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Thangaraj SS, Oxlund CS, Andersen H, Svenningsen P, Stubbe J, Palarasah Y, Fonseca MPD, Ketelhuth DFJ, Enggaard C, Hansen MH, Henriksen JE, Jacobsen IA, Jensen BL. Amiloride lowers plasma TNF and interleukin-6 but not interleukin-17A in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F37-F48. [PMID: 38779752 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00268.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A contributes to hypertension in preclinical models. T helper 17 and dendritic cells are activated by NaCl, which could involve the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). We hypothesized that the ENaC blocker amiloride reduces plasma IL-17A and related cytokines in patients with hypertension. Concentrations of IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 were determined by immunoassays in plasma from two patient cohorts before and after amiloride treatment: 1) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and treatment-resistant hypertension (n = 69, amiloride 5-10 mg/day for 8 wk) and 2) patients with hypertension and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (n = 29) on standardized salt intake (amiloride 20-40 mg/day, 2 days). Plasma and tissue from ANG II-hypertensive mice with T1DM treated with amiloride (2 mg/kg/day, 4 days) were analyzed. The effect of amiloride and benzamil on macrophage cytokines was determined in vitro. Plasma cytokines showed higher concentrations (IL-17A ∼40-fold) in patients with T2DM compared with T1DM. In patients with T2DM, amiloride had no effect on IL-17A but lowered TNF and IL-6. In patients with T1DM, amiloride had no effect on IL-17A but increased TNF. In both cohorts, blood pressure decline and plasma K+ increase did not relate to plasma cytokine changes. In mice, amiloride exerted no effect on IL-17A in the plasma, kidney, aorta, or left cardiac ventricle but increased TNF in cardiac and kidney tissues. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages, amiloride and benzamil (from 1 nmol/L) decreased TNF, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1β. In conclusion, inhibition of ENaC by amiloride reduces proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-6 but not IL-17A in patients with T2DM, potentially by a direct action on macrophages.NEW & NOTEWORTHY ENaC activity may contribute to macrophage-derived cytokine release, since amiloride exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of TNF and IL-6 cytokines in patients with resistant hypertension and type 2 diabetes and in THP-1-derived macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sindhu Thangaraj
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina S Oxlund
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Andersen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Svenningsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Micaella Pereira Da Fonseca
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Camilla Enggaard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Høj Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Ib Abildgaard Jacobsen
- Research Unit for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Prevention, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Mo Q, Bolideei M, Rong SJ, Luo JH, Yang CL, Lu WY, Chen QJ, Zhao JW, Wang FX, Wang T, Li Y, Luo X, Zhang S, Xiong F, Yu QL, Zhang ZY, Liu SW, Sun F, Dong LL, Wang CY. GSK2334470 attenuates high salt-exacerbated rheumatoid arthritis progression by restoring Th17/Treg homeostasis. iScience 2024; 27:109798. [PMID: 38947509 PMCID: PMC11214488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
High salt (HS) consumption is a risk factor for multiple autoimmune disorders via disturbing immune homeostasis. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms by which HS exacerbates rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis remain poorly defined. Herein, we found that heightened phosphorylation of PDPK1 and SGK1 upon HS exposure attenuated FoxO1 expression to enhance the glycolytic capacity of CD4 T cells, resulting in strengthened Th17 but compromised Treg program. GSK2334470 (GSK), a dual PDPK1/SGK1 inhibitor, effectively mitigated the HS-induced enhancement in glycolytic capacity and the overproduction of IL-17A. Therefore, administration of GSK markedly alleviated HS-exacerbated RA progression in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Collectively, our data indicate that HS consumption subverts Th17/Treg homeostasis through the PDPK1-SGK1-FoxO1 signaling, while GSK could be a viable drug against RA progression in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Mo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mansoor Bolideei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Liang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Ying Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Jie Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Lin Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Yun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Wei Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling-Li Dong
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
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Klümper N, Cox A, Eckstein M, Kuppe C, Ritter M, Brossart P, Luetkens J, Hölzel M, Stein J, Saal J. High serum sodium predicts immunotherapy response in metastatic renal cell and urothelial carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2024; 204:114089. [PMID: 38703618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The development of reliable biomarkers for the prediction of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) response in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and urothelial carcinoma (mUC) remains an unresolved challenge. Conventional ICI biomarkers typically focus on tumor-related factors such as PD-L1 expression. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the predictive value of serum electrolyte levels, a so far widely unexplored area, is still pending. METHODS We conducted a post-hoc analysis of baseline sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium levels in two independent phase 3 clinical trials: IMvigor211 for mUC comparing atezolizumab to chemotherapy, and IMmotion151 for mRCC comparing atezolizumab+bevacizumab to sunitinib. This analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of these electrolyte levels in these clinical settings. A total of 1787 patients (IMvigor211 n = 901; IMmotion151 n = 886) were analyzed. RESULTS We found a linear correlation of baseline serum sodium and chloride with prognosis across both trials, which was not found for potassium, magnesium and calcium. In multivariate analysis, the prognostic capacity of sodium was limited to patients receiving ICI as compared to the control group. Interestingly, in both studies, the chance of achieving an objective response was highest in the patient subgroup with high baseline serum sodium levels of > 140 mmol/L (IMmotion151: Complete response in 17.9% versus 2.0% in patients with mRCC with baseline sodium < 135 mmol/L). Serum sodium outperformed tumor PD-L1 expression as a predictor for immunotherapy efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Patients exhibiting elevated serum sodium levels derive the greatest benefit from immunotherapy, suggesting that baseline serum concentration could serve as a valuable and cost-effective predictive biomarker for immunotherapy across entities.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/blood
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Male
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/secondary
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Female
- Sodium/blood
- Aged
- Middle Aged
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Bevacizumab/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Sunitinib/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/secondary
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Klümper
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany; Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Cox
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung, BZKF)
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany; Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immune-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Germany
| | - Julian Luetkens
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany; Quantitative Imaging Lab Bonn (QILaB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany; Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Stein
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany
| | - Jonas Saal
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany; Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immune-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Germany.
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4
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Thangaraj SS, Gunlund TSG, Stubbe J, Palarasah Y, Svenningsen P, Nielsen LH, Ovesen PG, Jensen BL. Effect of short-term changes in salt intake on plasma cytokines in women with healthy and hypertensive pregnancies. Pregnancy Hypertens 2024; 35:82-87. [PMID: 38301351 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2024.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt (NaCl) promotes T-lymphocyte conversion to pro-inflammatory Th-17 cells in vitro. Interleukin (IL)-17A aggravates hypertension in preeclampsia (PE) models. OBJECTIVES It was hypothesized that 1) women with PE exhibit increased plasma IL-17A and related cytokines and 2) high dietary salt intake elevates circulating IL-17A in patients with PE compared to women with healthy pregnancy (HP) and non-pregnant (NonP) women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma concentration of cytokines IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β in samples from NonP women (n = 13), HP (n = 15), and women with PE (n = 7). STUDY DESIGN Biobanked samples from a randomized, double-blind, cross-over placebo-controlled dietary intervention study. Participants received a low sodium diet (50-60 mmol NaCl/24 h) for 10 days and were randomly assigned to ingest placebo tablets (low salt intake) or salt tablets (172 mmol NaCl/24 h, high salt intake) for 5 + 5 days. Plasma samples were drawn at baseline and after each diet. RESULTS While a high salt diet suppressed renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone levels, it did not affect blood pressure or plasma cytokine concentrations in any group compared to low salt intake. Plasma TNF was significantly higher in PE than in HP and NonP at baseline and after a low salt diet. Plasma IL-6 was significantly higher in PE compared to HP at baseline and NonP at low salt. CONCLUSION Interleukin-17A and related T-cell and macrophage-cytokines are not sensitive to salt-intake in PE. Preeclampsia is associated with elevated levels of TNF and IL-6 macrophage-derived cytokines. Salt-sensitive changes in systemic IL-17A are less likely to explain hypertension in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sindhu Thangaraj
- Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Tina-Signe Gissel Gunlund
- Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Dept. of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Per Svenningsen
- Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lise Hald Nielsen
- Dept. of women's disease and births, Gødstrup Regional hospital, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Denmark
| | - Per Glud Ovesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Denmark
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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Miyauchi H, Geisberger S, Luft FC, Wilck N, Stegbauer J, Wiig H, Dechend R, Jantsch J, Kleinewietfeld M, Kempa S, Müller DN. Sodium as an Important Regulator of Immunometabolism. Hypertension 2024; 81:426-435. [PMID: 37675565 PMCID: PMC10863658 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.19489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Salt sensitivity concerns blood pressure alterations after a change in salt intake (sodium chloride). The heart is a pump, and vessels are tubes; sodium can affect both. A high salt intake increases cardiac output, promotes vascular dysfunction and capillary rarefaction, and chronically leads to increased systemic vascular resistance. More recent findings suggest that sodium also acts as an important second messenger regulating energy metabolism and cellular functions. Besides endothelial cells and fibroblasts, sodium also affects innate and adaptive immunometabolism, immune cell function, and influences certain microbes and microbiota-derived metabolites. We propose the idea that the definition of salt sensitivity should be expanded beyond high blood pressure to cellular and molecular salt sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Miyauchi
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (H.M., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
| | - Sabrina Geisberger
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.)
