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Prins CA, de Oliveira FL, de Mello Coelho V, Dos Santos Ribeiro EB, de Almeida JS, Silva NMB, Almeida FM, Martinez AMB. Galectin-3 absence alters lymphocytes populations dynamics behavior and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114785. [PMID: 38670250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results from various mechanisms that damage the nervous tissue and the blood-brain barrier, leading to sensory and motor function loss below the injury site. Unfortunately, current therapeutic approaches for SCI have limited efficacy in improving patients outcomes. Galectin-3, a protein whose expression increases after SCI, influences the neuroinflammatory response by favoring pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and microglia, while inhibiting pro-regenerative M2 macrophages and microglia, which are crucial for inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration. Previous studies with Galectin-3 knock-out mice demonstrated enhanced motor recovery after SCI. The M1/M2 balance is strongly influenced by the predominant lymphocytic profiles (Th1, Th2, T Reg, Th17) and cytokines and chemokines released at the lesion site. The present study aimed to investigate how the absence of galectin-3 impacts the adaptive immune system cell population dynamics in various lymphoid spaces following a low thoracic spinal cord compression injury (T9-T10) using a 30 g vascular clip for one minute. It also aimed to assess its influence on the functional outcome in wild-type (WT)and Galectin-3 knock-out (GALNEG) mice. Histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol Fast Blue staining revealed that WT and GALNEG animals exhibit similar spinal cord morphology. The absence of galectin-3 does not affect the common neuroanatomy shared between the groups prompting us to analyze outcomes between both groups. Following our crush model, both groups lost motor and sensory functions below the lesion level. During a 42-day period, GALNEG mice demonstrated superior locomotor recovery in the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) gait analysis and enhanced motor coordination performance in the ladder rung walk test (LRW) compared to WT mice. GALNEG mice also exhibited better sensory recovery, and their electrophysiological parameters suggested a higher number of functional axons with faster nerve conduction. Seven days after injury, flow cytometry of thymus, spleen, and blood revealed an increased number of T Reg and Th2 cells, accompanied by a decrease in Th1 and Th17 cells in GALNEG mice. Immunohistochemistry conducted on the same day exhibited an increased number of Th2 and T Reg cells around the GALNEG's spinal cord lesion site. At 42-day dpi immunohistochemistry analyses displayed reduced astrogliosis and greater axon preservation in GALNEG's spinal cord seem as a reduction of GFAP immunostaining and an increase in NFH immunostaining, respectively. In conclusion, GALNEG mice exhibited better functional recovery attributed to the milder pro-inflammatory influence, compensated by a higher quantity of T Reg and Th2 cells. These findings suggest that galectin-3 plays a crucial role in the immune response after spinal cord injury and could be a potential target for clinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Andrade Prins
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Leite de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria de Mello Coelho
- Laboratório de lmunofisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Bezerra Dos Santos Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva de Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moraes Bechelli Silva
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Martins Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementina Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Shang WY, Ren YF, Li B, Huang XM, Zhang ZL, Huang J. Efficacy of growth factor gene-modified stem cells for motor function after spinal cord injury in rodents: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:87. [PMID: 38369598 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of growth factor gene-modified stem cells in treating spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of growth factor gene-modified stem cells in restoring motor function after SCI. Two reviewers searched four databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, to identify relevant records. Studies on rodents assessing the efficacy of transplanting growth factor gene-modified stem cells in restoring motor function after SCI were included. The results were reported using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Analyses showed that growth factor gene-modified stem cell transplantation improved motor function recovery in rodents with SCI compared to the untreated (SMD = 3.98, 95% CI 3.26-4.70, I2 = 86.8%, P < 0.0001) and stem cell (SMD = 2.53, 95% CI 1.93-3.13, I2 = 86.9%, P < 0.0001) groups. Using growth factor gene-modified neural stem/histone cells enhanced treatment efficacy. In addition, the effectiveness increased when viral vectors were employed for gene modification and high transplantation doses were administered during the subacute phase. Stem cells derived from the human umbilical cord exhibited an advantage in motor function recovery. However, the transplantation of growth factor gene-modified stem cells did not significantly improve motor function in male rodents (P = 0.136). Transplantation of growth factor gene-modified stem cells improved motor function in rodents after SCI, but claims of enhanced efficacy should be approached with caution. The safety of gene modification remains a significant concern, requiring additional efforts to enhance its clinical translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ya Shang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Feng Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Bing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Zhi-Lan Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Multiple strategies enhance the efficacy of MSCs transplantation for spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114011. [PMID: 36410123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious complication of the central nervous system (CNS) after spine injury, often resulting in severe sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction below the level of injury. To date, there is no effective treatment strategy for SCI. Recently, stem cell therapy has brought hope to patients with neurological diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be the most promising source of cellular therapy after SCI due to their immunomodulatory, neuroprotective and angiogenic potential. Considering the limited therapeutic effect of MSCs due to the complex pathophysiological environment following SCI, this paper not only reviews the specific mechanism of MSCs to facilitate SCI repair, but also further discusses the research status of these pluripotent stem cells combined with other therapeutic approaches to promote anatomical and functional recovery post-SCI.
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Roolfs L, Hubertus V, Spinnen J, Shopperly LK, Fehlings MG, Vajkoczy P. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Vascular Repair After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurospine 2022; 19:961-975. [PMID: 36597633 PMCID: PMC9816606 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244624.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the spinal cord vasculature resulting in ischemia, amplification of the secondary injury cascade and exacerbation of neural tissue loss. Restoring functional integrity of the microvasculature to prevent neural loss and to promote neural repair is an important challenge and opportunity in SCI research. Herein, we summarize the course of vascular injury and repair following SCI and give a comprehensive overview of current experimental therapeutic approaches targeting spinal cord microvasculature to diminish ischemia and thereby facilitate neural repair and regeneration. A systematic review of the published literature on therapeutic approaches to promote vascular repair after experimental SCI was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standards. The MEDLINE databases PubMed, Embase, and OVID MEDLINE were searched using the keywords "spinal cord injury," "angiogenesis," "angiogenesis inducing agents," "tissue engineering," and "rodent subjects." A total of 111 studies were identified through the search. Five main therapeutic approaches to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair were identified as (1) the application of angiogenic factors, (2) genetic engineering, (3) physical stimulation, (4) cell transplantation, and (5) biomaterials carrying various factor delivery. There are different therapeutic approaches with the potential to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair after experimental SCI. Of note, combinatorial approaches using implanted biomaterials and angiogenic factor delivery appear promising for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Roolfs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hubertus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Spinnen
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard K. Shopperly
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Corresponding Author Peter Vajkoczy Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Wu Y, Tang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu S. Restoration of spinal cord injury: From endogenous repairing process to cellular therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1077441. [PMID: 36523818 PMCID: PMC9744968 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1077441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts neurological pathways and impacts sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve function. There is no effective treatment for SCI currently. Numerous endogenous cells, including astrocytes, macrophages/microglia, and oligodendrocyte, are involved in the histological healing process following SCI. By interfering with cells during the SCI repair process, some advancements in the therapy of SCI have been realized. Nevertheless, the endogenous cell types engaged in SCI repair and the current difficulties these cells confront in the therapy of SCI are poorly defined, and the mechanisms underlying them are little understood. In order to better understand SCI and create new therapeutic strategies and enhance the clinical translation of SCI repair, we have comprehensively listed the endogenous cells involved in SCI repair and summarized the six most common mechanisms involved in SCI repair, including limiting the inflammatory response, protecting the spared spinal cord, enhancing myelination, facilitating neovascularization, producing neurotrophic factors, and differentiating into neural/colloidal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shengwen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yousefifard M, Sarveazad A, Babahajian A, Rafiei Alavi SN, Neishaboori AM, Vaccaro AR, Hosseini M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Growth Factor Gene-Modified Cells in Spinal Cord Injury Recovery; a Systematic Review. World Neurosurg 2022; 162:150-162.e1. [PMID: 35276395 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous pre-clinical studies have been performed in recent years on the effects of growth factor gene-modified cells' administration in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, findings of these studies are contradictory. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on animal studies evaluating the effects of growth factor gene-modified cells' administration on locomotion recovery following SCI. METHODS A search of the Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted, including all animal studies until the end of 2020. Two researchers screened search results, summarized relevant studies and assessed risk of bias, independently. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included in the final analysis. Transplantation of growth factor gene-modified cells in the injured spinal cord resulted in a significant improvement in animals' locomotion compared with non-treated animals [standardized mean difference (SMD)=1.86; 95% CI: 1.39-2.33; p<0.0001)] and non-genetically modified cells treated animals (SMD=1.30; 0.80-1.79; p<0.0001). Transplantation efficacy of these cells failed to achieve significance in moderate lesions (p=0.091), when using modified neural stem/progenitor cells (p=0.164), when using synthetic neurotrophins (p=0.086) and when the number of transplanted cells was less than 1.0 × 105 cells per animal (p = 0.119). CONCLUSION The result showed that transplantation of growth factor gene-modified cells significantly improved locomotion in SCI animal models. However, there is a major concern regarding the safety of genetically modified cells' transplantation, in terms of overexpressing growth factors. Further studies are needed before any effort to perform a translational and clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asrin Babahajian
