenerative medicine. Following SCI, axon growth inhibitors and other inflammatory responses prevent functional recovery. Previous studies have demonstrated that rolipram, an anti-inflammatory and cyclic adenosine monophosphate preserving small molecule, improves spinal cord regeneration when delivered systemically. However, more recent studies showed that rolipram has some adverse effects in spinal cord repair. Here, we developed a drug-delivery platform for the local delivery of rolipram into the spinal cord. The potential of drug-eluting microfibrous patches for continuous delivery of high and low-dose rolipram concentrations was characterized in vitro. Following C5 hemisections, athymic rats were treated with patches loaded with low and high doses of rolipram. In general, animals treated with low-dose rolipram experienced greater functional and anatomical recovery relative to all other groups. Outcomes from the high-dose rolipram treatment were similar to those with no treatment. In addition, high-dose treated animals experienced reduced survival rates suggesting that systemic toxicity was reached. With the ability to control the release of drug dosage locally within the spinal cord, drug-eluting microfibrous patches demonstrate the importance of appropriate local release-kinetics of rolipram, proving their usefulness as a therapeutic platform for the study and repair of SCI.
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Vidal PM, Lemmens E, Geboes L, Vangansewinkel T, Nelissen S, Hendrix S. Late blocking of peripheral TNF-α is ineffective after spinal cord injury in mice. Immunobiology 2012; 218:281-4. [PMID: 22749984 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by different phases of inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence indicates that the early chronic phase (two to three weeks after SCI) is characterized by a dramatic invasion of immune cells and a peak of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) derived from the injured spinal cord as well as from injured skin, muscles and bones. However, there is substantial controversy whether these inflammatory processes in later phases lead to pro-regenerative or detrimental effects. In the present study, we investigated whether the inhibition of peripheral TNF-α in the early chronic phase after injury promotes functional recovery in a dorsal hemisection model of SCI. Three different approaches were used to continuously block peripheral TNF-α in vivo, starting 14 days after injury. We administered the TNF-α blocker etanercept intraperitoneally (every second day or daily) as well as continuously via osmotic minipumps. None of these administration routes for the TNF-α inhibitor influenced locomotor restoration as assessed by the Basso mouse scale (BMS), nor did they affect coordination and strength as evaluated by the Rotarod test. These data suggest that peripheral TNF-α inhibition may not be an effective therapeutic strategy in the early chronic phase after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pía M Vidal
- Department of Morphology & Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Atkins CM, Kang Y, Furones C, Truettner JS, Alonso OF, Dietrich WD. Postinjury treatment with rolipram increases hemorrhage after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1861-71. [PMID: 22535545 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathology caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is exacerbated by the inflammatory response of the injured brain. Two proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to inflammation after TBI are tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). From previous studies using the parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury model, we reported that the anti-inflammatory drug rolipram, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels and improved histopathological outcome when administered 30 min prior to injury. We now report that treatment with (±)-rolipram given 30 min after injury significantly reduced TNF-α levels in the cortex and hippocampus. However, postinjury administration of (±)-rolipram significantly increased cortical contusion volume and increased atrophy of the cortex compared with vehicle-treated animals at 10 days postinjury. Thus, despite the reduction in proinflammatory cytokine levels, histopathological outcome was worsened with post-TBI (±)-rolipram treatment. Further histological analysis of (±)-rolipram-treated TBI animals revealed significant hemorrhage in the contused brain. Given the well-known role of (±)-rolipram of increasing vasodilation, it is likely that (±)-rolipram worsened outcome after fluid-percussion brain injury by causing increased bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Atkins
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Sato A, Ohtaki H, Tsumuraya T, Song D, Ohara K, Asano M, Iwakura Y, Atsumi T, Shioda S. Interleukin-1 participates in the classical and alternative activation of microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:65. [PMID: 22483094 PMCID: PMC3353190 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia and macrophages (MG/MΦ) have a diverse range of functions depending on unique cytokine stimuli, and contribute to neural cell death, repair, and remodeling during central nervous system diseases. While IL-1 has been shown to exacerbate inflammation, it has also been recognized to enhance neuroregeneration. We determined the activating phenotype of MG/MΦ and the impact of IL-1 in an in vivo spinal cord injury (SCI) model of IL-1 knock-out (KO) mice. Moreover, we demonstrated the contribution of IL-1 to both the classical and alternative activation of MG in vitro using an adult MG primary culture. Methods SCI was