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Dyczko D, Plewa-Tutaj K, Kiewra D. Entomopathogenic Fungi in Forest Habitats of Ixodes ricinus. INSECTS 2024; 15:341. [PMID: 38786897 PMCID: PMC11122030 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: In addition to the microclimate, host availability, and tick microbiota, soil environmental microorganisms can affect tick populations. This study aimed to (1) determine the presence and diversity of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in forests, where ticks are abundant, and (2) estimate the effectiveness of the isolated EF strains against Ixodes ricinus. (2) Methods: EF were isolated using the trap insect method from soil collected from tick sites. A bioassay was used to estimate the effectiveness of EF against ticks. (3) Results: The presence of EF was found in all tested forest habitat types. A total of 53 strains belonging to the genera Metarhizium, Beauveria, and Isaria were isolated. All the six strains subjected to the bioassay showed potential efficacy against both adult and nymphal stages of I. ricinus; however, the strains differed in their effectiveness. The most effective isolate against I. ricinus was the soil environmental strain of Metarhizium anisopliae. (4) Conclusion: The study indicates that tick habitats can be the source of entomopathogenic fungi, which have a lethal effect on ticks, as demonstrated in preliminary laboratory tests with I. ricinus. However, for practical use, extensive field tests and further research on application methods and long-term effects are necessary to develop effective and sustainable tick management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kinga Plewa-Tutaj
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Acaroentomology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław; 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (D.D.); (D.K.)
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Velázquez-Sarmiento F, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A, Romero-Salas D. METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE SENSU LATO NATIVE TO LIVESTOCK SOILS CAUSES HIGH MORTALITY ON RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS LARVAE, ADULTS AND AFFECTS THEIR REPRODUCTION. J Parasitol 2024; 110:106-113. [PMID: 38503316 DOI: 10.1645/23-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The acaricidal effect of 14 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato isolated from soil of livestock farms in the Mexican tropics was evaluated against larvae and engorged females, and during the laying and hatching of eggs of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae). For each fungal strain, the larvae mortality percentage was evaluated through a larval immersion test, while the reproductive efficiency indices in engorged females were measured using adult immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. All strains of M. anisopliae (s.l.) proved to be highly effective against R. microplus larvae (66-100%) and engorged females (100%). The strains also showed a good effect in inhibiting egg laying (16.45-56.38%) and a moderate effect in decreasing egg hatching (5.24-32.68%). Two strains demonstrated to be effective against all development phases of R. microplus in an integrated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Velázquez-Sarmiento
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M A Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - A Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - D Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
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Wadaan MA, Khattak B, Riaz A, Hussain M, Khan MJ, Fozia F, Iftikhar A, Ahmad I, Khan MF, Baabbad A, Ziaullah. Biological Control of Hyalomma Ticks in Cattle by Fungal Isolates. Vet Sci 2023; 10:684. [PMID: 38133234 PMCID: PMC10747915 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks pose a major threat to cattle health and production in Pakistan because they transmit pathogens of diseases like Babesiosis and Theileriosis. Hyalomma spp., found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, are especially problematic. This study explored biocontrol of Hyalomma spp. using spore-free fungal culture filtrates collected from dairy farm soil in Kohat, Pakistan. Three fungal species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were isolated, and their filtrates were tested against tick adults and larvae. Filtrate concentrations were prepared at different strengths. Data were taken after the exposure of adults and larvae ticks to various concentrations of the fungal filtrates. Results indicated that at 100% concentration, all fungal filtrates induced 100% mortality in adults and larvae. Decreasing filtrate concentration lowered tick mortality. The lowest concentration caused the least mortality. The effect was time- and dose-dependent. In conclusion, spore-free fungal culture filtrates can provide biocontrol of Hyalomma spp. in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Further research should explore the active compounds causing mortality and optimal application methods. The process outlined here provides a natural biocontrol alternative to chemical pesticides to reduce tick infestations and associated cattle diseases in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baharullah Khattak
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Riaz
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Mubbashir Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Facility of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Fozia
- Department of Biochemistry, KMU Institute of Dental Sciences, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Anisa Iftikhar
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Sciences & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Farooq Khan
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohannad Baabbad
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziaullah
- College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cantú-Bernal SH, Gomez-Flores R, Flores-Villarreal RA, Orozco-Flores AA, Romo-Sáenz CI, Montesinos-Matías R, Mellín-Rosas MA, Sánchez-González JA, Pérez-González O, Tamez-Guerra P. Adult Diaphorina citri Biocontrol Using Hirsutella citriformis Strains and Gum Formulations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3184. [PMID: 37765348 PMCID: PMC10535730 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Hirsutella citriformis Speare is the only entomopathogenic fungus that has been applied to control the hemipteran Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. However, the use of available commercial products under field conditions is limited due to conidia's shelf life and short environmental persistence. We have previously reported the citrus psyllid D. citri adults' biocontrol potential using H. citriformis strains. The aim of the present study was to evaluate different formulations based on H. citriformis (OP-Hir-3, OP-Hir-10, and OP-Hir-12 strains) conidia and gums as additives to improve D. citri adults' biocontrol, under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions, using Hirsutella gums as conidia stabilizers to improve their viability under environmental drought conditions and as insecticide. Laboratory bioassay results showed that the highest (p < 0.05) D. citri mortality was achieved using FOP-Hir-10GH (63.5%), followed by the Hirsutella gum control (42.2%). Under greenhouse conditions, adults' mortality reached up to 84.6% with FOP-Hir-12 and 49.0% with Hirsutella gum. In addition, we applied H. citriformis formulations under field conditions in a commercial citrus grove located in Tecomán, Colima, México, at 21.5 °C and 73.3% relative humidity (RH) in March and 25.7 °C and 72.5% RH in October 2022 and observed 67.3% and 94.0% mortality of D. citri adults, respectively. Hirsutella gum alone showed significant insecticidal activity against D. citri adults. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Hirsutella gum functioned as additive to H. citriformis conidia formulations, improving D. citri adults' mortality and showing potential for this pest biocontrol in citrus orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servando H. Cantú-Bernal
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Avenida Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.H.C.-B.); (R.G.-F.); (R.A.F.-V.); (A.A.O.-F.); (C.I.R.-S.)
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Avenida Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.H.C.-B.); (R.G.-F.); (R.A.F.-V.); (A.A.O.-F.); (C.I.R.-S.)
| | - Rosa A. Flores-Villarreal
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Avenida Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.H.C.-B.); (R.G.-F.); (R.A.F.-V.); (A.A.O.-F.); (C.I.R.-S.)
| | - Alonso A. Orozco-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Avenida Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.H.C.-B.); (R.G.-F.); (R.A.F.-V.); (A.A.O.-F.); (C.I.R.-S.)
| | - César I. Romo-Sáenz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Avenida Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.H.C.-B.); (R.G.-F.); (R.A.F.-V.); (A.A.O.-F.); (C.I.R.-S.)
| | - Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico—CNRF, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal-SENASICA-SADER, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán—Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, Tecomán 28110, Colima, Mexico; (R.M.-M.); (M.A.M.-R.); (J.A.S.-G.)
| | - Marco A. Mellín-Rosas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico—CNRF, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal-SENASICA-SADER, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán—Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, Tecomán 28110, Colima, Mexico; (R.M.-M.); (M.A.M.-R.); (J.A.S.-G.)
| | - Jorge A. Sánchez-González
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico—CNRF, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal-SENASICA-SADER, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán—Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, Tecomán 28110, Colima, Mexico; (R.M.-M.); (M.A.M.-R.); (J.A.S.-G.)
| | - Orquídea Pérez-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Avenida Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.H.C.-B.); (R.G.-F.); (R.A.F.-V.); (A.A.O.-F.); (C.I.R.-S.)
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Avenida Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (S.H.C.-B.); (R.G.-F.); (R.A.F.-V.); (A.A.O.-F.); (C.I.R.-S.)
