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Gunyakti Kilinc S, Celik F, Kesik HK, Simsek S. Prevalence, molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analyses of hydatid cysts and cysticercus tenuicollis isolates and first report of E. canadensis (G6/G7) in wild boars in Bingol province, Türkiye. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100960. [PMID: 39070048 PMCID: PMC11277366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Wild boars can directly or indirectly transmit numerous zoonotic helminths to humans in rural communities as they serve as reservoir hosts. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and molecular characterisation of cystic metacestode forms of helminth parasites in wild boar and to identify haplotypes. To this end, 23 wild boar carcasses shot by hunters during the 2023 hunting season were necropsied and all internal organs were examined. Cysticercus tenuicollis (n = 07) and hydatid cyst (n = 10) isolates were obtained from the examined boars. Species identification of Cysticercus and hydatid cyst isolates was performed by amplification of partial fragments of the cox1 gene. According to BLAST search, all sequences of C. tenuicollis isolates were identified as Taenia hydatigena. Out of the hydatid cyst isolates, seven were classified as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1/G3) and one sample was identified as Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7). All isolates of E. granulosus s.s. (G1/G3) were re-amplified with the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) in order to distinguish between G1 and G3 genotypes. Based on the sequence analysis, it was found that five of the E. granulosus s.s. isolates were classified as G1, while two were classified as G3. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the G1 genotype is the most prevalent genetic variant among wild boar populations in Bingol province, Türkiye. In this study, a total of five novel haplotypes were identified. A previously unidentified haplotype was revealed through the haplotype analysis of E. canadensis (G6/G7). All isolates in the haplotype network of T. hydatigena were shown to exhibit distinct and geographically specific haplotypes. According to the findings of the study, wild boars include a substantial amount of genetic variety in E. granulosus s.s. And T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bingol, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bingol, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Li L, Saqib M, Qamar W, Hassan A, Ghafoor M, Rahman SU, Khan MUZ, Fu BQ, Liu Y, Yin H, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Phylogeny and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) based on full-length cytb-nad2-atp6 mitochondrial genes - First report from Sialkot District of Pakistan. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111542. [PMID: 36584819 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease of livestock having serious economic setbacks. The etiological agents of the disease belong to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Despite of worldwide distribution of the disease, the molecular studies mainly employ amplification of cox1, nad1 and nad5 genes. To further strengthen the knowledge about significance of other molecular markers and to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus species in Pakistan, the current study was designed in which full length mitochondrial cytb, atp6 and nad2 genes were amplified. Based on BLAST searches of the generated cytb, atp6 and nad2 gene sequences from a total of 18 hydatid cysts collected from cattle, 12 isolates were identified as E. granulousus G3 and 6 as E. granulosus (G1). The phylogeny inferred by the Bayesian method using nucleotide sequences of cytb-atp6-nad2 further confirmed their identity. The diversity indices indicated a high haplotype and a low nucleotide diversity. The negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test demonstrated deviation from neutrality suggesting a recent population expansion. To the best of our knowledge, the present study described the genetic variation of E. granulosus population for the first time in Pakistan using full-length cytb, atp6 and nad2 mitochondrial genes. The findings on the genetic variation of E. granulosus in Pakistan will constitute useful baseline information for future studies on the prevalence and population structure of E. granulosus based on full-length cytb, atp6 and nad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hassan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzafar Ghafoor
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Siddiq Ur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Khan A, Ahmed H, Simsek S, Shahzad K, Celik F, Afzal MS, Khan MR, Liu H, Shen Y, Cao J. Haplotype comparisons of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato via mitochondrial gene sequences ( co1, cytb, nadh1) among Pakistan and its neighbouring countries. Parasitology 2021; 148:1019-1029. [PMID: 33896429 PMCID: PMC11010185 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a zoonotic parasite that causes cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans. However, E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is considered the predominant species in CE infections worldwide. According to the population genetic diversity and structure of E. granulosus s.l., gene flow can explain the parasite drift among the neighbouring countries of Pakistan. The mitochondrial (mt) co1 (n = 47), nadh1 (n = 37) and cytb (n = 35) nucleotide sequences of E. granulosus s.l. isolates from Pakistan, Iran, China and India were retrieved from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database to determine the genealogical relationships. The sequences were grouped as the mt-co1 (genotypes G1 and G3, G6-G7), mt-cytb (genotypes G1 and G3), and mt-nadh1(genotypes G1 and G3). The data were analysed using bioinformatic tools. A total of 19 polymorphic sites for the mt-co1 sequence (374 bp) were observed of which 31.6% (6/19) were parsimony-informative sites. Unique singleton haplotypes within the E. granulosus s.s. haplotype network based on the mt-co1 gene were highly prevalent (68.4%; 13/19) in Pakistani isolates followed by Chinese, Indian and Iranian isolates; four polymorphic sites were detected in the E. canadensis (G6/G7). In E. canadensis mt-co1 haplotype network, 75% (3/4) unique singleton haplotypes were from the Iranian isolates. Twelve polymorphic sites were found using the mt-cytb sequence (547 bp); 25% (3/12) were parsimony-informative and there were 66.7% (8/12) unique singleton haplotypes within the mt-cytb haplotype network in E. granulosus s.s. with the most reported from Pakistan followed by Iran and China. 