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Kurihara K, Sasaki M, Nagahama H, Obara H, Fukushi R, Hirota R, Yoshimoto M, Teramoto A, Kocsis JD, Yamashita T, Honmou O. Repeated intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells enhances recovery of motor function in a rat model with chronic spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148484. [PMID: 37442249 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause paralysis with a high disease burden with limited treatment options. A single intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improves motor function in rat SCI models, possibly through the induction of axonal sprouting and remyelination. Repeated infusions (thrice at weekly intervals) of MSCs were administered to rats with chronic SCI to determine if multiple-dosing regimens enhance motor improvement. Chronic SCI rats were randomized and infused with vehicle (vehicle), single MSC injection at week 6 (MSC-1) or repeatedly injections of MSCs at 6, 7, and 8 weeks (MSC-3) after SCI induction. In addition, a single high dose of MSCs (HD-MSC) equivalent to thrice the single dose was infused at week 6. Locomotor function, light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging were performed. Repeated infusion of MSCs (MSC-3) provided the greatest functional recovery compared to single and single high-dose infusions. The density of remyelinated axons in the injured spinal cord was the greatest in the MSC-3 group, followed by the MSC-1, HD-MSC and vehicle groups. Increased sprouting of the corticospinal tract and serotonergic axon density was the greatest in the MSC-3 group, followed by MSC-1, HD-MSC, and vehicle groups. Repeated infusion of MSCs over three weeks resulted in greater functional improvement than single administration of MSCs, even when the number of infused cells was tripled. MSC-treated rats showed axonal sprouting and remyelination in the chronic phase of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kurihara
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masanori Sasaki
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Nagahama
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Division of Radioisotope Research, Biomedical Research, Education and Instrumentation Center, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hisashi Obara
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Fukushi
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hirota
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yoshimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Atsushi Teramoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Jeffery D Kocsis
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Toshihiko Yamashita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Osamu Honmou
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Lakshmanan HG, Miller E, White-Canale A, McCluskey LP. Immune responses in the injured olfactory and gustatory systems: a role in olfactory receptor neuron and taste bud regeneration? Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac024. [PMID: 36152297 PMCID: PMC9508897 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cells that specialize in transducing olfactory and gustatory stimuli are renewed throughout life and can regenerate after injury unlike their counterparts in the mammalian retina and auditory epithelium. This uncommon capacity for regeneration offers an opportunity to understand mechanisms that promote the recovery of sensory function after taste and smell loss. Immune responses appear to influence degeneration and later regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and taste receptor cells. Here we review surgical, chemical, and inflammatory injury models and evidence that immune responses promote or deter chemosensory cell regeneration. Macrophage and neutrophil responses to chemosensory receptor injury have been the most widely studied without consensus on their net effects on regeneration. We discuss possible technical and biological reasons for the discrepancy, such as the difference between peripheral and central structures, and suggest directions for progress in understanding immune regulation of chemosensory regeneration. Our mechanistic understanding of immune-chemosensory cell interactions must be expanded before therapies can be developed for recovering the sensation of taste and smell after head injury from traumatic nerve damage and infection. Chemosensory loss leads to decreased quality of life, depression, nutritional challenges, and exposure to environmental dangers highlighting the need for further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Lakshmanan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Elayna Miller
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - AnnElizabeth White-Canale
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lynnette P McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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3
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Saglam A, Calof AL, Wray S. Novel factor in olfactory ensheathing cell-astrocyte crosstalk: Anti-inflammatory protein α-crystallin B. Glia 2021; 69:1022-1036. [PMID: 33314354 PMCID: PMC9469687 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in CNS neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration that may help or hinder recovery, depending on the context of the injury. Although pro-inflammatory factors that promote astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity have been shown to be secreted by reactive microglia, anti-inflammatory factors that suppress astrocyte activation are not well-characterized. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), glial cells that wrap axons of olfactory sensory neurons, have been shown to moderate astrocyte reactivity, creating an environment conducive to regeneration. Similarly, astrocytes cultured in medium conditioned by cultured OECs (OEC-CM) show reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), a pro-inflammatory protein that induces neurotoxic reactivity in astrocytes. In this study, we screened primary and immortalized OEC lines to identify these factors and discovered that Alpha B-crystallin (CryAB), an anti-inflammatory protein, is secreted by OECs via exosomes, coordinating an intercellular immune response. Our results showed that: (a) OEC exosomes block nuclear NFκB translocation in astrocytes while exosomes from CryAB-null OECs could not; (b) OEC exosomes could be taken up by astrocytes, and (c) CryAB treatment suppressed neurotoxicity-associated astrocyte transcripts. Our results indicate CryAB, as well as other factors secreted by OECs, are potential agents that can ameliorate, or even reverse, the growth-inhibitory environment created by neurotoxic reactive astrocytes following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Saglam
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Neuroscience & Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Anne L. Calof
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular & Developmental Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bonaccorso A, Pellitteri R, Ruozi B, Puglia C, Santonocito D, Pignatello R, Musumeci T. Curcumin Loaded Polymeric vs. Lipid Nanoparticles: Antioxidant Effect on Normal and Hypoxic Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010159. [PMID: 33435146 PMCID: PMC7827715 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Curcumin (Cur) shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on central nervous system diseases. The aim of this study was to develop Cur-loaded polymeric and lipid nanoparticles for intranasal delivery to enhance its stability and increase antioxidant effect on olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Methods: The nanosuspensions were subjected to physico-chemical and technological evaluation through photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV-spectrophotometry. The cytotoxicity studies of nanosuspensions were carried out on OECs. A viability test was performed after 24 h of exposure of OECs to unloaded and curcumin-loaded nanosuspensions. The potential protective effect of Cur was assessed on hypoxic OECs cells. Uptake studies were performed on the same cell cultures. Thermal analysis was performed to evaluate potential interaction of Cur with a 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) biomembrane model. Results: PCS analysis indicated that lipid and polymeric nanosuspensions showed a mean size of 127.10 and 338.20 nm, respectively, high homogeneity and negative zeta potential. Incorporation of Cur into both nanocarriers increased drug stability up to 135 days in cryoprotected freeze-dried nanosuspensions. Cell viability was improved when hypoxic OECs were treated with Cur-loaded polymeric and lipid nanosuspensions compared with the control. Conclusions: Both nanocarriers could improve the stability of Cur as demonstrated by technological studies. Biological studies revealed that both nanocarriers could be used to deliver Cur by intranasal administration for brain targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bonaccorso
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +39-095-7338131 (R.P.); +39-095-7384021 (T.M.)