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Lei CJ, Ahmad RHIR, Halim NA, Asib N, Zakaria A, Azmi WA. Bioefficacy of an Oil-Emulsion Formulation of Entomopathogenic Fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae against Adult Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050482. [PMID: 37233110 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, poses a severe threat to agro-industrial crops, particularly major cultivated palm species. Infestations result in economic losses due to reduced fruit quality and yield. The entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, has shown promise as a potential biocontrol agent against the RPW. However, the use of an emulsion formulation of M. anisopliae for managing this serious insect pest has yet to be fully explored. The oil-emulsion formulation containing this entomopathogen may enhance the conidia's stability, prolong its lifetime, and reduce the impact of heat stress or UV irradiation on the fungus. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the bioefficacy of a new oil-in-glycerol emulsion formulation on mycoinsecticidal activity against RPW adults by direct and indirect bioassays. Results showed that conidia concentration was directly proportional to the RPW mortality percentage. The LT50 of 8.183 days was achieved by the conidial formulation against RPW, with a significantly lower LC50 (1.910 × 105 conidia mL-1) compared to the aqueous conidia suspension (LT50 = 8.716 days; LC50 = 7.671 × 105 conidia mL-1). Indirect bioassays revealed that the oil-in-glycerol emulsion had a disease-spreading ability that resulted in up to 56.67% RPW mortality. A zero E-value reading indicates that the DNA sequence being studied is highly similar to that of the fungal species M. anisopliae, which has been identified in the NCBI database. Although the new emulsion formulation has improved the efficacy and pathogenicity of M. anisopliae in vitro, it is important to also consider the fungal pathogen's compatibility with other agricultural practices to prevent any loss of control efficiency in the actual usage environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong Jia Lei
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Raja Hasya Ilyana Raja Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Najihah Abdul Halim
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Norhayu Asib
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Zakaria
- Sime Darby Research Sdn. Bhd., KM10, Jalan Banting-Kelanang, P.O. Box 207, Banting 42700, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wahizatul Afzan Azmi
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
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da Paixão FRS, Muniz ER, Catão AML, Santos TR, Luz C, Marreto RN, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK. Microsclerotial pellets of Metarhizium spp.: thermotolerance and bioefficacy against the cattle tick. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2263-2275. [PMID: 36929189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), is a multi-billion dollar ectoparasite of global importance affecting beef and milk production. Submerged cultures of cosmopolitan entomopathogenic fungal species of the genus Metarhizium typically produce microsclerotia that provide both long-term survival and environmental resistance. Microsclerotia hold great potential as an unconventional active propagule to control this tick under laboratory and semi-field conditions. However, heat stress caused especially by elevated temperatures poses a critical environmental constraint for the successful development and efficacy of microsclerotia under tropical conditions. First, we screened six strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium robertsii and Metarhizium humberi for their ability to produce microsclerotia by submerged liquid cultivation. In addition, we assessed the biological fitness and bioefficacy of dried microsclerotial pellets under amenable (27 °C) and heat-stressed (32 °C) incubation against engorged adult females of R. microplus. Microsclerotia in pelletized formulation prepared with carriers based on diatomaceous earth and microcrystalline cellulose exhibited conidial production at different extents according to the fungal strain and the incubation temperature, but most strains displayed reduced sporogenesis when exposed to 32 °C. Engorged tick females exposed to sporulated microsclerotia from pelletized M. anisopliae CG47 or IP 119 had fewer number of hatching larvae in comparison to the control group, irrespective of the incubation temperature tested. The minimum dosage of microsclerotial pellets that effectively reduced hatchability of tick larvae was estimated to be 2 mg per plate (equivalent to 6.0 kg per hectare). Metarhizium microsclerotial pellets exhibited significant tolerance to 32 °C and pronounced acaricidal activity against this economically important ectoparasite of cattle, even under simulated environmental heat stress. KEY POINTS: • Heat stress affects conidial production by microsclerotia of most pelletized Metarhizium strains • Heat stress does not impair the acaricidal performance of pelletized microsclerotia • Pellet formulation of Metarhizium microsclerotia is a promising mycoacaricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Santos da Paixão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen Regozino Muniz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Alaine Maria Lopes Catão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Embrapa Environment, SP 340 Road, Km 127.5, Tanquinho Velho, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil.
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Salem HH, Mohammed SH, Eltaly RI, A. M. Moustafa M, Fónagy A, Farag SM. Co-application of entomopathogenic fungi with chemical insecticides against Culex pipiens. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107916. [PMID: 37004917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector of many human and animal diseases. Its control is regarded as a preventative approach that is focused on effectively managing such diseases. In this context, dose response assays of two insecticides, bendiocarb and diflubenzuron were performed with two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against 3rd instar C. pipiens larvae. The most effective agents, combination experiments as well as enzymatic activities of phenoloxidase (PO) and chitinase (CHI) were also assessed. The results showed that diflubenzuron was more effective at low concentrations (LC50: 0.001 ppm) than bendiocarb (LC50: 0.174 ppm), whereas M. anisopliae was more effective (LC50: 5.2x105 conidia/mL) than B. bassiana (LC50: 7.5x107 conidia/mL). Synergistic interactions were observed when diflubenzuron was applied at 2- and 4-days post- exposure to M. anisopliae, with the highest degree of synergism observed when diflubenzuron was applied 2 days post-fungal exposure (χ2 = 5.77). In contrast, additive interactions were recorded with all other insecticide-fungal combinations. PO activities significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased during 24 h after a single diflubenzuron treatment as well as when diflubenzuron was applied prior to M. anisopliae, whereas suppressed after 24 h when M. anisopliae applied prior to diflubenzuron as well as after 48 h from single and combined treatments. CHI activity increased 24 h after both single and combined treatments, the activity remained elevated 48 h after a single diflubenzuron treatment and when diflubenzuron was applied after M. anisopliae. Histological study of the cuticle by transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormalities following single and combined treatments. Germination of the conidia and production of the mycelium that colonizes the lysing cuticle was obvious when diflubenzuron was applied 48 h after M. anisopliae exposure. Overall, these results demonstrate that M. anisopliae is compatible with diflubenzuron at lower concentrations and that combined applications can improve C. pipiens management.
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Sumera NS, Iqbal SS, Khan ST, Rehman ZU. Fusarium oxysporum; its enhanced entomopathogenic activity with acidic silver nanoparticles against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e266741. [PMID: 36820787 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.266741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an entomopathogenic fungus, and it has anti-biological activity against arthropods. Ticks are blood sucking arthropods which are responsible for transmitting different diseases in humans and animals. The use of chemical insecticides against ticks is not eco-friendly option and results in the development of acaricide resistance. Previously, we had cultured a local isolate of Fusarium oxysporum from soil samples which were identified through microscopy and confirmed through molecular technique. In our previous experiments, we have prepared Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) at pH 7 and they had been characterized through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-visible and zeta-potential. In our current study, the AgNP were prepared at different pH conditions and characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The protein molecules of F. oxysporum were charged with Ag ions. F. oxysporum NP were observed to enhance anti-biological activity by killing Rhipicephalus microplus and they caused 100% mortality at pH 4 and pH 5 in 24 h in anti-tick biological assay. Our study is the first report to do biological assay against Rhipicehalus ticks by using Fusarium AgNP at acidic pH. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi can be the best alternative of the chemical method to control the tick population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Sumera
- Government College for Women, Department of Physics, Mustafabad, Lahore, Pakistan.,University of Lahore, Department of Physics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S S Iqbal
- University of Lahore, Department of Physics, Lahore, Pakistan.,Lahore Garrison University, Department of Physics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S T Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Z Ul Rehman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Alonso-Díaz MA, Jiménez-Ruíz M, Fernández-Salas A. First Evidence of the Tickicide Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi Isolated from Mexican Cattle Farms Against Amblyomma mixtum. J Parasitol 2022; 108:539-544. [DOI: 10.1645/21-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de la Torre,
| | - M. Jiménez-Ruíz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de la Torre,
| | - A. Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de la Torre,
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Tawana M, Onyiche TE, Ramatla T, Mtshali S, Thekisoe O. Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Ruminants across Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region from 1980 until 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080929. [PMID: 36015049 PMCID: PMC9414594 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites that are capable of infesting a wide range of mammals, including domestic animals, ruminants, wildlife, and humans across the world, and they transmit disease-causing pathogens. Numerous individual epidemiological studies have been conducted on the distribution and prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in the Southern African Developing Community (SADC) region, but no effort has been undertaken to synchronize findings, which would be helpful in the implementation of consolidated tick control measures. With the aim of generating consolidated pooled prevalence estimates of ticks and TBDs in the SADC region, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published articles using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A deep search was performed on five electronic databases, namely, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, AJOL, and Springer Link. Of the 347 articles identified, only 61 of the articles were eligible for inclusion. In total, 18,355 tick specimens were collected, belonging to the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus (including Boophilus) across several countries, including South Africa (n = 8), Tanzania (n = 3), Zambia (n = 2), Zimbabwe (n = 2), Madagascar (n = 2), Angola (n = 2), Mozambique (n = 1), and Comoros (n = 1). The overall pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of TBPs in livestock was 52.2%, with the highest PPE in cattle [51.2%], followed by sheep [45.4%], and goats [29.9%]. For bacteria-like and rickettsial TBPs, Anaplasma marginale had the highest PPE of 45.9%, followed by A. centrale [14.7%], A. phagocytophilum [2.52%], and A. bovis [0.88%], whilst Ehrlichia ruminantium had a PPE of 4.2%. For piroplasmids, Babesia bigemina and B. bovis had PPEs of 20.8% and 20.3%, respectively. Theileria velifera had the highest PPE of 43.0%, followed by T. mutans [29.1%], T. parva [25.0%], and other Theileria spp. [14.06%]. Findings from this study suggest the need for a consolidated scientific approach in the investigation of ticks, TBPs, and TBDs in the whole SADC region, as most of the TBDs are transboundary and require a regional control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Tawana