| | - Friedrich C. Luft
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (H.M., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.S.)
- CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (H.W.)
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (H.M., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- HELIOS Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Germany (J.J.)
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany (J.J.)
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium (M.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium (M.K.)
- University Multiple Sclerosis Center, Hasselt University/Campus Diepenbeek, Belgium (M.K.)
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.)
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (H.M., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.)
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6
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Bello II, Omigbodun A, Morhason-Bello I. Common salt aggravated pathology of testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in adult male Wistar rat. BMC Urol 2023; 23:207. [PMID: 38082261 PMCID: PMC10712029 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major health concern associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction in men. Recurrent inflammation, decreased apoptotic rate and oxidative stress are some of the theories that explain the pathophysiology of BPH. Common salt, a food additive, is known to cause systemic inflammation and redox imbalance, and may serve as a potential risk factor for BPH development or progression. This study examined the effect of common salt intake on the pathology of testosterone-induced BPH. METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups of 10: a control and three salt diet groups-low-salt diet (LSD), standard-salt diet (SSD) and high-salt diet (HSD). The rats were castrated, allowed to recuperate and placed on salt-free diet (control), 0.25% salt diet (LSD), 0.5% salt diet (SSD) and 1.25% salt diet (HSD) for 60 days ad libitum. On day 33, BPH was induced in all the rats with daily injections of testosterone propionate-Testost® (3 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. The rats had overnight fast (12 h) on day 60 and were euthanized the following day in order to collect blood and prostate samples for biochemical, molecular and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses. Mean ± SD values were calculated for each group and compared for significant difference with ANOVA followed by post hoc test (Tukey HSD) at p < 0.05. RESULTS This study recorded a substantially higher level of IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 in salt diet groups and moderate IHC staining of COX-2 in HSD group. The prostatic level of IL-17, IL-1β, PGE2, relative prostate weight and serum PSA levels were not statistically different. The concentrations of IGF-1, TGF-β were similar in all the groups but there were multiple fold increase in Bcl-2 expression in salt diet groups-LSD (13.2), SSD (9.5) and HSD (7.9) and multiple fold decrease in VEGF expression in LSD (-6.3), SSD (-5.1) and HSD (-14.1) compared to control. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and concentration of nitric oxide rose in LSD and SSD groups, and SSD and HSD groups respectively. Activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and concentration of NADPH and hydrogen peroxide were not significantly different. IHC showed positive immunostaining for iNOS expression in all the groups while histopathology revealed moderate to severe prostatic hyperplasia in salt diet groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that low, standard and high salt diets aggravated the pathology of testosterone-induced BPH in Wistar rats by promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, while suppressing apoptosis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Idowu Bello
- Department of Reproductive Health Sciences, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (including Health and Agriculture), PAULESI, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Animal Health Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Akinyinka Omigbodun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Imran Morhason-Bello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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7
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Hoffman K, Doyle WJ, Schumacher SM, Ochoa-Repáraz J. Gut microbiome-modulated dietary strategies in EAE and multiple sclerosis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1146748. [PMID: 37063324 PMCID: PMC10090556 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1146748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the incidence of multiple sclerosis has increased as society's dietary habits have switched from a whole foods approach to a high fat, high salt, low dietary fiber, and processed food diet, termed the "Western diet." Environmental factors, such as diet, could play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis due to gut microbiota alterations, gut barrier leakage, and subsequent intestinal inflammation that could lead to exacerbated neuroinflammation. This mini-review explores the gut microbiome alterations of various dietary strategies that improve upon the "Western diet" as promising alternatives and targets to current multiple sclerosis treatments. We also provide evidence that gut microbiome modulation through diet can improve or exacerbate clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis, highlighting the importance of including gut microbiome analyses in future studies of diet and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
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8
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Zhang X, Liang Y, Jiang J, Lu C, Shi F, Cao Q, Zhang Y, Diao H. A High-Salt Diet Exacerbates Liver Fibrosis through Enterococcus-Dependent Macrophage Activation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0340322. [PMID: 36786636 PMCID: PMC10100947 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03403-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
People consume more salt than the recommended levels due to poor dietary practices. The effects of long-term consumption of high-salt diets (HSD) on liver fibrosis are unclear. This study aimed to explore the impact of HSD on liver fibrosis. In this study, a carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver fibrosis mouse model was used to evaluate fibrotic changes in the livers of mice fed a normal diet (ND) and an HSD. The HSD exacerbated liver injury and fibrosis. Moreover, the protein expression levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly higher in the HSD group than in the normal group. The proportion of macrophages and activation significantly increased in the livers of HSD-fed mice. Meanwhile, the number of macrophages significantly increased in the small intestinal lamina propria of HSD-fed mice. The levels of profibrotic factors also increased in the small intestine of HSD-fed mice. Additionally, HSD increased the profibrotic chemokines and monocyte chemoattractant levels in the portal vein blood. Further characterization suggested that the HSD decreased the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and CLDN1), enhancing the translocation of bacteria. Enterococcus promoted liver injury and inflammation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Enterococcus induced macrophage activation through the NF-κB pathway, thus promoting the expression of fibrosis-related genes, leading to liver fibrogenesis. Similarly, Enterococcus disrupted the gut microbiome in vivo and significantly increased the fibrotic markers, TGF-β, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in the liver. IMPORTANCE This study further confirms that Enterococcus induce liver fibrosis in mice. These results indicate that an HSD can exacerbate liver fibrosis by altering the gut microbiota composition, thus impairing intestinal barrier function. Therefore, this may serve as a new target for liver fibrosis therapy and gut microbiota management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyi Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Al-Hajj S, Lemoine R, Chadet S, Goumard A, Legay L, Roxburgh E, Heraud A, Deluce N, Lamendour L, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Gatault P, Büchler M, Roger S, Halimi JM, Baron C. High extracellular sodium chloride concentrations induce resistance to LPS signal in human dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 384:104658. [PMID: 36566700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence showed that in response to elevated sodium dietary intakes, many body tissues retain Na+ ions for long periods of time and can reach concentrations up to 200 mM. This could modulate the immune system and be responsible for several diseases. However, studies brought contrasted results and the effects of external sodium on human dendritic cell (DC) responses to danger signals remain largely unknown. Considering their central role in triggering T cell response, we tested how NaCl-enriched medium influences human DCs properties. We found that DCs submitted to high extracellular Na+ concentrations up to 200 mM remain viable and maintain the expression of specific DC markers, however, their maturation, chemotaxis toward CCL19, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS in response to LPS were also partially inhibited. In line with these results, the T-cell allostimulatory capacity of DCs was also inhibited. Finally, our data indicate that high NaCl concentrations triggered the phosphorylation of SGK1 and ERK1/2 kinases. These results raised the possibility that the previously reported pro-inflammatory effects of high NaCl concentrations on T cells might be counterbalanced by a downregulation of DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Al-Hajj
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphanie Chadet
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Annabelle Goumard
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laura Legay
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Ellena Roxburgh
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Audrey Heraud
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nora Deluce
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lucille Lamendour
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- U1259 Morphogenesis and Antigenicity of HIV and Hepatitis virus (MAVIVH), University of Tours, Tours, France; IBISA Facility of Electronic Microscopy, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gatault
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mathias Büchler
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Baron
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
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10