- Liver and digestive research center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Alex R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics and Neurosurgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Injuries Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Szewc M, Radzikowska-Bűchner E, Wdowiak P, Kozak J, Kuszta P, Niezabitowska E, Matysiak J, Kubiński K, Masłyk M. MSCs as Tumor-Specific Vectors for the Delivery of Anticancer Agents-A Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer Diseases: Perspectives for Quinazoline Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052745. [PMID: 35269887 PMCID: PMC8911180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be a powerful tool in the treatment of various diseases. Scientists are particularly interested in the possibility of using MSCs in cancer therapy. The research carried out so far has shown that MSCs possess both potential pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic properties. It has been confirmed that MSCs can regulate tumor cell growth through a paracrine mechanism, and molecules secreted by MSCs can promote or block a variety of signaling pathways. These findings may be crucial in the development of new MSC-based cell therapeutic strategies. The abilities of MSCs such as tumor tropism, deep migration and immune evasion have evoked considerable interest in their use as tumor-specific vectors for small-molecule anticancer agents. Studies have shown that MSCs can be successfully loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs such as gemcitabine and paclitaxel, and can release them at the site of primary and metastatic neoplasms. The inhibitory effect of MSCs loaded with anti-cancer agents on the proliferation of cancer cells has also been observed. However, not all known chemotherapeutic agents can be used in this approach, mainly due to their cytotoxicity towards MSCs and insufficient loading and release capacity. Quinazoline derivatives appear to be an attractive choice for this therapeutic solution due to their biological and pharmacological properties. There are several quinazolines that have been approved for clinical use as anticancer drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It gives hope that the synthesis of new quinazoline derivatives and the development of methods of their application may contribute to the establishment of highly effective therapies for oncological patients. However, a deeper understanding of interactions between MSCs and tumor cells, and the exploration of the possibilities of using quinazoline derivatives in MSC-based therapy is necessary to achieve this goal. The aim of this review is to discuss the prospects for using MSC-based cell therapy in cancer treatment and the potential use of quinazolines in this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szewc
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska-Bűchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paulina Wdowiak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Joanna Kozak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kuszta
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Ewa Niezabitowska
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Multidisciplinary Hospital in Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Matysiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.M.)
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Moradi SZ, Cao H, Khan H, Xiao J. Effects of Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Interconnected Pathways during Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8100195. [PMID: 35035667 PMCID: PMC8759836 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progression in targeting the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of effective treatments. Moreover, conventional therapies suffer from associated side effects and low efficacy, raising the need for finding potential alternative therapies. In this regard, a comprehensive review was done regarding revealing the main neurological dysregulated pathways and providing alternative therapeutic agents following SCI. From the mechanistic point, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways are major upstream orchestras of cross-linked dysregulated pathways (e.g., apoptosis, autophagy, and extrinsic mechanisms) following SCI. It urges the need for developing multitarget therapies against SCI complications. Polyphenols, as plant-derived secondary metabolites, have the potential of being introduced as alternative therapeutic agents to pave the way for treating SCI. Such secondary metabolites presented modulatory effects on neuronal oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory, and extrinsic axonal dysregulated pathways in the onset and progression of SCI. In the present review, the potential role of phenolic compounds as critical phytochemicals has also been revealed in regulating upstream dysregulated oxidative stress/inflammatory signaling mediators and extrinsic mechanisms of axonal regeneration after SCI in preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, the coadministration of polyphenols and stem cells has shown a promising strategy for improving post-SCI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Genetic Modification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Neurological Disease Therapy: What Effects Does it Have on Phenotype/Cell Behavior, Determining Their Effectiveness? Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:683-702. [PMID: 32926348 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are a promising tool in regenerative medicine, and their functions can be enhanced through genetic modification. Recent advances in genetic engineering provide several methods that enable gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cells. However, it remains to be decided whether genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells by vectors carrying reporter or therapeutic genes leads to adverse effects on morphology, phenotypic profiles, and viability of transplanted cells. In this regard, we focus on the description of genetic modification methods of mesenchymal stem cells, their effectiveness, and the impact on phenotype/cell behavior/proliferation and the differentiation ability of these cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we compare the main effects of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells with native mesenchymal stem cells when applied in the therapy of neurological diseases.
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Abdelgawad M, Bakry NS, Farghali AA, Abdel-Latif A, Lotfy A. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy and exosomes in COVID-19: current trends and prospects. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:469. [PMID: 34419143 PMCID: PMC8379570 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. The virus causes an exaggerated immune response, resulting in a cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the leading cause of COVID-19-related mortality and morbidity. So far, no therapies have succeeded in circumventing the exacerbated immune response or cytokine storm associated with COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), through their immunomodulatory and regenerative activities, mostly mediated by their paracrine effect and extracellular vesicle production, have therapeutic potential in many autoimmune, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases. In this paper, we review clinical studies on the use of MSCs for COVID-19 treatment, including the salutary effects of MSCs on the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the immunomodulation of the cytokine storm. Ongoing clinical trial designs, cell sources, dose and administration, and populations are summarized, and the paracrine mode of benefit is discussed. We also offer suggestions for optimizing MSC-based therapies, including genetic engineering, strategies for cell surface modification, nanotechnology applications, and combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdelgawad
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Saied Bakry
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Farghali
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky and the Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA. .,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0046, USA.
| | - Ahmed Lotfy
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Coagulation, Vascular Morphology, and Vasculogenesis in Spinal Ligament Ossification Model Mice. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:E802-E809. [PMID: 33337674 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN In vivo studies of the vascular system in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) model mice. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate blood coagulability, vascular morphology, and vasculogenesis capability, known as venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk factors in the ossification model, tiptoe walking (ttw) mice. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Patients with OPLL are more likely to develop VTE after spinal cord injury. Capillary mesh invasion of spinal ligaments precedes spinal ligament ossification in ttw mice. Investigation on vascular systems of ttw mice may contribute to clarifying its pathology. METHODS Coagulability of blood samples from ttw and C57BL/6 (WT) mice were evaluated at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age. Vascular morphology was assessed from a Hematoxylin-Eosin stained section by measuring vessel area. A tube formation assay was performed with endothelial cells isolated from the aorta to assess vasculogenesis. RESULTS Prothrombin time was significantly shorter in ttw mice than in WT at 8 and 16 weeks. Fibrinogen had a greater increase in ttw mice than in WT at 16 weeks. The vascular area and vascular wall area were significantly smaller in ttw mice than in WT at all timepoints. The ratio of vascular wall area to vascular area was significantly smaller in ttw mice than in WT at 24 weeks. The endothelial cells from ttw mice formed significantly higher numbers of total branching points than WT cells. CONCLUSION Ossification model mice had impaired blood coagulation and vascular morphology and high capacity for vasculogenesis. With regard to the pathogenesis of VTE, ttw mice harbor an environment that promotes the development of VTE.Level of Evidence: N/A.