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - ThankGod E. Onyiche
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-18-299-2521
| | - Sibusiso Mtshali
- Foundational Research and Services, South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Fantatto RR, Gainza YA, Figueiredo A, Sorrechia R, Chagas ACDS, Pietro RCLR. The association of extracts of Achyrocline satureioides and the fungus Beauveria bassiana against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:351-363. [PMID: 36001248 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini) is a major economic hurdle to the global livestock industry. The incorrect and indiscriminate control carried out by synthetic chemical compounds has contributed to the emergence of parasite resistance present today to many products available in the veterinary market. Effective, economically viable and potentially safe alternatives need to be investigated, including herbal medicine and biological control by entomopathogenic fungi. In this study, extracts from Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. obtained by extraction with solvents of different polarities associated and not associated with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin were evaluated on different stages of the life cycle of R. microplus. The activity of plant extracts, fungus and their associations in ticks was analyzed in vitro through the adult immersion test, larval packet test and larval immersion test. The highest efficacy on engorged females (43.3%) was reached by the hexanic partition (ASh) at 5 mg/mL + fungus, reducing larval hatchability. ASh associated with B. bassiana also caused high mortality of larvae, reaching LC50 of 6.23 and 2.65 mg/mL in the packet and immersion tests, respectively. The results obtained showed that extracts, when used in combination with the fungus, have their action enhanced, reaching 100% mortality of larvae. Among the evaluated methodologies, it was observed that the larval immersion test allows better assessment, due to the time of contact with the larvae. The results obtained with A. satureioides associated with the fungus are considered promising and open new perspectives for future product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Regina Fantatto
- Departament of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- Southeastern Livestock Unit, EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Figueiredo
- Southeastern Livestock Unit, EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Sorrechia
- Departament of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas
- Southeastern Livestock Unit, EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Conidial Emulsion Formulation and Thermal Storability of Metarhizium anisopliae against Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorusferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071460. [PMID: 35889178 PMCID: PMC9320691 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial crops including coconut palm and other palm species are seriously infested by red palm weevil (RPW), resulting in significant economic damage globally. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a mycoinsecticide utilizing conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae to control RPW and sought to investigate a new emulsion formulation for the influences of storage temperature and heat stress on conidia germination in an oil-in-glycerol emulsion system. The mycoinsecticide is an emulsion formulation which comprises an oil carrier, non-ionic surfactants, water, and glycerol, which was optimized by premixing the oil and non-ionic surfactant in different weight ratios (1:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4: 6, 3: 7, 2:8, 1:9, and 0:1). From three selected oil-in-glycerol formulations, F25 was more stable in storage and had a smaller particle size (between 154.3 and 236.4 nm in diameter) and stable zeta potential (above + 30 mV) with low surface tension (29.83 ± 0.24 mN/m to 30.72 ± 0.11 mN/m at room temperature. Extended conidial viability was observed at 4 °C overall; the emulsion formulation maintained 12–15% conidial viability until the eighth week at room temperature. Heat of over 30 °C showed an inhibitory effect on conidial germination. This study revealed that the oil-in-glycerol formulation was stable and able to prolong conidial shelf life as compared to non-formulated conidia.
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Sullivan C, Ghalehgolabbehbahani A, Parker B, Skinner M. Mortality of various-age larval winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus, following surface contact with entomopathogenic fungi. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Vector-Borne Viral Diseases as a Current Threat for Human and Animal Health—One Health Perspective. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113026. [PMID: 35683413 PMCID: PMC9181581 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, an increase in the emergence or re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses has been observed in many regions. Viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, or zika are a threat for millions of people on different continents. On the other hand, some arboviruses are still described as endemic, however, they could become more important in the near future. Additionally, there is a group of arboviruses that, although important for animal breeding, are not a direct threat for human health. Those include, e.g., Schmallenberg, bluetongue, or African swine fever viruses. This review focuses on arboviruses and their major vectors: mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, and sandflies. We discuss the current knowledge on arbovirus transmission, ecology, and methods of prevention. As arboviruses are a challenge to both human and animal health, successful prevention and control are therefore only possible through a One Health perspective.
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Ali AAB. Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) on eggs and eclosing larvae of the tick Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken). Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sullivan CF, Parker BL, Skinner M. A Review of Commercial Metarhizium- and Beauveria-Based Biopesticides for the Biological Control of Ticks in the USA. INSECTS 2022; 13:260. [PMID: 35323558 PMCID: PMC8952794 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for the development of sustainable, nonchemical tick management strategies. Mycoacaricide and mycoinsecticide product development worldwide has focused primarily on fungi in the genera Beauveria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Microbial biopesticides containing entomopathogenic fungi have potential in tick management. However, despite considerable progress in the development of fungal biopesticides over the past 20 years, the establishment of commercial products available for use against ticks continues to be slow. We reviewed published scientific literature and compiled a comprehensive list of reports of the effectiveness of commercial biopesticides based on the fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria and registered for use in the USA against ixodid ticks under laboratory and field conditions. We also report on results when these biopesticides were used as a part of integrated tick management. Until efficacious fungus-based products become more available, tick management will rely primarily on synthetic chemical acaricides, with natural-product acaricides as the alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce L Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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The current strategies and underlying mechanisms in the control of the vector tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis: Implications for future integrated management. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zeina G, Laing M. Isolation and evaluation of South African isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 86:157-171. [PMID: 34757505 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) is an entomopathogenic fungus that has shown promising results as a biocontrol agent of ticks. Locally isolated B. bassiana are better acclimatised to the natural conditions of their geographical origin; therefore, they are essential in developing effective biocontrol agents for ticks. The current study aimed to isolate native strains of B. bassiana that are pathogenic to Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. The virulence of the isolates was tested against R. microplus larvae using a formulation containing 15% avocado oil, 0.05% adjuvant and 108 conidia mL-1. The two best strains were further evaluated for various biological parameters on adult engorged female ticks. Breakthru® or Ballista® (adjuvant) was mixed with the formulation to compare their effect on the isolates' virulence. In total 61 entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from the 360 greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) used. The virulence test identified Bb-40 and Bb-41 to be the most virulent isolates against R. microplus larvae with mortalities of 91 and 93% and LT50 values of 5.8 and 6.2 days, respectively. Compared to the control, both strains significantly affected all the measured biological parameters. The type of adjuvant also considerably affected the susceptibility of ticks to the fungi. In conclusion, the two isolates combined with adjuvants can be used as a biocontrol agent to control R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghirmay Zeina
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
| | - Mark Laing
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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How Dopamine Influences Survival and Cellular Immune Response of Rhipicephalus microplus Inoculated with Metarhizium anisopliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110950. [PMID: 34829237 PMCID: PMC8622812 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a biogenic monoamine reported to modulate insect hemocytes. Although the immune functions of DA are known in insects, there is a lack of knowledge of DA’s role in the immune system of ticks. The use of Metarhizium anisopliae has been considered for tick control, driving studies on the immune response of these arthropods challenged with fungi. The present study evaluated the effect of DA on the cellular immune response and survival of Rhipicephalus microplus inoculated with M. anisopliae blastospores. Exogenous DA increased both ticks’ survival 72 h after M. anisopliae inoculation and the number of circulating hemocytes compared to the control group, 24 h after the treatment. The phagocytic index of tick hemocytes challenged with M. anisopliae did not change upon injection of exogenous DA. Phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph of ticks injected with DA and the fungus or exclusively with DA was higher than in untreated ticks or ticks inoculated with the fungus alone, 72 h after treatment. DA was detected in the hemocytes of fungus-treated and untreated ticks. Unveiling the cellular immune response in ticks challenged with entomopathogenic fungi is important to improve strategies for the biological control of these ectoparasites.