20 polymorphic sites were detected in E. granulosus s.s. mt-nadh1 sequences (743 bp); 20% (4/20) were parsimony-informative. There were 66.7% (8/12) main single haplotypes within the mt-nadh1 haplotype network, with the most reported from Pakistan followed by that from India, Iran and China. The sequence analyses show low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Khuram Shahzad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Lifesciences, School of Science, University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mobushir Riaz Khan
- School of Environmental Science, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Molecular survey on cattle and sheep hydatidosis and first detection of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) in sheep in Turkey. Parasitology 2020; 147:1055-1062. [PMID: 32404231 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Larval stage of genus Echinococcus is the causing agent for the zoonotic infection which is life threatening known as Echinococcosis. The purpose of this study was the identification, molecular analysis and characterization of Echinococcus spp. in sheep and cattle. The sampling was done from slaughterhouse of Elazig, Turkey. A total of 85 isolates (sheep, n = 19 and cattle, n = 66) have been collected after slaughtering. Following the gDNA isolation and PCR products of mt-CO1 gene (446 bp) of all the samples were sequenced. Out of 85 isolates, 84 were recognized as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and one sheep isolate was found as Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7 ) which is identified for the first time in Turkey. However, single nucleotide polymorphism has been observed not only in samples of different animals but also in samples collected from the same cattle. Six liver and three lung hydatid cysts have been detected in cattle. Although no nucleotide differences have been observed in the liver samples, there was single nucleotide polymorphism (C→T) in 40th nucleotide of two lung cysts. As a result of haplotype analysis, 16 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. were detected in 66 cattle isolates whereas 7 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. were identified in 19 sheep samples.
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Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus ortleppi; and E. intermedius (G7) are present in Bolivia. Parasitology 2020; 147:949-956. [PMID: 32234095 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by a complex of species known as Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. CE is endemic in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay and the South part of Brazil. In contrast, little is known regarding the presence of CE in Bolivia. In this study, 35 cysts isolated from livestock (mostly from the Department of La Paz) and 3 from humans (La Paz, Oruro and Potosi) were genetically characterized analysing the sequence of the cox1 gene (1609 bp). In total, 30 cysts (from La Paz, Cochabamba and Beni) were characterized as E. granulosus sensu stricto (3 fertile and 4 non-fertile cysts from sheep, 8 fertile and 12 non-fertile cysts from cattle and 3 fertile cysts from humans). A detailed analysis of the cox1 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. is included. Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) was found in 5 fertile cysts from cattle (from La Paz and Cochabamba). Echinococcus intermedius (G7) was identified in 3 fertile cysts from pigs (from Santa Cruz). Additionally, E. granulosus s.s. was detected in 4 dog faecal samples, while E. ortleppi was present in other two dog faecal samples. The implications of these preliminary results in the future implementation of control measures are discussed.
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Comprehensive study based on mtDNA signature (nad1) providing insights on Echinococcus granulosus s.s. genotypes from Pakistan and potential role of buffalo-dog cycle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104271. [PMID: 32142937 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pakistan has long been considered neglected endemic region for Echinococcus granulosus. Limited surveillance studies have failed to epidemiologically draw complete picture on geographical presence and etiological agents of cystic echinococcosis. Amidst such lacunae, current study explored main transmission routes of this disease through molecular characterization of hydatid cyst isolates obtained from sheep (n = 35), goats (n = 26), cattle (n = 30) and buffalo (n = 30) from the four provinces of Pakistan. Two strains of E. granulosus sensu stricto, G1/G3, and their haplotypes were observed to be cycling in sympatry in the domestic ungulate populations. G3 genotype had higher prevalence (66.94%) in the hosts compared to G1 genotype (33.06%) which was not surprising, considering the large buffalo population in Pakistan. Haplotypic analysis revealed presence of 9 different haplotypes configured in a double clustered network with two centrally positioned haplotypes referred to as G3 (PKH1) and G1 (PKH6). Population demographics and genetic variability indices suggested expanding parasitic population in multiple host spectrum. Elucidating local transmission patterns of E. granulosus sensu stricto, buffalo-dog cycle emerged as one of the dominant causes of G3 dispersal in contrary to other global studies. Adaptability of G3 to environmental conditions of Pakistan and high affinity for buffaloes emphasize on heterogeneous nature of this strain in contrast to G1. However, more studies involving larger datasets and mitochondrial sequences could confirm this hypothetically formulated inference.