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Freitas FEDA, Batista MAC, Braga DCDA, de Oliveira LB, Antunes VR, Cardoso LM. The gut-brain axis and sodium appetite: Can inflammation-related signaling influence the control of sodium intake? Appetite 2022; 175:106050. [PMID: 35447164 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium is the main cation present in the extracellular fluid. Sodium and water content in the body are responsible for volume and osmotic homeostasis through mechanisms involving sodium and water excretion and intake. When body sodium content decreases below the homeostatic threshold, a condition termed sodium deficiency, highly motivated sodium seeking, and intake occurs. This is termed sodium appetite. Classically, sodium and water intakes are controlled by a number of neuroendocrine mechanisms that include signaling molecules from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acting in the central nervous system (CNS). However, recent findings have shown that sodium and water intakes can also be influenced by inflammatory agents and mediators acting in the CNS. For instance, central infusion of IL-1β or TNF-α can directly affect sodium and water consumption in animal models. Some dietary conditions, such as high salt intake, have been shown to change the intestinal microbiome composition, stimulating the immune branch of the gut-brain axis through the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, which can stimulate the brain immune system. In this review, we address the latest findings supporting the hypothesis that immune signaling in the brain could produce a reduction in thirst and sodium appetite and, therefore, contribute to sodium intake control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics - ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Huntemann N, Vogelsang A, Groeneweg L, Willison A, Herrmann AM, Meuth SG, Eichler S. An optimized and validated protocol for inducing chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6J mice. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 367:109443. [PMID: 34920025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used animal model of multiple sclerosis. However, variations in the induction protocol can affect EAE progression, and may reduce the comparability of data. OPTIMIZED METHOD In the present study, we investigated the influence of the different components used for EAE induction in C57BL/6J mice on disease progression. In the present study, MOG35-55-induced chronic EAE in C57BL/6J mice has been applied as a model to challenge optimal pertussis toxin (PTx) dosing, while considering variations in batch potency. RESULTS We demonstrate that the dosage of PTx, adjusted to its potency, influences EAE development in a dose-dependent manner. Our data show that with our protocol, which considers PTx potency, C57BL/6J mice consistently develop symptoms of EAE. The mice show a typical chronic course with symptom onset after 10.5 ± 1.08 days and maximum severity around day 16 postimmunization followed by a mild remission of symptoms. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previously studies reveal that alterations in PTx dosing directly modify EAE progression. Our present study highlights that PTx batches differ in potency, resulting in inconsistent EAE induction. We also provide a clear protocol that allows a reduction in the number of mice used in EAE experiments, while maintaining consistent results. CONCLUSION Higher standards for comparability and reproducibility are needed to ensure and maximize the generation of reliable EAE data. Specifically, consideration of PTx potency. With our method of establishing consistent EAE pathogenesis, improved animal welfare standards and a reduction of mice used in experimentation can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Huntemann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Vogelsang
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Linda Groeneweg
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alice Willison
- The Northern Foundation School, Newcastle-upon-Tyne University Hospitals, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Herrmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Susann Eichler
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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12
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Zhao K, Mao Y, Ye X, Ma J, Sun L, Li P, Li Y. MicroRNA-210-5p alleviates cardiac fibrosis via targeting transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor in rats on high sodium chloride (NaCl)-based diet. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174587. [PMID: 34678242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore whether high sodium chloride (NaCl)-based diet (HSD) caused cardiac fibrosis regardless of blood pressure in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and to further determine the effects and the underlying mechanisms of microRNA (miR)-210-5p on HSD-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats or NaCl-induced cardiac fibroblast activation in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs). The SD rats received 8% HSD, and NRCFs were treated with NaCl. The levels of collagen I, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were increased in the heart of hypertension (HTN), hypertension-prone (HP) and hypertension-resistant (HR) rats on HSD in vivo. NaCl increased the levels of collagen I, α-SMA and TGF-β1 in NRCFs in vitro. The level of miR-210-5p was reduced in both NBD-induced rats' hearts and NaCl-treated NRCFs, which was consistent with the results of miR high-throughput sequencing in NRCFs. The HSD or NaCl-induced increases of collagen I, α-SMA and TGF-β1 were inhibited by miR-210-5p agomiR in vitro and in vivo, respectively. miR-210-5p antagomiR could mimic the pathological effects of NaCl in NRCFS. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that TGF-β type I receptor (TGFBR1) was a direct target gene of miR-210-5p. These results indicated that HSD resulted in cardiac fibrosis regardless of blood pressure. The upregulation of miR-210-5p could attenuate cardiac fibroblast activation in NRCFS via targeting TGFBR1. Thus, upregulating miR-210-5p might be a strategy for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yukang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Ye
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiazheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Ruggeri Barbaro N, Van Beusecum J, Xiao L, do Carmo L, Pitzer A, Loperena R, Foss JD, Elijovich F, Laffer CL, Montaniel KR, Galindo CL, Chen W, Ao M, Mernaugh RL, Alsouqi A, Ikizler TA, Fogo AB, Moreno H, Zhao S, Davies SS, Harrison DG, Kirabo A. Sodium activates human monocytes via the NADPH oxidase and isolevuglandin formation. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1358-1371. [PMID: 33038226 PMCID: PMC8064439 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Prior studies have focused on the role of the kidney and vasculature in salt-induced modulation of blood pressure; however, recent data indicate that sodium accumulates in tissues and can activate immune cells. We sought to examine mechanisms by which salt causes activation of human monocytes both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS To study the effect of salt in human monocytes, monocytes were isolated from volunteers to perform several in vitro experiments. Exposure of human monocytes to elevated Na+ex vivo caused a co-ordinated response involving isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-adduct formation, acquisition of a dendritic cell (DC)-like morphology, expression of activation markers CD83 and CD16, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. High salt also caused a marked change in monocyte gene expression as detected by RNA sequencing and enhanced monocyte migration to the chemokine CC motif chemokine ligand 5. NADPH-oxidase inhibition attenuated monocyte activation and IsoLG-adduct formation. The increase in IsoLG-adducts correlated with risk factors including body mass index, pulse pressure. Monocytes exposed to high salt stimulated IL-17A production from autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, to evaluate the effect of salt in vivo, monocytes and T cells isolated from humans were adoptively transferred to immunodeficient NSG mice. Salt feeding of humanized mice caused monocyte-dependent activation of human T cells reflected by proliferation and accumulation of T cells in the bone marrow. Moreover, we performed a cross-sectional study in 70 prehypertensive subjects. Blood was collected for flow cytometric analysis and 23Na magnetic resonance imaging was performed for tissue sodium measurements. Monocytes from humans with high skin Na+ exhibited increased IsoLG-adduct accumulation and CD83 expression. CONCLUSION Human monocytes exhibit co-ordinated increases in parameters of activation, conversion to a DC-like phenotype and ability to activate T cells upon both in vitro and in vivo sodium exposure. The ability of monocytes to be activated by sodium is related to in vivo cardiovascular disease risk factors. We therefore propose that in addition to the kidney and vasculature, immune cells like monocytes convey salt-induced cardiovascular risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruggeri Barbaro
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Justin Van Beusecum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Liang Xiao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Luciana do Carmo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Ashley Pitzer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Roxana Loperena
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason D Foss
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Fernando Elijovich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Cheryl L Laffer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Kim R Montaniel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Cristi L Galindo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Mingfang Ao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | | | - Aseel Alsouqi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Talat A Ikizler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heitor Moreno
- Department of Intern Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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14
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Canale MP, Noce A, Di Lauro M, Marrone G, Cantelmo M, Cardillo C, Federici M, Di Daniele N, Tesauro M. Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041162. [PMID: 33915885 PMCID: PMC8066853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, alterations in lipid metabolism and arterial hypertension (AH). In particular, AH plays a key role in the complications associated with metabolic syndrome. High salt intake is a well-known risk factor for AH and CV diseases. Vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, extracellular volume expansion, inflammation, and an increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity are the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AH, induced by Western diet. Gut dysbiosis in AH is associated with reduction of short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria: acetate, butyrate and propionate, which activate different pathways, causing vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, salt and water retention and a consequent high blood pressure. Moreover, increased trimethylamine N-oxide and lipopolysaccharides trigger chronic inflammation, which contributes to endothelial dysfunction and target organs damage. Additionally, a high salt-intake diet impacts negatively on gut microbiota composition. A bidirectional neuronal pathway determines the “brain–gut” axis, which, in turn, influences blood pressure levels. Then, we discuss the possible adjuvant novel treatments related to gut microbiota modulation for AH control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Canale
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Annalisa Noce
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.T.); Tel.: +39-06-2090-2194 (A.N.); +39-06-2090-2982 (M.T.)