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Insect-fungal-interactions: A detailed review on entomopathogenic fungi pathogenicity to combat insect pests. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105122. [PMID: 34352375 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Global food security is threatened by insect pests of economically important crops. Chemical pesticides have been used frequently for the last few decades to manage insect pests throughout the world. However, these chemicals are hazardous for human health as well as the ecosystem. In addition, several pests have evolved resistance to many chemicals. Finding environment friendly alternatives lead the researchers to introduce biocontrol agents such as entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). These fungi include various genera that can infect and kill insects efficiently. Moreover, EPFs have considerable host specificity with a mild effect on non-target organisms and can be produced in bulk quantity quickly. However, insights into the biology of EPF and mechanism of action are of prime significance for their efficient utilization as a biocontrol agent. This review focuses on EPF-mediated insect management by explaining particular EPF strains and their general mode of action. We have comprehensively discussed which criteria should be used for the selection of pertinent EPF, and which aspects can impact the EPF efficiency. Finally, we have outlined various advantages of EPF and their limitations. The article summarizes the prospects related to EPF utilization as biocontrol agents. We hope that future strategies for the management of insects will be safer for our planet.
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Muniz ER, Ribeiro-Silva CS, Arruda W, Keyhani NO, Fernandes ÉKK. The Msn2 Transcription Factor Regulates Acaricidal Virulence in the Fungal Pathogen Beauveria bassiana. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690731. [PMID: 34354961 PMCID: PMC8329533 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana holds promise as a feasible biological control agent for tick control. The B. bassiana stress–response transcription factor Msn2 is known to contribute to fungal growth, conidiogenesis, stress–response and virulence towards insects; however, little is known concerning whether Msn2 is involved in infection across Arthropoda classes. We evaluated the effects of Msn2 on B. bassiana virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari, Ixodidae) using wild-type, targeted gene knockout (ΔBbmsn2) and complemented mutant (ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2) strains. Reproductive parameters of R. microplus engorged females treated topically or by an intra-hemocoel injection of conidial suspensions were assessed. Treated cuticles of engorged females were analyzed by microscopy, and proteolytic activity of B. bassiana on cuticles was assessed. Topically treated engorged females showed high mean larval hatching (>84%) in control and ΔBbmsn2 treatments, whereas treatment with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains resulted in significantly decreased (lowered egg viability) larval hatching. Percent control of R. microplus topically treated with ΔBbmsn2 was lower than in the groups treated with wild-type (56.1%) or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains. However, no differences on reproductive parameters were detected when R. microplus were treated by intra-hemocoel injection using low (800 conidia/tick) doses for all strains tested; R. microplus injected with high doses of wild-type or mutant strains (106 conidia/tick) died before laying eggs (~48 h after treatment). SEM analyses of B. bassiana infection showed similar conidial germination and formation of pseudo-appressoria on tick cuticle. Histological sections of ticks treated with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains showed fungal penetration through the cuticle, and into the tick interior. Hyphae of ΔBbmsn2, however, did not appear to penetrate or breach the tick exocuticle 120 h after treatment. Protease activity was lower on tick cuticles treated with ΔBbmsn2 than those treated with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains. These data show that loss of the Msn2 transcription factor reduced B. bassiana virulence against R. microplus, but did not interfere with conidial germination, appressoria formation or sporulation on tick cadavers, and plays only a minimal role once the cuticle is breached. Our results indicate that the BbMsn2 transcription factor acts mainly during the fungal penetration process and that decreased protease production may be one mechanism that contributes to the inability of the mutant strain to breach the tick cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen R Muniz
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Cárita S Ribeiro-Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Walquíria Arruda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Santos TR, da Paixão FRS, Catão AML, Muniz ER, Ribeiro-Silva CS, Taveira SF, Luz C, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK, Marreto RN. Inorganic pellets containing microsclerotia of Metarhizium anisopliae: a new technological platform for the biological control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5001-5012. [PMID: 34100979 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was sought to devise pellets containing inorganic materials and microsclerotia of Metarhizium anisopliae strain IP 119 for biological control of Rhipicephalus microplus, the most economically important tick in Brazilian cattle industry. In addition, we evaluated the storage stability of the pellets, their tolerance to ultraviolet radiation (UV-B), and efficacy against ticks under laboratory conditions. Fungal microsclerotia were produced by liquid culture fermentation and mixed with pre-selected inorganic matrices: vermiculite powder, diatomaceous earth, and colloidal silicon dioxide (78:20:2, w/w/w). The microsclerotial pellets were then prepared by a two-stage process involving extrusion and spheronization. Pellet size averaged 525.53 ± 7.74 μm, with a sphericity index of 0.72 ± 0.01, while biomass constituents did not affect the wet mass properties. Conidial production from microsclerotial pellets upon rehydration ranged from 1.85 × 109 to 1.97 × 109 conidia g-1 with conidial viability ≥ 93%. Conidial production from pellets stored at 4 °C was invariable for up to 21 days. Unformulated microsclerotia and microsclerotial pellets were extremely tolerant to UV-B compared with aerial conidia. Engorged tick females exposed to conidia from sporulated pellets applied to soil samples and upon optimal rehydration exhibited shorter oviposition time length, shorter life span, and reduced number of hatched larvae. In summary, microsclerotial pellets of M. anisopliae IP 119 effectively suppressed R. microplus and showed outstanding UV-B tolerance in laboratory tests. Prospectively, this formulation prototype is promising for targeting the non-parasitic stage of this tick on outdoor pasture fields and may offer a novel mycoacaricide for its sustainable management. KEY POINTS: • Pellets with microsclerotia and inorganic materials are innovative for tick control. • Metarhizium microsclerotia show superior UV-B tolerance in relation to conidia. • Pellets of Metarhizium microsclerotia produce infective conidia against ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thainá Rodrigues Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Santos da Paixão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Alaine Maria Lopes Catão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen Regozino Muniz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Cárita Souza Ribeiro-Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Stephania Fleury Taveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Ntsobi N, Fanadzo M, Le Roes-Hill M, Nchu F. Effects of Clonostachys rosea f. catenula Inoculum on the Composting of Cabbage Wastes and the Endophytic Activities of the Composted Material on Tomatoes and Red Spider Mite Infestation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061184. [PMID: 34072654 PMCID: PMC8228010 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, fungal inocula are being explored as agents for the optimization of composting processes. This research primarily evaluates the effects of inoculating organic vegetable heaps with the entomopathogenic fungus Clonostachys rosea f. catenula (Hypocreales) on the biophysicochemical properties of the end-product of composting. Six heaps of fresh cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) waste were inoculated with C. rosea f. catenula conidia and another six were not exposed to the fungus. The composted materials from the fungus- and control-treated heaps were subsequently used as a medium to cultivate tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). The biophysicochemical characteristics of the composted materials were also assessed after composting. In addition, the protective effect of the fungal inoculum against red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) infestations in the tomatoes was evaluated through the determination of conidial colonization of the plant tissue and the number of plants infested by the insect. Furthermore, phytotoxicity tests were carried out post experiment. There were few significant variations (p < 0.05) in heap temperature or moisture level between treatments based on the weekly data. We found no significant differences in the levels of compost macronutrient and micronutrient constituents. Remarkably, the composted materials, when incorporated into a growth medium from fungus-treated heaps, induced a 100% endophytic tissue colonization in cultivated tomato plants. While fewer red spider mite infestations were observed in tomato plants grown in composted materials from fungus-treated heaps, the difference was not significant (χ2 = 0.96 and p = 0.32). The fungal treatment yielded composted materials that significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced tomato seed germination, and based on the phytotoxicity test, the composted samples from the heaps exposed to the C. rosea f. catenula inoculum were not toxic to tomato seeds and seedlings. In conclusion, this study showed that C. rosea f. catenula improved the quality of composted materials in terms of fungal endophytism and seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomfusi Ntsobi
- Department of Agriculture, Wellington Campus, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Jan Van Riebeeck Street, Private Bag X8, Wellington 7654, South Africa; (N.N.); (M.F.)