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Yan B, Liu X, Wu J, Zhao S, Yuan W, Wang B, Wureli H, Tu C, Chen C, wang Y. Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus Genotype G1 in Xinjiang, Northwest of China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:391-396. [PMID: 30196674 PMCID: PMC6137305 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus is a serious helminthic zoonosis in humans, livestock and wildlife. Xinjiang is one of high endemic province for CE in China. A total of 55 sheep and cattle livers containing echinococcal cysts were collected from slaughterhouses in Changji and Yining City, northern region of Xinjiang. PCR was employed for cloning 2 gene fragments, 12S rRNA and CO1 for analysis of phylogenetic diversity of E. granulosus. The results showed that all the samples collected were identified as G1 genotype of E. granulosus. Interestingly, YL5 and CJ75 strains were the older branches compared to those strains from France, Argentina, Australia. CO1 gene fragment showed 20 new genotype haploids and 5 new genotype haplogroups (H1-H5) by the analysis of Network 5.0 software, and the YLY17 strain was identified as the most ancestral haplotype. The major haplotypes, such as CJ75 and YL5 strains, showed identical to the isolates from Middle East. The international and domestic trade of livestock might contribute to the dispersal of different haplotypes for E. granulosus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiafei Liu
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar City, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wumei Yuan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hazi Wureli
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Institue of Veterinary Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Jilin, Changchun, 1300062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
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Laurimäe T, Kinkar L, Romig T, Omer RA, Casulli A, Umhang G, Gasser RB, Jabbar A, Sharbatkhori M, Mirhendi H, Ponce-Gordo F, Lazzarini LE, Soriano SV, Varcasia A, Rostami Nejad M, Andresiuk V, Maravilla P, González LM, Dybicz M, Gawor J, Šarkūnas M, Šnábel V, Kuzmina T, Saarma U. The benefits of analysing complete mitochondrial genomes: Deep insights into the phylogeny and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes G6 and G7. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:85-94. [PMID: 29906638 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Within this complex, genotypes G6 and G7 have been frequently associated with human CE worldwide. Previous studies exploring the genetic variability and phylogeography of genotypes G6 and G7 have been based on relatively short mtDNA sequences, and the resolution of these studies has often been low. Moreover, using short sequences, the distinction between G6 and G7 has in some cases remained challenging. The aim here was to sequence complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) to obtain deeper insight into the genetic diversity, phylogeny and population structure of genotypes G6 and G7. We sequenced complete mitogenomes of 94 samples collected from 15 different countries worldwide. The results demonstrated that (i) genotypes G6 and G7 can be clearly distinguished when mitogenome sequences are used; (ii) G7 is represented by two major haplogroups, G7a and G7b, the latter being specific to islands of Corsica and Sardinia; (iii) intensive animal trade, but also geographical isolation, have likely had the largest impact on shaping the genetic structure and distribution of genotypes G6 and G7. In addition, we found phylogenetically highly divergent haplotype from Mongolia (Gmon), which had a higher affinity to G6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teivi Laurimäe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Kinkar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Thomas Romig
- Institute of Zoology, Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rihab A Omer
- National University Research Institute, National University Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Adriano Casulli
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis (in humans and animals), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gérald Umhang
- Anses, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mitra Sharbatkhori
- Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena E Lazzarini
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Comahue National University, Buenos Aires, 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Silvia V Soriano
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Comahue National University, Buenos Aires, 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mohammad Rostami Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vanessa Andresiuk
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, CP: 7600, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Maravilla
- Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Departamento de Ecologia de Agentes Patogenos, DF 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis Miguel González
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Monika Dybicz
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, 5 Chałubińskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gawor
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Science, Twarda51/55, Warsaw 00-818, Poland
| | - Mindaugas Šarkūnas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Street 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tetiana Kuzmina
- I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia.
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Li WX, Fu PP, Zhang D, Boyce K, Xi BW, Zou H, Li M, Wu SG, Wang GT. Comparative mitogenomics supports synonymy of the genera Ligula and Digramma (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:324. [PMID: 29848351 PMCID: PMC5975392 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After observing differences in the number of reproductive complexes per proglottid within the genus Ligula, the genus Digramma was erected. However, the validity of Digramma has been previously questioned due to a low variability in the cox1, nad1 and ITS rDNA sequences between the two genera. We undertook a study to greatly increase the amount of sequence data available for resolution of this question by sequencing and characterizing the complete mitogenomes of Digramma interrupta and Ligula intestinalis. Results The circular mtDNA molecules of Digramma interrupta and Ligula intestinalis are 13,685 bp and 13,621 bp in size, respectively, both comprising 12 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and two mNCRs. Both mitogenomes exhibit the same gene order and share 92.7% nucleotide identity, compared with 85.8–86.5% to the most closely related genus Dibothriocephalus. Each gene from D. interrupta and L. intestinalis is almost of the same size, and the sequence identity ranges from 87.5% (trnD) to 100% (trnH, trnQ and trnV). NCR2 sequences of D. interrupta and L. intestinalis are 249 bp and 183 bp in length, respectively, which contributes to the main difference in length between their complete mitogenomes. A sliding window analysis of the 12 PCGs and two rRNAs indicated nucleotide diversity to be higher in nad5, nad6, nad2, nad4 and cox3, whereas the most conserved genes were rrnL and rrnS. Lower sequence identity was also found in nad2, nad4, nad5, nad6 and cox3 genes between the two diphyllobothriids. Within the Diphyllobothriidae, phylogenetic analysis indicated Ligula and Digramma to be most closely related to one another, forming a sister group with Dibothriocephalus. Conclusions Owing to higher nucleotide diversity, the genes nad2, nad4, nad5, nad6 and cox3 should be considered optimal candidates to use as molecular markers for population genetics and species identification between the two closely related species. The phylogenetic results in combination with the comparative analysis of the two mitogenomes, consistently support the congeneric status of L. intestinalis and D. interrupta. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2910-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen X Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei P Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kellyanne Boyce