| | - Manuela Di Lauro
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Giulia Marrone
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
- PhD School of Applied Medical, Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cantelmo
- School of Specialization in Geriatrics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.D.L.); (G.M.); (N.D.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.T.); Tel.: +39-06-2090-2194 (A.N.); +39-06-2090-2982 (M.T.)
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15
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A High-Salt Diet Disturbs the Development and Function of Natural Killer Cells in Mice. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:6687143. [PMID: 33426093 PMCID: PMC7772026 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6687143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet (HSD) is common worldwide and can lead to cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that HSD is closely related to a variety of immune diseases. Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate immune cells that directly kill their targets via degranulation and secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). NK cells play a vital role in resisting viruses and preventing the malignant transformation of cells; however, whether HSD affects the development and function of NK cells has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to understand the effects of HSD on the development and function of NK cells, in addition to investigating the underlying molecular mechanism. Our results show that the number of NK cells in the spleen and lungs of HSD-fed mice was significantly reduced, which may be due to the inhibition of NK cell proliferation. Further, the development of NK cells in mice was evaluated, and it was found that HSD reduced the effective NK cell subset (CD27+CD11b−). Moreover, it was also found that the ability of NK cells to secrete CD107a and IFN-γ in HSD-fed mice was decreased following stimulation with RMA-S and YAC-1 tumor cells. Finally, the underlying molecular mechanism was evaluated, and it was found that HSD increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NK cells, while the expression of CD122 was decreased, suggesting that HSD downregulates CD122 expression in NK cells via ROS signaling, thereby reducing the responsiveness to IL-15 and ultimately inhibiting NK cell function. The present research discovered a novel mechanism by which HSD inhibits the function of NK cells, providing an alternative avenue for the treatment of immune diseases caused by HSD.
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16
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Haase S, Wilck N, Haghikia A, Gold R, Mueller DN, Linker RA. The role of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in neuroinflammation. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1863-1870. [PMID: 33188704 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature indicates a potential importance of the gut microbiota for immune-mediated diseases. For instance, decreased diversity of commensals or an outgrowth of some bacterial strains, referred to as gut dysbiosis, was recently linked to hypertension, colitis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as pivotal animal model of MS revealed a potential importance of microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids or tryptophan metabolites. Both metabolites may influence the disease by modulation of the immune system, mainly by inducing Treg. These studies prompted researchers to investigate the contribution of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of MS. This review summarizes recent findings on the gut microbiota in MS patients and discusses the potential mechanisms how microbial metabolites may affect neuroinflammation. Many of these studies have been performed in the EAE model and were later reversely translated to humans. We also give a short summary on dietary high-salt effects on microbiota components and discuss the potential relevance of high-salt as a risk factor in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haase
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik N Mueller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Potential role of the gut microbiota in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Implication for intervention. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 82:193-199. [PMID: 33257156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of neuroimmunological diseases. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by the peripheral production of the disease-specific serum autoantibody aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG. Recently, accumulating evidence has provided insights into the associations of gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal mucosal barrier destruction with NMOSD, but the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Thus, a microbiota intervention might be a potential therapeutic strategy for NMOSD by regulating the gut microbiota, repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier, and modulating intestinal immunity and peripheral immunity.
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18
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Patrick DM, Van Beusecum JP, Kirabo A. The role of inflammation in hypertension: novel concepts. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 19:92-98. [PMID: 33073072 PMCID: PMC7552986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension remains the most important modifiable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. While it is clear that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of hypertension, several novel discoveries have been made within the past decade that have advanced the field and have provided new mechanistic insights. First, recent studies have identified a central role of sodium-induced immune cell activation in the pathogenesis of hypertension by altering the gut microbiome and formation of products of lipid oxidation known as isolevuglandins. Second, cytokine elaboration by the inflammasome leading to end-organ dysfunction and immune activation has been found to play a role in the genesis of hypertension. Third, novel techniques have identified previously uncharacterized immune cell populations that may play a functional role in these processes. Finally, the role of inflammation in hypertension may be an important mediator of severe COVID-19 infections. In this review, we discuss these recent advances in the study of inflammation and hypertension and highlight topics for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Justin P Van Beusecum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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19
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Elijovich F, Laffer CL, Sahinoz M, Pitzer A, Ferguson JF, Kirabo A. The Gut Microbiome, Inflammation, and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:79. [PMID: 32880753 PMCID: PMC7471100 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent predictor of death due to cardiovascular events and affects nearly 50% of the hypertensive and 25% of the normotensive population. Strong evidence indicates that reducing sodium (Na+) intake decreases blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular events. The precise mechanisms of how dietary Na+ contributes to elevation and cardiovascular disease remain unclear. The goal of this review is to discuss mechanisms of salt-induced cardiovascular disease and how the microbiome may play a role. RECENT FINDINGS The innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the genesis of salt-induced hypertension. Mice fed a high-salt diet exhibit increased inflammation with a marked increase in dendritic cell (DC) production of interleukin (IL)-6 and formation of isolevuglandins (IsoLG)-protein adducts, which drive interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-17A production by T cells. While prior studies have mainly focused on the brain, kidney, and vasculature as playing a role in salt-induced hypertension, the gut is the first and largest location for Na+ absorption. Research from our group and others strongly suggests that the gut microbiome contributes to salt-induced inflammation and hypertension. Recent studies suggest that alterations in the gut microbiome contribute to salt-induced hypertension. However, the contribution of the microbiome to SSBP and its underlying mechanisms are not known. Targeting the microbiota and the associated immune cell activation could conceivably provide the much-needed therapy for SSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Elijovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602, USA
| | - Cheryl L Laffer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602, USA
| | - Melis Sahinoz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashley Pitzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602, USA
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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20
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Salt-dependent hypertension and inflammation: targeting the gut-brain axis and the immune system with Brazilian green propolis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1163-1182. [PMID: 32785827 PMCID: PMC8826348 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a major health problem around the world and its development has been associated with exceeding salt consumption by the modern society. The mechanisms by which salt consumption increase blood pressure (BP) involve several homeostatic systems but many details have not yet been fully elucidated. Evidences accumulated over the last 60 decades raised the involvement of the immune system in the hypertension development and opened a range of possibilities for new therapeutic targets. Green propolis is a promising natural product with potent anti-inflammatory properties acting on specific targets, most of them participating in the gut-brain axis of the sodium-dependent hypertension. New anti-hypertensive products reinforce the therapeutic arsenal improving the corollary of choices, especially in those cases where patients are resistant or refractory to conventional therapy. This review sought to bring the newest advances in the field articulating evidences that show a cross-talking between inflammation and the central mechanisms involved with the sodium-dependent hypertension as well as the stablished actions of green propolis and some of its biologically active compounds on the immune cells and cytokines that would be involved with its anti-hypertensive properties.