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Debora Santonocito
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (D.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.); (D.S.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +39-095-7338131 (R.P.); +39-095-7384021 (T.M.)
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5
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Zhang L, Zhuang X, Chen Y, Xia H. Intravenous transplantation of olfactory bulb ensheathing cells for a spinal cord hemisection injury rat model. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1585-1602. [PMID: 31665910 PMCID: PMC6923555 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719883842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular transplantation strategies utilizing intraspinal or intrathecal olfactory
ensheathing cells (OECs) have been reported as beneficial for spinal cord injury (SCI).
However, there are many disadvantages of these methods, including additional trauma to the
spinal cord parenchyma and technical challenges. Therefore, we investigated the
feasibility and potential benefits of intravenous transplantation of OECs in a rat
hemisection SCI model. OECs derived from olfactory bulb tissue were labeled with quantum
dots (QDs), and their biodistribution after intravenous transplantation was tracked using
a fluorescence imaging system. Accumulation of the transplanted OECs was observed in the
injured spinal cord within 10 min, peaked at seven days after cell transplantation, and
decreased gradually thereafter. This time window corresponded to the blood–spinal cord
barrier (BSCB) opening time, which was quantitated with the Evans blue leakage assay.
Using immunohistochemistry, we examined neuronal growth (GAP-43), remyelination (MBP), and
microglia (Iba-1) reactions at the lesion site. Motor function recovery was also measured
using a classic open field test (Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score). Compared with the
group injected only with QDs, the rats that received OEC transplantation exhibited a
prominent reduction in inflammatory responses, increased neurogenesis and remyelination,
and significant improvement in motor function. We suggest that intravenous injection could
also be an effective method for delivering OECs and improving functional outcomes after
SCI. Moreover, the time course of BSCB disruption provides a clinically relevant
therapeutic window for cell-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Surgery Laboratory, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Both the authors are co-authors and contributed equally to this article
| | - Xiaoqing Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Both the authors are co-authors and contributed equally to this article
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Hechun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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6
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Pukos N, Goodus MT, Sahinkaya FR, McTigue DM. Myelin status and oligodendrocyte lineage cells over time after spinal cord injury: What do we know and what still needs to be unwrapped? Glia 2019; 67:2178-2202. [PMID: 31444938 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects over 17,000 individuals in the United States per year, resulting in sudden motor, sensory and autonomic impairments below the level of injury. These deficits may be due at least in part to the loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination of spared axons as it leads to slowed or blocked conduction through the lesion site. It has long been accepted that progenitor cells form new oligodendrocytes after SCI, resulting in the acute formation of new myelin on demyelinated axons. However, the chronicity of demyelination and the functional significance of remyelination remain contentious. Here we review work examining demyelination and remyelination after SCI as well as the current understanding of oligodendrocyte lineage cell responses to spinal trauma, including the surprisingly long-lasting response of NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to proliferate and differentiate into new myelinating oligodendrocytes for months after SCI. OPCs are highly sensitive to microenvironmental changes, and therefore respond to the ever-changing post-SCI milieu, including influx of blood, monocytes and neutrophils; activation of microglia and macrophages; changes in cytokines, chemokines and growth factors such as ciliary neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor-2; glutamate excitotoxicity; and axon degeneration and sprouting. We discuss how these changes relate to spontaneous oligodendrogenesis and remyelination, the evidence for and against demyelination being an important clinical problem and if remyelination contributes to motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pukos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew T Goodus
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fatma R Sahinkaya
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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7
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Lin N, Dong XJ, Wang TY, He WJ, Wei J, Wu HY, Wang TH. Characteristics of olfactory ensheathing cells and microarray analysis in Tupaia belangeri (Wagner, 1841). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1819-1825. [PMID: 31257532 PMCID: PMC6625397 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree shrews are most closely related to the primates and so possess a number of advantages in experimental studies; they have been used as an animal model in bacterial and virus infection, cancer, endocrine system disease, and certain nervous system diseases. Their olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are able to release several cytokines to promote neuronal survival, regeneration and remyelination. The present study used western blot analysis to identify antibody specificity in protein extracts from whole tree shrew brains to identify the specificity of p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) derived from rabbits (75 kDa). OECs were cultured and isolated, then stained and identified using the antibodies for p75NGFR. To investigate the capacity of OECs to express cytokines and growth factors, microarray technology was used, and the analysis revealed that OECs were able to express 9,821 genes. Of these genes, 44 genes were from the neurotrophic factor family, which may indicate their potential in transplantation in vivo. The present study considered the function of OECs as revealed by other studies, and may contribute to future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Juan Dong
- Department of Physical Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571100, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Yong Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ji He