- South Devon College University Centre, Long Road, Paignton, TQ4 7EJ, UK
| | - Bing W Xi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan G Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui T Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Šnábel V, Calma C, Georgescu SO, Cavallero S, D’Amelio S, Vasilková Z, Ito A. Genetic survey of alveolar and cystic echinococcoses in Romania: first molecular evidence of Echinococcus multilocularis in humans in the country. Helminthologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/helm-2017-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are considered as one of the most important zoonotic diseases in Romania, where they are subject to mandatory reporting. To obtain more knowledge about the genetic diversity of Echinococcus causative agents of these diseases, 11 isolates from humans and ungulate intermediate hosts from the two regions of Romania were genotyped using mitochondrial markers. In clinical samples of five patients from north-eastern Romania (Iasi, Botosani, Vaslui counties), Echinococcus multilocularis was identified as causal agent by cox1 sequence analysis. To the best of our knowledge this finding presents the first molecular evidence of E. multilocularis in humans from Romania. Only two cases of AE in patients were previously documented in the country by serological methods. In our four patients the most widespread European variant E5 of E. multilocularis was recorded, whereas in isolate from Vaslui county three nucleotide substitutions were detected as compared to the most related E5 haplotype. One of these mutations (411T/G) matched N1 and N2 haplotypes described previously from North America. In six CE samples retrieved from western Romania (Caras-Severin and Timis counties), two human isolates were diagnosed as Echinococcus canadensis G7, one as E. granulosus s.s. G1 and one as E. granulosus s.s. G3 using atp6 and rrnS sequencing. In ungulates, the cattle isolate was allocated to E. granulosus s.s. G1 and pig isolate to E. canadensis G7. The two G7 findings in humans reinforced the recent view that G7 was underestimated as compared to the E. granulosus s.s. regarding human CE threat that can be further employed for identifying sources of infections and establishing suitable preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Košice, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice , Slovakia
| | - C. Calma
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Department of Physiology and Immunology , 300041 Timisoara , Romania
| | - S. O. Georgescu
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Department of Surgery , Iași , Romania
| | - S. Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - S. D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Z. Vasilková
- Institute of Parasitology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Košice, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice , Slovakia
| | - A. Ito
- Department of Parasitology , Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa 078-8510 , Japan
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11
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:159-257. [PMID: 28212789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of human clinical interest. The most prevalent species are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, followed by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. The first two species cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of CE and AE, including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for CE, since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of echinococcosis and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of echinococcosis for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.
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Urach Monteiro D, de Azevedo MI, Weiblen C, Correia Ribeiro T, Emmanouilidis J, Tonin AA, de Avila Botton S, de la Rue ML. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus canadensis (G7), and Echinococcus ortleppi in fertile hydatid cysts isolated from cattle in Southern Brazil. Acta Trop 2016; 164:41-44. [PMID: 27554941 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic infection that affects humans and animals. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the fertile hydatid cysts from bovine viscera in order to verify different species and/or genotypes present in Southern Brazil. Firstly, cysts were collected from a slaughterhouse, which received animals from different regions of Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), considered an important area of occurrence of cystic echinococcosis. In total, 2396 cysts were analyzed by microscopy to verify the presence of protoscoleces. Protoscoleces were detected in 291 samples and were classified as fertile hydatid cysts. Total DNA was extracted from protoscoleces and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two hundred and fifty-one samples were identified by PCR and characterized as G5/G6/G7 genotypes, of which 40 belonged to Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3). PCR was also performed, using G5-specific primers to identify 250 samples as Echinococcus ortleppi (G5). Only one sample was identified as Echinococcus canadensis (G7) by DNA sequencing using primers specific for the coxI gene. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed and identified three distinct groups E1 (G5), E2 (G7), and E3 (G1-G3), which were grouped according to similarity of their sequences. The study highlights the fact that E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. ortleppi, and E. canadensis (G7) were infecting cattle in RS, emphasizing the adaptation of different species of Echinococcus to this intermediate host.
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13
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Genetic diversity and phylogeography of highly zoonotic Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 in the Americas (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico) based on 8279bp of mtDNA. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:290-296. [PMID: 27659214 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is a taeniid cestode and the etiological agent of an infectious zoonotic disease known as cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatid disease. CE is a serious public health concern in many parts of the world, including the Americas, where it is highly endemic in many regions. Echinococcus granulosus displays high intraspecific genetic variability and is divided into multiple genotypes (G1-G8, G10) with differences in their biology and etiology. Of these, genotype G1 is responsible for the majority of human and livestock infections and has the broadest host spectrum. However, despite the high significance to the public and livestock health, the data on genetic variability and regional genetic differences of genotype G1 in America are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability and phylogeography of G1 in several countries in America by sequencing a large portion of the mitochondrial genome. We analysed 8279bp of mtDNA for 52 E. granulosus G1 samples from sheep, cattle and pigs collected in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, covering majority of countries in the Americas where G1 has been reported. The phylogenetic network revealed 29 haplotypes and a high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.903). The absence of phylogeographic segregation between different regions in America suggests the importance of animal transportation in shaping the genetic structure of E. granulosus G1. In addition, our study revealed many highly divergent haplotypes, indicating a long and complex evolutionary history of E. granulosus G1 in the Americas.