induced by transection of the spinal cord between the T9 and T10 vertebra in wild-type and IL-1 KO mice. Locomotor activity was monitored and lesion size was determined for 14 days. TNFα and Ym1 levels were monitored to determine the MG/MΦ activating phenotype. Primary cultures of MG were produced from adult mice, and were exposed to IFNγ or IL-4 with and without IL-1β. Moreover, cultures were exposed to IL-4 and/or IL-13 in the presence and absence of IL-1β. Results The locomotor activity and lesion area of IL-1 KO mice improved significantly after SCI compared with wild-type mice. TNFα production was significantly suppressed in IL-1 KO mice. Also, Ym1, an alternative activating MG/MΦ marker, did not increase in IL-1 KO mice, suggesting that IL-1 contributes to both the classical and alternative activation of MG/MΦ. We treated primary MG cultures with IFNγ or IL-4 in the presence and absence of IL-1β. Increased nitric oxide and TNFα was present in the culture media and increased inducible NO synthase was detected in cell suspensions following co-treatment with IFNγ and IL-1β. Expression of the alternative activation markers Ym1 and arginase-1 was increased after exposure to IL-4 and further increased after co-treatment with IL-4 and IL-1β. The phenotype was not observed after exposure of cells to IL-13. Conclusions We demonstrate here in in vivo experiments that IL-1 suppressed SCI in a process mediated by the reduction of inflammatory responses. Moreover, we suggest that IL-1 participates in both the classical and alternative activation of MG in in vivo and in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 15-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Koopmans GC, Deumens R, Honig WM, Hamers FP, Mey J, van Kleef M, Joosten EA. Functional Recovery, Serotonergic Sprouting, and Endogenous Progenitor Fates in Response to Delayed Environmental Enrichment after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:514-27. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido C. Koopmans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Algiax Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Erkrath, Germany
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
- EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiel M.M. Honig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jörg Mey
- Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Kleef
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A. Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Effects of andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide on cultured primary astrocytes and PC12 cells. Life Sci 2012; 90:257-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mekhail M, Almazan G, Tabrizian M. Oligodendrocyte-protection and remyelination post-spinal cord injuries: a review. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:322-39. [PMID: 22307058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past four decades, the main focus of investigators in the field of spinal cord regeneration has been to devise therapeutic measures that enhance neural regeneration. More recently, emphasis has been placed on enhancing remyelination and providing oligodendrocyte-protection after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Demyelination post-SCI is part of the cascading secondary injury that takes place immediately after the primary insult; therefore, therapeutic measures are needed to reduce oligodendrocyte death and/or enhance remyelination during the acute stage, preserving neurological functions that would be lost otherwise. In this review a thorough investigation of the oligodendrocyte-protective and remyelinative molecular therapies available to date is provided. The advent of new biomaterials shown to promote remyelination post-SCI is discussed mainly in the context of a combinatorial approach where the biomaterial also provides drug delivery capabilities. The aim of these molecular and biomaterial-based therapies is twofold: (1) oligodendrocyte-protective therapy, which involves protecting already existing oligodendrocytes from undergoing apoptosis/necrosis; and (2) inductive remyelination, which involves harnessing the remyelinative capabilities of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at the lesion site by providing a suitable environment for their migration, survival, proliferation and differentiation. From the evidence reported in the literature, we conclude that the use of a combinatorial approach including biomaterials and molecular therapies would provide advantages such as: (1) sustained release of the therapeutic molecule, (2) local delivery at the lesion site, and (3) an environment at the site of injury that promotes OPC migration, differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mekhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Baratz R, Tweedie D, Rubovitch V, Luo W, Yoon JS, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH, Pick CG. Tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis inhibitor, 3,6'-dithiothalidomide, reverses behavioral impairments induced by minimal traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurochem 2011; 118:1032-42. [PMID: 21740439 PMCID: PMC3397686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients do not show clear structural brain defects and, in general, do not require hospitalization, but frequently suffer from long-lasting cognitive, behavioral and emotional difficulties. Although there is no current effective treatment or cure for mTBI, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a cytokine fundamental in the systemic inflammatory process, represents a potential drug target. TNF-α levels increase after mTBI and may induce or exacerbate secondary damage to brain tissue. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the experimental TNF-α synthesis inhibitor, 3,6'-dithiothalidomide, on recovery of mice from mTBI in a closed head weight-drop model that induces an acute elevation in brain TNF-α and an impairment in cognitive performance, as assessed by the Y-maze, by novel object recognition and by passive avoidance paradigms at 72 h and 7 days after injury. These impairments were fully ameliorated in mice that received a one time administration of 3,6'-dithiothalidomide at either a low (28 mg/kg) or high (56 mg/kg) dose provided either 1 h prior to injury, or at 1 or 12 h post-injury. Together, these results implicate TNF-α as a drug target for mTBI and suggests that 3,6'-dithiothalidomide may act as a neuroprotective drug to minimize impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana Baratz