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21
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Dietary influence on central nervous system myelin production, injury, and regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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High salt diet accelerates the progression of murine lupus through dendritic cells via the p38 MAPK and STAT1 signaling pathways. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:34. [PMID: 32296043 PMCID: PMC7145808 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in recent decades might be related to changes in modern dietary habits. Since sodium chloride (NaCl) promotes pathogenic T cell responses, we hypothesize that excessive salt intake contributes to the increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, including SLE. Given the importance of dendritic cells (DCs) in the pathogenesis of SLE, we explored the influence of an excessive sodium chloride diet on DCs in a murine SLE model. We used an induced lupus model in which bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were incubated with activated lymphocyte-derived DNA (ALD-DNA) and transferred into C57BL/6 recipient mice. We observed that a high-salt diet (HSD) markedly exacerbated lupus progression, which was accompanied by increased DC activation. NaCl treatment also stimulated the maturation, activation and antigen-presenting ability of DCs in vitro. Pretreatment of BMDCs with NaCl also exacerbated BMDC-ALD-DNA-induced lupus. These mice had increased production of autoantibodies and proinflammatory cytokines, more pronounced splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, and enhanced pathological renal lesions. The p38 MAPK–STAT1 pathway played an important role in NaCl-induced DC immune activities. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HSD intake promotes immune activation of DCs through the p38 MAPK–STAT1 signaling pathway and exacerbates the features of SLE. Thus, changes in diet may provide a novel strategy for the prevention or amelioration of lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
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23
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Jobin K, Stumpf NE, Schwab S, Eichler M, Neubert P, Rauh M, Adamowski M, Babyak O, Hinze D, Sivalingam S, Weisheit C, Hochheiser K, Schmidt SV, Meissner M, Garbi N, Abdullah Z, Wenzel U, Hölzel M, Jantsch J, Kurts C. A high-salt diet compromises antibacterial neutrophil responses through hormonal perturbation. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/536/eaay3850. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Western diet is rich in salt, which poses various health risks. A high-salt diet (HSD) can stimulate immunity through the nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (Nfat5)–signaling pathway, especially in the skin, where sodium is stored. The kidney medulla also accumulates sodium to build an osmotic gradient for water conservation. Here, we studied the effect of an HSD on the immune defense against uropathogenic E. coli–induced pyelonephritis, the most common kidney infection. Unexpectedly, pyelonephritis was aggravated in mice on an HSD by two mechanisms. First, on an HSD, sodium must be excreted; therefore, the kidney used urea instead to build the osmotic gradient. However, in contrast to sodium, urea suppressed the antibacterial functionality of neutrophils, the principal immune effectors against pyelonephritis. Second, the body excretes sodium by lowering mineralocorticoid production via suppressing aldosterone synthase. This caused an accumulation of aldosterone precursors with glucocorticoid functionality, which abolished the diurnal adrenocorticotropic hormone–driven glucocorticoid rhythm and compromised neutrophil development and antibacterial functionality systemically. Consistently, under an HSD, systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection was also aggravated in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. Glucocorticoids directly induced Nfat5 expression, but pharmacological normalization of renal Nfat5 expression failed to restore the antibacterial defense. Last, healthy humans consuming an HSD for 1 week showed hyperglucocorticoidism and impaired antibacterial neutrophil function. In summary, an HSD suppresses intrarenal neutrophils Nfat5-independently by altering the local microenvironment and systemically by glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression. These findings argue against high-salt consumption during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jobin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Systems Immunology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natascha E. Stumpf
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwab
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik I, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Eichler
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestraβe 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marek Adamowski
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Olena Babyak
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Hinze
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sugirthan Sivalingam
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Weisheit
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Hochheiser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne V. Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirjam Meissner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wenzel
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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24
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Li Y, Li W, Wang X, Ding C, Liu J, Li Y, Li W, Sun Y. High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900965. [PMID: 32032975 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE A high-salt diet is a cause of gastritis, but the associated mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet. METHODS AND RESULTS Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. A buckwheat diet is used to treat gastritis. The results show gastritis induced by the high-salt diet is significantly alleviated, and the dysbiosis in the stomach also improved. CONCLUSION Buckwheat diet may be one of the ways to prevent and treat gastritis caused by a high-salt diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Junze Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yundong Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
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25
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Abstract
During tissue inflammation, immune cells infiltrate the interstitial space of target organs, where they sense and adapt to local environmental stimuli. Such stimuli include not only pathogens but also local factors such as the levels of oxygenation, nutrients and electrolytes. An important electrolyte in this regard is sodium (Na+). Recent in vivo findings have shown a role of Na+ storage in the skin for electrolyte homeostasis. Thereby, Na+ intake may influence the activation status of the immune system through direct effects on T helper cell subsets and innate immune cells in tissues such as the skin and other target organs. Furthermore, high Na+ intake has been shown to alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, with indirect effects on immune cells. The results suggest regulatory roles for Na+ in cardiovascular disease, inflammation, infection and autoimmunity.
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26
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Evans RDR, Antonelou M, Henderson S, Walsh SB, Salama AD. Emerging evidence of an effect of salt on innate and adaptive immunity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:2007-2014. [PMID: 30521016 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt intake as part of a western diet currently exceeds recommended limits, and the small amount found in the natural diet enjoyed by our Paleolithic ancestors. Excess salt is associated with the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, but other adverse effects of excess salt intake are beginning to be recognized, including the development of autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Over the last decade there has been an increasing body of evidence demonstrating that salt affects multiple components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review we outline the recent laboratory, animal and human data, highlighting the effect of salt on immunity, with a particular focus on the relevance to inflammatory kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D R Evans
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Marilina Antonelou
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Stephen B Walsh
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Alan D Salama
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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27
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Lima A, Tavares J, Pestana N, Carvalho MJ, Cabrita A, Rodrigues A. Sodium removal in peritoneal dialysis: is there room for a new parameter in dialysis adequacy? BULLETIN DE LA DIALYSE À DOMICILE 2019. [DOI: 10.25796/bdd.v2i3.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In peritoneal dialysis (PD) (as well as in hemodialysis) small solute clearance measured as Kt/v urea has long been used as a surrogate of dialysis adequacy. A better urea clearance was initially thought to increase survival in dialysis patients (as shown in the CANUSA trial)(1), but reanalysis of the data showed a superior contribution of residual renal function as a predictor of patient survival. Two randomized controlled trials (RCT)(2, 3) supported this observation, demonstrating no survival benefit in patients with higher achieved Kt/v. Then guidelines were revised and a minimum Kt/v of 1,7/week was recommended but little emphasis was given to additional parameters of dialysis adequacy. As such, volume overload and sodium removal have gained major attention, since their optimization has been associated with decreased mortality in PD patients(4, 5). Inadequate sodium removal is associated with fluid overload which leads to ventricular hypertrophy and increased cardiovascular mortality(6). Individualized prescription is key for optimal sodium removal as there are differences between PD techniques (CAPD versus APD) and new strategies for sodium removal have emerged (low sodium solutions and adapted PD). In conclusion, future guidelines should address parameters associated with increased survival outcomes (sodium removal playing an important role) and abandon the current one fit all prescription model.