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14
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High-resolution phylogeography of zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1 with an emphasis on its distribution in Turkey, Italy and Spain. Parasitology 2016; 143:1790-1801. [PMID: 27572265 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis. The disease is a significant global public health concern and human infections are most commonly associated with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.) genotype G1. The objectives of this study were to: (i) analyse the genetic variation and phylogeography of E. granulosus s. s. G1 in part of its main distribution range in Europe using 8274 bp of mtDNA; (ii) compare the results with those derived from previously used shorter mtDNA sequences and highlight the major differences. We sequenced a total of 91 E. granulosus s. s. G1 isolates from six different intermediate host species, including humans. The isolates originated from seven countries representing primarily Turkey, Italy and Spain. Few samples were also from Albania, Greece, Romania and from a patient originating from Algeria, but diagnosed in Finland. The analysed 91 sequences were divided into 83 haplotypes, revealing complex phylogeography and high genetic variation of E. granulosus s. s. G1 in Europe, particularly in the high-diversity domestication centre of western Asia. Comparisons with shorter mtDNA datasets revealed that 8274 bp sequences provided significantly higher phylogenetic resolution and thus more power to reveal the genetic relations between different haplotypes.
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15
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Lymbery AJ. Phylogenetic Pattern, Evolutionary Processes and Species Delimitation in the Genus Echinococcus. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 95:111-145. [PMID: 28131362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An accurate and stable alpha taxonomy requires a clear conception of what constitutes a species and agreed criteria for delimiting different species. An evolutionary or general lineage concept defines a species as a single lineage of organisms with a common evolutionary trajectory, distinguishable from other such lineages. Delimiting evolutionary species is a two-step process. In the first step, phylogenetic reconstruction identifies putative species as groups of organisms that are monophyletic (share a common ancestor) and exclusive (more closely related to each other than to organisms outside the group). The second step is to assess whether members of the group possess genetic exchangeability (where cohesion is maintained by gene flow among populations) or ecological exchangeability (where cohesion is maintained because populations occupy the same ecological niche). Recent taxonomic reviews have recognized nine species within the genus Echinococcus. Phylogenetic reconstructions of the relationships between these putative species using mtDNA and nuclear gene sequences show that for the most part these nine species are monophyletic, although there are important incongruences that need to be resolved. Applying the criteria of genetic and ecological exchangeability suggests that seven of the currently recognized species represent evolutionarily distinct lineages. The species status of Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus ortleppi could not be confirmed. Coalescent-based analyses represent a promising approach to species delimitation in these closely related taxa. It seems likely, from a comparison of sister species groups, that speciation in the genus has been driven by geographic isolation, but biogeographic scenarios are largely speculative and require further testing.
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16
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Cucher MA, Macchiaroli N, Baldi G, Camicia F, Prada L, Maldonado L, Avila HG, Fox A, Gutiérrez A, Negro P, López R, Jensen O, Rosenzvit M, Kamenetzky L. Cystic echinococcosis in South America: systematic review of species and genotypes ofEchinococcus granulosus sensu latoin humans and natural domestic hosts. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 21:166-75. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Alejandra Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Natalia Macchiaroli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Germán Baldi
- Estudios Ambientales; Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis UNSL-CONICET; San Luis Argentina
| | - Federico Camicia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Laura Prada
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Lucas Maldonado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Héctor Gabriel Avila
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis; Ministerio de Salud Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Sectores Productivos; Chubut Argentina
| | | | - Ariana Gutiérrez
- ANLIS-“Dr Carlos G Malbrán” Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Perla Negro
- Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Raúl López
- División Zoonosis; Ministerio de Salud y Acción Social; Catamarca Argentina
| | - Oscar Jensen
- Centro de Investigación en Zoonosis; Ministerio de Salud Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Sectores Productivos; Chubut Argentina
| | - Mara Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM); Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Rostami S, Shariat Torbaghan S, Dabiri S, Babaei Z, Ali Mohammadi M, Sharbatkhori M, Fasihi Harandi M. Genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus from a large number of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of human isolates in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:588-94. [PMID: 25535316 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, presents an important medical and veterinary problem globally, including that in Iran. Different genotypes of E. granulosus have been reported from human isolates worldwide. This study identifies the genotype of the parasite responsible for human hydatidosis in three provinces of Iran using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. In this study, 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from human CE cases were collected from Alborz, Tehran, and Kerman provinces. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene were performed for genetic characterization of the samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates from this study and reference sequences of different genotypes was done using a maximum likelihood method. In total, 54.4%, 0.8%, 1%, and 40.8% of the samples were identified as the G1, G2, G3, and G6 genotypes, respectively. The findings of the current study confirm the G1 genotype (sheep strain) to be the most prevalent genotype involved in human CE cases in Iran and indicates the high prevalence of the G6 genotype with a high infectivity for humans. Furthermore, this study illustrates the first documented human CE case in Iran infected with the G2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Rostami
- Medical Laboratory of Hazrat Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shams Shariat Torbaghan
- Medical Laboratory of Hazrat Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Medical Laboratory of Hazrat Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Medical Laboratory of Hazrat Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Medical Laboratory of Hazrat Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mitra Sharbatkhori
- Medical Laboratory of Hazrat Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Medical Laboratory of Hazrat Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Genetic characterization of human-derived hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Heilongjiang Province and the first report of G7 genotype of E. canadensis in humans in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109059. [PMID: 25329820 PMCID: PMC4199617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases worldwide and 10 genotypes (G1–G10) have been reported. In China, almost all the epidemiological and genotyping studies of E. granulosus s.l. are from the west and northwest pasturing areas. However, in Heilongjiang Province of northeastern China, no molecular information is available on E. granulosus s.l. To understand and to speculate on possible transmission patterns of E. granulosus s.l., we molecularly identified and genotyped 10 hydatid cysts from hepatic CE patients in Heilongjiang Province based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Two genotypes were identified, G1 genotype (n = 6) and G7 genotype (n = 4). All the six G1 genotype isolates were identical to each other at the cox1 locus; three and two different sequences were obtained at the cytb and nad1 loci, respectively, with two cytb gene sequences not being described previously. G7 genotype isolates were identical to each other at the cox1, cytb and nad1 loci; however, the cytb gene sequence was not described previously. This is the first report of G7 genotype in humans in China. Three new cytb gene sequences from G1 and G7 genotypes might reflect endemic genetic characterizations. Pigs might be the main intermediate hosts of G7 genotype in our investigated area by homology analysis. The results will aid in making more effective control strategies for the prevention of transmission of E. granulosus s.l.