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Papa S, Pizzetti F, Perale G, Veglianese P, Rossi F. Regenerative medicine for spinal cord injury: focus on stem cells and biomaterials. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1203-1213. [PMID: 32421405 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1770725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a dramatic medical pathology consequence of a trauma (primary injury). However, most of the post-traumatic degeneration of the tissue is caused by the so-called secondary injury, which is known to be a multifactorial process. This, indeed, includes a wide spectrum of events: blood-brain barrier dysfunction, local inflammation, neuronal death, demyelination and disconnection of nerve pathways. AREAS COVERED Cell therapy represents a promising cure to target diseases and disorders at the cellular level, by restoring cell population or using cells as carriers of therapeutic cargo. In particular, regenerative medicine with stem cells represents the most appealing category to be used, thanks to their peculiar features. EXPERT OPINION Many preclinical research studies demonstrated that cell treatment can improve animal sensory/motor functions and so demonstrated to be very promising for clinical trials. In particular, recent advances have led to the development of biomaterials aiming to promote in situ cell delivery. This review digs into this topic discussing the possibility of cell treatment to improve medical chances in SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Papa
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , Milan, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland (USI) , Lugano, Switzerland.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Milan, Italy
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Effect of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells on macrophage polarization and Th17/Treg balance in vitro. Regen Ther 2020; 14:275-283. [PMID: 32455158 PMCID: PMC7232039 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have always been the center of the experimental exploration of regenerative therapy together with other stem cells. Among with, peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PBMSCs) have been regarded as promising in clinical applications for its convenience of acquisition from peripheral blood. However, few reported experiments so far to elucidate the exact mechanisms of how PBMSC influence regeneration. As the ability of immunomodulatory is one of the crucial features that influence MSC to reconstruct impaired tissue, we decided to focus on the immunomodulatory abilities of PBMSCs and conducted experiments associated with macrophages and T lymphocytes, which are two main cell types that dominate the innate and acquired immunity. Therefore, a basis can be made from these experiments for applications of PBMSCs in regenerative therapy in the future. Methods A Transwell system was used for the coculturing of PBMSCs with macrophages. T lymphocytes were cultured directly with PBMSCs. Flow cytometry and immunochemistry were conducted for identifying the phenotypes. Immunomagnetic microspheres, ELISA and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expressions of relevant molecules or mRNAs. Results After coculturing PBMSCs with M0, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was increased whereas the proinflammatory TNF-α decreased; the expression of CD11b, CD68, CD206, Arg-1, IL-10 and CCL-22 was up-regulated whereas IL-1β down-regulated. The expression of TGF-β, RORγt, Foxp3 and IL-10 was increased in the cocultured lymphocytes whereas IL-17 and IL-6 decreased; the ratio of CD4+IL-17+ Th17/CD25+Foxp3+ Treg was reduced. Conclusion The findings demonstrated that PBMSCs promoted the anti-inflammatory features of macrophages and the Th17/Treg system. PBMSCs are able to inhibit inflammation associated with these two immune cell systems, and thus provide insight into how PBMSCs achieve their immunomodulatory ability. Anti-inflammatory effect of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Co-culture promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages. Co-culture alters the balance of Th17/Tregs.
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Jia K, Wang Y, Tong X, Wang R. KGF Is Delivered to Inflammatory and Induces the Epithelial Hyperplasia in Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:217-231. [PMID: 32021106 PMCID: PMC6970615 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s227651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction KGF-modified MSCs can promote the repair of spinal cord injury and pulmonary fibrosis injury in rats. However, the effect of KGF-modified MSCs on UC rats is unclear. We aimed to explore the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of KGF gene-modified MSCs on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced UC rats. Methods The lentivirus-mediated KGF gene was introduced into bone marrow MSCs of male rats. Female SD rats were induced to establish a UC model by TNBS. Untreated MSCs, MSCs carrying empty vectors (MSCs-vec) or MSCs carrying KGF gene (MSCs-KGF) were transplanted into UC rats by tail vein injection. Results Significantly high expression of KGF was observed in the intestinal tissues of the MSCs-KGF group. Compared with the challenged control group, the DAI score, CMDI score and TDI score of the MSCs group, MSCs-vec group and MSCs-KGF group were markedly lower. Treatment with MSCs obviously promoted the expression of claudin-1 and PCNA in intestinal tissues of UC rats. Simultaneously, compared with the challenged control group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the intestinal tissues of the MSCs groups were significantly decreased, while the levels of IL-10 were significantly increased. Most importantly, we found that MSCs-KGF significantly improved colonic morphology and tissue damage and inflammation in UC rats compared with MSCs and MSCs-vec. Further analysis showed that MSCs-KGF clearly promoted phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt and inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB in intestinal tissues of UC rats. Discussion MSCs, especially KGF-modified MSCs, can improve colonic tissue damage in UC rats by promoting intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and reducing colonic inflammatory response, which may be related to activation of PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibition of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Improved therapeutics of modified mesenchymal stem cells: an update. J Transl Med 2020; 18:42. [PMID: 32000804 PMCID: PMC6993499 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted intense interest due to their powerful intrinsic properties of self-regeneration, immunomodulation and multi-potency, as well as being readily available and easy to isolate and culture. Notwithstanding, MSC based therapy suffers reduced efficacy due to several challenges which include unfavorable microenvironmental factors in vitro and in vivo. Body In the quest to circumvent these challenges, several modification techniques have been applied to the naïve MSC to improve its inherent therapeutic properties. These modification approaches can be broadly divided into two groups to include genetic modification and preconditioning modification (using drugs, growth factors and other molecules). This field has witnessed great progress and continues to gather interest and novelty. We review these innovative approaches in not only maintaining, but also enhancing the inherent biological activities and therapeutics of MSCs with respect to migration, homing to target site, adhesion, survival and reduced premature senescence. We discuss the application of the improved modified MSC in some selected human diseases. Possible ways of yet better enhancing the therapeutic outcome and overcoming challenges of MSC modification in the future are also elaborated. Conclusion The importance of prosurvival and promigratory abilities of MSCs in their therapeutic applications can never be overemphasized. These abilities are maintained and even further enhanced via MSC modifications against the inhospitable microenvironment during culture and transplantation. This is a turning point in MSC-based therapy with promising preclinical studies and higher future prospect.
