1
|
Khan R, Anwar F, Ghazali FM. A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28361. [PMID: 38628751 PMCID: PMC11019184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vajdi M, Karimi A, Hassanizadeh S, Farhangi MA, Bagherniya M, Askari G, Roufogalis BD, Davies NM, Sahebkar A. Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:307-327. [PMID: 38498260 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2019 and resulted in significant morbidity and mortality continues to be a significant global health challenge, characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunction.. Developing therapies for preventing or treating COVID-19 remains an important goal for pharmacology and drug development research. Polyphenols are effective against various viral infections and can be extracted and isolated from plants without losing their therapeutic potential. Researchers have developed methods for separating and isolating polyphenols from complex matrices. Polyphenols are effective in treating common viral infections, including COVID-19, and can also boost immunity. Polyphenolic-based antiviral medications can mitigate SARS-CoV-2 enzymes vital to virus replication and infection. Individual polyphenolic triterpenoids, flavonoids, anthraquinonoids, and tannins may also inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 protease. Polyphenol pharmacophore structures identified to date can explain their action and lead to the design of novel anti-COVID-19 compounds. Polyphenol-containing mixtures offer the advantages of a well-recognized safety profile with few known severe side effects. However, studies to date are limited, and further animal studies and randomized controlled trials are needed in future studies. The purpose of this study was to review and present the latest findings on the therapeutic impact of plant-derived polyphenols on COVID-19 infection and its complications. Exploring alternative approaches to traditional therapies could aid in developing novel drugs and remedies against coronavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shirin Hassanizadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Basil D Roufogalis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Song XQ, Xu W, Lei S, Zhang H, Yang L. Stand Up to Stand Out: Natural Dietary Polyphenols Curcumin, Resveratrol, and Gossypol as Potential Therapeutic Candidates against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Nutrients 2023; 15:3885. [PMID: 37764669 PMCID: PMC10535599 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated collaborative drug discovery efforts in academia and the industry with the aim of developing therapies and vaccines that target SARS-CoV-2. Several novel therapies have been approved and deployed in the last three years. However, their clinical application has revealed limitations due to the rapid emergence of viral variants. Therefore, the development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic agents with a high potency and safety profile remains a high priority for global health. Increasing awareness of the "back to nature" approach for improving human health has prompted renewed interest in natural products, especially dietary polyphenols, as an additional therapeutic strategy to treat SARS-CoV-2 patients, owing to its good safety profile, exceptional nutritional value, health-promoting benefits (including potential antiviral properties), affordability, and availability. Herein, we describe the biological properties and pleiotropic molecular mechanisms of dietary polyphenols curcumin, resveratrol, and gossypol as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants as observed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of dietary polyphenols and to obtain maximal benefits, several strategies such as nanotechnology (e.g., curcumin-incorporated nanofibrous membranes with antibacterial-antiviral ability), lead optimization (e.g., a methylated analog of curcumin), combination therapies (e.g., a specific combination of plant extracts and micronutrients), and broad-spectrum activities (e.g., gossypol broadly inhibits coronaviruses) have also been emphasized as positive factors in the facilitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development to support effective long-term pandemic management and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xian-qing Song
- General Surgery Department, Baoan Central Hospital, Affiliated Baoan Central Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shizeng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (W.X.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rout M, Mishra S, Dey S, Singh MK, Dehury B, Pati S. Exploiting the potential of natural polyphenols as antivirals against monkeypox envelope protein F13 using machine learning and all-atoms MD simulations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 162:107116. [PMID: 37302336 PMCID: PMC10239311 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The re-emergence of monkeypox (MPX), in the era of COVID-19 pandemic is a new global menace. Regardless of its leniency, there are chances of MPX expediting severe health deterioration. The role of envelope protein, F13 as a critical component for production of extracellular viral particles makes it a crucial drug target. Polyphenols, exhibiting antiviral properties have been acclaimed as an effective alternative to the traditional treatment methods for management of viral diseases. To facilitate the development of potent MPX specific therapeutics, herein, we have employed state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to predict a highly accurate 3-dimensional structure of F13 as well as identify binding hotspots on the protein surface. Additionally, we have effectuated high-throughput virtual screening methodology on 57 potent natural polyphenols having antiviral activities followed by all-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, to substantiate the mode of interaction of F13 protein and polyphenol complexes. The structure-based virtual screening based on Glide SP, XP and MM/GBSA scores enables the selection of six potent polyphenols having higher binding affinity towards F13. Non-bonded contact analysis, of pre- and post- MD complexes propound the critical role of Glu143, Asp134, Asn345, Ser321 and Tyr320 residues in polyphenol recognition, which is well supported by per-residue decomposition analysis. Close-observation of the structural ensembles from MD suggests that the binding groove of F13 is mostly hydrophobic in nature. Taken together, this structure-based analysis from our study provides a lead on Myricetin, and Demethoxycurcumin, which may act as potent inhibitors of F13. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the molecular recognition and dynamics of F13-polyphenol bound states, offering new promises for development of antivirals to combat monkeypox. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are necessary to validate these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Rout