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28
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Hira S, Packialakshmi B, Zhou X. EAE-induced upregulation of mitochondrial MnSOD is associated with increases of mitochondrial SGK1 and Tom20 protein in the mouse kidney cortex. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:723-732. [PMID: 31177508 PMCID: PMC10717134 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous demonstration that severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) increases MnSOD protein abundance in the mouse kidney cortex led this study to elucidate the underlying mechanism with monensin-treated HEK293 cells as a model. Severe EAE increases mitochondrial protein abundance of SGK1 kinase and Tom20, a critical subunit of mitochondrial translocase in the renal cortex. In HEK293 cells, catalase inhibits monensin-induced increases of mitochondrial SGK1 and Tom20 protein levels. Further, GSK650394, a specific inhibitor of SGK1 reduces monensin-induced increase of mitochondrial protein abundance of Tom20 and MnSOD. Finally, RNAi of Tom20 reduces the effect of monensin on MnSOD. MnSOD and Tom20 physically associate with each other. In conclusion, in HEK293 cells, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species increase protein abundance of mitochondrial SGK1, which leads to a rise of mitochondrial Tom20, resulting in importing MnSOD protein into the mitochondria. This could be a mechanism by which severe EAE up-regulates mitochondrial MnSOD in the kidney cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanpreet Hira
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Balamuguran Packialakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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29
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Jakimovski D, Guan Y, Ramanathan M, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R. Lifestyle-based modifiable risk factors in multiple sclerosis: review of experimental and clinical findings. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2019; 9:149-172. [PMID: 31116081 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2018-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease influenced by multiple lifestyle-based factors. We provide a narrative review of the effects of modifiable risk factors that are identified as being associated with risk to develop MS and/or influencing the future clinical disease outcomes. The emerging data regarding the beneficial effects of diet modifications and exercise are further reviewed. In contrast, obesity and comorbid cardiovascular diseases are associated with increased MS susceptibility and worse disease progression. In addition, the potential influence of smoking, coffee and alcohol consumption on MS onset and disability development are discussed. Successful management of the modifiable risk factors may lead to better long-term outcomes and improve patients' quality of life. MS specialists should participate in educating and facilitating lifestyle-based modifications as part of their neurological consults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Yi Guan
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs MS Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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30
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Neubert P, Schröder A, Müller DN, Jantsch J. Interplay of Na + Balance and Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:599. [PMID: 30984179 PMCID: PMC6449459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Local Na+ balance emerges as an important factor of tissue microenvironment. On the one hand, immune cells impact on local Na+ levels. On the other hand, Na+ availability is able to influence immune responses. In contrast to macrophages, our knowledge of dendritic cells (DCs) in this state of affair is rather limited. Current evidence suggests that the impact of increased Na+ on DCs is context dependent. Moreover, it is conceivable that DC immunobiology might also be influenced by Na+-rich-diet-induced changes of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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31
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Wahls TL, Chenard CA, Snetselaar LG. Review of Two Popular Eating Plans within the Multiple Sclerosis Community: Low Saturated Fat and Modified Paleolithic. Nutrients 2019; 11:E352. [PMID: 30736445 PMCID: PMC6412750 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown but epidemiologic evidence suggests this immune-mediated, neurodegenerative condition is the result of a complex interaction between genes and lifetime environmental exposures. Diet choices are modifiable environmental factors that may influence MS disease activity. Two diets promoted for MS, low saturated fat Swank and modified Paleolithic Wahls Elimination (WahlsElim), are currently being investigated for their effect on MS-related fatigue and quality of life (NCT02914964). Dr. Swank theorized restriction of saturated fat would reduce vascular dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS). Dr. Wahls initially theorized that detailed guidance to increase intake of specific foodstuffs would facilitate increased intake of nutrients key to neuronal health (Wahls™ diet). Dr. Wahls further theorized restriction of lectins would reduce intestinal permeability and CNS inflammation (WahlsElim version). The purpose of this paper is to review the published research of the low saturated fat (Swank) and the modified Paleolithic (Wahls™) diets and the rationale for the structure of the Swank diet and low lectin version of the Wahls™ diet (WahlsElim) being investigated in the clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Wahls
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Catherine A Chenard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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32
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Kitz A, Singer E, Hafler D. Regulatory T Cells: From Discovery to Autoimmunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029041. [PMID: 29311129 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a genetically mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Allelic variants lead to lower thresholds of T-cell activation resulting in activation of autoreactive T cells. Environmental factors, including, among others, diet, vitamin D, and smoking, in combination with genetic predispositions, play a substantial role in disease development and activation of autoreactive T cells. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have emerged as central in the control of autoreactive T cells. A consistent finding in patients with MS is defects in Treg cell function with reduced suppression of effector T cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Emerging data suggests that functional Tregs become effector-like T cells with loss of function associated with T-bet expression and interferon γ (IFN-γ) secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kitz
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Emily Singer
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - David Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Xiao L, Patrick DM, Aden LA, Kirabo A. Mechanisms of isolevuglandin-protein adduct formation in inflammation and hypertension. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 139:48-53. [PMID: 30278231 PMCID: PMC6299826 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and recent evidence suggests that isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts play a role. Several hypertensive stimuli contribute to formation of IsoLG-protein adducts including excess dietary salt and catecholamines. The precise intracellular mechanisms by which these hypertensive stimuli lead to IsoLG-protein adduct formation are still not well understood; however, there is now evidence implicating NADPH-oxidase derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. ROS oxidize arachidonic acid leading to formation of IsoLGs, which non-covalently adduct to lysine residues and alter protein structure and function. Recent studies suggest that these altered proteins act as neo-antigens leading to an autoimmune state that results in hypertension. The goal of this mini-review is to highlight some of the hypertensive stimuli and the mechanisms contributing to IsoLG-protein adduct formation leading to inflammation and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David M Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Luul A Aden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology & Inflammation (VI4), Nashville, TN, United States.
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34
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Sodium chloride triggers Th17 mediated autoimmunity. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 329:9-13. [PMID: 29983198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of a high-salt diet on human health have received much attention in the past few years. While it has been well established that high dietary salt intake is related to cardiovascular diseases, there is growing evidence that excess salt also affects the immune system and might be considered as a risk factor in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have implicated T helper 17 cells (Th17) in the pathogenesis of MS. We and others recently demonstrated that excessive salt enhances the differentiation of Th17 cells, inducing a highly pathogenic phenotype that aggravates experimental neuroinflammation. Moreover, a diet rich in sodium affects intestinal microbiota alongside increased intestinal Th17 cells, thus linking the detrimental effects of high salt consumption to the gut-immune axis. First human studies revealed an association of increased MS disease activity with elevated sodium chloride consumption, while more recent epidemiology studies in larger cohorts suggest no correlation between salt intake and MS. However, it is known that ordinary urinary sodium analyses and nutritional questionnaires do not necessarily correspond to the actual sodium load and more sophisticated analyses are needed. Moreover, studies revealed that sodium can temporarily be stored in the body. This review summarizes recent findings on the impact of salt on the immune system and discusses potential challenges investigating dietary salt intake as a risk factor in MS.