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17
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Hu X, Zhou X, Li Y, Jin Q, Tang W, Chen Q, Aili D, Qian H. Application of stem cells and chitosan in the repair of spinal cord injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 76:80-85. [PMID: 31302172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytology and histology obstacles have been the main barriers to multiple tissues injury repair. In search of the most promising treatment strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI), stem cell-based transplantation coupled with various materials/technologies have been explored extensively to enhance SCI repair. Chitosan (CS) has demonstrated immense potential for widespread application in the form of scaffolds and micro-particles for SCI repair. The current review summarizes the evidences for stem cell-based transplantation and CS in SCI repair. Stem cells transplantation, which plays a key role in the repair of SCI, mainly results from its neural differentiation potential and neurotrophic effects. Application of CS enhances the survival of grafted stem cells, upregulates the expression level of neurotrophic factors and heightens the neural differentiation of stem cells as well as the functional recovery of spinal cord. Meanwhile, CS can also be exploited as growth factors/RNA carriers to control the release of regenerating molecules which are beneficial to damage spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Hu
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Zhou
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jin
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Chen
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dilhumar Aili
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Qian
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Hu Y, Li X, Huang G, Wang J, Lu W. Fasudil may induce the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neuron‑like cells via the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3095-3104. [PMID: 30816472 PMCID: PMC6423592 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an excellent donor graft source due to their potential for self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation. However, it is difficult to obtain high quality MSCs and to induce them to differentiate into neuron-like cells. Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, exhibits therapeutic potential in spinal cord injuries and stroke. The present study investigated the effect of fasudil on the differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells. MSCs were obtained from rat femur marrow, expanded in culture medium, and used at the third passage for subsequent experiments. MSCs were pre-induced with 10 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for 24 h, which was followed by induction with fasudil. A control untreated group and a group treated with fasudil + XAV939, a Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, were also used in the present study. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were performed in order to detect neuron-specific markers, including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), nestin and neurofilament-M (NF-M). Following induction with fasudil, neuron-like cell morphology was observed. In the fasudil + XAV939 and control groups, no obvious changes in cell shape were observed. The results of RT-qPCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining indicated that expression of the neuron-specific markers NSE, nestin and NF-M was detected in the fasudil group. The differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells induced by fasudil was eliminated when the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was inhibited. The present study demonstrated that fasudil may induce MSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells, however further studies are required to determine the specific mechanisms involved in the effect of fasudil on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In addition, further research is required to examine the functional characteristics of the induced neuron-like cells, in order to establish their suitability for clinical treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Jizuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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19
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Stewart AN, Kendziorski G, Deak ZM, Bartosek NC, Rezmer BE, Jenrow K, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells that overexpress NT-3 produce motor improvements without axonal regeneration following complete spinal cord transections in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1699:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Wei W, Huang Y, Li D, Gou HF, Wang W. Improved therapeutic potential of MSCs by genetic modification. Gene Ther 2018; 25:538-547. [PMID: 30254305 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), well-studied adult stem cells in various tissues, possess multi-lineage differentiation potential and anti-inflammatory properties. MSCs have been approved to regenerate lineage-specific cells to replace injured cells in tissues. MSCs are approved to treat inflammatory diseases. With the discovery of genes important for the repair of damaged tissues, MSCs genetically modified by such genes hold improved therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarised the uses of genetically modified MSCs to treat different diseases, including bone diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, central nervous system disorders, and cancer. To better understand the exact role of genetically modified MSCs, key mechanisms determining, which genes are selected to be used for modifying MSCs and improvements in post-genetic modification are discussed. Therapeutic benefits enhanced by genetic modifications are to be documented by further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Feng Gou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Wu Q, Wang Q, Li Z, Li X, Zang J, Wang Z, Xu C, Gong Y, Cheng J, Li H, Shen G, Dong C. Human menstrual blood-derived stem cells promote functional recovery in a rat spinal cord hemisection model. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:882. [PMID: 30158539 PMCID: PMC6115341 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with a dismal prognosis including severe voluntary motor and sensory deficits in the presence of the current therapies, thus new and efficient treatment strategies are desperately required. Along with several advantages, such as easy accessibility, high-yield, potential of enormous proliferation, menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) have been proposed as a promising strategy in regeneration medicine. In this study, the MenSCs were transplanted into incomplete thoracic (T10) spinal cord injury (SCI) rats, all rats were sacrificed at 7, 14, and 28 days after surgery. Based on the results, we found that MenSCs transplantation improved the hind limb motor function. Besides, H&E staining showed that MenSCs treatment markedly reduced cavity formation in the lesion site. Furthermore, treatment by MenSCs showed more MAP2-positive mature neurons, as well as axonal regeneration manifested by NF-200 and less expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) than the non-treatment in the lesion site. Additionally, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and qRT-PCR methods showed that levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly higher in the injured spinal cord after implantation of MenSCs. Results of qRT-PCR indicated that inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-1β were inhibited after MenSCs transplantation. The improved motor function of hind limb and the increased cell body area of motor neurons were suppressed by blocking of the BDNF-TrkB signaling. It was eventually revealed that MenSCs implantation had beneficial therapeutic effects on the rehabilitation of the rat spinal cord hemisection model, mainly by enhancing the expression of BDNF. MenSCs transplantation may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with SCI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Suzhou Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, 215153, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Zhangjie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, 215600, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangzhe Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Suzhou Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, 215153, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Zang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yujia Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Haoming Li
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Guangyu Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuanming Dong
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
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22
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Sun X, Zhu Y, Yin HY, Guo ZY, Xu F, Xiao B, Jiang WL, Guo WM, Meng HY, Lu SB, Wang Y, Peng J. Differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into Schwann cell-like cells through intermittent induction: potential advantage of cellular transient memory function. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:133. [PMID: 29751848 PMCID: PMC5948899 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a worldwide issue associated with severe social and economic burden. Autologous nerve grafting, the gold standard treatment for peripheral nerve defects, still has a number of technical limitations. Tissue engineering technology is a novel therapeutic strategy, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising seed cells for nerve tissue engineering. However, the efficiency of traditional methods for inducing the differentiation of MSCs to Schwann cell-like cells (SCLCs) remains unsatisfactory. Methods Here, we propose an intermittent induction method with alternate use of complete and incomplete induction medium to induce differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to SCLCs. The time dependence of traditional induction methods and the efficiency of the intermittent induction method and traditional induction methods were evaluated and compared using immunocytochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and co-culture with the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in vitro. Cell transplantation was used to compare the effects of the traditional induction method and the intermittent induction method in repairing sciatic nerve defects in vivo. Results The results of the present study indicated that the intermittent induction method is more efficient than traditional methods for inducing ASCs to differentiate into SCLCs. In addition, SCLCs induced by this method were closer to mature myelinating Schwann cells and were capable of secreting neurotrophins and promoting DRG axon regeneration in vitro. Furthermore, SCLCs induced by the intermittent induction method could repair sciatic nerve defects in rats by cell transplantation in vivo more effectively than those produced by traditional methods. Conclusion Intermittent induction represents a novel strategy for obtaining seed cells for use in nerve tissue engineering. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0884-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, No.94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, No.21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - He-Yong Yin
- Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Nussbaumstr. 20, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhi-Yuan Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ye Meng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bi Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226007, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Stewart AN, Matyas JJ, Welchko RM, Goldsmith AD, Zeiler SE, Hochgeschwender U, Lu M, Nan Z, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. SDF-1 overexpression by mesenchymal stem cells enhances GAP-43-positive axonal growth following spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:395-411. [PMID: 28598857 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Utilizing genetic overexpression of trophic molecules in cell populations has been a promising strategy to develop cell replacement therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI). Over-expressing the chemokine, stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1α), which has chemotactic effects on many cells of the nervous system, offers a promising strategy to promote axonal regrowth following SCI. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of human SDF-1α, when overexpressed by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on axonal growth and motor behavior in a contusive rat model of SCI. METHODS Using a transwell migration assay, the paracrine effects of MSCs, which were engineered to secrete human SDF-1α (SDF-1-MSCs), were assessed on cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). For in vivo analyses, the SDF-1-MSCs, unaltered MSCs, or Hanks Buffered Saline Solution (vehicle) were injected into the lesion epicenter of rats at 9-days post-SCI. Behavior was analyzed for 7-weeks post-injury, using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale of locomotor functions. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate major histopathological outcomes, including gliosis, inflammation, white matter sparing, and cavitation. New axonal outgrowth was characterized using immunohistochemistry against the neuron specific growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43). RESULTS The results of these experiments demonstrate that the overexpression of SDF-1α by MSCs can enhance the migration of NSCs in vitro. Although only modest functional improvements were observed following transplantation of SDF-1-MSCs, a significant reduction in cavitation surrounding the lesion, and an increased density of GAP-43-positive axons inside the SCI lesion/graft site were found. CONCLUSION The results from these experiments support the potential role for utilizing SDF-1α as a treatment for enhancing growth and regeneration of axons after traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nathaniel Stewart