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Tweedie
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Weiming Luo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jeong Seon Yoon
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Chaim G. Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Iannotti CA, Clark M, Horn KP, van Rooijen N, Silver J, Steinmetz MP. A combination immunomodulatory treatment promotes neuroprotection and locomotor recovery after contusion SCI. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bao F, Fleming JC, Golshani R, Pearse DD, Kasabov L, Brown A, Weaver LC. A selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor reduces leukocyte infiltration, oxidative processes, and tissue damage after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:1035-49. [PMID: 21355819 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that a selective phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor (PDE4-I; IC486051) would attenuate early inflammatory and oxidative processes following spinal cord injury (SCI) when delivered during the first 3 days after injury. Rats receiving a moderately severe thoracic-clip-compression SCI were treated with the PDE4-I (0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg IV) in bolus doses from 2-60 h post-injury. Doses at 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg significantly decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzymatic activity (neutrophils), expression of a neutrophil-associated protein and of ED-1 (macrophages), and estimates of lipid peroxidation in cord lesion homogenates at 24 h and 72 h post-injury by 25-40%. The 3.0 mg/kg dose had small or no effects on these measures. The PDE4-I treatment (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) reduced expression of the oxidative enzymes gp91(phox), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, and diminished free radical generation by up to 40%. Treatment with 0.5 mg/kg PDE4-I improved motor function (as assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale) significantly from 4-8 weeks after SCI (average difference 1.3 points). Mechanical allodynia elicited from the hindpaw decreased by up to 25%. The PDE4-I treatment also increased white matter volume near the lesion at 8 weeks after SCI. In conclusion, the PDE4-I reduced key markers of oxidative stress and leukocyte infiltration, producing cellular protection, locomotor improvements, and a reduction in neuropathic pain. Early inhibition of PDE4 is neuroprotective after SCI when given acutely and briefly at sufficient doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Bao
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Ray SK, Samantaray S, Smith JA, Matzelle DD, Das A, Banik NL. Inhibition of cysteine proteases in acute and chronic spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:180-6. [PMID: 21373949 PMCID: PMC3101838 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological disorder that debilitates mostly young people. Unfortunately, we still do not have suitable therapeutic agents for treatment of SCI and prevention of its devastating consequences. However, we have gained a good understanding of pathological mechanisms that cause neurodegeneration leading to paralysis or even death following SCI. Primary injury to the spinal cord initiates the secondary injury process that includes various deleterious factors for ultimate activation of different cysteine proteases for degradation of cellular key cytoskeleton and other crucial proteins for delayed death of neurons and glial cells at the site of SCI and its penumbra in different animal models. An important aspect of SCI is the increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration within a short time of primary injury. Various studies in different laboratories demonstrate that the most important cysteine protease for neurodegeneration in SCI is calpain, which absolutely requires intracellular free Ca(2+) for its activation. Furthermore, other cysteine proteases, such as caspases and cathepsin B also make a contribution to neurodegeneration in SCI. Therefore, inhibition of cysteine proteases is an important goal in prevention of neurodegeneration in SCI. Studies showed that individual inhibitors of cysteine proteases provided significant neuroprotection in animal models of SCI. Recent studies suggest that physiological hormones, such as estrogen and melatonin, can be successfully used for prevention of neurodegeneration and preservation of motor function in acute SCI as well as in chronic SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29209 USA
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Joshua A. Smith
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Denise D. Matzelle
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Arabinda Das
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