- Department of Ultrasonic Cardiogram, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Wu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Methods of olfactory ensheathing cell harvesting from the olfactory mucosa in dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213252. [PMID: 30840687 PMCID: PMC6402693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells are thought to support regeneration and remyelination of damaged axons when transplanted into spinal cord injuries. Following transplantation, improved locomotion has been detected in many laboratory models and in dogs with naturally-occurring spinal cord injury; safety trials in humans have also been completed. For widespread clinical implementation, it will be necessary to derive large numbers of these cells from an accessible and, preferably, autologous, source making olfactory mucosa a good candidate. Here, we compared the yield of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa using 3 different techniques: rhinotomy, frontal sinus keyhole approach and rhinoscopy. From canine clinical cases with spinal cord injury, 27 biopsies were obtained by rhinotomy, 7 by a keyhole approach and 1 with rhinoscopy. Biopsy via rhinoscopy was also tested in 13 cadavers and 7 living normal dogs. After 21 days of cell culture, the proportions and populations of p75-positive (presumed to be olfactory ensheathing) cells obtained by the keyhole approach and rhinoscopy were similar (~4.5 x 106 p75-positive cells; ~70% of the total cell population), but fewer were obtained by frontal sinus rhinotomy. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was observed in one dog and emphysema in 3 dogs following rhinotomy. Blepharitis occurred in one dog after the keyhole approach. All three biopsy methods appear to be safe for harvesting a suitable number of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa for transplantation within the spinal cord but each technique has specific advantages and drawbacks.
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9
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Lo Furno D, Mannino G, Pellitteri R, Zappalà A, Parenti R, Gili E, Vancheri C, Giuffrida R. Conditioned Media From Glial Cells Promote a Neural-Like Connexin Expression in Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1742. [PMID: 30555356 PMCID: PMC6282092 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of neuronal and glial connexins (Cxs) has been evaluated in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) whose neural differentiation was promoted by a conditioned medium (CM) obtained from cultures of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) or Schwann cells (SCs). By immunocytochemistry and flow cytometer analysis it was found that Cx43 was already considerably expressed in naïve ASCs and further increased after 24 h and 7 days from CM exposition. Cx32 and Cx36 were significantly improved in conditioned cultures compared to control ASCs, whereas a decreased expression was noticed in the absence of CM treatments. Cx47 was virtually absent in any conditions. Altogether, high basal levels and induced increases of Cx43 expression suggest a potential attitude of ASCs toward an astrocyte differentiation, whereas the lack of Cx47 would indicate a poor propensity of ASCs to become oligodendrocytes. CM-evoked Cx32 and Cx36 increases showed that a neuronal- or a SC-like differentiation can be promoted by using this strategy. Results further confirm that environmental cues can favor an ASC neural differentiation, either as neuronal or glial elements. Of note, the use of glial products present in CM rather than the addition of chemical agents to achieve such differentiation would resemble "more physiological" conditions of differentiation. As a conclusion, the overexpression of typical neural Cxs would indicate the potential capability of neural-like ASCs to interact with neighboring neural cells and microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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10
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Fu H, Hu D, Zhang L, Shen X, Tang P. Efficacy of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Rat Models with Traumatic Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2507-2518. [PMID: 29759026 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Die Hu
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhen Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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11
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Lo Furno D, Mannino G, Giuffrida R, Gili E, Vancheri C, Tarico MS, Perrotta RE, Pellitteri R. Neural differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by glial cell conditioned media. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7091-7100. [PMID: 29737535 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) may transdifferentiate into cells belonging to mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal lineages. The aim of this study was to verify whether a neural differentiation of ASCs could be induced by a conditioned medium (CM) obtained from cultures of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) or Schwann cells (SCs). ASCs were isolated from the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue and expanded for 2-3 passages. They were then cultured in OEC-CM or SC-CM for 24 hr or 7 days. At each stage, the cells were tested by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometer analysis to evaluate the expression of typical neural markers such as Nestin, PGP 9.5, MAP2, Synapsin I, and GFAP. Results show that both conditioned media induced similar positive effects, as all tested markers were overexpressed, especially at day 7. Overall, an evident trend toward neuronal or glial differentiation was not clearly detectable in many cases. Nevertheless, a higher tendency toward a neuronal phenotype was recognized for OEC-CM (considering MAP2 increases). On the other hand, SC-CM would be responsible for a more marked glial induction (considering GFAP increases). These findings confirm that environmental features can induce ASCs toward a neural differentiation, either as neuronal or glial elements. Rather than supplementing the culture medium by adding chemical agents, a "more physiological" condition was obtained here by means of soluble factors (cytokines/growth factors) likely released by glial cells. This culture strategy may provide valuable information in the development of cell-based therapeutic approaches for pathologies affecting the central/peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria S Tarico
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario E Perrotta