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Jane Matyas
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Matthew Welchko
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Alison Delanie Goldsmith
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Zeiler
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Ming Lu
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Zhenhong Nan
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Gary Leo Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Field Neurosciences Inst., 4677 Towne Centre Rd. Suite 101 Saginaw, MI, USA
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Van Pham P, Nguyen HT, Vu NB. Evolution of Stem Cell Products in Medicine: Future of Off-the-Shelf Products. STEM CELL DRUGS - A NEW GENERATION OF BIOPHARMACEUTICALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99328-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic experiments in a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). OBJECTIVE To assess the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from muscle and adipose tissue in Tiptoe-walking (ttw) mice, in which cervical OPLL compresses the spinal cord and causes motor and sensory dysfunction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In humans, MSCs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cervical OPLL. Cervical OPLL in ttw mice causes chronic compression of the spinal cord. Few studies have compared the MSC osteogenic potential with behavioral changes in an OPLL animal model. METHODS We compared the osteogenic potential and behavioral characteristics of MSCs from ttw mice (4 to 20 weeks old) with those from control wild-type mice (without hyperostosis). Ligament ossification was monitored by micro-computed tomography and pathology; tissues were double stained with fluorescent antibodies against markers for MSCs (CD45 and CD105), at 8 weeks. The Basso Mouse Scale was used to assess motor function, and heat and mechanical tests to assess sensory function. The osteogenic potential of adipose and muscle MSCs was assessed by Alizarin Red S absorbance, staining for osteogenic mineralization, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for osteogenesis-related genes. RESULTS Spinal-ligament ossification began in ttw mice at 8 weeks of age, and the ossified area increased with age. Immunofluorescence staining identified MSCs in the ossification area. The ttw mice became hyposensitive at 8 weeks of age, and Basso Mouse Scale scores showed motor-function deficits starting at 12 weeks of age. Alizarin Red S staining for mineralization showed a higher osteogenic potential in the adipose- and muscle-derived MSCs from ttw mice than from wild-type mice at 4, 8, and 20 weeks of age. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that ttw MSCs strongly expressed osteogenesis-related genes. CONCLUSION MSCs derived from muscle and adipose tissue in ttw mice had a high osteogenic potential. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Co-transplantation of mesenchymal and neural stem cells and overexpressing stromal-derived factor-1 for treating spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2017; 1672:91-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang X, Ju S, Chen S, Gao W, Ding J, Wang G, Cao H, Tian H, Li X. Effect of Electro-Acupuncture on Neuroplasticity of Spinal Cord-Transected Rats. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4241-4251. [PMID: 28865235 PMCID: PMC5592974 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on neuroplasticity associated with the expressions of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) and their receptors in rats subjected to spinal cord transection (SCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 144 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=48 per group): sham-operated group, SCT group, and EA (electro-acupuncture) group. Rats in SCT and EA groups received spinal cord transection at T10-T11 vertebral levels. Then, EA group rats received EA treatment. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect NTFs and receptors at the mRNA level. In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression of NTFs and their receptors. Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores and cortical somato-sensory evoked potentials (CSEP) were evaluated to assess the recovery of motor and sensory functions. We also measured BDA (Biotinylated dextran amine) axonal tracing, CGRP (Calcitonin gene-related peptide), GAP-43 (Growth-associated protein), and synaptophysin immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS EA treatment led to obvious improvement in hindlimb locomotor and sensory functions. CNTF, FGF-2, and TrkB mRNA were significantly upregulated, while NGF, PDGF, TGF-b1, IGF-1, TrkA, and TrkC mRNA were concomitantly downregulated in the caudal spinal segment (CSS) following EA. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated an increased number of CGRP fibers, GAP-43, and synaptophysin profiles in the CSS in the EA rats. CONCLUSIONS EA may promote the recovery of neuroplasticity in rats subjected to SCT. This could be attributed to the systematic regulation of NTFs and their receptors after EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Shiming Ju
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Wenwei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Gan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Heli Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hengli Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Neurology, ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Chen X, Xue B, Li Y, Song C, Jia P, Ren X, Zang W, Wang J. Meta-analysis of stem cell transplantation for reflex hypersensitivity after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2017; 363:66-75. [PMID: 28663095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been used in novel therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI), but the effect of stem cell transplantation on neuropathic pain after SCI is unclear. The current meta-analysis evaluates the effects of stem cell transplantation on neuropathic pain after SCI. We first conducted online searches of PubMed, Web of Science, China Academic Journals Full-text Database, and Wanfang Data for randomized controlled trials that compared stem cell transplantation and vehicle treatments in rodent models of neuropathic pain after SCI. Quality assessment was performed using Cochrane Reviewer's Handbook 5.1.0, and meta-analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.3. Then, we developed a rat model of SCI and transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to verify meta-analysis results. Twelve randomized, controlled trials (n=354 total animals) were included in our meta-analysis and divided by subgroups, including species, timing of behavioral measurements, and transplantation time after SCI. Subgroup analysis of these 12 studies indicated that stem cell-treated animals had a higher mechanical reflex threshold than vehicle groups, with a significant difference in both rats and mice. The thermal withdrawal latency showed the same results in mouse subgroups, but not in rat subgroups. In addition, mesenchymal stem cell transplantation was an effective treatment for mechanical, but not thermal reflex hypersensitivity relief in rats. Transplantation showed a positive effect when carried out at 3 or 7days post-SCI. Stem cell transplantation alleviates mechanical reflex hypersensitivity in rats and mice and thermal reflex hypersensitivity in mice after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Bohan Xue
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China
| | - Chunhua Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China
| | - Peijun Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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29
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Huang Y, Ding L, Shao Y, Chen Z, Shen B, Ma Y, Zhu L, Wei Z. Integrin-Linked Kinase Improves Functional Recovery of Diabetic Cystopathy and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Survival and Engraftment in Rats. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:312-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents one of the most complicated and heterogeneous pathological processes of central nervous system (CNS) impairments, which is still beyond functional regeneration. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to promote the repair of the injured spinal cord tissues in animal models, and therefore, there is much interest in the clinical use of these cells. However, many questions which are essential to improve the therapy effects remain unanswered. For instance, the functional roles and related molecular regulatory mechanisms of MSCs in vivo are not yet completely determined. It is important for transplanted cells to migrate into the injured tissue, to survive and undergo neural differentiation, or to play neural protection roles by various mechanisms after SCI. In this review, we will focus on some of the recent knowledge about the biological behavior and function of MSCs in SCI. Meanwhile, we highlight the function of biomaterials to direct the behavior of MSCs based on our series of work on silk fibroin biomaterials and attempt to emphasize combinational strategies such as tissue engineering for functional improvement of SCI.
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31
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Seo DK, Kim JH, Min J, Yoon HH, Shin ES, Kim SW, Jeon SR. Enhanced axonal regeneration by transplanted Wnt3a-secreting human mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:947-957. [PMID: 28160063 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While pure mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) is known to be safe, its efficacy is insufficient. Therefore, gene-modified stem cells are being developed to enhance the effect of pure MSCs. We investigated the effect of stem cell therapy through the transfection of a Wnt3a-producing gene that stimulates axonal regeneration. METHOD MSCs obtained from the human umbilical cord blood (hMSCs) were multiplied, cultivated, and transfected with the pLenti-Wnt3a-GFP viral vector to produce Wnt3a-secreting hMSCs. A total of 50 rats were injured with an Infinite Horizon impactor at the level of the T7-8 vertebrae. Rats were divided into five groups according to the transplanted material: (1) phosphate-buffered saline injection group (sham group, n = 10); (Pertz et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:1931-1936, 39) Wnt3a protein injection group (Wnt3a protein group, n = 10); (3) hMSC transplantation group (MSC group, n = 10); (4) hMSCs transfected with the pLenti vector transplantation group (pLenti-MSC group, n = 10); (5) hMSCs transfected with the pLenti+Wnt3a vector transplantation group (Wnt3a-MSC group, n = 10). Behavioral tests were performed daily for the first 3 days after injury and then weekly for 8 weeks. The injured spinal cords were extracted, and axonal regeneration markers including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) were investigated by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and western blotting. RESULTS Seven weeks after the transplantation (8 weeks after SCI), rats in the Wnt3a-MSC group achieved significantly higher average scores in the motor behavior tests than those in the other groups (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescent stains showed greater immunoreactivity of ChAT, GAP43, and MAP2 in the Wnt3a-MSC group than in the other groups. RT-PCR and western blots revealed greater expression of these proteins in the Wnt3a-MSC group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Wnt3a-secreting hMSC transplantation considerably improved neurological recovery and axonal regeneration in a rat SCI model.