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Berger JV, Knaepen L, Janssen SPM, Jaken RJP, Marcus MAE, Joosten EAJ, Deumens R. Cellular and molecular insights into neuropathy-induced pain hypersensitivity for mechanism-based treatment approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 67:282-310. [PMID: 21440003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is currently being treated by a range of therapeutic interventions that above all act to lower neuronal activity in the somatosensory system (e.g. using local anesthetics, calcium channel blockers, and opioids). The present review highlights novel and often still largely experimental treatment approaches based on insights into pathological mechanisms, which impact on the spinal nociceptive network, thereby opening the 'gate' to higher brain centers involved in the perception of pain. Cellular and molecular mechanisms such as ectopia, sensitization of nociceptors, phenotypic switching, structural plasticity, disinhibition, and neuroinflammation are discussed in relation to their involvement in pain hypersensitivity following either peripheral neuropathies or spinal cord injury. A mechanism-based treatment approach may prove to be successful in effective treatment of neuropathic pain, but requires more detailed insights into the persistence of cellular and molecular pain mechanisms which renders neuropathic pain unremitting. Subsequently, identification of the therapeutic window-of-opportunities for each specific intervention in the particular peripheral and/or central neuropathy is essential for successful clinical trials. Most of the cellular and molecular pain mechanisms described in the present review suggest pharmacological interference for neuropathic pain management. However, also more invasive treatment approaches belong to current and/or future options such as neuromodulatory interventions (including spinal cord stimulation) and cell or gene therapies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jeong MA, Plunet W, Streijger F, Lee JH, Plemel JR, Park S, Lam CK, Liu J, Tetzlaff W. Intermittent fasting improves functional recovery after rat thoracic contusion spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:479-92. [PMID: 21219083 PMCID: PMC3119327 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in a loss of motor and sensory function. Currently there are no validated effective clinical treatments. Previously we found in rats that dietary restriction, in the form of every-other-day fasting (EODF), started prior to (pre-EODF), or after (post-EODF) an incomplete cervical SCI was neuroprotective, increased plasticity, and promoted motor recovery. Here we examined if EODF initiated prior to, or after, a T10 thoracic contusion injury would similarly lead to enhanced functional recovery compared to ad libitum feeding. Additionally, we tested if a group fed every day (pair-fed), but with the same degree of restriction as the EODF animals (∼25% calorie restricted), would also promote functional recovery, to examine if EODF's effect is due to overall calorie restriction, or is specific to alternating sequences of 24-h fasts and ad libitum eating periods. Behaviorally, both pre- and post-EODF groups exhibited better functional recovery in the regularity indexed BBB ambulatory assessment, along with several parameters of their walking pattern measured with the CatWalk device, compared to both the ad-libitium-fed group as well as the pair-fed group. Several histological parameters (intensity and symmetry of serotonin immunostaining caudal to the injury and gray matter sparing) correlated with functional outcome; however, no group differences were observed. Thus besides the beneficial effects of EODF after a partial cervical SCI, we now report that alternating periods of fasting (but not pair-fed) also promotes improved hindlimb locomotion after thoracic spinal cord contusion, demonstrating its robust effect in two different injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-ae Jeong
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ward Plunet
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jae H.T. Lee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophia Park
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clarrie K. Lam
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Anti-TNF therapy in the injured spinal cord. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 32:107-15. [PMID: 21185611 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a significant impact on the quality and expectancy of life. It also carries a heavy economic burden, with considerable costs associated with primary care and loss of income. The normal architecture of the spinal cord is radically disrupted by injury. After the initial insult, structure and function are lost through active secondary processes that involve reactive astrocytes, glial progenitors, microglia, macrophages, fibroblasts and Schwann cells. These cells produce chemokines and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, which mediate the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injury site. Targeting of these cytokines represents a potential strategy to reduce the secondary damage in SCI. In this review, we focus on several emerging strategies to neutralize TNF-α, including antibodies, soluble receptors, recombinant TNF-binding proteins, TNF receptor fusion proteins, and non-specific agents (e.g. thalidomide) and discuss their potential as therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica - Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria - Gazzi - 98100 Messina, Italy