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Echinococcus canadensis (G7) and Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) in swine of southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:335-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jabbar A, Gasser RB. Mutation scanning analysis of genetic variation within and among Echinococcus species: implications and future prospects. Electrophoresis 2014; 34:1852-62. [PMID: 23977679 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae) occur in the small intestines of carnivorous definitive hosts and are transmitted to particular intermediate mammalian hosts, in which they develop as fluid-filled larvae (cysts) in internal organs (usually lung and liver), causing the disease echinococcosis. Echinococcus species are of major medical importance and also cause losses to the meat and livestock industries, mainly due to the condemnation of infected offal. Decisions regarding the treatment and control of echinococcosis rely on the accurate identification of species and population variants (strains). Conventional, phenetic methods for specific identification have some significant limitations. Despite advances in the development of molecular tools, there has been limited application of mutation scanning methods to species of Echinococcus. Here, we briefly review key genetic markers used for the identification of Echinococcus species and techniques for the analysis of genetic variation within and among populations, and the diagnosis of echinococcosis. We also discuss the benefits of utilizing mutation scanning approaches to elucidate the population genetics and epidemiology of Echinococcus species. These benefits are likely to become more evident following the complete characterization of the genomes of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Sharma M, Fomda BA, Mazta S, Sehgal R, Bagicha Singh B, Malla N. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto complex based on mitochondrial DNA signature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82904. [PMID: 24349394 PMCID: PMC3857302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity and population genetics of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto complex were investigated based on sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Total 81 isolates of hydatid cyst collected from ungulate animals from different geographical areas of North India were identified by sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit1 (coxi) gene. Three genotypes belonging to E. granulosus sensu stricto complex were identified (G1, G2 and G3 genotypes). Further the nucleotide sequences (retrieved from GenBank) for the coxi gene from seven populations of E. granulosus sensu stricto complex covering 6 continents, were compared with sequences of isolates analysed in this study. Molecular diversity indices represent overall high mitochondrial DNA diversity for these populations, but low nucleotide diversity between haplotypes. The neutrality tests were used to analyze signatures of historical demographic events. The Tajima's D test and Fu's FS test showed negative value, indicating deviations from neutrality and both suggested recent population expansion for the populations. Pairwise fixation index was significant for pairwise comparison of different populations (except between South America and East Asia, Middle East and Europe, South America and Europe, Africa and Australia), indicating genetic differentiation among populations. Based on the findings of the present study and those from earlier studies, we hypothesize that demographic expansion occurred in E. granulosus after the introduction of founder haplotype particular by anthropogenic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Fomda
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-i Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saligram Mazta
- Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balbir Bagicha Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Nancy Malla
- Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Yanagida T, Ito A. Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1017-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yan N, Nie HM, Jiang ZR, Yang AG, Deng SJ, Guo L, Yu H, Yan YB, Tsering D, Kong WS, Wang N, Wang JH, Xie Y, Fu Y, Yang DY, Wang SX, Gu XB, Peng XR, Yang GY. Genetic variability of Echinococcus granulosus from the Tibetan plateau inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:179-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 dominated in cattle and sheep during 2003-2006 in Buenos Aires province, an endemic area for cystic echinococcosis in Argentina. Acta Trop 2013; 127:136-42. [PMID: 23632259 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis) is a severe and widespread disease, caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus; it affects large numbers of humans and farm animals annually, causing serious health and economic problems. Molecular studies have identified large genetic variation within the E. granulosus complex, with various hosts displaying different susceptibility to different genotypes. For the effective management of the disease, one of the most pressing tasks is to combine epidemiological and genetic data to better understand the role of different hosts and genotypes in the transmission of the parasite. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis in cattle and sheep, and to characterise the genotypes of E. granulosus present in these farm animals. The study was carried out in the Pampa region of Argentina, with a particular focus on Buenos Aires province, where cystic echinococcosis represents an important human and veterinary health problem. Among 513 cattle and 792 sheep, 11.9% and 4.0%, respectively, were infected with E. granulosus. Genetic characterisation of 42 isolates from cattle and 34 isolates from sheep was carried out by sequencing mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes. The vast majority of isolates were identified as genotype G1, except for a single sheep isolate determined as genotype G2, and a single cattle isolate that corresponded to genotype G5. Genotype G1 has previously been found to be the most infectious genotype to humans. As G1 was also the genotype principally responsible for cystic echinococcosis in Buenos Aires province, these results have important implications for developing effective disease control programmes to improve human and animal healthcare in this region.