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sarbani Mishra
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Suchanda Dey
- Biomics and Biodiversity Lab, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (deemed to be) University, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Mahender Kumar Singh
- Data Science Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El-Zeftawy M, Ghareeb D. Pharmacological bioactivity of Ceratonia siliqua pulp extract: in vitro screening and molecular docking analysis, implication of Keap-1/Nrf2/NF-ĸB pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12209. [PMID: 37500735 PMCID: PMC10374561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is interfaced with various metabolic disorders. Ceratonia siliqua (CS) has a higher pharmaceutical purpose. The research aimed to investigate the biofunction of CS pulp aqueous extract (CS-PAE) with an emphasis on its integrated computational approaches as opposed to different specific receptors contributing to inflammation. The extract was assessed for its chemical and phenolic components via GC-MS, LC-MS, HPLC, and total phenolic and flavonoid content. In vitro, bioactivities and molecular docking were analyzed. Findings indicate that CS-PAE demonstrated higher scavenging activities of nitric oxide, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and anti-lipid peroxidation (IC50 values were 5.29, 3.04, 0.63, 7.35 and 9.6 mg/dl, respectively). The extract revealed potent inhibition of RBCs hemolysis, acetylcholine esterase, monoamine oxidase-B, and α-glucosidase enzymes (IC50 was 13.44, 9.31, 2.45, and 1.5 mg/dl, respectively). The extract exhibited a cytotoxic effect against prostate cancer Pc3, liver cancer HepG2, colon cancer Caco2, and lung cancer A549 cell lines. Moreover, CS-PAE owned higher antiviral activity against virus A and some bacteria. When contrasting data from molecular docking, it was reported that both apigenin-7-glucoside and rutin in CS-PAE have a good affinity toward the Keap-1/Nrf2/ NF-ĸB pathway. In conclusion, CS-PAE showed promise in therapeutic activity in metabolic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El-Zeftawy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, New Valley, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Ghareeb
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mukhtar K, Nabi BG, Ansar S, Bhat ZF, Aadil RM, Khaneghah AM. Mycotoxins and consumers' awareness: Recent progress and future challenges. Toxicon 2023:107227. [PMID: 37454753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
While food shortages have become an important challenge, providing safe food resources is a point of interest on a global scale. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are formed through various fungi species. They are mainly spread through diets such as food or beverages. About one quarter of the world's food is spoiled with mycotoxins. As this problem is not resolved, it represents a significant threat to global food security. Besides the current concerns regarding the contamination of food items by these metabolites, the lack of knowledge by consumers and their possible growth and toxin production attracted considerable attention. While globalization provides a favorite condition for some countries, food security still is challenging for most countries. There are various approaches to reducing the mycotoxigenic fungi growth and formation of mycotoxins in food, include as physical, chemical, and biological processes. The current article will focus on collecting data regarding consumers' awareness of mycotoxins. Furthermore, a critical overview and comparison among different preventative approaches to reduce risk by consumers will be discussed. Finally, the current effect of mycotoxins on global trade, besides future challenges faced by mycotoxin contamination on food security, will be discussed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Mukhtar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Brera Ghulam Nabi
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ansar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Efimova SS, Ostroumova OS. Modulation of the Dipole Potential of Model Lipid Membranes with Phytochemicals: Molecular Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Implications in Reconstituted Ion Channels. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:453. [PMID: 37103880 PMCID: PMC10141572 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, stilbenoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and related compounds, have a wide range of useful pharmacological properties which cannot be ascribed to binding to a single peptide or protein target alone. Due to the relatively high lipophilicity of phytochemicals, the lipid membrane is thought to mediate their effects via changes in the properties of the lipid matrix, in particular, by modulating the transmembrane distribution of the electrical potential and, consequently, the formation and functioning of the ion channels reconstituted in the lipid bilayers. Therefore, biophysical studies on the interactions between plant metabolites and model lipid membranes are still of interest. This review represents an attempt to provide a critical analysis of a variety of studies on altering membranes and ion channels with phytochemicals via disturbing the potential drop at the membrane-aqueous solution interface. Critical structural motifs and functioning groups in the molecules of plant polyphenols (alkaloids and saponins are identified) and the possible mechanisms of dipole potential modulation with phytochemicals are discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Giordano D, Facchiano A, Carbone V. Food Plant Secondary Metabolites Antiviral Activity and Their Possible Roles in SARS-CoV-2 Treatment: An Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062470. [PMID: 36985442 PMCID: PMC10058909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and plant extracts exhibit many biological activities, including that related to the defense mechanisms against parasites. Many studies have investigated the biological functions of secondary metabolites and reported evidence of antiviral activities. The pandemic emergencies have further increased the interest in finding antiviral agents, and efforts are oriented to investigate possible activities of secondary plant metabolites against human viruses and their potential application in treating or preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we performed a comprehensive analysis of studies through in silico and in vitro investigations, also including in vivo applications and clinical trials, to evaluate the state of knowledge on the antiviral activities of secondary metabolites against human viruses and their potential application in treating or preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a particular focus on natural compounds present in food plants. Although some of the food plant secondary metabolites seem to be useful in the prevention and as a possible therapeutic management against SARS-CoV-2, up to now, no molecules can be used as a potential treatment for COVID-19; however, more research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Giordano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Virginia Carbone