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Bellville Campus, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Morris Fanadzo
- Department of Agriculture, Wellington Campus, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Jan Van Riebeeck Street, Private Bag X8, Wellington 7654, South Africa; (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Marilize Le Roes-Hill
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Bellville Campus, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Felix Nchu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Bellville Campus, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Lee MR, Kim JC, Park SE, Lee SJ, Kim WJ, Lee DH, Kim JS. Interactive Gene Expression Between Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-290 and Longhorned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis at Early Stage of Infection. Front Physiol 2021; 12:643389. [PMID: 34093222 PMCID: PMC8170561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae), is a hard tick and a vector for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus. The number of patients infected with SFTS is rapidly increasing. Recently, the invertebrate pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-290 was reported to be useful to control the tick as an alternative to chemical acaricides, which are not easily applicable in human living areas where the tick is widely spread. In this study, we analyzed how the tick and the fungal pathogen interact at the transcriptional level. Field-collected tick nymphs were treated with JEF-290 conidia at 1 × 108 conidia/ml. In the early stage of infection with 2.5% mortality, the infected ticks were subjected to RNA sequencing, and non-infected ticks and fungal masses served as controls. Fungus and tick genes were mostly up-regulated at the early stage of infection. In the gene set enrichment analysis of the infecting fungus, catabolic processes that included lipids, phospholipids, and detoxification processes, the response to oxidative stress, and toxic substances were significantly up-regulated. In this fungal up-regulation, various lipase, antioxidant enzyme, and hydrolase genes were highly transcribed. The gene set enrichment analysis of the infected tick showed that many peptide synthesis processes including translation, peptide metabolism, ribonucleotide metabolism, and energy production processes that included ATP generation and ADP metabolism were significantly up-regulated. Structurally, mitochondria and ribosome subunit genes in ticks were highly transcribed to upregulate these processes. Together these results indicate that JEF-290 initiates process that infects the tick while the tick actively defends against the fungal attack. This work provides background to improve our understanding of the early stage of fungal infection in longhorned tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - So Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Doo-Hyung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bionano, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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26
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Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A. Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:657694. [PMID: 37744087 PMCID: PMC10512273 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.657694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are one of the main economic threats to the cattle industry worldwide affecting productivity, health and welfare. The need for alternative methods to control tick populations is prompted by the high prevalence of multiresistant tick strains to the main chemical acaricides and their ecological consequences. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is one of the most promising alternative options. The objective of this paper is to review the use of EPF as an alternative control method against cattle ticks in Mexico. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. are the most studied EPF for the biological control of ticks in the laboratory and in the field, mainly against Rhipicephalus microplus; however, evaluations against other important cattle ticks such as Amblyomma mixtum and R. annulatus, are needed. A transdisciplinary approach is required to incorporate different types of tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in order to better understand the pathogenicity/virulence mechanism in EPF against ticks. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the EPF efficacy to control susceptible and resistant/multiresistant tick populations; whereas, field tests have shown satisfactory control efficiency of M. anisopliae s.l. against different stages of R. microplus when applied both on pasture and on cattle. Epidemiological aspects of ticks and environmental factors are considered as components that influence the acaricidal behavior of the EPF. Finally, considering all these aspects, some recommendations are proposed for the use of EPF in integrated control schemes for livestock ticks.
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Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Rosa RLD, Freitas MCD, Fiorotti J, Berger M, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO, Yates JR, Bittencourt VREP. Exposure to a sublethal menadione concentration modifies the mycelial secretome and conidial enzyme activities of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato and increases its virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126753. [PMID: 33882376 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Menadione (MND) is known to induce oxidative stress in fungal cells. Here, we explore how exposure to this molecule alters conidial enzyme activities, fungal efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus, and mycelial secretion (secretome) of an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato. First, the fungus was exposed to different MND concentrations in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) to determine the LC50 by evaluating conidia germination (38μM). To ensure high cell integrity, a sublethal dose of MND (half of LC50) was added to solid (PDA MND) and liquid media (MS MND). Changes in colony growth, a slight reduction in conidia production, decreases in conidial surface Pr1 and Pr2 activities as well as improvements in proteolytic and antioxidant (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) conidial intracellular activities were observed for PDA MND conidia. Additionally, PDA MND conidia had the best results for killing tick larvae, with the highest mortality rates until 15 days after treatment, which reduces both LC50 and LT50, particularly at 108 conidia mL-1. The diversity of secreted proteins after growth in liquid medium + R. microplus cuticle (supplemented or not with half of MND LC50), was evaluated by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. A total of 654 proteins were identified, 31 of which were differentially regulated (up or down) and mainly related to antioxidant activity (catalase), pathogenicity (Pr1B, Pr1D, and Pr1K), cell repair, and morphogenesis. In the exclusively MS MND profile, 48 proteins, mostly associated with cellular signaling, nutrition, and antioxidant functions, were distinguished. Finally, enzymatic assays were performed to validate some of these proteins. Overall, supplementation with MND in the solid medium made conidia more efficient at controlling R. microplus larvae, especially by increasing, inside the conidia, the activity of some infection-related enzymes. In the liquid medium (a consolidated study model that mimics some infection conditions), proteins were up- and/or exclusively-regulated in the presence of MND, which opens a spectrum of new targets for further study to improve biological control of ticks using Metarhizium species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Lopes da Rosa
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Clemente de Freitas
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23790-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Fiorotti
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23790-000, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Experimental Research Center, Porto Alegre Clinics Hospital, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23790-000, Brazil.
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Schulze TL, Jordan RA. Synthetic Pyrethroid, Natural Product, and Entomopathogenic Fungal Acaricide Product Formulations for Sustained Early Season Suppression of Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Amblyomma americanum Nymphs. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:814-820. [PMID: 33215212 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We compared the ability of product formulations representing a synthetic pyrethroid acaricide (Talstar P Professional Insecticide), a natural product-based acaricide (Essentria IC3), and an entomopathogenic fungal acaricide (Met52 EC Bioinsecticide) to suppress Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) nymphs when applied following USEPA approved manufacturers' label recommendations for tick control using hand-pumped knapsack sprayers before the beginning of their seasonal activity period in the spring. We applied Met52 EC Bioinsecticide (11% Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52) to five 100 m2 plots (10.6 ml AI/plot) in mid-April 2020. Two weeks later at the end of April 2020, we treated an additional five 100 m2 plots each with either Talstar P Professional Insecticide (7.9% bifenthrin @ 2.5 ml AI/plot) or Essentria IC3 (10% rosemary oil, 5% geraniol, and 2% peppermint oil @ 86.6 ml AI/plot). Weekly sampling of all plots through the end of June 2020 showed that both Met52 EC Bioinsecticide and Essentria IC3 failed to maintain a 90% suppression threshold for I. scapularis, compared to control plots, and required two additional applications over the course of the trial. In contrast, Talstar P Professional Insecticide suppressed 100% of I. scapularis nymphs and ≥96 and 100% of A. americanum nymphs and adults, respectively. Such pre-season applications of synthetic pyrethroids significantly reduce the early season acarological risk for exposure to host-seeking ticks as well as the frequency of acaricide applications.
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Marciano AF, Mascarin GM, Franco RFF, Golo PS, Jaronski ST, Fernandes ÉKK, Bittencourt VREP. Innovative granular formulation of Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia and blastospores for cattle tick control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4972. [PMID: 33654152 PMCID: PMC7925645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus poses a serious threat to the cattle industry, resulting in economic losses aggravated by tick resistance to chemical acaricides. Strains of Metarhizium spp., a well-known group of entomopathogenic fungi, can contribute to managing this ectoparasite. We explored two novel granular, microsclerotia- or blastospores-based formulations of Metarhizium robertsii for R. microplus control under semi-field conditions. Fungal persistence in soil was also observed for 336 days. The experiment used pots of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk grass, treated with 0.25 or 0.5 mg of granular formulation/cm2 (25 or 50 kg/ha) applied to the soil surface prior to transferring engorged tick females onto the treated soil. The fungal granules yielded more conidia with subsequent sporulation under controlled indoor conditions than in the outdoor environment, where the levels of fungus rapidly declined over time. Metarhizium-root colonization ranged from 25 to 66.7% depending on the propagule and rate. Fungal formulations significantly reduced the number of tick larvae during the humid season, reaching at least 64.8% relative efficacy. Microsclerotia or blastospores-granular formulations of M. robertsii can reduce the impact of R. microplus, and thus prove to be a promising tool in the control of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Felipe Marciano
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, 13918-110, Brazil.