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Hamdan H, Patyal P, Kockara NT, Wight PA. The wmN1 enhancer region in intron 1 is required for expression of human PLP1. Glia 2018; 66:1763-1774. [PMID: 29683207 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The myelin proteolipid protein gene (PLP1) encodes the most abundant protein present in myelin from the central nervous system (CNS). Its expression must be tightly controlled as evidenced by mutations that alter PLP1 dosage; both overexpression (elevated PLP1 copy number) and lack thereof (PLP1 deletion) result in X-linked genetic disorders in man. However, not much is known about the mechanisms that govern expression of the human gene. To address this, transgenic mice were generated which utilize human PLP1 (hPLP1) sequences (proximal 6.2 kb of 5'-flanking DNA to the first 38 bp of exon 2) to drive expression of a lacZ reporter cassette. LoxP sites were incorporated around a 1.5-kb section of hPLP1 intron 1 since it contains sequence orthologous to the wmN1 region from mouse which, previously, was shown to augment expression of a minimally-promoted transgene coincident with the active myelination period of CNS development. Eight transgenic lines were generated with the parental, 6.2hPLP(+)Z/FL, transgene. All lines expressed the transgene appropriately in brain as evidenced by staining with X-gal in white matter regions and olfactory bulb. Removal of the "wmN1" region from 6.2hPLP(+)Z/FL with a ubiquitously expressed Cre-driver caused a dramatic reduction in transgene activity. These results demonstrate for the first time that the wmN1 enhancer region: (1) is functional in hPLP1; (2) works in collaboration with its native promoter-not just a basal heterologous promoter; (3) is required for high levels of hPLP1 gene activity; (4) has a broader effect, both spatially and temporally, than originally projected with mPlp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Pankaj Patyal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Neriman T Kockara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Patricia A Wight
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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13
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Pellitteri R, Cova L, Zaccheo D, Silani V, Bossolasco P. Phenotypic Modulation and Neuroprotective Effects of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: a Promising Tool for Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:224-34. [PMID: 26553037 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs), exhibiting phenotypic characteristics of both astrocytes and Schwann Cells, show peculiar plasticity. In vitro, OECs promote axonal growth, while in vivo they promote remyelination of damaged axons. We decided to further investigate OEC potential for regeneration and functional recovery of the damaged Central Nervous System (CNS). To study OEC antigen modulation, OECs prepared from postnatal mouse olfactory bulbs were grown in different culture conditions: standard or serum-free media with/without Growth Factors (GFs) and analyzed for different neural specific markers. OEC functional characterizations were also achieved. Resistance of OECs to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was analyzed by evaluating apoptosis and death. OEC neuroprotective properties were investigated by in vitro co-cultures or by addition of OEC conditioned medium to the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-OHDA. We observed: 1) modification of OEC morphology, reduced cell survival and marker expression in serum-free medium; 2) GF addition to serum-free medium condition influenced positively survival and restored basal marker expression; 3) no OEC apoptosis after a prolonged exposition to 6-OHDA; 4) a clear OEC neuroprotective tendency, albeit non statistically significant, on 6-OHDA treated SH-SY5Y cells. These peculiar properties of OECs might render them potential clinical agents able to support injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, CNR, Section of Catania, via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy.
| | - Lidia Cova
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Zaccheo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Genoa, via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation - "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bossolasco
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
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Bonfanti R, Musumeci T, Russo C, Pellitteri R. The protective effect of curcumin in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells exposed to hypoxia. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:62-68. [PMID: 27889433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a phytochemical component derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, has shown a great variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-depression and anti-oxidant activity. Therefore, in the last years it has been used as a therapeutic agent since it confers protection in different neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral ischemia and excitotoxicity. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs) are glial cells of the olfactory system. They are able to secrete several neurotrophic growth factors, promote axonal growth and support the remyelination of damaged axons. OEC transplantation has emerged as a possible experimental therapy to induce repair of spinal cord injury, even if the functional recovery is still limited. Since hypoxia is a secondary effect in spinal cord injury, this in vitro study investigates the protective effect of curcumin in OECs exposed to hypoxia. Primary OECs were obtained from neonatal rat olfactory bulbs and placed both in normal and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, some cells were grown with basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and/or curcumin at different concentration and times. The results obtained through immunocytochemical procedures and MTT test show that curcumin stimulates cell viability in OECs grown in normal and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of curcumin and bFGF is the most effective exerting protection on OECs. Since spinal cord injury is often accompanied by secondary insults, such as ischemia or hypoxia, our results suggest that curcumin in combination with bFGF might be considered a possible approach for restoration in injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bonfanti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, CNR, Section of Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Drug Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, CNR, Section of Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
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15
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Pellitteri R, Bonfanti R, Spatuzza M, Cambria MT, Ferrara M, Raciti G, Campisi A. Effect of Some Growth Factors on Tissue Transglutaminase Overexpression Induced by β-Amyloid in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6785-6794. [PMID: 27757835 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we assessed in a particular glial cell type, called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the effect of some growth factors (GFs) on tissue transglutaminase (TG2) overexpression induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) with native full-length peptide 1-42 or by fragments, 25-35 or 35-25, as control. Previously, we demonstrated that TG2 overexpression induced by some stressors was down-regulated by GFs exposure in OECs. To monitor cell viability, an MTT test was used, while TG2 expression was examined using immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis. We also considered the involvement of the TG2-mediated apoptotic pathway. Vimentin expression was evaluated as well. Reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione levels were utilized to test the oxidative intracellular status. Lactate dehydrogenase released into the medium, as a marker of necrotic cell death, was evaluated. We found that in OECs exposed to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35) for 24 h, TG2 expression increased, and we observed that the protein appeared prevalently localized in the cytosol. The pre-treatment with GFs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), down-regulated the TG2 level, which was prevalently limited to the nuclear compartment. Vimentin expression and caspase cleavage showed a significant enhancement in Aβ(1-42) and Aβ(25-35) exposed cells. The pre-treatment with bFGF or GDNF was able to restore the levels of the proteins to control values, and the intracellular oxidative status modified by the exposure to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35). Our data suggest that both bFGF or GDNF could be an innovative mechanism to contrast TG2 expression, which plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonfanti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Michela Spatuzza
