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Abdou AM, Seddek ALS, Abdelmageed N, Badry MO, Nishikawa Y. Wild Egyptian medicinal plants show in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity and antimalarial activities. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:130. [PMID: 35550108 PMCID: PMC9101831 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medicinal plants have been successfully used as an alternative source of drugs for the treatment of microbial diseases. Finding a novel treatment for malaria is still challenging, and various extracts from different wild desert plants have been reported to have multiple medicinal uses for human public health, this study evaluated the antimalarial efficacy of several Egyptian plant extracts. Methods We assessed the cytotoxic potential of 13 plant extracts and their abilities to inhibit the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7), and to treat infection with non-lethal Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL in an in vivo malaria model in BALB/c mice. Results In vitro screening identified four promising candidates, Trichodesma africanum, Artemisia judaica, Cleome droserifolia, and Vachellia tortilis, with weak-to-moderate activity against P. falciparum erythrocytic blood stages with mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 11.7 μg/ml, 20.0 μg/ml, 32.1 μg/ml, and 40.0 μg/ml, respectively. Their selectivity index values were 35.2, 15.8, 11.5, and 13.8, respectively. Among these four candidates, T. africanum crude extract exhibited the highest parasite suppression in a murine malaria model against P. yoelii. Conclusion Our study identified novel natural antimalarial agents of plant origin that have potential for development into therapeutics for treating malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03566-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-08555, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Latif S Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O Badry
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-08555, Japan.
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Benjamin Koama K, Serge Yerbanga R, Roland Meda NT, Ouedraogo N, Da O, Bosco Ouedraogo J, Traore/Coulibaly M, Anicet Ouedraogo G. <i>In vivo </i>Antimalarial, Antioxidant Activities and Safety of <i>Carapa procera </i>DC. (Meliaceae)</b>. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:571-578. [PMID: 34486332 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.571.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objectives:</b> <i>Carapa procera</i> is a popular herb used by traditional healers in the western part of Burkina Faso. In a previous study, <i>Carapa procera </i>showed interesting antiplasmodial activity <i>in vitro </i>against <i>P. falciparum</i>. The present study aimed to evaluate its <i>in vivo</i> potential against malaria parasites and its safety in mice. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The antimalarial activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated on <i>Plasmodium berghei </i>Anka in the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice using the Peters 4-day suppressive test. The acute toxicity was performed according to the Lorke method and sub-acute toxicity following the Seewaboon method. The polyphenols and flavonoids were determined by colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated <i>in vitro</i> by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAPP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. <b>Results:</b> <i>Carapa procera</i> had a good antiplasmodial activity at a dose of 250 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in the extracts. Soxhlet ethanolic extracts had the highest content in polyphenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of Soxhlet ethanolic extracts was better than macerated extract by DPPH method and FRAP method. Besides, no mortality in mice was recorded with the soxhlet ethanolic extract. No toxic signs were observed in animals in the sub-acute toxicity test. <b>Conclusion:</b> <i>Carapa procera </i>soxhlet ethanolic stem bark extract had a good <i>in vivo</i> antimalarial activity against <i>Plasmodium berghei </i>infection in mice and the extract was relatively safe when administered orally in mice.