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Nout YS, Culp E, Schmidt MH, Tovar CA, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M, Noble MD, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC. Glial restricted precursor cell transplant with cyclic adenosine monophosphate improved some autonomic functions but resulted in a reduced graft size after spinal cord contusion injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2010; 227:159-71. [PMID: 21040723 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells has been shown to reduce glial scarring after spinal cord injury (SCI) and, in combination with neuronal restricted precursor (NRP) cells or enhanced expression of neurotrophins, to improve recovery of function after SCI. We hypothesized that combining GRP transplants with rolipram and cAMP would improve functional recovery, similar to that seen after combining Schwann cell transplants with increasing cAMP. A short term study, (1) uninjured control, (2) SCI+vehicle, and (3) SCI+cAMP, showed that spinal cord [cAMP] was increased 14days after SCI. We used 51 male rats subjected to a thoracic SCI for a 12-week survival study: (1) SCI+vehicle, (2) SCI+GRP, (3) SCI+cAMP, (4) SCI+GRP+cAMP, and (5) uninjured endpoint age-matched control (AM). Rolipram was administered for 2weeks after SCI. At 9days after SCI, GRP transplantation and injection of dibutyryl-cAMP into the spinal cord were performed. GRP cells survived, differentiated, and formed extensive transplants that were well integrated with host tissue. Presence of GRP cells increased the amount of tissue in the lesion; however, cAMP reduced the graft size. White matter sparing at the lesion epicenter was not affected. Serotonergic input to the lumbosacral spinal cord was not affected by treatment, but the amount of serotonin immediately caudal to the lesion was reduced in the cAMP groups. Using telemetric monitoring of corpus spongiosum penis pressure we show that the cAMP groups regained the same number of micturitions per 24hours when compared to the AM group, however, the frequency of peak pressures was increased in these groups compared to the AM group. In contrast, the GRP groups had similar frequency of peak pressures compared to baseline and the AM group. Animals that received GRP cells regained the same number of erectile events per 24hours compared to baseline and the AM group. Since cAMP reduced the GRP transplant graft, and some modest positive effects were seen that could be attributable to both GRP or cAMP, future research is required to determine how cAMP affects survival, proliferation, and/or function of progenitor cells and how this is related to function. cAMP may not always be a desirable addition to a progenitor cell transplantation strategy after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette S Nout
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, 1001 Potrero Ave. Bld 1 Rm 101, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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van Neerven S, Joosten EA, Brook GA, Lambert CA, Mey J, Weis J, Marcus MA, Steinbusch HW, van Kleef M, Patijn J, Deumens R. Repetitive Intrathecal VEGF165 Treatment Has Limited Therapeutic Effects after Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1781-91. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabien van Neerven
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology II, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A.J. Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gary A. Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A. Lambert
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Jörg Mey
- Institute of Biology II, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco A. Marcus
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W. Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Kleef
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ek CJ, Habgood MD, Callaway JK, Dennis R, Dziegielewska KM, Johansson PA, Potter A, Wheaton B, Saunders NR. Spatio-temporal progression of grey and white matter damage following contusion injury in rat spinal cord. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12021. [PMID: 20711496 PMCID: PMC2918504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanisms of secondary damage progression following spinal cord injury remain unclear. We have studied the extent of tissue damage from 15 min to 10 weeks after injury using morphological and biochemical estimates of lesion volume and surviving grey and white matter. This has been achieved by semi-quantitative immunocytochemical methods for a range of cellular markers, quantitative counts of white matter axonal profiles in semi-thin sections and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis, together with behavioural tests (BBB scores, ledged beam, random rung horizontal ladder and DigiGait™ analysis). We have developed a new computer-controlled electronic impactor based on a linear motor that allows specification of the precise nature, extent and timing of the impact. Initial (15 min) lesion volumes showed very low variance (1.92±0.23 mm3, mean±SD, n = 5). Although substantial tissue clearance continued for weeks after injury, loss of grey matter was rapid and complete by 24 hours, whereas loss of white matter extended up to one week. No change was found between one and 10 weeks after injury for almost all morphological and biochemical estimates of lesion size or behavioural methods. These results suggest that previously reported apparent ongoing injury progression is likely to be due, to a large extent, to clearance of tissue damaged by the primary impact rather than continuing cell death. The low variance of the impactor and the comprehensive assessment methods described in this paper provide an improved basis on which the effects of potential treatment regimes for spinal cord injury can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Joakim Ek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark D. Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer K. Callaway