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35
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Barbaro NR, Foss JD, Kryshtal DO, Tsyba N, Kumaresan S, Xiao L, Mernaugh RL, Itani HA, Loperena R, Chen W, Dikalov S, Titze JM, Knollmann BC, Harrison DG, Kirabo A. Dendritic Cell Amiloride-Sensitive Channels Mediate Sodium-Induced Inflammation and Hypertension. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1009-1020. [PMID: 29069584 PMCID: PMC5674815 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium accumulates in the interstitium and promotes inflammation through poorly defined mechanisms. We describe a pathway by which sodium enters dendritic cells (DCs) through amiloride-sensitive channels including the alpha and gamma subunits of the epithelial sodium channel and the sodium hydrogen exchanger 1. This leads to calcium influx via the sodium calcium exchanger, activation of protein kinase C (PKC), phosphorylation of p47phox, and association of p47phox with gp91phox. The assembled NADPH oxidase produces superoxide with subsequent formation of immunogenic isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts. DCs activated by excess sodium produce increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and promote T cell production of cytokines IL-17A and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). When adoptively transferred into naive mice, these DCs prime hypertension in response to a sub-pressor dose of angiotensin II. These findings provide a mechanistic link between salt, inflammation, and hypertension involving increased oxidative stress and IsoLG production in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Barbaro
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason D Foss
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dmytro O Kryshtal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nikita Tsyba
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shivani Kumaresan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liang Xiao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Hana A Itani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roxana Loperena
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sergey Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jens M Titze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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36
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Haase S, Haghikia A, Wilck N, Müller DN, Linker RA. Impacts of microbiome metabolites on immune regulation and autoimmunity. Immunology 2018; 154:230-238. [PMID: 29637999 PMCID: PMC5980218 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast number of studies have demonstrated a remarkable role for the gut microbiota and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, have revealed that modifying certain intestinal bacterial populations may influence immune cell priming in the periphery, resulting in dysregulation of immune responses and neuroinflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Conversely, some commensal bacteria and their antigenic products can protect against inflammation within the CNS. Specific components of the gut microbiome have been implicated in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequent generation of Th17 cells. Similarly, commensal bacteria and their metabolites can also promote the generation of regulatory T-cells (Treg), contributing to immune suppression. Short-chain fatty acids may induce Treg either by G-protein-coupled receptors or inhibition of histone deacetylases. Tryptophan metabolites may suppress inflammatory responses by acting on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in T-cells or astrocytes. Interestingly, secretion of these metabolites can be impaired by excess consumption of dietary components, such as long-chain fatty acids or salt, indicating that the diet represents an environmental factor affecting the complex crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the immune system. This review discusses new aspects of host-microbiota interaction and the immune system with a special focus on MS as a prototype T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haase
- Department of NeurologyFriedrich‐Alexander UniversityErlangenGermany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of NeurologyRuhr‐University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Joint Cooperation of Max‐Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Joint Cooperation of Max‐Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner siteBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)BerlinGermany
| | - Ralf A. Linker
- Department of NeurologyFriedrich‐Alexander UniversityErlangenGermany
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Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Current Applications and Future Perspectives. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8168717. [PMID: 29805314 PMCID: PMC5902007 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8168717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut environment and gut microbiome dysbiosis have been demonstrated to significantly influence a range of disorders in humans, including obesity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS is not clear, and it should involve both genetic and extrinsic factors. The extrinsic factors responsible for predisposition to MS remain elusive. Recent studies on MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have found that gastrointestinal microbiota may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. Thus, gut microbiome adjustment may be a future direction of treatment in MS. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the gut microbiota, the connection between the brain and the gut, and the changes in gut microbiota in MS/EAE, and we explore the possibility of applying microbiota therapies in patients with MS.
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38
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Willebrand R, Kleinewietfeld M. The role of salt for immune cell function and disease. Immunology 2018; 154:346-353. [PMID: 29465812 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system evolved to protect organisms from invading pathogens. A network of pro- and anti-inflammatory cell types equipped with special effector molecules guarantees efficient elimination of intruders like viruses and bacteria. However, imbalances can lead to an excessive response of effector cells incurring autoimmune or allergic diseases. An interplay of genetic and environmental factors contributes to autoimmune diseases and recent studies provided evidence for an impact of dietary habits on the immune status and related disorders. Western societies underwent a change in lifestyle associated with changes in food consumption. Salt (sodium chloride) is one component prevalent in processed food frequently consumed in western countries. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms behind the effects of sodium chloride on immune cells like regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (TH ) 17 cells and its implication as a risk factor for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Willebrand
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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39
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Vaartjes D, Nandakumar K, Holmdahl R, Raposo B. Increased salt exposure affects both lymphoid and myeloid effector functions, influencing innate-associated disease but not T-cell-associated autoimmunity. Immunology 2018; 154:683-694. [PMID: 29513375 PMCID: PMC6050215 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt consumption has since long been associated with elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Recently, mouse studies suggested that a high dietary salt intake exacerbates the clinical manifestations of autoimmunity. Using naïve cells ex vivo after pre-exposure of mice to high salt intake, we showed that increased salt exposure affects the viability and effector functions of immune cells. CD4+ T-cells evidenced a pro-inflammatory phenotype characterized by increased secretion of IFNγ and IL-17A, when exposed to high salt concentrations in vitro. Interestingly, this phenotype was associated with osmotic pressure, as replacing salt for d-mannitol resulted in similar observations. However, high salt intake did not alter the development of T-cell-dependent autoimmunity. Instead, recruitment of peritoneal macrophages was increased in mice pre-exposed to high salt concentrations. These cells had an increased production of both TNFα and IL-10, suggesting that salt stimulates expansion and differentiation of different subsets of macrophages. Moreover, mice pre-exposed to high salt intake developed exacerbated symptoms of colitis, when induced by dextran sulphate sodium. The aggravated colitis in salt-exposed animals was associated with a higher frequency of CD4+ T-cells and CD11b+ CD64+ macrophages producing TNFα. These phenotypes correlated with elevated titres of faecal IgA and higher lymphocytic cellularity in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. In conclusion, we report here that high salt intake affects both lymphoid and myeloid cells ex vivo. However, the effects of high salt intake in vivo seem less pronounced in terms of CD4+ T-cell responses, whereas macrophage-dependent pathologies are significantly influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Vaartjes
- Section for Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Kutty‐Selva Nandakumar
- Section for Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Section for Medical Inflammation ResearchSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Section for Medical Inflammation ResearchSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bruno Raposo
- Section for Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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40
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High dietary salt intake correlates with modulated Th17-Treg cell balance resulting in enhanced bone loss and impaired bone-microarchitecture in male mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2503. [PMID: 29410520 PMCID: PMC5802842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is associated with reduced density and quality of bone leading to weakened skeleton thereby increasing the risk of fractures responsible for increased morbidity and mortality. Due to preference for western food style the consumption of salt intake in our diets has increased many folds. High dietary salt intake has recently been linked with induction of Th17 cells along with impairment of Treg cells. Also, Th17 cells have been one of major players in the pathophysiology of various bone pathologies including osteoporosis. We thus hypothesized that high salt diet (HSD) intake would lead to enhanced bone loss by modulating Th17-Treg cell balance. In the present study, we report for the first time that HSD intake in male mice impairs both trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture along with decreasing the mineral density and heterogeneity of bones. The HSD modulates host immune system and skews Treg-Th17 balance by promoting osteoclastogenic Th17 cells and inhibiting development of anti-osteoclastogenic Treg cells in mice. HSD also enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, RANKL and IL-17) and decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IFN-γ). Taken together the present study for the first time establishes a strong correlation between high dietary salt intake and bone health via interplay between Th17-Treg cells.