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Silva EDO, Borges LL, Conceição ECD, Bara MTF. Box–Behnken experimental design for extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua and validation of the assay method. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang C, Xuan X, Yao W, Huang G, Jin J. Anti-profibrotic effects of artesunate on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1291-7. [PMID: 25816117 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether artesunate has beneficial effects on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats and to examine the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. All experiments were performed with male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 180-250 g. Animals were randomly divided into four experimental groups that were administered either saline alone, artesunate alone, bleomycin alone or bleomycin + artesunate. Lung histopathology was investigated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining. Lung profibrotic molecules were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In rats treated with artesunate, pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin was significantly reduced. Administration of artesunate significantly improved bleomycin-induced morphological alterations. Profibrotic molecules, including transforming growth factor-β1, Smad3, heat shock protein 47, α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type I were also reduced by artesunate. These findings suggest that artesunate improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis pathology in rats possibly by inhibiting profibrotic molecules associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Wang
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Xiuping Xuan
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Wenmin Yao
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Guojin Huang
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Junfei Jin
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
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Breuer E, Efferth T. Treatment of Iron-Loaded Veterinary Sarcoma by Artemisia annua. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:113-8. [PMID: 24859473 PMCID: PMC4004853 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a constituent of Artemisia annua L., is a well-known antimalarial drug. Artemisinin-type drugs also inhibit cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Herbal extracts of A. annua inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines. Here, we report on the use of capsules containing powder of Herba Artemisiae annuae to treat pet sarcoma. The surgical tumor removal as standard treatment was supplemented by adjuvant therapy with A. annua. One cat and one dog with fibrosarcoma survived 40 and 37 months, respectively, without tumor relapse. Two other dogs suffering from fibrosarcoma and hemangioendothelial sarcoma also showed complete remission and are still alive after 39 and 26 months, respectively. A. annua was well tolerated without noticeable side effects. These four cases indicate that A. annua may be a promising herbal drug for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Breuer
- Veterinary Clinic for Pets, Müllheim/Baden, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Aditya N, Vathsala P, Vieira V, Murthy R, Souto E. Advances in nanomedicines for malaria treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 201-202:1-17. [PMID: 24192063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease that mainly affects children and pregnant women from tropical countries. The mortality rate of people infected with malaria per year is enormous and became a public health concern. The main factor that has contributed to the success of malaria proliferation is the increased number of drug resistant parasites. To counteract this trend, research has been done in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, for the development of new biocompatible systems capable of incorporating drugs, lowering the resistance progress, contributing for diagnosis, control and treatment of malaria by target delivery. In this review, we discussed the main problems associated with the spread of malaria and the most recent developments in nanomedicine for anti-malarial drug delivery.
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van der Kooy F, Sullivan SE. The complexity of medicinal plants: the traditional Artemisia annua formulation, current status and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:1-13. [PMID: 23973523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia annua has a long tradition of use for the treatment of intermittent fevers which we now relate to malarial infections. The active principle artemisinin has been isolated from Artemisia annua and today forms the backbone of the global fight against malaria. The traditionally prepared Artemisia annua formulation is however still being used on a global scale for the treatment of malaria, and it is claimed that its action is superior to the single purified drug. Artemisia annua is therefore on the forefront of the heated debate between the single drug-single target approach of western based medicine and the holistic approach of traditional medicinal systems. This review aims to highlight the complexities we face in the general study of medicinal plants at the hand of three levels of complexity. These levels consist of (a) the chemistry of the medicinal plant, (b) the influence of the preparation method on the chemistry of the final formulation and (c) the influence of metabolism on the chemistry of the formulation. We also aim to provide an up-to-date report on all scientific work that has been conducted and published in English on the traditional formulation of Artemisia annua. MATERIALS AND METHODS All English scientific literatures published until the first quarter of 2013 were retrieved from well-known scientific databases (Scifinder scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar) and Non-governmental organisations active in this field were consulted. A draft version of this manuscript was sent to the African office of the World Health Organisation (WHO), and to the Non-governmental organisations "Action Médicine Naturelle" (ANAMED) and "Iwerliewen fir bedreete Volleker - Réseau belgo-luxembourgeois pour la valorisation des herbes médicinales" (IFBV-BELHERB) for comments. RESULTS Very little scientific work has been conducted on the Artemisia annua formulation. The available literature contains many discrepancies which are unfortunately selectively being used by the two different sides in this debate to further their arguments. On one side of the argument we have the low content of artemisinin in Artemisia annua, the low bioavailability of artemisinin when the traditional formulation is administered and the high levels of recrudescence, which are being emphasised, while on the other side the possible role of synergism and prodrugs are being highlighted. This review reports that there are still too many gaps in our existing knowledge to provide conclusive evidence for either of the two sides of the argument. CONCLUSIONS Much more research is needed into Artemisia annua formulations. We stand to gain invaluable knowledge into how traditional medicinal plant works, discover the identities of new active compounds (which can be used against other diseases such as HIV, diarrhoea, and cancer) and possibly bring both sides of this debate closer together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank van der Kooy
- Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Silva LFRE, Magalhães PMD, Costa MRF, Alecrim MDGC, Chaves FCM, Hidalgo ADF, Pohlit AM, Vieira PPR. In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Welch field isolates to infusions prepared from Artemisia annua L. cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:859-66. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Francisco Rocha e Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brasil; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Brasil; Centro Universitário do Norte, Brasil
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Islamuddin M, Farooque A, Dwarakanath BS, Sahal D, Afrin F. Extracts of Artemisia annua leaves and seeds mediate programmed cell death in Leishmania donovani. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1709-1718. [PMID: 22956747 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.049387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the major tropical parasitic diseases, and the condition ranges in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral manifestations. There is no vaccine available against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (also known as kala-azar in India), and current antileishmanial drugs face major drawbacks, including drug resistance, variable efficacy, toxicity and parenteral administration. We report here that n-hexane fractions of Artemisia annua leaves (AAL) and seeds (AAS) possess significant antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes, with GI(50) of 14.4 and 14.6 µg ml(-1), respectively, and the IC(50) against intracellular amastigotes was found to be 6.6 and 5.05 µg ml(-1), respectively. Changes in the morphology of promastigotes and growth reversibility analysis following treatment confirmed the leishmanicidal effect of the active fractions, which presented no cytotoxic effect on mammalian cells. The antileishmanial activity was mediated via apoptosis, as evidenced by externalization of phosphatidylserine, in situ labelling of DNA fragments by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and cell-cycle arrest at the sub-G(0)/G(1) phase. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting showed that the content of artemisinin in crude bioactive extracts (~1.4 µg per 100 µg n-hexane fraction) was too low to account for the observed antileishmanial activity. Characterization of the active constituents by GC-MS showed that α-amyrinyl acetate, β-amyrine and derivatives of artemisinin were the major constituents in AAL and cetin, EINECS 211-126-2 and artemisinin derivatives in AAS. Our findings indicate the presence of antileishmanial compounds besides artemisinin in the n-hexane fractions of A. annua leaves and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Lab., Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Abdullah Farooque
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - B S Dwarakanath
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Lab., Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
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Li H, Gu C, Ren Y, Dai Y, Zhu X, Xu J, Li Y, Qiu Z, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Guan X, Feng Z. The efficacy of NP11-4-derived immunotoxin scFv-artesunate in reducing hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum in mice. J Biomed Res 2011; 25:148-54. [PMID: 23554683 PMCID: PMC3596707 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(11)60019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in China, and hepatic fibrosis caused by schistosome infection is the principal cause of death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of NP11-4-derived immunotoxin scFv-artesunate on Schistosoma japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis. A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) was generated from the murine anti-Schistosoma japonicum (S. japanicum) monoclonal antibody NP11-4. The scFv was expressed as a soluble protein and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. After conjugation with artesunate, the binding ability with soluble egg antigens (SEA) was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The biological activity of purified scFv, scFv-artesunate (immunotoxin), and artesunate was detected in vivo. Image-Pro Plus software was used to analyze the size of egg granuloma and the extent of liver fibrosis. The recombinant scFv expession vector was constructed and expressed successfully. After purification by a His-trap Ni-affinity column, the scFv yield was approximately 0.8 mg/L of culture medium. ELISA results showed that chemical conjugation did not affect the binding activity of the immunotoxin. Our animal experiments indicated that the immunotoxin could significantly reduce the size of egg granuloma in the liver and inhibit hepatic fibrosis. The immunotoxin could be used as a promising candidate in the targeted therapy of S. japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Pathology Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Pathology Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yongya Ren
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Pathology Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Pathology Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Pathology Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhenning Qiu
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Yinchang Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Key Labortary of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Pathology Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer. Molecules 2010; 15:3135-70. [PMID: 20657468 PMCID: PMC6263261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisia annua is currently the only commercial source of the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin. Since artemisinin was discovered as the active component of A. annua in early 1970s, hundreds of papers have focused on the anti-parasitic effects of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogs dihydroartemisinin, artemether, arteether, and artesunate. Artemisinin per se has not been used in mainstream clinical practice due to its poor bioavailability when compared to its analogs. In the past decade, the work with artemisinin-based compounds has expanded to their anti-cancer properties. Although artemisinin is a major bioactive component present in the traditional Chinese herbal preparations (tea), leaf flavonoids, also present in the tea, have shown a variety of biological activities and may synergize the effects of artemisinin against malaria and cancer. However, only a few studies have focused on the potential synergistic effects between flavonoids and artemisinin. The resurgent idea that multi-component drug therapy might be better than monotherapy is illustrated by the recent resolution of the World Health Organization to support artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT), instead of the previously used monotherapy with artemisinins. In this critical review we will discuss the possibility that artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogs might become more effective to treat parasitic diseases (such as malaria) and cancer if simultaneously delivered with flavonoids. The flavonoids present in A. annua leaves have been linked to suppression of CYP450 enzymes responsible for altering the absorption and metabolism of artemisinin in the body, but also have been linked to a beneficial immunomodulatory activity in subjects afflicted with parasitic and chronic diseases.
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Wright CW. Recent developments in research on terrestrial plants used for the treatment of malaria. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:961-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c002196m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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