| | - Renato Felipe Ferreira Franco
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | | | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
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30
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Corval ARC, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Silva CDSR, Bitencourt RDOB, Fernandes ÉKK, Bittencourt VREP, Roberts DW, Gôlo PS. UV-B tolerances of conidia, blastospores, and microsclerotia of Metarhizium spp. entomopathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 61:15-26. [PMID: 33616987 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze ten native Metarhizium spp. isolates as to their UV-B tolerances. Comparisons included: different fungal propagules (conidia, blastospores, or microsclerotia [MS]); conidia in aqueous suspensions or in 10% mineral oil-in-water emulsions; and conidia mixed with different types of soil. The UV-B effect was expressed as the germination of conidia or culturability of blastospores and MS relative to nongerminated propagules. Metarhizium anisopliae LCM S05 exhibited high tolerance as blastospores and/or MS, but not as conidia; LCM S10 and LCM S08 had positive results with MS or conidia but not blastospores. The formulations with 10% mineral oil did not always protect Metarhizium conidia against UV-B. Conidia of LCM S07, LCM S08, and LCM S10 exhibited the best results when in aqueous suspensions, 24 h after UV-B exposure. In general, conidia mixed with soil and exposed to UV-B yielded similar number of colony forming units as conidia from unexposed soil, regardless the soil type. It was not possible to predict which type of propagule would be the most UV-B tolerant for each fungal isolate; in conclusion, many formulations and propagule types should be investigated early in the development of new fungal biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R C Corval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís A Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cárita de S R Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de O B Bitencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia S Gôlo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sullivan CF, Parker BL, Davari A, Lee MR, Kim JS, Skinner M. Evaluation of spray applications of Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana against larval winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:559-570. [PMID: 33185806 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae), the winter tick, is a one-host tick that parasitizes large ungulates. They can dramatically affect moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae), causing significant physiological and metabolic stress and mortality among heavily parasitized individuals. Entomopathogenic fungi in the genera Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Beauveria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) are promising tick biological control agents. We examined the pathogenicity of experimental and commercially formulated isolates of M. anisopliae, M. brunneum and B. bassiana sprayed at concentrations of 106, 107 and 108 conidia/mL against the larval stage of D. albipictus and assessed the efficacy of spraying the commercial product Met52®EC, containing M. brunneum, strain F52, under laboratory conditions. Results showed larval D. albipictus mortality was significantly higher and occurred earlier when treated with M. anisopliae and M. brunneum isolates compared to B. bassiana at 106, 107 and 108 conidia/mL. Mortality was observed as early as 3 days in the M. anisopliae and M. brunneum treatments and after 6 days in the B. bassiana treatments. After 21 days, larval mortality ranged from 74-99% when ticks were treated with M. anisopliae and M. brunneum isolates at 106, 107 and 108 and conidia/mL. In contrast, mortality of ticks treated with B. bassiana ranged from 30 to 64%. When larvae were treated with the commercial product Met52, mortality was ~ 45% after 3 days and ~ 96% after 9 days. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of M. anisopliae and M. brunneum against D. albipictus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce L Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Agrin Davari
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Quilicot AMM, Gottstein Ž, Prukner-Radovčić E, Horvatek Tomić D. Plant-derived products for the control of poultry red mite ( Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer, 1778) – a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1764461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marquiza M. Quilicot
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, ViSCA, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines
| | - Željko Gottstein
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Estella Prukner-Radovčić
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Horvatek Tomić
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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33
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Quadros DG, Johnson TL, Whitney TR, Oliver JD, Oliva Chávez AS. Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080490. [PMID: 32752256 PMCID: PMC7469192 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a significant economic hindrance for livestock production and a menace to public health. The expansion of tick populations into new areas, the occurrence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments, the potentially toxic contamination of food supplies, and the difficulty of applying chemical control in wild-animal populations have created greater interest in developing new tick control alternatives. Plant compounds represent a promising avenue for the discovery of such alternatives. Several plant extracts and secondary metabolites have repellent and acaricidal effects. However, very little is known about their mode of action, and their commercialization is faced with multiple hurdles, from the determination of an adequate formulation to field validation and public availability. Further, the applicability of these compounds to control ticks in wild-animal populations is restrained by inadequate delivery systems that cannot guarantee accurate dosage delivery at the right time to the target animal populations. More work, financial support, and collaboration with regulatory authorities, research groups, and private companies are needed to overcome these obstacles. Here, we review the advancements on known plant-derived natural compounds with acaricidal potential and discuss the road ahead toward the implementation of organic control in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G. Quadros
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Tammi L. Johnson
- Department of Rangelands, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
| | - Travis R. Whitney
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Jonathan D. Oliver
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Adela S. Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-1946
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Sorvillo TE, Rodriguez SE, Hudson P, Carey M, Rodriguez LL, Spiropoulou CF, Bird BH, Spengler JR, Bente DA. Towards a Sustainable One Health Approach to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention: Focus Areas and Gaps in Knowledge. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5030113. [PMID: 32645889 PMCID: PMC7558268 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection is identified in the 2018 World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) priority A list due to its high risk to public health and national security. Tick-borne CCHFV is widespread, found in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. It circulates between ticks and several vertebrate hosts without causing overt disease, and thus can be present in areas without being noticed by the public. As a result, the potential for zoonotic spillover from ticks and animals to humans is high. In contrast to other emerging viruses, human-to-human transmission of CCHFV is typically limited; therefore, prevention of spillover events should be prioritized when considering countermeasures. Several factors in the transmission dynamics of CCHFV, including a complex transmission cycle that involves both ticks and vertebrate hosts, lend themselves to a One Health approach for the prevention and control of the disease that are often overlooked by current strategies. Here, we examine critical focus areas to help mitigate CCHFV spillover, including surveillance, risk assessment, and risk reduction strategies concentrated on humans, animals, and ticks; highlight gaps in knowledge; and discuss considerations for a more sustainable One Health approach to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E. Sorvillo
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-7526
| | - Sergio E. Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.C.); (D.A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Peter Hudson
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Megan Carey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.C.); (D.A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA;
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Brian H. Bird
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (S.E.R.); (C.F.S.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Dennis A. Bente
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.C.); (D.A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Ultrastructural changes induced by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in the ovary of the tick Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101507. [PMID: 32993927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to assess the effects on the ovary of fed female Argas persicus following spraying of the ticks with spores of the fungus Beauveria bassiana suspended in triton X100 at a concentration of 107 conidia/mL. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations provided evidence that B. bassiana invaded the ovary, causing extensive morphological damage and deterioration of the developing oocytes. Destruction of the shape and internal organelles of young and previtellogenic oocytes and complete inhibition of vitellogenesis was evident. This histopathological study is the first demonstration of ultrastructural damage in the ovaries of A. persicus after infection with B. bassiana. The data presented confirm that B. bassiana affects the ovary either directly by entering the oocytes and/or indirectly by producing toxins in the haemolymph that interfere with the development of oocytes, thus potentially contributing to the control of this tick in a way that is safe for its host and the environment.