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rathod NB, Elabed N, Punia S, Ozogul F, Kim SK, Rocha JM. Recent Developments in Polyphenol Applications on Human Health: A Review with Current Knowledge. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061217. [PMID: 36986905 PMCID: PMC10053535 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol has been used in treatment for some health disorders due to their diverse health promoting properties. These compounds can reduce the impacts of oxidation on the human body, prevent the organs and cell structure against deterioration and protect their functional integrity. The health promoting abilities are attributed to their high bioactivity imparting them high antioxidative, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity, as well as anticancer properties. The application of polyphenols such as flavonoids, catechin, tannins, and phenolic acids in the food industry as bio-preservative substances for foods and beverages can exert a superb activity on the inhibition of oxidative stress via different types of mechanisms. In this review, the detailed classification of polyphenolic compunds and their important bioactivity with special focus on human health are addressed. Additionally, their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 could be used as alternative therapy to treat COVID patients. Inclusions of polyphenolic compounds in various foods have demonstrated their ability to extend shelf life and they positive impacts on human health (antioxidative, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer). Additionally, their ability to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been reported. Considering their natural occurrence and GRAS status they are highly recommended in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikheel Bhojraj Rathod
- Post-Graduate Institute of Post-Harvest Technology and Management, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Roha 402 116, India
| | - Nariman Elabed
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT), University of Carthage, BP 77-1054 Amilcar, Carthage 1054, Tunisia
| | - Sneh Punia
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemoson University, Clemosn, SC 29634, USA
| | - Fatih Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Science & Convergence Engineering, College of Science & Technology, Hanyang University, ERICA Campus, Ansan 11558, Republic of Korea
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mehany T, Siddiqui SA, Olawoye B, Olabisi Popoola O, Hassoun A, Manzoor MF, Punia Bangar S. Recent innovations and emerging technological advances used to improve quality and process of plant-based milk analogs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-31. [PMID: 36861223 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2183381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide challenges related to food sustainability are presently more critical than ever before due to the severe consequences of climate change, outbreak of epidemics, and wars. Many consumers are shifting their dietary habits toward consuming more plant-based foods, such as plant milk analogs (PMA) for health, sustainability, and well-being reasons. The PMA market is anticipated to reach US$38 billion within 2024, making them the largest segment in plant-based foods. Nevertheless, using plant matrices to produce PMA has numerous limitations, including, among others, low stability and short shelf life. This review addresses the main obstacles facing quality and safety of PMA formula. Moreover, this literature overview discusses the emerging approaches, e.g., pulsed electric field (PEF), cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), ultrasound (US), ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH), ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation, ozone (O3), and hurdle technology used in PMA formulations to overcome their common challenges. These emerging technologies have a vast potential at the lab scale to improve physicochemical characteristics, increase stability and extend the shelf-life, decrease food additives, increase nutritional and organoleptic qualities of the end product. Although the PMA fabrication on a large scale using these technologies can be expected in the near future to formulate novel food products that can offer green alternatives to conventional dairy products, further development is still needed for wider commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taha Mehany
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Babatunde Olawoye
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oyekemi Olabisi Popoola
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abdo Hassoun
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation and Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
- Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jantan I, Arshad L, Septama AW, Haque MA, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Govender NT. Antiviral effects of phytochemicals against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and their mechanisms of action: A review. Phytother Res 2023; 37:1036-1056. [PMID: 36343627 PMCID: PMC9878073 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide spreading of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a serious threat to health, economic, environmental, and social aspects of human lives. Currently, there are no approved treatments that can effectively block the virus although several existing antimalarial and antiviral agents have been repurposed and allowed use during the pandemic under the emergency use authorization (EUA) status. This review gives an updated overview of the antiviral effects of phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids against the COVID-19 virus and their mechanisms of action. Search for natural lead molecules against SARS-CoV-2 has been focusing on virtual screening and in vitro studies on phytochemicals that have shown great promise against other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV. Until now, there is limited data on in vivo investigations to examine the antiviral activity of plants in SARS-CoV-2-infected animal models and the studies were performed using crude extracts. Further experimental and preclinical investigations on the in vivo effects of phytochemicals have to be performed to provide sufficient efficacy and safety data before clinical studies can be performed to develop them into COVID-19 drugs. Phytochemicals are potential sources of new chemical leads for the development of safe and potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Md Areeful Haque
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nisha T Govender