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41
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Matveeva O, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA, Linker RA, Haghikia A, Kleinewietfeld M. Western lifestyle and immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1417:71-86. [PMID: 29377214 PMCID: PMC5947729 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a sudden and unprecedented rise in the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Westernized countries over the past decades, emphasizing the role of environmental factors. Among many candidates, rapid changes in dietary habits seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we summarize and discuss the available evidence for the role of dietary nutrients, such as table salt, fatty acids, and flavonoids, in the development and pathogenesis of MS. We also discuss new and emerging risk factors accompanying Western lifestyle, such as shift work, sleep, and circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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42
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Montes-Cobos E, Schweingruber N, Li X, Fischer HJ, Reichardt HM, Lühder F. Deletion of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Myeloid Cells Attenuates Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1319. [PMID: 29081780 PMCID: PMC5645513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Monocytes, macrophages, and microglia can adopt two distinct phenotypes, with M1-polarized cells being more related to inflammation and autoimmunity while M2-polarized cells contribute to tissue repair and anti-inflammatory processes. Here, we show that deletion of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages caused their polarization toward the M2 phenotype with its distinct gene expression, altered phagocytic and migratory properties, and dampened NO production. After induction of EAE, mice that are selectively devoid of the MR in their myeloid cells (MRlysM mice) showed diminished clinical symptoms and ameliorated histological hallmarks of neuroinflammation. T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of these mice produced less pro-inflammatory cytokines while their proliferation and the abundance of regulatory T cells were unaltered. The numbers of inflammatory monocytes and reactive microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) in MRlysM mice were significantly lower and they adopted an M2-polarized phenotype based on their gene expression profile, presumably explaining the ameliorated neuroinflammation. Our results indicate that the MR in myeloid cells plays a critical role for CNS autoimmunity, providing a rational to interfere with diseases such as MS by pharmacologically targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montes-Cobos
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nils Schweingruber
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henrike J Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Kirabo A. A new paradigm of sodium regulation in inflammation and hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R706-R710. [PMID: 28931546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of sodium (Na+) balance is a major cause of hypertensive cardiovascular disease. The current dogma is that interstitial Na+ readily equilibrates with plasma and that renal excretion and reabsorption is sufficient to regulate extracellular fluid volume and control blood pressure. These ideas have been recently challenged by the discovery that Na+ accumulates in tissues without commensurate volume retention and activates immune cells, leading to hypertension and autoimmune disease. However, objections have been raised to this new paradigm, with some investigators concerned about where and how salt is stored in tissues. Further concerns also include how Na+ is mobilized from tissue stores and how it interacts with various organ systems to cause hypertension and end-organ damage. This review assesses these two paradigms of Na+ regulation in the context of inflammation-mediated hypertension and cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Also highlighted are future perspectives and important gaps in our understanding of how Na+ is linked to inflammation and hypertension. Understanding mechanisms of salt and body fluid regulation is the sine qua non of research efforts to identify therapeutic targets for hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Tennessee
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Impact of combined sodium chloride and saturated long-chain fatty acid challenge on the differentiation of T helper cells in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:184. [PMID: 28899400 PMCID: PMC5596846 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a marked increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) in the last decades which is most likely driven by a change in environmental factors. Here, growing evidence suggests that ingredients of a Western diet like high intake of sodium chloride (NaCl) or saturated fatty acids may impact systemic immune responses, thus increasing disease susceptibility. Recently, we have shown that high dietary salt or long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake indeed aggravates T helper (Th) cell responses and neuroinflammation. METHODS Naïve CD4+ T cells were treated with an excess of 40 mM NaCl and/or 250 μM lauric acid (LA) in vitro to analyze effects on Th cell differentiation, cytokine secretion, and gene expression. We employed ex vivo analyses of the model disease murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to investigate whether salt and LCFA may affect disease severity and T cell activation in vivo. RESULTS LCFA, like LA, together with NaCl enhance the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine and gene expression in vitro. In cell culture, we observed an additive effect of LA and hypertonic extracellular NaCl (NaCl + LA) in Th17 differentiation assays as well as on IL-17, GM-CSF, and IL-2 gene expression. In contrast, NaCl + LA reduced Th2 frequencies. We employed EAE as a model of Th1/Th17 cell-mediated autoimmunity and show that the combination of a NaCl- and LA-rich diet aggravated the disease course and increased T cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) to the same extent as dietary NaCl. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a partially additive effect of NaCl and LA on Th cell polarization in vitro and on Th cell responses in autoimmune neuroinflammation. These data may help to better understand the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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van den Hoogen WJ, Laman JD, 't Hart BA. Modulation of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Model Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Food and Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1081. [PMID: 28928747 PMCID: PMC5591889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurological disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to demyelination, axonal damage, and symptoms such as fatigue and disability. Although the cause of MS is not known, the infiltration of peripherally activated immune cells into the CNS has a key pathogenic role. Accumulating evidence supports an important role of diet and gut microbiota in immune-mediated diseases. Preclinical as well as clinical studies suggest a role for gut microbiota and dietary components in MS. Here, we review these recent studies on gut microbiota and dietary interventions in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We also propose directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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Zhou X, Packialakshmi B, Xiao Y, Nurmukhambetova S, Lees JR. Progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with up-regulation of major sodium transporters in the mouse kidney cortex under a normal salt diet. Cell Immunol 2017; 317:18-25. [PMID: 28438314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by high salt diets prompted us to study whether EAE stimulated Na absorption by the renal cortex, a primary regulatory site for Na balance, even under a normal NaCl diet. We found that as EAE progressed from mild to severe symptoms, there were parallel increases in the protein abundance of NHE3 and αENaC and the Na,K-ATPase activity with an affiliated elevation of its β1-subunit protein. These effects are associated with increases in the protein levels of the well-known regulators SGK1 and scaffold NHERF2, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These effects of EAE could not be explained by reduction in water or food intake. We conclude that EAE progression is associated with up-regulation of major Na transporters, which is most likely driven by increased expression of SGK1 and NHERF2 and activation of ERK1/2. These data suggest that EAE progression increases Na absorption by the renal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Balamurugan Packialakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Saule Nurmukhambetova
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Zostawa J, Adamczyk J, Sowa P, Adamczyk-Sowa M. The influence of sodium on pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:389-398. [PMID: 28078565 PMCID: PMC5331099 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, and is an important cause of disability in young adults. In genetically susceptible individuals, several environmental factors may play a partial role in the pathogenesis of MS. Some studies suggests that high-salt diet (>5 g/day) may contribute to the MS and other autoimmune disease development through the induction of pathogenic Th17 cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in both humans and mice. However, the precise mechanisms of pro-inflammatory effect of sodium chloride intake are not yet explained. The purpose of this review was to discuss the present state of knowledge on the potential role of environmental and dietary factors, particularly sodium chloride on the development and course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zostawa
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jowita Adamczyk
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Paweł Sowa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Medical University of Silesia, ul. C. Skłodowskiej 10, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, ul. 3-go Maja 13-15, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
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Foss JD, Kirabo A, Harrison DG. Do high-salt microenvironments drive hypertensive inflammation? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R1-R4. [PMID: 27903514 PMCID: PMC5283943 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00414.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global epidemic affecting over one billion people worldwide. Despite this, the etiology of most cases of human hypertension remains obscure, and treatment remains suboptimal. Excessive dietary salt and inflammation are known contributors to the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, it has been recognized that salt can accumulate in the skin and skeletal muscle, producing concentrations of sodium greater than the plasma in hypertensive animals and humans. Such elevated levels of sodium have been shown to alter immune cell function. Here, we propose a model in which tissue salt accumulation causes an immune response leading to renal and vascular inflammation and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Foss
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Rothhammer V, Quintana FJ. Environmental control of autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:46-53. [PMID: 27710839 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), which causes severe disability and requires extensive medical attention and treatment. While the infiltration of pathogenic immune cells into the CNS leads to the formation of inflammatory lesions in its initial relapsing-remitting stage, late stages of MS are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and demyelination even without continued interaction with the peripheral immune compartment. Several genetic and environmental factors modulate and influence these processes on multiple levels. Genetic variants confer a predisposition for the development of MS, but are not accessible to therapeutic intervention as of today. However, migration studies suggest that environmental factors influence disease development, activity and progression. This article reviews mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in MS and their modulation by environmental factors such as geographical localization, the gut microbiome and the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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