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Nogueira MRDS, Camargo MG, Rodrigues CJBC, Marciano AF, Quinelato S, Freitas MCD, Fiorotti J, Sá FAD, Perinotto WMDS, Bittencourt VREP. In vitro efficacy of two commercial products of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e000220. [PMID: 32609237 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two different products - Metarril® SP Organic (dry conidia) and Metarril® SC Organic (emulsifiable concentrated conidia in vegetable oil) - on eggs, larvae and Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females were here explored. Three concentrations (108, 107, and 106 conidia mL-1) for both products were prepared in water + 0.1% Tween® 80 (v/v); afterward, bioassays were carried out for all R. microplus stages by immersion in suspensions (Metarril® SP) or formulations (Metarril® SC). Metarril® SP suspensions showed low efficacy and did not affect biological parameters of treated engorged females; for eggs and larvae, only slight decreases in hatchability and larvae population were observed. Despite a delay in germination, Metarril® SC presented better results; for females, reductions in Egg Mass Weight (EMW) and Egg Production Index (EPI) were reported. On eggs, 108 conidia mL-1 increased Incubation Period (IP), shortened Hatching Period (HP) and decreased hatchability by up to 61%; for larvae, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 reached 99.6 and 100% larval mortality respectively, 10 days after fungal exposure. Thus, further studies involving the use of oil-based formulations for ticks such as Metarril® SC need to be performed, especially to control the most susceptible stages (eggs and larvae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ruan Dos Santos Nogueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Allan Felipe Marciano
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Simone Quinelato
- Coleção de Culturas de Fungos Filamentosos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Clemente de Freitas
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Fiorotti
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fillipe Araújo de Sá
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Bernardo CDC, Pereira-Junior RA, Luz C, Mascarin GM, Kamp Fernandes ÉK. Differential susceptibility of blastospores and aerial conidia of entomopathogenic fungi to heat and UV-B stresses. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:714-722. [PMID: 32690253 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the comparative susceptibility to heat and UV-B radiation of blastospores and aerial conidia of Metarhizium spp. (Metarhizium robertsii IP 146, Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. IP 363 and Metarhizium acridum ARSEF 324) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. (IP 361 and CG 307). Conidia and blastospores were produced in solid or liquid Adámek-modified medium, respectively, and then exposed to heat (45 ± 0.2 °C) in a range of 0 (control) to 360 min; the susceptibility of fungal propagules to heat exposures was assessed to express relative viability. Similarly, both propagules of each isolate were also exposed to a range of 0 (control) to 8.1 kJ m-2 under artificial UV-B radiation. Our results showed that fungal isolates, propagule types and exposure time or dose of the stressor source play critical roles in fungal survival challenged with UV-B and heat. Conidia of ARSEF 324, IP 363, IP 146 and IP 361 exposed to heat survived significantly longer than their blastospores, except for blastospores of CG 307. Conidia and blastospores of IP 146 and IP 363 were equally tolerant to UV-B radiation. We claim that blastospores of certain isolates may be promising candidates to control arthropod pests in regions where heat and UV-B are limiting environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia das Chagas Bernardo
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves Pereira-Junior
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Christian Luz
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, 13820-000, Brazil
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Management Options for Ixodes ricinus-Associated Pathogens: A Review of Prevention Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061830. [PMID: 32178257 PMCID: PMC7143654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are important human and animal parasites and vectors of many infectious disease agents. Control of tick activity is an effective tool to reduce the risk of contracting tick-transmitted diseases. The castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) is the most common tick species in Europe. It is also a vector of the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis, which are two of the most important arthropod-borne diseases in Europe. In recent years, increases in tick activity and incidence of tick-borne diseases have been observed in many European countries. These increases are linked to many ecological and anthropogenic factors such as landscape management, climate change, animal migration, and increased popularity of outdoor activities or changes in land usage. Tick activity is driven by many biotic and abiotic factors, some of which can be effectively managed to decrease risk of tick bites. In the USA, recommendations for landscape management, tick host control, and tick chemical control are well-defined for the applied purpose of reducing tick presence on private property. In Europe, where fewer studies have assessed tick management strategies, the similarity in ecological factors influencing vector presence suggests that approaches that work in USA may also be applicable. In this article we review key factors driving the tick exposure risk in Europe to select those most conducive to management for decreased tick-associated risk.
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Nascimento MM, Alves LFA, de Oliveira DGP, Lopes RB, Guimarães ATB. Laboratory and field evaluation of an autoinoculation device as a tool to manage poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, infestations with Beauveria bassiana. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 80:151-165. [PMID: 31950300 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite in hens and has been considered an important threat to the egg production industry. This study evaluated an alternative to manage poultry red mite populations as a complement to conventional chemical treatments and other control strategies in poultry houses. A simple autoinoculation device prepared with corrugated cardboard (CB) or loofah sponge (LS) as inert supports to anchor Beauveria bassiana conidia was used to aggregate and infect mites from infested poultry houses. In the laboratory, mites gathered inside the traps and the average mortalities by the fungus were higher than 70% in CB and LS traps after 5 and 4 days of exposure, respectively. Conidial viability was around 80% in CB and LS traps after 14 and 60 days under unrefrigerated conditions (26 °C), respectively. Both trap types tied to hen cages efficiently captured fed mites after blood meal, and fungal infection was observed in 65-90% of the mites in field tests. Between 5 and 25% of the mites recaptured in monitoring cardboard traps installed immediately after CB and LS removal were infected by B. bassiana. According to our results, the use of B. bassiana in an autoinoculation strategy is a potential alternative method for D. gallinae control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rogerio Biaggioni Lopes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
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Beys-da-Silva WO, Rosa RL, Berger M, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Vainstein MH, Schrank A, Bittencourt VREP, Santi L. Updating the application of Metarhizium anisopliae to control cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2019; 208:107812. [PMID: 31809704 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The bovine tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is the main ectoparasite of cattle and causes loss of billions of dollars worldwide in lost meat, milk, and leather production, as well as control expenses. In addition to systemically impacting the host during the parasitic act, this parasite is also an important disease vector. Traditionally, the main commercial control of the tick is achieved through application of chemical acaricides, which can leave residues in the meat and milk. Moreover, ticks can become resistant to these chemicals due to their massive and incorrect use. Many alternative methods have been tested including vaccines and natural products from plant origin. However, the efficacy of these treatments is variable and limited, especially when used alone. Arthropod-pathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, are among the natural microbial agents with promising potential to be used alone or in association with other products, for example with chemical acaricides. This article discusses several aspects of bovine tick control related to the use of M. anisopliae, which is one of the most studied and viable alternative tools for effective tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rafael L Rosa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caio J B Coutinho-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Monteiro C, Coelho L, de Paula LGF, Fernandes ÉKK, Dolinski C, Bittencourt VREP, Furlong J, Prata MCDA. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in insect cadaver formulation against engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in semi-field conditions. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101313. [PMID: 31704209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated, in the laboratory, the virulence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora LPP30 against engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus; in addition, we evaluated, in semi-field tests, the effects of four isolates of Heterorhabditis spp. (i.e., H. bacteriophora HP88, Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7, Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 and H. bacteriophora LPP30) in insect cadaver formulation against the non-parasitic phase of R. microplus. In the first experiment (in vitro), engorged females were exposed, in Petri dish, to H. bacteriophora LPP30 at 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 nematodes/tick (10 ticks per concentration tested). In the second experiment (semi-field), five engorged females and four cadavers of Galleria mellonella infected with nematodes were placed in pots with soil and grown Brachiaria decumbens; the pots were hold outdoor, exposed to natural environment conditions during the tests. In the third experiment (semi-field), 65 days after the cadavers had been placed in the pots for the second experiment, new engorged females (five per pot) were placed in the pots of the groups treated with H. bacteriophora HP88 or H. baujardi LPP7, to assess their persistence in the soil. In the first test, the percent control was higher than 95% in all treatment groups. In the second experiment, at day 22, the mean mortality rate was 78% in the groups treated with H. bacteriophora LPP30 or H. indica LPP1, and reached 100% and 98% when treated with H. bacteriophora HP88 and H. baujardi LPP7, respectively. In this experiment, the egg-laying inhibition index was higher than 90% in the groups treated with H. bacteriophora HP88 (97.2%) or H. baujardi LPP7 (91.9%). In the third experiment with H. bacteriophora HP88 and H. baujardi LPP7, the egg-laying inhibition index was 59.1% and 43.1%, respectively. We concluded that the isolate LPP30 was highly virulent under laboratory conditions, whereas in semi-field tests, HP88 and LPP7 were the most effective isolates. Moreover, HP88 and LPP7 remained active against engorged females of R. microplus in the soil for 65 days after application of EPN-infected cadavers of G. mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Monteiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, 74605-050 Brazil.