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Hasan A, Deeb G, Rahal R, Atwi K, Mondello S, Marei HE, Gali A, Sleiman E. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28265255 PMCID: PMC5316525 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma, which can potentially cause severe physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment. The primary insult to the brain initiates secondary injury cascades consisting of multiple complex biochemical responses of the brain that significantly influence the overall severity of the brain damage and clinical sequelae. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers huge potential for application in the treatment of TBI. MSCs have immunosuppressive properties that reduce inflammation in injured tissue. As such, they could be used to modulate the secondary mechanisms of injury and halt the progression of the secondary insult in the brain after injury. Particularly, MSCs are capable of secreting growth factors that facilitate the regrowth of neurons in the brain. The relative abundance of harvest sources of MSCs also makes them particularly appealing. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the effects of infusion of MSCs into animal models of TBI. The results have shown significant improvement in the motor function of the damaged brain tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI. The review starts with a brief introduction of the pathophysiology of TBI, followed by the biology of MSCs, and the application of MSCs in TBI treatment. The challenges associated with the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI and strategies to address those challenges in the future have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - George Deeb
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Rahaf Rahal
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Khairallah Atwi
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | | | - Amr Gali
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Eliana Sleiman
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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Islamov RR, Rizvanov AA, Fedotova VY, Izmailov AA, Safiullov ZZ, Garanina EE, Salafutdinov II, Sokolov ME, Mukhamedyarov MA, Palotás A. Tandem Delivery of Multiple Therapeutic Genes Using Umbilical Cord Blood Cells Improves Symptomatic Outcomes in ALS. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4756-4763. [PMID: 27495938 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment options of chronic, progressive degenerative neuropsychiatric conditions offer only marginal efficacy, and there is no therapy which arrests or even reverses these diseases. Interest in genetic engineering and cell-based approaches have constantly been increasing, although most of them so far proved to be fruitless or at best provided very slight clinical benefit. In the light of the highly complex patho-mechanisms of these maladies, the failure of drugs aimed at targeting single molecules is not surprising. In order to improve their effectiveness, the role of a unique triple-combination gene therapy was investigated in this study. Intravenous injection of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell (hUCBMC) cotransduced with adenoviral vectors expressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) resulted in prominent increase of life span and performance in behavioral tests in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Expression of the recombinant genes in hUCBMCs was confirmed as soon as 5 days after transduction by RT-PCR, and cells were detectable for as long as 1 month after grafting in lumbar spinal cord by immunofluorescent staining. Xenotransplantation of cells into mice blood without any immunosuppression demonstrated a high level of hUCBMCs homing and survivability in the central nervous system (CNS), most conspicuously in the spinal cord, but not in the spleen or liver. This study confirms an increased addressed homing and notable survivability of triple-transfected cells in lumbar spinal cord, yielding a remarkably enhanced therapeutic potential of hUCBMCs overexpressing neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Robertovich Islamov
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia. .,Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, ul. Butlerova 49, R-420012, Kazan, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - András Palotás
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia. .,Asklepios-Med (private medical practice and research center), Kossuth Lajos sgt. 23, Szeged, H-6722, Hungary.
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Muheremu A, Peng J, Ao Q. Stem cell based therapies for spinal cord injury. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:328-33. [PMID: 27318871 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of spinal cord injury has always been a challenge for clinical practitioners and scientists. The development in stem cell based therapies has brought new hopes to patients with spinal cord injuries. In the last a few decades, a variety of stem cells have been used to treat spinal cord injury in animal experiments and some clinical trials. However, there are many technical and ethical challenges to overcome before this novel therapeutic method can be widely applied in clinical practice. With further research in pluripotent stem cells and combined application of genetic and tissue engineering techniques, stem cell based therapies are bond to play increasingly important role in the management of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikeremujiang Muheremu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 118, Henan West Street, Xinshi District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, No. 28 Fuxing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 112011, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, No. 28 Fuxing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 112011, P.R. China.
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Doulames VM, Plant GW. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapies for Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:530. [PMID: 27070598 PMCID: PMC4848986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical-level injuries account for the majority of presented spinal cord injuries (SCIs) to date. Despite the increase in survival rates due to emergency medicine improvements, overall quality of life remains poor, with patients facing variable deficits in respiratory and motor function. Therapies aiming to ameliorate symptoms and restore function, even partially, are urgently needed. Current therapeutic avenues in SCI seek to increase regenerative capacities through trophic and immunomodulatory factors, provide scaffolding to bridge the lesion site and promote regeneration of native axons, and to replace SCI-lost neurons and glia via intraspinal transplantation. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a clinically viable means to accomplish this; they have no major ethical barriers, sources can be patient-matched and collected using non-invasive methods. In addition, the patient’s own cells can be used to establish a starter population capable of producing multiple cell types. To date, there is only a limited pool of research examining iPSC-derived transplants in SCI—even less research that is specific to cervical injury. The purpose of the review herein is to explore both preclinical and clinical recent advances in iPSC therapies with a detailed focus on cervical spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Doulames
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, California, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Giles W Plant
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, California, CA 94305, USA.
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White SV, Czisch CE, Han MH, Plant CD, Harvey AR, Plant GW. Intravenous Transplantation of Mesenchymal Progenitors Distribute Solely to the Lungs and Improve Outcomes in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1812-25. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Voon White
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California USA
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Chris E. Czisch
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California USA
| | - May H. Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Christine D. Plant
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California USA
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; The University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California USA
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Watanabe S, Uchida K, Nakajima H, Matsuo H, Sugita D, Yoshida A, Honjoh K, Johnson WEB, Baba H. Early transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells after spinal cord injury relieves pain hypersensitivity through suppression of pain-related signaling cascades and reduced inflammatory cell recruitment. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1902-14. [PMID: 25809552 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) modulate inflammatory/immune responses and promote motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the effects of BMSC transplantation on central neuropathic pain and neuronal hyperexcitability after SCI remain elusive. This is of importance because BMSC-based therapies have been proposed for clinical treatment. We investigated the effects of BMSC transplantation on pain hypersensitivity in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive bone marrow-chimeric mice subjected to a contusion SCI, and the mechanisms of such effects. BMSC transplantation at day 3 post-SCI improved motor function and relieved SCI-induced hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulation. The pain improvements were mediated by suppression of protein kinase C-γ and phosphocyclic AMP response element binding protein expression in dorsal horn neurons. BMSC transplants significantly reduced levels of p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) in both hematogenous macrophages and resident microglia and significantly reduced the infiltration of CD11b and GFP double-positive hematogenous macrophages without decreasing the CD11b-positive and GFP-negative activated spinal-microglia population. BMSC transplants prevented hematogenous macrophages recruitment by restoration of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), which was associated with decreased levels of (a) inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6); (b) mediators of early secondary vascular pathogenesis (matrix metallopeptidase 9); (c) macrophage recruiting factors (CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10), but increased levels of a microglial stimulating factor (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). These findings support the use of BMSC transplants for SCI treatment. Furthermore, they suggest that BMSC reduce neuropathic pain through a variety of related mechanisms that include neuronal sparing and restoration of the disturbed BSCB, mediated through modulation of the activity of spinal-resident microglia and the activity and recruitment of hematogenous macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kenzo Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsuo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugita
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ai Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazuya Honjoh
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - William E B Johnson
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hisatoshi Baba
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