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dinda B, Dinda S, Dinda M. Therapeutic potential of green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (EGCG) in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Major interactions with host/virus proteases. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 3:100402. [PMID: 36597465 PMCID: PMC9800022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current COVID-19 pandemic from the human pathogenic virus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a major health hazard globally. The morbidity and transmission modality of this disease are severe and uncontrollable. As no effective clinical drugs are available for treatment of COVID-19 infection till to date and only vaccination is used as prophylaxis and its efficacy is restricted due to emergent of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for effective drugs for its treatment. PURPOSE The aim of this review was to provide a detailed analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin constituent of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) beverage to highlight the scope of EGCG in clinical medicine as both prophylaxis and treatment of present COVID-19 infection. In addition, the factors related to poor oral bioavailabilty of EGCG was also analysed for a suggestion for future research in this direction. STUDY DESIGN We collected the published articles related to anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of EGCG against the original strain (Wuhan type) and its newly emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. METHODS A systematic search on the published literature was conducted in various databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus to collect the relevant literature. RESULTS The findings of this search demonstrate that EGCG shows potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus by preventing viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. The studies on the molecular mechanisms of EGCG in inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in host cells reveal that EGCG blocks the entry of the virus particles by interaction with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of viral spike (S) protein to host cell surface receptor protease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as suppression of the expressions of host proteases, ACE2, TMPRSS2 and GRP78, required for viral entry, by Nrf2 activation in host cells. Moreover, EGCG inhibits the activities of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), endoribonuclease Nsp15 in vitro models and of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in molecular docking model for suppression of viral replication. In addition, EGCG significantly inhibits viral inflammatory cytokine production by stimulating Nrf2- dependent host immune response in virus-infected cells. EGCG significantly reduces the elevated levels of HMGB1, a biomarker of sepsis, lung fibrosis and thrombotic complications in viral infections. EGCG potentially inhibits the infection of original (Wuhan type) strain of SARS-CoV-2 and other newly emerged variants as well as the infections of SARS-CoV-2 virus spike-protein of WT and its mutants-mediated pseudotyped viruses . EGCG shows maximum inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection when the host cells are pre-incubated with the drug prior to viral infection. A sorbitol/lecithin-based throat spray containing concentrated green tea extract rich in EGCG content significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in oral mucosa. Several factors including degradation in gastrointestinal environment, low absorption in small intestine and extensive metabolism of EGCG are responsible for its poor bioavailability in humans. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of EGCG in humans reveal poor bioavailability of EGCG in human plasma and EGCG-4"-sulfate is its major metabolite. The concentration of EGCG-4"-sulfate in human plasma is almost equivalent to that of free EGCG (Cmax 177.9 vs 233.5 nmol/L). These findings suggest that inhibition of sulfation of EGCG is a crucial factor for improvement of its bioavailability. In vitro study on the mechanism of EGCG sulfonation indicates that sulfotransferases, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 are responsible for sulfonation in human liver and small intestine, respectively. Some attempts including structural modifications, and nanoformulations of EGCG and addition of nutrients with EGCG have been made to improve the bioavailability of EGCG. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that EGCG has strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection independent of viral strains (Wuhan type (WT), other variants) by inhibition of viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. EGCG may be useful in reduction of this viral load in salivary glands of COVID-19 patients, if it is applied in mouth and throat wash formulations in optimal concentrations. EGCG could be a promising candidate in the development of effective vaccine for prevention of the infections of newly emergent strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus. EGCG might be useful also as a clinical medicine for treatment of COVID-19 patients if its bioavailability in human plasma is enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799 022, India
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Kamalpur Govt Degree College, Dhalai,Tripura, 799 285, India
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, VA, 22908, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hamad GM, Mehany T, Simal-Gandara J, Abou-Alella S, Esua OJ, Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hafez EE. A review of recent innovative strategies for controlling mycotoxins in foods. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
14
|
Pu Y, He X, Chen L, Wang H, Ma Y, Jiang W. Apple polyphenols attenuate the binding ability of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to viral proteins: Computer simulation and in vitro experiments. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
15
|