| | - Letícia Coelho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Luiza Gabriella Ferreira de Paula
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74.690-900 Brazil
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Claudia Dolinski
- Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000 Brazil
| | - John Furlong
- Embrapa Gado de Leite. Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330 Brazil
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Wang T, Zhang S, Pei T, Yu Z, Liu J. Tick mitochondrial genomes: structural characteristics and phylogenetic implications. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:451. [PMID: 31519208 PMCID: PMC6743180 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking arachnid ectoparasites from the order Acarina, and many are notorious as vectors of a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens. However, the systematics of ticks in several genera is still controversial. The mitochondrial genome (mt-genome) has been widely used in arthropod phylogeny, molecular evolution and population genetics. With the development of sequencing technologies, an increasing number of tick mt-genomes have been sequenced and annotated. To date, 63 complete tick mt-genomes are available in the NCBI database, and these genomes have become an increasingly important genetic resource and source of molecular markers in phylogenetic studies of ticks in recent years. The present review summarizes all available complete mt-genomes of ticks in the NCBI database and analyses their characteristics, including structure, base composition and gene arrangement. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from ticks. The results will provide important clues for deciphering new tick mt-genomes and establish a foundation for subsequent taxonomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Tingwei Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
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MaPacC, a pH-responsive transcription factor, negatively regulates thermotolerance and contributes to conidiation and virulence in Metarhizium acridum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:397-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yoder JA, Rodell BM, Klever LA, Dobrotka CJ, Pekins PJ. Vertical transmission of the entomopathogenic soil fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis as a contaminant of eggs in the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, collected from calf moose (New Hampshire, USA). Mycology 2019; 10:174-181. [PMID: 31448151 PMCID: PMC6691877 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2019.1600062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Moose naturally acquire soil fungi on their fur that are entomopathogenic to the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus. Presumed to provide a measure of on-host tick control, it is unknown whether these soil fungi impact subsequent off-host stages of the tick. Eggs and resultant larvae originating from engorged, adult female winter ticks collected from dead calf moose (Alces alces) were used to investigate the presence and extent of fungal infection. Approximately 40% of eggs and larvae were infected, almost exclusively by the fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (teleomorph Microascus brevicaulis: Microascaceae, Ascomycota). Eggs analysed on the day of oviposition and day of hatching had high frequency (40%) of S. brevicaulis, whereas the frequency in eggs harvested in utero was minimal (7%); therefore, exposure occurs pre-oviposition in the female's genital chamber, not by transovarial transmission. At hatching, larvae emerge containing S. brevicaulis indicating transstadial transmission. Artificial infection by topical application of eggs and larvae with a large inoculum of S. brevicaulis spores caused rapid dehydration, marked mortality; pathogenicity was confirmed by Koch's postulates. The high hatching success (>90%) and multi-month survival of larvae imply that S. brevicaulis is maintained as a natural pathobiont in winter ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Yoder
- Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH, USA
| | | | - Lucas A Klever
- Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH, USA
| | | | - Peter J Pekins
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Zhendong H, Guangfu Y, Zhong Z, Ruiling Z. Phylogenetic relationships and effectiveness of four Beauveria bassiana sensu lato strains for control of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:83-92. [PMID: 30488158 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) is an important vector tick that is widely distributed around the world. In many regions, this tick acts as vector of a wide range of pathogens to humans and animals, and its control is mainly based on the use of chemical pesticides. However, the occurrence of some adverse effects, such as tick resistance to pesticides and food and environmental contamination, are driving the need to develop more effective and environmentally sound approaches to control and prevent ticks. As an alternative control strategy, entomopathogenic fungi have been extensively used for the control of pests and cause high mortality in various ticks. In this study, we identified four isolates of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato from insects and investigated their pathogenicity against different developmental stages of H. longicornis (eggs, unfed larvae, unfed nymphs and engorged females). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four isolates of B. bassiana clustered into two clades. Four isolates showed different acaricidal qualities: the isolate from Cerambycidae (EF3) exhibited the highest pathogenicity to all developmental tick stages tested. High doses (1 × 107 conidia/ml) of the clade I fungi collected from Cryptotympana atrata fabricus (Cicadidae) (EF1), Cimicidae (EF2), and Boettcherisca peregrine (Sarcophagidae) (EF4) also showed virulence against H. longicornis, with high doses of the fungi application causing higher mortality than control group. Altogether, this study demonstrated that all four isolates of B. bassiana showed high virulence toward different developmental stages of H. longicornis, and therefore, they can be of potential use as biological control agents of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zhendong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Guangfu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Zhang Zhong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhang Ruiling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
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Modified Adamek's medium renders high yields of Metarhizium robertsii blastospores that are desiccation tolerant and infective to cattle-tick larvae. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:883-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhou R, Zhou X, Fan A, Wang Z, Huang B. Differential Functions of Two Metalloproteases, Mrmep1 and Mrmep2, in Growth, Sporulation, Cell Wall Integrity, and Virulence in the Filamentous Fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1528. [PMID: 30034386 PMCID: PMC6043653 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Metarhizium genus of filamentous entomopathogenic fungi plays a pivotal role in regulating insect populations. Metalloproteases (MEPs) are a widely distributed and diverse family of hydrolytic enzymes that are important toxicity factors in the interactions between fungi and their hosts. Herein, we characterized two MEPs, Mrmep1 and Mrmep2, in Metarhizium robertsii using gene deletion. Growth rates of the resulting ΔMrmep1 and ΔMrmep2 mutants decreased by 16.2 and 16.5%, respectively, relative to the wild-type (WT) strain. Both mutants were less sensitive to cell wall-perturbing agents, sodium dodecyl sulfate and Congo red than the WT strain, whereas did not show any obvious changes in fungal sensitivity to ultraviolet B irradiation or heat stress. The conidial yield of ΔMrmep1, ΔMrmep2, and ΔMrmep1ΔMrmep2 mutants decreased by 56.0, 23, and 53%, respectively. Insect bioassay revealed that median lethal time values against Galleria mellonella increased by 25.5% (ΔMrmep1), 19% (ΔMrmep2), and 28.8% (ΔMrmep1ΔMrmep2) compared with the WT strain at a concentration of 1 × 107 conidia mL-1, suggesting attenuated fungal virulence in the ΔMrmep1, ΔMrmep2, and ΔMrmep1ΔMrmep2 strains. During fungal infection, transcription levels of Mrmep1 was 1.6-fold higher than Mrmep2 at 36 h post inoculation. Additionally, transcription levels of gallerimycin gene were 1.2-fold, 2.18-fold, and 2.5-fold higher in insects infected with the ΔMrmep1, ΔMrmep2, or ΔMrmep1ΔMrmep2 mutant than those infected with the WT strain, respectively. Our findings suggest that Mrmep1 and Mrmep2 are differentially contributed to the growth, sporulation, cell wall integrity, and virulence of M. robertsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiazhi Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ali Fan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhangxun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Bernardo CC, Barreto LP, e Silva CDS, Luz C, Arruda W, Fernandes ÉK. Conidia and blastospores of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana s.l.: Their development during the infection process and virulence against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1334-1342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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49
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Boucias DG, Zhou Y, Huang S, Keyhani NO. Microbiota in insect fungal pathology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5873-5888. [PMID: 29802479 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the biochemical and genetic characterization of the host-pathogen interaction mediated by insect pathogenic fungi, with the most widely studied being the Ascomycetes (Hypocrealean) fungi, Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. However, few studies have examined the consequences and effects of host (insect) microbes, whether compatible or antagonistic, on the development and survival of entomopathogenic fungi. Host microbes can act on the insect cuticular surface, within the gut, in specialized insect microbe hosting structures, and within cells, and they include a wide array of facultative and/or obligate exosymbionts and endosymbionts. The insect microbiome differs across developmental stages and in response to nutrition (e.g., different plant hosts for herbivores) and environmental conditions, including exposure to chemical insecticides. Here, we review recent advances indicating that insect-pathogenic fungi have evolved a spectrum of strategies for exploiting or suppressing host microbes, including the production of antimicrobial compounds that are expressed at discrete stages of the infection process. Conversely, there is increasing evidence that some insects have acquired microbes that may be specialized in the production of antifungal compounds to combat infection by (entomopathogenic) fungi. Consideration of the insect microbiome in fungal insect pathology represents a new frontier that can help explain previously obscure ecological and pathological aspects of the biology of entomopathogenic fungi. Such information may lead to novel approaches to improving the efficacy of these organisms in pest control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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50
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Wang Z, Zhou Q, Li Y, Qiao L, Pang Q, Huang B. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of conidia and mycelium in the filamentous fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:651-658. [PMID: 29880200 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium robertsii is widely applied in biological control via conidia application. To clarify the proteomic differences between conidia and mycelia and explore the underlying mechanisms of conidia as a unit responsible for dispersal and environmental stress, we carried out an iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation)-based quantitative proteomic analysis for two developmental stages from M. robertsii. A total of 2052 proteins were detected, and 90 showed differential protein abundance between the conidia and mycelia. These 90 proteins were primarily associated with stress resistance, amino acid and protein metabolism, and energy metabolism. Further bioinformatics analysis showed that these proteins could be mapped to 52 pathways, five of which were significantly enriched after mapping to KEGG pathways. Interestingly, many proteins involved in the significantly enriched pathway of peroxisome, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, including catalase, peroxisomal membrane anchor protein, formate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase, were identified with higher abundance in conidia. The results deepened our understanding of the conidia proteome in M. robertsii and provide a basis for further exploration for improving the efficiency of the fungi as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuandong Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lintao Qiao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qi Pang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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