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Cambria
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Ferrara
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Raciti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Campisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Gómez RM, Ghotme K, Botero L, Bernal JE, Pérez R, Barreto GE, Bustos RH. Ultrastructural analysis of olfactory ensheathing cells derived from olfactory bulb and nerve of neonatal and juvenile rats. Neurosci Res 2016; 103:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vadivelu RK, Ooi CH, Yao RQ, Tello Velasquez J, Pastrana E, Diaz-Nido J, Lim F, Ekberg JAK, Nguyen NT, St John JA. Generation of three-dimensional multiple spheroid model of olfactory ensheathing cells using floating liquid marbles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15083. [PMID: 26462469 PMCID: PMC4604460 DOI: 10.1038/srep15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel protocol for three-dimensional culturing of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which can be used to understand how OECs interact with other cells in three dimensions. Transplantation of OECs is being trialled for repair of the paralysed spinal cord, with promising but variable results and thus the therapy needs improving. To date, studies of OEC behaviour in a multicellular environment have been hampered by the lack of suitable three-dimensional cell culture models. Here, we exploit the floating liquid marble, a liquid droplet coated with hydrophobic powder and placed on a liquid bath. The presence of the liquid bath increases the humidity and minimises the effect of evaporation. Floating liquid marbles allow the OECs to freely associate and interact to produce OEC spheroids with uniform shapes and sizes. In contrast, a sessile liquid marble on a solid surface suffers from evaporation and the cells aggregate with irregular shapes. We used floating liquid marbles to co-culture OECs with Schwann cells and astrocytes which formed natural structures without the confines of gels or bounding layers. This protocol can be used to determine how OECs and other cell types associate and interact while forming complex cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja K Vadivelu
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Chin H Ooi
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 4111, Australia
| | - Rebecca-Qing Yao
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Javier Diaz-Nido
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa &CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filip Lim
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 4111, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Myelin damage and repair in pathologic CNS: challenges and prospects. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:35. [PMID: 26283909 PMCID: PMC4515562 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in oligodendrocyte cell death and progressive demyelination. Demyelinated axons undergo considerable physiological changes and molecular reorganizations that collectively result in axonal dysfunction, degeneration and loss of sensory and motor functions. Endogenous adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural stem/progenitor cells contribute to the replacement of oligodendrocytes, however, the extent and quality of endogenous remyelination is suboptimal. Emerging evidence indicates that optimal remyelination is restricted by multiple factors including (i) low levels of factors that promote oligodendrogenesis; (ii) cell death among newly generated oligodendrocytes, (iii) inhibitory factors in the post-injury milieu that impede remyelination, and (iv) deficient expression of key growth factors essential for proper re-construction of a highly organized myelin sheath. Considering these challenges, over the past several years, a number of cell-based strategies have been developed to optimize remyelination therapeutically. Outcomes of these basic and preclinical discoveries are promising and signify the importance of remyelination as a mechanism for improving functions in CNS injuries. In this review, we provide an overview on: (1) the precise organization of myelinated axons and the reciprocal axo-myelin interactions that warrant properly balanced physiological activities within the CNS; (2) underlying cause of demyelination and the structural and functional consequences of demyelination in axons following injury and disease; (3) the endogenous mechanisms of oligodendrocyte replacement; (4) the modulatory role of reactive astrocytes and inflammatory cells in remyelination; and (5) the current status of cell-based therapies for promoting remyelination. Careful elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of demyelination in the pathologic CNS is a key to better understanding the impact of remyelination for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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Ghasemi N. Therapeutic effects of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells on remyelination process in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7243/2055-091x-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a complex pathology often resulting in functional impairment and paralysis. Gene therapy has emerged as a possible solution to the problems of limited neural tissue regeneration through the administration of factors promoting axonal growth, while also offering long-term local delivery of therapeutic molecules at the injury site. Of note, gene therapy is our response to the requirements of neural and glial cells following spinal cord injury, providing, in a time-dependent manner, growth substances for axonal regeneration and eliminating axonal growth inhibitors. Herein, we explore different gene therapy strategies, including targeting gene expression to modulate the presence of neurotrophic growth or survival factors and increase neural tissue plasticity. Special attention is given to describing advances in viral and non-viral gene delivery systems, as well as the available routes of gene delivery. Finally, we discuss the future of combinatorial gene therapies and give consideration to the implementation of gene therapy in humans.