Alamdari S, Mirzaee O, Nasiri Jahroodi F, Tafreshi MJ, Ghamsari MS, Shik SS, Ara MHM, Lee KY, Park HH. Green synthesis of multifunctional ZnO/chitosan nanocomposite film using wild Mentha pulegium extract for packaging applications. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2022; 34:102349. [PMID: 36160476 PMCID: PMC9490491 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Following the global corona virus pandemic and environmental contamination caused by chemical plastic packaging, awareness of the need for environmentally friendly biofilms and antibacterial coatings is increasing. In this study, a biodegradable hybrid film, comprising of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with a chitosan (CS) matrix, was fabricated using a simple casting procedure. The ZnO NPs were synthesized using wild Mentha pulegium extract, and the synthesized NPs and films were characterized using different approaches. The structural, morphological, mechanical, antibacterial, and optical properties, as well as the hydrophilicity, of the prepared samples were investigated using various techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the M. pulegium extract. In addition, a strong coordination connection between Zn2+ and the chitosan matrix was confirmed, which resulted in a good dispersion of ZnO in the chitosan film. The surface of the composite films was transparent, smooth, and uniform, and the flexible bio-based hybrid films exhibited significant antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics, strong visible emission in the 480 nm region, and UV-blocking properties. The ZnO/CS films displayed a potential to extend the shelf life of fruits by up to eight days when stored at 23°C, and also acted as an acceptable barrier against oxygen and water. The biodegradable ZnO/CS film is expected to keep fruit fresher than general chemical plastic films and be used for the packaging of active ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Alamdari
- Faculty of Physics, Semnan University, P.O. Box:35195‑363, Semnan, Iran
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kharazmi University, Alborz, Iran
- Nanophotonics Laboratory, Applied Science Research Center, Kharazmi University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Omid Mirzaee
- Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | | - Morteza Sasani Ghamsari
- Photonics & Quantum Technologies Research School, Nuclear Science, and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, 11155-3486, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kharazmi University, Alborz, Iran
- Nanophotonics Laboratory, Applied Science Research Center, Kharazmi University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Kyu-Yeon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pisoschi AM, Iordache F, Stanca L, Gajaila I, Ghimpeteanu OM, Geicu OI, Bilteanu L, Serban AI. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Roles of Nonvitamin Antioxidants in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12562-12593. [PMID: 36136726 PMCID: PMC9514372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathologies encompass activation of pro-oxidative pathways and inflammatory burst. Alleviating overproduction of reactive oxygen species and cytokine storm in COVID-19 is essential to counteract the immunogenic damage in endothelium and alveolar membranes. Antioxidants alleviate oxidative stress, cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, and diminish the risk of organ failure. Direct antiviral roles imply: impact on viral spike protein, interference with the ACE2 receptor, inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, transmembrane protease serine 2 or furin, and impact on of helicase, papain-like protease, 3-chyomotrypsin like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Prooxidative environment favors conformational changes in the receptor binding domain, promoting the affinity of the spike protein for the host receptor. Viral pathologies imply a vicious cycle, oxidative stress promoting inflammatory responses, and vice versa. The same was noticed with respect to the relationship antioxidant impairment-viral replication. Timing, dosage, pro-oxidative activities, mutual influences, and interference with other antioxidants should be carefully regarded. Deficiency is linked to illness severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Iuliana Gajaila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Oana Margarita Ghimpeteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ionut Geicu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Bilteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Molecular Nanotechnology Laboratory,
National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Q, Li N, Cai W, Xiao M, Liu B, Zeng F. Fermented natural product targeting gut microbiota regulate immunity and anti-inflammatory activity: A possible way to prevent COVID-19 in daily diet. J Funct Foods 2022; 97:105229. [PMID: 36034155 PMCID: PMC9393180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low immune function makes the body vulnerable to being invaded by external bacteria or viruses, causing influenza and inflammation of various organs, and this trend is shifting to the young and middle-aged group. It has been pointed out that natural products fermented by probiotic have benign changes about their active ingredients in some studies, and it have shown strong nutritional value in anti-oxidation, anti-aging, regulating lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory and improving immunity. In recent years, the gut microbiota plays a key role and has been extensively studied in improving immunity and anti-inflammation activity. By linking the relationship between natural products fermented by probiotic, gut microbiota, immunity, and inflammation, this review presents the modulating effects of probiotics and their fermented natural products on the body, including immunity-enhancing and anti-inflammatory activities by modulating gut microbiota, and it is discussed that the current understanding of its molecular mechanisms. It may become a possible way to prevent COVID-19 through consuming natural products fermented by probiotic in our daily diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quancen Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meifang Xiao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bo S, Chang SK, Chen Y, Sheng Z, Jiang Y, Yang B. The structure characteristics, biosynthesis and health benefits of naturally occurring rare flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2490-2512. [PMID: 36123801 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rare flavonoids, a special subclass of naturally occurring flavonoids with diverse structures including pterocarpans, aurones, neoflavonoids, homoisoflavones, diphenylpropanes, rotenoids and 2-phenylethyl-chromones. They are mainly found in legumes with numerous health benefits. Rare flavonoids are regarded as minor flavonoids due to their very limited abundance in nature. This review gives an overview of the natural occurrences of rare flavonoids from previous literatures. Recent findings on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids have been updated by describing their structural characteristics and classifications. Recent findings on the health benefits of rare flavonoids have also been compiled and discussed. Natural rare flavonoids with various characteristics from different subclasses from plant-based food sources are stated. They show a wide range of health benefits, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis and antiviral activities. Studies reviewed suggest that rare flavonoids possessing different skeletons demonstrate different characteristic bioactivities by discussing their mechanism of actions and structure-activity relationships. Besides, recent advances on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids, such as pterocarpans, rotenoids and aurones are well-known, while the biosynthesis of other subclasses remain unknown. The perspectives and further applications of rare flavonoids using metabolic engineering strategies also be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Bo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul, Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Sheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A Review on Herbal Secondary Metabolites Against COVID-19 Focusing on the Genetic Variants of SARS-CoV-2. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp-129618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: An outbreak of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, subsequently affecting countries worldwide and causing a pandemic. Although several vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adenovirus vaccines, have been licensed in several countries, the danger of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants persists. To date, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351, B.1.351.2, B.1.351.3), Delta (B.1.617.2, AY.1, AY.2, AY. 3), Gamma (P.1, P.1.1, P.1.2), and Iota (B.1 .526) circulating in the United States, Kappa (B.1.617.1) in India, Lambda (C.37) in Peru and Mu (B.1.621) in Colombia are considered the variants of concern and interest. Evidence Acquisition: Data were collected through the end of August 2021 by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. There were findings from in silico, in vitro cell-based, and non-cell-based investigations. Results: The potential and safety profile of herbal medicines need clarification to scientifically support future recommendations regarding the benefits and risks of their use. Conclusions: Current research results on natural products against SARS-CoV-2 and variants are discussed, and their specific molecular targets and possible mechanisms of action are summarized.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin CC, Lin HH, Chang H, Chuang LT, Hsieh CY, Lu SH, Hung CF, Chang JF. Prophylactic Effects of Purple Shoot Green Tea on Cytokine Immunomodulation through Scavenging Free Radicals and NO in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3980-4000. [PMID: 36135185 PMCID: PMC9497692 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols and flavonoids from non-fermented green tea and fully-fermented black tea exhibit antioxidant abilities that function as natural health foods for daily consumption. Nonetheless, evidence regarding prophylactic effects of purple shoot tea on immunomodulation remains scarce. We compared the immunomodulatory effects of different tea processes on oxidative stress and cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Major constituents of four tea products, Taiwan Tea Experiment Station No.12 (TTES No. 12) black and green tea and purple shoot black and purple shoot green tea (TB, TG, PB and PG, respectively), were analyzed to explore the prophylactic effects on expressions of free radicals, nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cell models. PG contained abundant levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins and proanthocyanidins (371.28 ± 3.83; 86.37 ± 1.46; 234.67 ± 10.1; and 24.81 ± 0.75 mg/g, respectively) contributing to excellent free radical scavenging potency. In both the LPS-activated inflammation model and the prophylactic model, all tea extracts suppressed NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner, especially for PG. Intriguingly, most tea extracts enhanced expressions of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages, except PG. However, all teas disrupted downstream transduction of chemoattractant MCP-1 for immune cell trafficking. In the prophylactic model, all teas inhibited inflammatory responses by attenuating expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner, especially for TG and PG. Our prophylactic model demonstrated PG exerts robust effects on modulating LPS-induced cytokine expressions of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α through scavenging free radicals and NO. In light of the prophylactic effects on LPS-related inflammation, PG effectively scavenges free radicals to modulate cytokine cascades that could serve as a functional beverage for immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Renal Care Joint Foundation, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Department of Pet Healthcare, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Lu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 120, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tirado-Kulieva VA, Hernández-Martínez E, Choque-Rivera TJ. Phenolic compounds versus SARS-CoV-2: An update on the main findings against COVID-19. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10702. [PMID: 36157310 PMCID: PMC9484857 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains an international concern. Although there are drugs to fight it, new natural alternatives such as polyphenols are essential due to their antioxidant activity and high antiviral potential. In this context, this review reports the main findings on the effect of phenolic compounds (PCs) against SARS-CoV-2 virus. First, the proven activity of PCs against different human viruses is briefly detailed, which serves as a starting point to study their anti-COVID-19 potential. SARS-CoV-2 targets (its proteins) are defined. Findings from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies of a wide variety of phenolic compounds are shown, emphasizing their mechanism of action, which is fundamental for drug design. Furthermore, clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of PCs in the prevention and as a possible therapeutic management against COVID-19. The results were complemented with information on the influence of polyphenols in strengthening/modulating the immune system. It is recommended to investigate compounds such as vitamins, minerals, alkaloids, triterpenes and fatty acids, and their synergistic use with PCs, many of which have been successful against SARS-CoV-2. Based on findings on other viruses, synergistic evaluation of PCs with accepted drugs against COVID-19 is also suggested. Other recommendations and limitations are also shown, which is useful for professionals involved in the development of efficient, safe and low-cost therapeutic strategies based on plant matrices rich in PCs. To the authors' knowledge, this manuscript is the first to evaluate the relationship between the antiviral and immunomodulatory (including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects) activity of PCs and their underlying mechanisms in relation to the fight against COVID-19. It is also of interest for the general population to be informed about the importance of consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds for their health benefits. Phenolic compounds are known for their high potential against various human viruses. Phenolic compounds also have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. Medicinal plants used against COVID-19 are rich in phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds interfere with the activity of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. A wide variety of food products with high polyphenolic content are presented.