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Mitochondrial and nuclear sequence polymorphisms reveal geographic structuring in Amazonian populations of Echinococcus vogeli (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:1115-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Balbinotti H, Santos GB, Badaraco J, Arend AC, Graichen DÂS, Haag KL, Zaha A. Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) and Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) loads in cattle from Southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schelkle B, Faria PJ, Johnson MB, van Oosterhout C, Cable J. Mixed infections and hybridisation in monogenean parasites. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39506. [PMID: 22808040 PMCID: PMC3394765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that sexual reproduction promotes disease invasion by increasing the evolutionary potential of the parasite, whereas asexual reproduction tends to enhance establishment success and population growth rate. Gyrodactylid monogeneans are ubiquitous ectoparasites of teleost fish, and the evolutionary success of the specious Gyrodactylus genus is thought to be partly due to their use of various modes of reproduction. Gyrodactylus turnbulli is a natural parasite of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a small, tropical fish used as a model for behavioural, ecological and evolutionary studies. Using experimental infections and a recently developed microsatellite marker, we conclusively show that monogenean parasites reproduce sexually. Conservatively, we estimate that sexual recombination occurs and that between 3.7–10.9% of the parasites in our experimental crosses are hybrid genotypes with ancestors from different laboratory strains of G. turnbulli. We also provide evidence of hybrid vigour and/or inter-strain competition, which appeared to lead to a higher maximum parasite load in mixed infections. Finally, we demonstrate inbreeding avoidance for the first time in platyhelminths which may influence the distribution of parasites within a host and their subsequent exposure to the host's localized immune response. Combined reproductive modes and inbreeding avoidance may explain the extreme evolutionary diversification success of parasites such as Gyrodactylus, where host-parasite coevolution is punctuated by relatively frequent host switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schelkle
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Recent hybridization between Taenia asiatica and Taenia saginata. Parasitol Int 2012; 61:351-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Casulli A, Interisano M, Sreter T, Chitimia L, Kirkova Z, La Rosa G, Pozio E. Genetic variability of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Europe inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequences. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:377-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abdel Aaty H, Abdel-Hameed D, Alam-Eldin Y, El-Shennawy S, Aminou H, Makled S, Darweesh S. Molecular genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus in animal and human isolates from Egypt. Acta Trop 2012; 121:125-8. [PMID: 22062047 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite, Egypt is started to be considered as an emerging endemic area for cystic echinococcosis (CE), no enough data in the literature about the exact status of the genotype in both animals and humans. Therefore, the present study aims to characterize the underlying genotypes that could be responsible for the transmission cycle and for the growing infectivity. Animal isolates were collected from 47 camels and 6 pigs. Human isolates are 31 CE cases including; 21 of hepatic cases, 5 of pulmonary cases and 5 multiple-organ affection cases. Hot-Start specific PCR followed by DNA sequencing for mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, revealed G1 genotype in one (3.2%) of 31 human isolate only. G6 genotype was detected in all the 53 (100%) animal isolates and in 30 out of 31 (96.8%) human isolate. The Egyptian G6 strain nucleotide sequence revealed 100% homology with an Argentinean reference strain 99% homology with the Kenyan G6 strain. It was concluded that G6 genotype is the predominant genotype in Egypt.
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Molecular identification of Echinococcus species from eastern and southern Qinghai, China, based on the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:179-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Molecular identification of animal isolates of Echinococcus granulosus from Iran using four mitochondrial genes. J Helminthol 2011; 86:485-92. [PMID: 22166311 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x1100071x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial genes have more power than nuclear genes in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among closely related species because of their faster sequence evolution. The aim of this study was to use the complete or near-complete sequences from three mitochondrial genes (cox1, nad1 and atp6) and partial sequences of the 12S rRNA gene to infer relationships among isolates of Echinococcus granulosus from Iran. Two hundred and twenty-nine isolates of E. granulosus were collected from cattle, camels, sheep, buffalo and goats from different geographical areas. Most individuals were found to possess the G1 genotype but some of the camel samples belonged to the G6 genotype. Newly designed primers for cox1, nad1 and atp6 genes amplified bands of 1830, 708 and 1157 bp for the G1 genotype and 1856, 705, 1054 bp for the G6 genotype, respectively. The result of this survey showed that atp6 and nad1 genes are good molecular markers for identifying E. granulosus isolates from a range of hosts in Iran.