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Pellitteri R, Catania MV, Bonaccorso CM, Ranno E, Dell'Albani P, Zaccheo D. Viability of olfactory ensheathing cells after hypoxia and serum deprivation: Implication for therapeutic transplantation. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1757-66. [PMID: 24975631 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) represent glial cells supporting neuronal turnover in the olfactory system. In vitro, OECs promote axonal growth as a source of neurotrophic growth factors; in vivo, they produce myelin, promoting remyelination of damaged axons. Consequently, OEC transplantation appears to be a promising treatment for spinal cord injury, although the functional recovery is limited. This might be ascribed to the microenvironment at the lesion site, lacking growth factors (GFs), nutrients, and oxygen. To mimic this condition, we used an in vitro approach by growing primary neonatal mouse OECs under hypoxic conditions and/or serum deprivation. In addition, we compared OECs survival/proliferation with that of primary cultures of Schwann cells (SCs) and astrocytes under the same experimental conditions. Cultures were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, and cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Different GFs, such as NGF, bFGF, and GDNF, and their combination were used to rescue cells from serum and/or oxygen deprivation. We show that the cell types were differently sensitive to the tested stress conditions and that OECs were the most sensitive among them. Moreover, OEC viability was rescued by bFGF under serum-deprived or hypoxic condition but not under conditions of drastic serum deprivation and hypoxia. bFGF was effective also for the other cell types, whereas the effect of the other GFs was negligible. This model suggests that administration of bFGF might be considered useful to sustain cell survival/proliferation after transplantation of OECs either alone or in combination with other glial cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Plemel JR, Keough MB, Duncan GJ, Sparling JS, Yong VW, Stys PK, Tetzlaff W. Remyelination after spinal cord injury: Is it a target for repair? Prog Neurobiol 2014; 117:54-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sandvig I, Karstensen K, Rokstad AM, Aachmann FL, Formo K, Sandvig A, Skjåk-Braek G, Strand BL. RGD-peptide modified alginate by a chemoenzymatic strategy for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:896-906. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kristin Karstensen
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Anne Mari Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kjetil Formo
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery; Umeå University Hospital; Umeå Sweden
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Braek
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Berit Løkensgard Strand
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
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Abstract
The strong rationale for cell-based therapy in multiple sclerosis is based on the ability of stem and precursor cells of neural and mesenchymal origin to attenuate neuroinflammation, to facilitate endogenous repair processes, and to participate directly in remyelination, if directed towards a myelin-forming fate. However, there are still major gaps in knowledge regarding induction of repair in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions, and whether transplanted cells can overcome the multiple environmental inhibitory factors which underlie the failure of endogenous repair. Major challenges in clinical translation include the determination of the optimal cellular platform, the route of cell delivery, and candidate patients for treatment.
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26
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Liu SJ, Zou Y, Belegu V, Lv LY, Lin N, Wang TY, McDonald JW, Zhou X, Xia QJ, Wang TH. Co-grafting of neural stem cells with olfactory en sheathing cells promotes neuronal restoration in traumatic brain injury with an anti-inflammatory mechanism. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:66. [PMID: 24690089 PMCID: PMC3977666 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to investigate the effects of co-grafting neural stem cells (NSCs) with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on neurological behavior in rats subjected to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explore underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS TBI was established by percussion device made through a weight drop (50 g) from a 30 cm height. Cultured NSCs and OECs isolated from rats were labeled by Hoechst 33342 (blue) and chloromethyl-benzamidodialkyl carbocyanine (CM-Dil) (red), respectively. Then, NSCs and/or OECs, separately or combined, were transplanted into the area surrounding the injury site. Fourteen days after transplantation, neurological severity score (NSS) were recorded. The brain tissue was harvested and processed for immunocytochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Significant neurological function improvement was observed in the three transplant groups, compared to the TBI group, and co-transplantation gave rise to the best improvement. Morphological evaluation showed that the number of neurons in cortex from combination implantation was more than for other groups (P <0.05); conversely, the number of apoptotic cells showed a significant decrease by TUNEL staining. Transplanted NSCs and OECs could survive and migrate in the brain, and the number of neurons differentiating from NSCs in the co-transplantation group was significantly greater than in the NSCs group. At the molecular level, the expressions of IL-6 and BAD in the co-graft group were found to be down regulated significantly, when compared to either the NSC or OEC alone groups. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates for the first time the optimal effects of co-grafting NSCs and OECs as a new strategy for the treatment of TBI via an anti-inflammation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Juan Liu
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Visar Belegu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Long-Yun Lv
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Ting-Yong Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - John W McDonald
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xia
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
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Biological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Facilitating Neural Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:168-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Murthy M, Bocking S, Verginelli F, Stifani S. Transcription factor Runx1 inhibits proliferation and promotes developmental maturation in a selected population of inner olfactory nerve layer olfactory ensheathing cells. Gene 2014; 540:191-200. [PMID: 24582971 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system undergoes persistent regeneration throughout life. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a specialized class of glia found exclusively in the olfactory system. OECs wrap olfactory sensory neuron axons and support their growth from the olfactory epithelium, and targeting to the olfactory bulb, during development and life-long regeneration. Because of this function and their ability to cross the boundary between central and peripheral nervous systems, OECs are attractive candidates for cell-based regenerative therapies to promote axonal repair in the injured nervous system. OECs are a molecularly, topologically and functionally heterogeneous group of cells and the mechanisms underlying the development and function of specific OEC subpopulations are poorly defined. This situation has affected the outcome and interpretation of OEC-based regenerative strategies. Here we show that the transcription factor Runx1 is selectively expressed in OECs of the inner olfactory nerve layer of the mouse olfactory bulb and in their precursors in the OEC migratory mass. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in vivo knockdown of mouse Runx1 increases the proliferation of the OECs in which Runx1 is expressed. Conversely, Runx1 overexpression in primary cultures of OECs reduces cell proliferation in vitro. Decreased Runx1 activity also leads to an increase in Runx1-expressing OEC precursors, with a parallel decrease in the number of more developmentally mature OECs. These results identify Runx1 as a useful new marker of a distinct OEC subpopulation and suggest that Runx1 is important for the development of this group of OECs. These observations provide an avenue for further exploration into the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and function of specific OEC subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Murthy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Bocking