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Yousefifard M, Nasirinezhad F, Shardi Manaheji H, Janzadeh A, Hosseini M, Keshavarz M. Human bone marrow-derived and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for alleviating neuropathic pain in a spinal cord injury model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:36. [PMID: 26957122 PMCID: PMC4784350 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapy can be used for alleviating the neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injuries (SCIs). However, survival and differentiation of stem cells following their transplantation vary depending on the host and intrinsic factors of the cell. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSC) and umbilical cord (UC-MSC) on neuropathic pain relief. METHODS A compression model was used to induce SCI in a rat model. A week after SCI, about 1 million cells were transplanted into the spinal cord. Behavioral tests, including motor function recovery, mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal hyperalgesia, were carried out every week for 8 weeks after SCI induction. A single unit recording and histological evaluation were then performed. RESULTS We show that BM-MSC and UC-MSC transplantations led to improving functional recovery, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. No difference was seen between the two cell groups regarding motor recovery and alleviating the allodynia and hyperalgesia. These cells survived in the tissue at least 8 weeks and prevented cavity formation due to SCI. However, survival rate of UC-MSC was significantly higher than BM-MSC. Electrophysiological evaluations showed that transplantation of UC-MSC brings about better results than BM-MSCs in wind up of wide dynamic range neurons. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show that BM-MSC and UC-MSC transplantations alleviated the symptoms of neuropathic pain and resulted in subsequent motor recovery after SCI. However, survival rate and electrophysiological findings of UC-MSC were significantly better than BM-MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homa Shardi Manaheji
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansoor Keshavarz
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yin PT, Han E, Lee KB. Engineering Stem Cells for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:10-55. [PMID: 25772134 PMCID: PMC5810416 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by a number of useful properties, including their ability to migrate, differentiate, and secrete a variety of therapeutic molecules such as immunomodulatory factors. As such, numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies have utilized stem cell-based therapies and demonstrated their tremendous potential for the treatment of various human diseases and disorders. Recently, efforts have focused on engineering stem cells in order to further enhance their innate abilities as well as to confer them with new functionalities, which can then be used in various biomedical applications. These engineered stem cells can take on a number of forms. For instance, engineered stem cells encompass the genetic modification of stem cells as well as the use of stem cells for gene delivery, nanoparticle loading and delivery, and even small molecule drug delivery. The present Review gives an in-depth account of the current status of engineered stem cells, including potential cell sources, the most common methods used to engineer stem cells, and the utilization of engineered stem cells in various biomedical applications, with a particular focus on tissue regeneration, the treatment of immunodeficiency diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry T Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Edward Han
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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40
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Laroni A, Rosbo NKD, Uccelli A. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of neurological diseases: Immunoregulation beyond neuroprotection. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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Effect of 830-nm laser phototherapy on olfactory neuronal ensheathing cells grown in vitro on novel bioscaffolds. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13:e234-40. [PMID: 26045220 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) proliferation and growth on Biosilicate and collagen bioscaffolds, and to determine whether the application of laser phototherapy would result in increased OEC proliferation on the scaffolds. The use of bioscaffolds is considered a promising strategy in a number of clinical applications where tissue healing is suboptimal. As in vitro OEC growth is a slow process, laser phototherapy could be useful to stimulate proliferation on bioscaffolds. METHODS OEC cells were seeded on the Biosilicate and collagen scaffolds. Seeded scaffolds were irradiated with a single exposure of 830-nm laser. Nonirradiated seeded scaffolds acted as negative controls. Cell proliferation was assessed 7 days after irradiation. RESULTS OECs were successfully grown on discs composed of a glass-ceramic and collagen composite. Laser irradiation produced a 32.7% decrease and a 13.2% increase in OEC proliferation on glass-ceramic discs and on collagen scaffolds, respectively, compared with controls. Laser phototherapy resulted in a reduction in cell growth on the Biosilicate scaffolds and an increase in cell proliferation on collagen scaffolds. CONCLUSIONS These results were probably due to the nature of the materials. Future research combining laser phototherapy and glass-ceramic scaffolds should take into account possible interactions of the laser with matrix compounds.
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Nowakowski A, Walczak P, Janowski M, Lukomska B. Genetic Engineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2219-42. [PMID: 26140302 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can be obtained from various organs and easily propagated in vitro, are one of the most extensively used types of stem cells and have been shown to be efficacious in a broad set of diseases. The unique and highly desirable properties of MSCs include high migratory capacities toward injured areas, immunomodulatory features, and the natural ability to differentiate into connective tissue phenotypes. These phenotypes include bone and cartilage, and these properties predispose MSCs to be therapeutically useful. In addition, MSCs elicit their therapeutic effects by paracrine actions, in which the metabolism of target tissues is modulated. Genetic engineering methods can greatly amplify these properties and broaden the therapeutic capabilities of MSCs, including transdifferentiation toward diverse cell lineages. However, cell engineering can also affect safety and increase the cost of therapy based on MSCs; thus, the advantages and disadvantages of these procedures should be discussed. In this review, the latest applications of genetic engineering methods for MSCs with regenerative medicine purposes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nowakowski
- 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- 2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland .,2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
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Sabapathy V, Tharion G, Kumar S. Cell Therapy Augments Functional Recovery Subsequent to Spinal Cord Injury under Experimental Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:132172. [PMID: 26240569 PMCID: PMC4512598 DOI: 10.1155/2015/132172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury leads to enervation of normal tissue homeostasis ultimately leading to paralysis. Until now there is no proper cure for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Recently, cell therapy in animal spinal cord injury models has shown some progress of recovery. At present, clinical trials are under progress to evaluate the efficacy of cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Different types of cells such as pluripotent stem cells derived neural cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, neural stem cells, glial cells are being tested in various spinal cord injury models. In this review we highlight both the advances and lacuna in the field of spinal cord injury by discussing epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular mechanism, and various cell therapy strategies employed in preclinical and clinical injury models and finally we discuss the limitations and ethical issues involved in cell therapy approach for treating spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sabapathy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
| | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
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44
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Hosseini M, Yousefifard M, Aziznejad H, Nasirinezhad F. The Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on Allodynia and Hyperalgesia in Neuropathic Animals: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:1537-44. [PMID: 25985918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has been considered a possible therapeutic method for neuropathic pain. However, no quantitative data synthesis of stem cell therapy for neuropathic pain exists. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) transplantation on alleviating pain symptoms in animal models of neuropathic pain. In the present meta-analysis, controlled animal studies assessing the effect of administrating BMMSC on neuropathic pain were included through an extensive literature search of online databases. After collecting data, effect sizes were computed and the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was entered in all analyses. Random-effects models were used for data analysis. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate expected or measured heterogeneity. Finally, 14 study were included. The analyses showed that BMMSC transplantation lead to significant improvement on allodynia (SMD = 2.06; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.03; I(2) = 99.7%; P < .001). The type of neuropathy (P = .036), time between injury and intervention (P = .02), and the number of transplanted cells (P = .023) influence the improvement of allodynia after BMMSC transplantation. BMMSC transplantation has no effect on hyperalgesia (SMD = .3; 95% CI, -1.09 to 1.68; I(2) = 100%; P < .001) unless it occurs during the first 4 days after injury (P = .02). The present systematic review with meta-analysis suggests that BMMSC transplantation improves allodynia but does not have any significant effect on hyperalgesia unless it is given during the first 4 days after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Aziznejad
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dietrich WD. Protection and Repair After Spinal Cord Injury: Accomplishments and Future Directions. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2015; 21:174-87. [PMID: 26364287 DOI: 10.1310/sci2102-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It was an honor for me to present the 2014 G. Heiner Sell Memorial Lecture at the annual American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) meeting in San Antonio. For this purpose, I provided a comprehensive review of the scope of research targeting discovery and translational and clinical investigations into spinal cord injury (SCI) research. Indeed, these are exciting times in the area of spinal cord research and clinical initiatives. Many laboratories and clinical programs throughout the world are publishing data related to the pathophysiology of SCI and new strategies for protecting and promoting recovery in both animal models and humans. For this lecture, several topics were discussed including neuroprotective and reparative strategies, neurorehabilitation, quality of life issues, and future directions. In the area of neuroprotection, pathophysiological events that may be targeted with therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological and targeted temperature management were reviewed. For reparative approaches, the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of axonal regeneration was highlighted. Various cell therapies currently being tested in preclinical and clinical arenas were reviewed as well as ongoing US Food and Drug Administration approved trials for SCI patients. Neurorehabilitation is an evolving research field with locomotive training strategies, electrical stimulation, and brain-machine interface programs targeting various types of SCI. The importance of testing combination approaches including neuroprotective, reparative, and rehabilitative strategies to maximize recovery mechanisms was therefore emphasized. Finally, quality of life issues that affect thousands of individuals living with paralysis were also presented. Future directions and specific obstacles that require attention as we continue to move the SCI field forward were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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46