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Phylogenetic relationships within Echinococcus and Taenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Taeniidae): An inference from nuclear protein-coding genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 61:628-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reappraising the theme of breeding systems in Echinococcus: is outcrossing a rare phenomenon? Parasitology 2010; 138:298-302. [PMID: 20880421 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Selfing has been considered the most common mode of reproduction in Echinococcus flatworms. However, population genetic studies on the asexual larval stage involving nuclear co-dominant markers have not always revealed significant heterozygote deficiencies--the expected outcome of a regularly and highly inbred population. In this study, we analysed the genetic structure of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato populations from Southern Brazil during their adult (sexual) stage using 1 mitochondrial and 1 nuclear marker (cox 1 and mdh, respectively). We show that parasite genetic differentiation is largest among definitive hosts (domestic dogs) from different farms, suggesting that transmission is mostly maintained within a farm. Moreover, we show that heterozygote deficiencies are not significant, and we suggest that outbreeding is the most common mode of reproduction of the parasite in that region.
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Zhang W, Li J, Jones MK, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Blair D, McManus DP. The Echinococcus granulosus antigen B gene family comprises at least 10 unique genes in five subclasses which are differentially expressed. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e784. [PMID: 20706625 PMCID: PMC2919375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen B (EgAgB) is a major protein produced by the metacestode cyst of Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease. This protein has been shown to play an important role in modulating host immune responses, although its precise biological function still remains unknown. It is generally accepted that EgAgB is comprised of a gene family of five subfamilies which are highly polymorphic, but the actual number of genes present is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on published sequences for the family, we designed specific primers for each subfamily and used PCR to amplify them from genomic DNA isolated from individual mature adult worms (MAW) taken from an experimentally infected dog in China and individual larval protoscoleces (PSC) excised from a single hydatid cyst taken from an Australian kangaroo. We then used real-time PCR to measure expression of each of the genes comprising the five EgAgB subfamilies in all life-cycle stages including the oncosphere (ONC). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Based on sequence alignment analysis, we found that the EgAgB gene family comprises at least ten unique genes. Each of the genes was identical in both larval and adult E. granulosus isolates collected from two geographical areas (different continents). DNA alignment comparisons with EgAgB sequences deposited in GenBank databases showed that each gene in the gene family is highly conserved within E. granulosus, which contradicts previous studies claiming significant variation and polymorphism in EgAgB. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the genes were differentially expressed in different life-cycle stages of E. granulosus with EgAgB3 expressed predominantly in all stages. These findings are fundamental for determining the expression and the biological function of antigen B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Zhang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Detwiler JT, Criscione CD. An infectious topic in reticulate evolution: introgression and hybridization in animal parasites. Genes (Basel) 2010; 1:102-23. [PMID: 24710013 PMCID: PMC3960858 DOI: 10.3390/genes1010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little attention has been given to the role that introgression and hybridization have played in the evolution of parasites. Most studies are host-centric and ask if the hybrid of a free-living species is more or less susceptible to parasite infection. Here we focus on what is known about how introgression and hybridization have influenced the evolution of protozoan and helminth parasites of animals. There are reports of genome or gene introgression from distantly related taxa into apicomplexans and filarial nematodes. Most common are genetic based reports of potential hybridization among congeneric taxa, but in several cases, more work is needed to definitively conclude current hybridization. In the medically important Trypanosoma it is clear that some clonal lineages are the product of past hybridization events. Similarly, strong evidence exists for current hybridization in human helminths such as Schistosoma and Ascaris. There remain topics that warrant further examination such as the potential hybrid origin of polyploid platyhelminths. Furthermore, little work has investigated the phenotype or fitness, and even less the epidemiological significance of hybrid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian T Detwiler
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Charles D Criscione
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Nakao M, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Knapp J, Nkouawa A, Sako Y, Ito A. State-of-the-art Echinococcus and Taenia: Phylogenetic taxonomy of human-pathogenic tapeworms and its application to molecular diagnosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:444-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Okamoto M, Nakao M, Blair D, Anantaphruti MT, Waikagul J, Ito A. Evidence of hybridization between Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Molecular evidence of the camel strain (G6 genotype) of Echinococcus granulosus in humans from Turkana, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:29-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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The EmsB tandemly repeated multilocus microsatellite: a new tool to investigate genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3608-16. [PMID: 19741078 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00938-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread and severe zoonotic disease caused by infection with the larval stage of the eucestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The polymorphism exhibited by nuclear and mitochondrial markers conventionally used for the genotyping of different parasite species and strains does not reach the level necessary for the identification of genetic variants linked to restricted geographical areas. EmsB is a tandemly repeated multilocus microsatellite that proved its usefulness for the study of genetic polymorphisms within the species E. multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. In the present study, EmsB was used to characterize E. granulosus sensu lato samples collected from different host species (sheep, cattle, dromedaries, dogs, and human patients) originating from six different countries (Algeria, Mauritania, Romania, Serbia, Brazil, and the People's Republic of China). The conventional mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 markers identified genotypes G1, G3, G5, G6, and G7, which are clustered into three groups corresponding to the species E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. ortleppi, and E. canadensis. With the same samples, EmsB provided a higher degree of genetic discrimination and identified variations that correlated with the relatively small-scale geographic origins of the samples. In addition, one of the Brazilian single hydatid cysts presented a hybrid genotypic profile that suggested genetic exchanges between E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. ortleppi. In summary, the EmsB microsatellite exhibits an interesting potential for the elaboration of a detailed map of the distribution of genetic variants and therefore for the determination and tracking of the source of CE.
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