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Federica Verginelli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefano Stifani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Lemarchant S, Pruvost M, Montaner J, Emery E, Vivien D, Kanninen K, Koistinaho J. ADAMTS proteoglycanases in the physiological and pathological central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:133. [PMID: 24176075 PMCID: PMC4228433 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAMTS-1, -4, -5 and -9 belong to ‘a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)’ family and more precisely to the proteoglycanases subgroup based on their common ability to degrade chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. They have been extensively investigated for their involvement in inflammation-induced osteoarthritis, and a growing body of evidence indicates that they may be of key importance in the physiological and pathological central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we discuss the deregulated expression of ADAMTS proteoglycanases during acute CNS injuries, such as stroke and spinal cord injury. Then, we provide new insights on ADAMTS proteoglycanases mediating synaptic plasticity, neurorepair, angiogenesis and inflammation mechanisms. Altogether, this review allows us to propose that ADAMTS proteoglycanases may be original therapeutic targets for CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- Department of Neurobiology, A, I, Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P,O, Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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30
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Lankford KL, Brown RJ, Sasaki M, Kocsis JD. Olfactory ensheathing cells, but not Schwann cells, proliferate and migrate extensively within moderately X-irradiated juvenile rat brain. Glia 2013; 62:52-63. [PMID: 24166823 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) share many characteristics, including the ability to promote neuronal repair when transplanted directly into spinal cord lesions, but poor survival and migration when transplanted into intact adult spinal cord. Interestingly, transplanted OECs, but not SCs, migrate extensively within the X-irradiated (40 Gy) adult rat spinal cord, suggesting distinct responses to environmental cues [Lankford et al., (2008) GLIA 56:1664-1678]. In this study, GFP-expressing OECs and SCs were transplanted into juvenile rat brains (hippocampus) subjected to a moderate radiation dose (16 Gy). As in the adult spinal cord, OECs, but not SCs, migrated extensively within the irradiated juvenile rat brain. Unbiased stereology revealed that the number of OECs observed within irradiated rat brains three weeks after transplantation was as much as 20 times greater than the number of cells transplanted, and the cells distributed extensively within the brain. In conjunction with the OEC dispersion, the number of activated microglia in OEC-transplanted irradiated brains was reduced. Unlike in the intact adult spinal cord, both OECs and SCs showed some, but limited, migration within nonirradiated rat brains, suggesting that the developing brain may be a more permissive environment for cell migration than the adult CNS. These results show that OECs display unique migratory, proliferative, and microglia interaction properties as compared with SCs when transplanted into the moderately X-irradiated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Lankford
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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31
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Li Y, Chen L, Zhao Y, Bao J, Xiao J, Liu J, Jiang X, Zhou C, Wang H, Huang H. Intracranial transplant of olfactory ensheathing cells can protect both upper and lower motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Transplant 2013; 22 Suppl 1:S51-65. [PMID: 23993044 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x672208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease that involves the degeneration of cortical and spinal motor neurons. Mutant SOD1(G93A) rats constitute a good animal model for this pathological condition. We have previously demonstrated that transplantation of neonatal olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) into the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord of mutant SOD1(G93A) transgenic rats increases the survival of spinal motor neurons and remyelinates the impaired axons through the pyramidal tract. In the present study, we examine whether intracranial cell implantation could also exert a similar effect on cortical motor neurons and on the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. We injected OECs from the bulb of 7-day-old GFP green rats into the corona radiata of adult SOD1 mutant rats stereotaxically to observe any changes of the upper motor neurons as well as the lower motor neurons. We found that more motor neurons at both the motor cortices and ventral horns of the spinal cord survived in grafted ALS rats than in control rats. Prolonged survival and behavioral tests including a screen test, hind limb extension, rotarod, and gait control showed that the treated animals were better than the control group. This manuscript is published as part of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) supplement issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Riggio C, Nocentini S, Catalayud MP, Goya GF, Cuschieri A, Raffa V, del Río JA. Generation of magnetized olfactory ensheathing cells for regenerative studies in the central and peripheral nervous tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10852-68. [PMID: 23708092 PMCID: PMC3709706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140610852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As olfactory receptor axons grow from the peripheral to the central nervous system (CNS) aided by olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the transplantation of OECs has been suggested as a plausible therapy for spinal cord lesions. The problem with this hypothesis is that OECs do not represent a single homogeneous entity, but, instead, a functionally heterogeneous population that exhibits a variety of responses, including adhesion and repulsion during cell-matrix interactions. Some studies report that the migratory properties of OECs are compromised by inhibitory molecules and potentiated by chemical gradients. In this paper, we report a system based on modified OECs carrying magnetic nanoparticles as a proof of concept experiment enabling specific studies aimed at exploring the potential of OECs in the treatment of spinal cord injuries. Our studies have confirmed that magnetized OECs (i) survive well without exhibiting stress-associated cellular responses; (ii) in vitro, their migration can be modulated by magnetic fields; and (iii) their transplantation in organotypic slices of spinal cord and peripheral nerve showed positive integration in the model. Altogether, these findings indicate the therapeutic potential of magnetized OECs for CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Riggio
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy; E-Mails: (A.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Sara Nocentini
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (S.N.); (J.A.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Catalayud
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.C.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Gerardo Fabian Goya
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; E-Mails: (M.P.C.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Alfred Cuschieri
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy; E-Mails: (A.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy; E-Mails: (A.C.); (V.R.)