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Dennis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Pia A. Johansson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wheaton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norman R. Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Zhu Y, Wang A, Shen W, Patel S, Zhang R, Young W, Li S. Nanofibrous Patches for Spinal Cord Regeneration. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2010; 20:1433-1440. [PMID: 23378825 PMCID: PMC3558949 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200901889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The difficulty in spinal cord regeneration is related to the inhibitory factors for axon growth and the lack of appropriate axon guidance in the lesion region. Here we developed scaffolds with aligned nanofibers for nerve guidance and drug delivery in spinal cord. Blended polymers including Poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were used to electrospin nanofibrous scaffolds with two-layer structure: aligned nanofibers in the inner layer and random nanofibers in the outer layer. Rolipram, a small molecule that can enhance cAMP activity in neurons and suppress inflammatory responses, was immobilized onto nanofibers. To test the therapeutic effects of nanofibrous scaffolds, the nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with rolipram were used to bridge the hemisection lesion in 8-week old athymic rats. The scaffolds with rolipram increased axon growth through the scaffolds and in the lesion, promoted angiogenesis through the scaffold, and decreased the population of astrocytes and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the lesion. Locomotor scale rating analysis showed that the scaffolds with rolipram significantly improved hindlimb function after 3 weeks. This study demonstrated that nanofibrous scaffolds offered a valuable platform for drug delivery for spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Wenqian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shyam Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - William Young
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley
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Abstract
AbstractResearch to date has indicated that cAMPspecific PDEs, particularly the members of PDE4 family, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CNS injury and neurodegeneration by downregulating intracellular levels of cAMP in various cell types. Reduced cAMP signaling results in immune cell activation, inflammation, secondary tissue damage, scar formation and axon growth failure, ultimately leading to an exacerbation of injury, the prevention of endogenous repair and limited functional recovery. Although inhibition of cAMPspecific-PDE activity through the use of drugs like Rolipram has been shown to reverse these deficiencies and mediate neurorepair, an inability to develop selective agents and/or reduce dose-limiting side-effects associated with PDE4 inhibition has hampered their clinical translation. Recent work with more selective pharmacological inhibitors of cAMP-specific PDEs and molecular targeting approaches, along with improved understanding of the basic biology and role of PDEs in pathological processes may enable this promising therapeutic approach to advance clinically and have a similar impact on CNS injury and disease as PDE5 inhibitors have had on the treatment of sexual dysfunction.
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Beaumont E, Whitaker CM, Burke DA, Hetman M, Onifer SM. Effects of rolipram on adult rat oligodendrocytes and functional recovery after contusive cervical spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2009; 163:985-90. [PMID: 19635528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic human spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating and long-term hardships. These are due to the irreparable primary mechanical injury and secondary injury cascade. In particular, oligodendrocyte cell death, white matter axon damage, spared axon demyelination, and the ensuing dysfunction in action potential conduction lead to the initial deficits and impair functional recovery. For these reasons, and that oligodendrocyte and axon survival may be related, various neuroprotective strategies after spinal cord injury are being investigated. We previously demonstrated that oligodendrocytes in the adult rat epicenter ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) express 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) subtypes and that their death was attenuated up to 3 days after contusive cervical SCI when rolipram, a specific inhibitor of PDE4, was administered. Here, we report that (1) there are more oligodendrocyte somata in the adult rat epicenter VLF, (2) descending and ascending axonal conductivity in the VLF improves, and that (3) there are fewer hindlimb footfall errors during grid-walking at 5 weeks after contusive cervical SCI when rolipram is delivered for 2 weeks. This is the first demonstration of improved descending and ascending long-tract axonal conductivity across a SCI with this pharmacological approach. Since descending long-tract axonal conductivity did not return to normal, further evaluations of the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic window of rolipram as well as optimal combinations are necessary before consideration for neuroprotection in humans with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beaumont
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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