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All AH, Gharibani P, Gupta S, Bazley FA, Pashai N, Chou BK, Shah S, Resar LM, Cheng L, Gearhart JD, Kerr CL. Early intervention for spinal cord injury with human induced pluripotent stem cells oligodendrocyte progenitors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116933. [PMID: 25635918 PMCID: PMC4311989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are at the forefront of research in regenerative medicine and are envisaged as a source for personalized tissue repair and cell replacement therapy. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) can be derived from iPS cells generated using either an episomal, non-integrating plasmid approach or standard integrating retroviruses that survive and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes after early transplantation into the injured spinal cord. The efficiency of OP differentiation in all 3 lines tested ranged from 40% to 60% of total cells, comparable to those derived from human embryonic stem cells. iPS cell lines derived using episomal vectors or retroviruses generated a similar number of early neural progenitors and glial progenitors while the episomal plasmid-derived iPS line generated more OPs expressing late markers O1 and RIP. Moreover, we discovered that iPS-derived OPs (iPS-OPs) engrafted 24 hours following a moderate contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats survived for approximately two months and that more than 70% of the transplanted cells differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes that expressed myelin associated proteins. Transplanted OPs resulted in a significant increase in the number of myelinated axons in animals that received a transplantation 24 h after injury. In addition, nearly a 5-fold reduction in cavity size and reduced glial scarring was seen in iPS-treated groups compared to the control group, which was injected with heat-killed iPS-OPs. Although further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms involved, these results provide evidence that patient-specific, iPS-derived OPs can survive for three months and improve behavioral assessment (BBB) after acute transplantation into SCI. This is significant as determining the time in which stem cells are injected after SCI may influence their survival and differentiation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo H. All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, Division of Neurology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Faith A. Bazley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nikta Pashai
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bin-Kuan Chou
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Shah
- Division of Hematology in Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Resar
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Hematology in Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Hematology in Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John D. Gearhart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology in the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Animal Biology in the School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Candace L. Kerr
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Unversity of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou SB, Chiang CA, Liu K, Li QF. Intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could effectively promote vascularization and skin regeneration in mechanically stretched skin. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:1278-85. [PMID: 25041452 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin expansion is a procedure that stimulates and promotes skin regeneration by applying continuous mechanical stretching. However, the outcome of treatment is limited by the skin's instinctive regeneration capacity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on expanded skin regeneration. METHODS MSCs from luciferase-Tg Lewis rats were transplanted into a rat tissue expansion model and tracked in vivo by luminescence imaging. At the end of 21 days of skin expansion, the expanded skin was harvested and skin regeneration was evaluated by inflation volume, skin area and thickness. Counting of capillaries and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) expression analysis were conducted to assess the impact of MSCs on expanded skin vascularization. RESULTS Samples of the skin expansion model from the MSC group were observed to have a significantly higher inflation volume and greater expanded skin area than those from the control group at the end of 21 days' follow-up. In vivo tracing results showed that MSCs were recruited by mechanical stretch and migrated to expanded skin. Migrated MSCs promoted skin vascularization by secreting VEGF and differentiating into CD31+ endothelial cells. Skin sections from the MSC group had a significant advantage in thickness and proliferating cell count, indicating that MSCs effectively enhanced expanded skin regeneration. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous transplantation of MSCs could effectively promote expanded skin regeneration. Transplanted MSCs could be recruited by mechanical stretch and subsequent migration to expanded skin. Engrafted MSCs could contribute to vascularization and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - C A Chiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - K Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Q F Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
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Abstract
Three theories of regeneration dominate neuroscience today, all purporting to explain why the adult central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate. One theory proposes that Nogo, a molecule expressed by myelin, prevents axonal growth. The second theory emphasizes the role of glial scars. The third theory proposes that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) prevent axon growth. Blockade of Nogo, CSPG, and their receptors indeed can stop axon growth in vitro and improve functional recovery in animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models. These therapies also increase sprouting of surviving axons and plasticity. However, many investigators have reported regenerating spinal tracts without eliminating Nogo, glial scar, or CSPG. For example, many motor and sensory axons grow spontaneously in contused spinal cords, crossing gliotic tissue and white matter surrounding the injury site. Sensory axons grow long distances in injured dorsal columns after peripheral nerve lesions. Cell transplants and treatments that increase cAMP and neurotrophins stimulate motor and sensory axons to cross glial scars and to grow long distances in white matter. Genetic studies deleting all members of the Nogo family and even the Nogo receptor do not always improve regeneration in mice. A recent study reported that suppressing the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene promotes prolific corticospinal tract regeneration. These findings cannot be explained by the current theories proposing that Nogo and glial scars prevent regeneration. Spinal axons clearly can and will grow through glial scars and Nogo-expressing tissue under some circumstances. The observation that deleting PTEN allows corticospinal tract regeneration indicates that the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates axonal growth. Finally, many other factors stimulate spinal axonal growth, including conditioning lesions, cAMP, glycogen synthetase kinase inhibition, and neurotrophins. To explain these disparate regenerative phenomena, I propose that the spinal cord has evolved regenerative mechanisms that are normally suppressed by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors but can be activated by injury, mediated by the PTEN/AKT/mTOR, cAMP, and GSK3b pathways, to stimulate neural growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Blaya MO, Tsoulfas P, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Neural progenitor cell transplantation promotes neuroprotection, enhances hippocampal neurogenesis, and improves cognitive outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 264:67-81. [PMID: 25483396 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) may be a potential treatment strategy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to their intrinsic advantages, including the secretion of neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are critical for neuronal survival and repair, but their clinical use is limited. In this study, we hypothesized that pericontusional transplantation of NPCs genetically modified to secrete a synthetic, human multineurotrophin (MNTS1) would overcome some of the limitations of traditional neurotrophin therapy. MNTS1 is a multifunctional neurotrophin that binds all three tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptors, recapitulating the prosurvival activity of 3 endogenous mature neurotrophins. NPCs obtained from rat fetuses at E15 were transduced with lentiviral vectors containing MNTS1 and GFP constructs (MNTS1-NPCs) or fluorescent constructs alone (control GFP-NPCs). Adult rats received fluid percussion-induced TBI or sham surgery. Animals were transplanted 1week later with control GFP-NPCs, MNTS1-NPCs, or injected with saline (vehicle). At five weeks, animals were evaluated for hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. Six weeks post-surgery, we observed significant survival and neuronal differentiation of MNTS1-NPCs and injury-activated tropism toward contused regions. NPCs displayed processes that extended into several remote structures, including the hippocampus and contralateral cortex. Both GFP- and MNTS1-NPCs conferred significant preservation of pericontusional host tissues and enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis. NPC transplantation improved spatial memory capacity on the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Transplant recipients exhibited escape latencies approximately half that of injured vehicle controls. While we observed greater transplant survival and neuronal differentiation of MNTS1-NPCs, our collective findings suggest that MNTS1 may be superfluous in terms of preserving the cytoarchitecture and rescuing behavioral deficits given the lack of significant difference between MNTS1- and GFP-control transplanted groups. Nevertheless, our overall findings support the potential of syngeneic NPC transplantation to enhance endogenous neuroreparative responses and may therefore be an effective treatment for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O Blaya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Electro-Acupuncture Promotes the Survival and Differentiation of Transplanted Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Pre-Induced with Neurotrophin-3 and Retinoic Acid in Gelatin Sponge Scaffold after Rat Spinal Cord Transection. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:612-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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