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mails: (S.N.); (J.A.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Li X, Liu X, Cui L, Brunson C, Zhao W, Bhat NR, Zhang N, Wen X. Engineering an in situ crosslinkable hydrogel for enhanced remyelination. FASEB J 2012; 27:1127-36. [PMID: 23239823 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-211151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination has to occur to fully regenerate injured spinal cords or brain tissues. A growing body of evidence has suggested that exogenous cell transplantation is one promising strategy to promote remyelination. However, direct injection of neural stem cells or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to the lesion site may not be an optimal therapeutic strategy due to poor viability and functionality of transplanted cells resulted from the local hostile tissue environment. The overall objective of this study was to engineer an injectable biocompatible hydrogel system as a supportive niche to provide a regeneration permissive microenvironment for transplanted OPCs to survive, functionally differentiate, and remyelinate central nervous system (CNS) lesions. A highly biocompatible hydrogel, based on thiol-functionalized hyaluronic acid and thiol-functionalized gelatin, which can be crosslinked by poly-(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), was used. These hydrogels were optimized first regarding cell adhesive properties and mechanical properties to best support the growth properties of OPCs in culture. Transplanted OPCs with the hydrogels optimized in vitro exhibited enhanced survival and oligodendrogenic differentiation and were able to remyelinate demyelinated axons inside ethidium bromide (EB) demyelination lesion in adult spinal cord. This study provides a new possible therapeutic approach to treat CNS injuries in which cell therapies may be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 68 President St., BEB 313, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Granger N, Blamires H, Franklin RJM, Jeffery ND. Autologous olfactory mucosal cell transplants in clinical spinal cord injury: a randomized double-blinded trial in a canine translational model. Brain 2012; 135:3227-37. [PMID: 23169917 PMCID: PMC3501977 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether an intervention proven effective in the laboratory to ameliorate the effects of experimental spinal cord injury could provide sufficient benefit to be of value to clinical cases. Intraspinal olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation improves locomotor outcome after spinal cord injury in 'proof of principle' experiments in rodents, suggesting the possibility of efficacy in human patients. However, laboratory animal spinal cord injury cannot accurately model the inherent heterogeneity of clinical patient cohorts, nor are all aspects of their spinal cord function readily amenable to objective evaluation. Here, we measured the effects of intraspinal transplantation of cells derived from olfactory mucosal cultures (containing a mean of ~50% olfactory ensheathing cells) in a population of spinal cord-injured companion dogs that accurately model many of the potential obstacles involved in transition from laboratory to clinic. Dogs with severe chronic thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries (equivalent to ASIA grade 'A' human patients at ~12 months after injury) were entered into a randomized double-blinded clinical trial in which they were allocated to receive either intraspinal autologous cells derived from olfactory mucosal cultures or injection of cell transport medium alone. Recipients of olfactory mucosal cell transplants gained significantly better fore-hind coordination than those dogs receiving cell transport medium alone. There were no significant differences in outcome between treatment groups in measures of long tract functionality. We conclude that intraspinal olfactory mucosal cell transplantation improves communication across the damaged region of the injured spinal cord, even in chronically injured individuals. However, we find no evidence for concomitant improvement in long tract function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Granger
- 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Helen Blamires
- 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- 2 Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick D. Jeffery
- 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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Coutts DJC, Humphries CE, Zhao C, Plant GW, Franklin RJM. Embryonic-derived olfactory ensheathing cells remyelinate focal areas of spinal cord demyelination more efficiently than neonatal or adult-derived cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1249-61. [PMID: 23031825 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x656153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) contribute to functional recovery in a range of CNS injuries by several mechanisms, one of which is potentially their ability to form myelin sheaths. OECs sourced from donors of different ages have been shown to remyelinate in several in vitro and in vivo models. However, the optimal donor age for OEC associated remyelination is unclear. This project directly compared the remyelinating potential of p75 purified OEC transplants from three donor ages. OECs were sourced from the olfactory bulbs of embryonic, neonatal, and adult rats and purified by immunopanning, and their remyelinating potential was directly compared by transplantation into the same adult rat toxin-induced model of spinal cord demyelination. Remyelination efficiency 3 weeks after transplantation was assessed morphologically and by immunostaining. Our results indicate that all donor ages remyelinate; however, this process is most efficiently achieved by embryonic-derived OECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J C Coutts
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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36
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It takes two to tango: activation of cortex and lumbosacral circuitry restores locomotion in spinal cord injury. World Neurosurg 2012; 78:380-3. [PMID: 22960539 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Campisi A, Spatuzza M, Russo A, Raciti G, Vanella A, Stanzani S, Pellitteri R. Expression of tissue transglutaminase on primary olfactory ensheathing cells cultures exposed to stress conditions. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:289-95. [PMID: 22222252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a multifunctional enzyme implicated in cellular proliferation and differentiation processes, plays a modulatory role in the cell response to stressors. Herein, we used olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), representing an unusual population of glial cells to promote axonal regeneration and to provide trophic support, as well as to assess whether the effect of some Growth Factors (GFs), NGF, bFGF or GDNF, on TG2 overexpression induced by stress conditions, such as glutamate or lipopolysaccaride (LPS). Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and vimentin were used as markers of astroglial differentiation and cytoskeleton component, respectively. Glutamate or LPS treatment induced a particular increase of TG2 expression. A pre-treatment of the cells with the GFs restored the levels of the protein to that of untreated ones. Our results demonstrate that the treatment of OECs with the GFs was able to restore the OECs oxidative status as modified by stress, also counteracting TG2 overexpression. It suggests that, in OECs, TG2 modulation or inhibition induced by GFs might represent a therapeutic target to control the excitotoxicity and/or inflammation, which are involved in several acute and chronic brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Campisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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