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gasmi A, Mujawdiya PK, Lysiuk R, Shanaida M, Peana M, Gasmi Benahmed A, Beley N, Kovalska N, Bjørklund G. Quercetin in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronavirus Infections: A Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1049. [PMID: 36145270 PMCID: PMC9504481 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak seems to be the most dangerous challenge of the third millennium due to its highly contagious nature. Amongst natural molecules for COVID-19 treatment, the flavonoid molecule quercetin (QR) is currently considered one of the most promising. QR is an active agent against SARS and MERS due to its antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and some other beneficial effects. QR may hold therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 due to its inhibitory effects on several stages of the viral life cycle. In fact, QR inhibits viral entry, absorption, and penetration in the SARS-CoV virus, which might be at least partly explained by the ability of QR and its derivatives to inhibit 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro). QR is a potent immunomodulatory molecule due to its direct modulatory effects on several immune cells, cytokines, and other immune molecules. QR-based nanopreparations possess enhanced bioavailability and solubility in water. In this review, we discuss the prospects for the application of QR as a preventive and treatment agent for COVID-19. Given the multifactorial beneficial action of QR, it can be considered a very valid drug as a preventative, mitigating, and therapeutic agent of COVID-19 infection, especially in synergism with zinc, vitamins C, D, and E, and other polyphenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Asma Gasmi Benahmed
- Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Nataliya Beley
- I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ziyaei K, Ataie Z, Mokhtari M, Adrah K, Daneshmehr MA. An insight to the therapeutic potential of algae-derived sulfated polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids: Focusing on the COVID-19. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:244-257. [PMID: 35306019 PMCID: PMC8924028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic severely affected human health worldwide. The rapidly increasing COVID-19 cases and successive mutations of the virus have made it a major challenge for scientists to find the best and efficient drug/vaccine/strategy to counteract the virus pathogenesis. As a result of research in scientific databases, regulating the immune system and its responses with nutrients and nutritional interventions is the most critical solution to prevent and combat this infection. Also, modulating other organs such as the intestine with these compounds can lead to the vaccines' effectiveness. Marine resources, mainly algae, are rich sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds with known immunomodulatory properties and the gut microbiome regulations. According to the purpose of the review, algae-derived bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory activities, sulfated polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a good effect on the immune system. In addition, they have probiotic/prebiotic properties in the intestine and modulate the gut microbiomes; therefore, they can increase the effectiveness of vaccines produced. Thus, they with respectable safety, immune regulation, and modulation of microbiota have potential therapeutic against infections, especially COVID-19. They can also be employed as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of viral infections, such as COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Ziyaei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Ataie
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Laboratory of System Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Kelvin Adrah
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Daneshmehr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Omer AK, Khorshidi S, Mortazavi N, Rahman HS. A Review on the Antiviral Activity of Functional Foods Against COVID-19 and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4817-4835. [PMID: 35592539 PMCID: PMC9112189 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s361001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the absence of successful therapy, vaccines for protection are continuously being developed. Since vaccines must be thoroughly tested, viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs), mainly coronaviruses, have seriously affected human health worldwide in recent years. In this review, we presented the relevant data which originated from trusted publishers regarding the practical benefits of functional foods (FFs) and their dietary sources, in addition to natural plant products, in viral respiratory and COVID-19 prevention and immune-boosting activities. As a result, FFs were confirmed to be functionally active ingredients for preventing COVID-19 and VRTIs. Furthermore, the antiviral activity and immunological effects of FFs against VRTIs and COVID-19 and their potential main mechanisms of action are also being reviewed. Therefore, to prevent COVID-19 and VRTIs, it is critical to identify controlling the activities and immune-enhancing functional food constituents as early as possible. We further aimed to summarize functional food constituents as a dietary supplement that aids in immune system boosting and may effectively reduce VRTIs and COVID-19 and promote therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Khalid Omer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Razga Company, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sonia Khorshidi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Mortazavi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kicker E, Tittel G, Schaller T, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Zatloukal K, Bauer R. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity of polyphenols in a special green tea extract preparation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153970. [PMID: 35144138 PMCID: PMC8801126 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic will continue to threaten our health care systems in the next years. In addition to vaccination there is a need for effective tools for prevention and treatment. Products from natural sources, like standardized plant extracts offer a wide range of antiviral effects and possible applications. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate, whether a sorbitol/lecithin-based throat spray containing concentrated green tea extract (sGTE) interacts with SARS-CoV-2 viral particles and additionally is capable to block the virus replication. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The antiviral effect was studied in a VeroE6 cell culture model, including concentration/effect correlations and the biological mechanism of virus blockade, using the Wuhan type of SARS CoV-2 as well as its beta- and delta-mutations. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative tannin profile present on the oral mucosa after spray application has been investigated by LC-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD analyses of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and related catechin derivatives. RESULTS The findings of this study demonstrate, that sGTE has strong neutralizing activity on SARS-CoV-2 resulting in an up to 6,3E+04-fold reduction of infectivity independent from the strain. The type of interaction of sGTE with surface proteins seems to be direct and non-specific concerning the viral surface protein structures and resembles the general non-specific activity of polyphenols. By HPLC-DAD analysis, eight catechins were identified in sGTE, with EGCG and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate as the most abundant ones. The total content of catechin derivatives, calculated as catechin, was 76 g/100 g. LC-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD analyses of throat swabs after application of a sGTE spray have shown that the concentrations of green tea tannins in the pharyngeal mucosa are higher than the effective dose found in the in vitro studies with SARS-CoV-2, even 1 h after the last application. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that sGTE has strong neutralizing activity on SARS-CoV-2 independent from the strain (Wuhan strain, beta- or delta-variants). sGTE might be relevant for reduction of corresponding viral infections when periodically applied to mouth and throat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kicker
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerolf Tittel
- Phytovisions GmbH & Co. KG, Karwendelstrasse 29, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Tanja Schaller
- Dronania pharmaceuticals GmbH, Karl- Benz- Strasse 3, 86825 Bad Woerishofen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bahun M, Jukić M, Oblak D, Kranjc L, Bajc G, Butala M, Bozovičar K, Bratkovič T, Podlipnik Č, Poklar Ulrih N. Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro main protease by plant polyphenols. Food Chem 2022; 373:131594. [PMID: 34838409 PMCID: PMC8592230 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of polyphenols in edible plants makes them an important component of human nutrition. Considering the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, a number of studies have investigated polyphenols as bioactive constituents. We applied in-silico molecular docking as well as molecular dynamics supported by in-vitro assays to determine the inhibitory potential of various plant polyphenols against an important SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic target, the protease 3CLpro. Of the polyphenols in initial in-vitro screening, quercetin, ellagic acid, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate and resveratrol showed IC50 values of 11.8 µM to 23.4 µM. In-silico molecular dynamics simulations indicated stable interactions with the 3CLpro active site over 100 ns production runs. Moreover, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy was used to measure the binding of polyphenols to 3CLpro in real time. Therefore, we provide evidence for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro by natural plant polyphenols, and suggest further research into the development of these novel 3CLpro inhibitors or biochemical probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miha Bahun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukić
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Domen Oblak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Kranjc
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bajc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Butala
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krištof Bozovičar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Bratkovič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Baranwal J, Barse B, Fais A, Delogu GL, Kumar A. Biopolymer: A Sustainable Material for Food and Medical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050983. [PMID: 35267803 PMCID: PMC8912672 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are a leading class of functional material suitable for high-value applications and are of great interest to researchers and professionals across various disciplines. Interdisciplinary research is important to understand the basic and applied aspects of biopolymers to address several complex problems associated with good health and well-being. To reduce the environmental impact and dependence on fossil fuels, a lot of effort has gone into replacing synthetic polymers with biodegradable materials, especially those derived from natural resources. In this regard, many types of natural or biopolymers have been developed to meet the needs of ever-expanding applications. These biopolymers are currently used in food applications and are expanding their use in the pharmaceutical and medical industries due to their unique properties. This review focuses on the various uses of biopolymers in the food and medical industry and provides a future outlook for the biopolymer industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Baranwal
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (J.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Brajesh Barse
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (J.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.F.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Giovanna Lucia Delogu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.F.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ghosh M, Singh AK. Potential of engineered nanostructured biopolymer based coatings for perishable fruits with Coronavirus safety perspectives. PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS 2022; 163:106632. [PMID: 34931104 PMCID: PMC8674086 DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fresh fruits are prioritized needs in order to fulfill the required health benefits for human beings. However, some essential fruits are highly perishable with very short shelf-life during storage because of microbial growth and infections. Thus improvement of fruits shelf-life is a serious concern for their proper utlization without generation of huge amount of fruit-waste. Among various methods employed in extension of fruits shelf-life, design and fabrication of edible nanocoatings with antimicrobial activities have attracted considerable interest because of their enormous potential, novel functions, eco-friendly nature and good durability. In recent years, scientific communities have payed increased attention in the development of advanced antimicrobial edible coatings to prolong the postharvest shelf-life of fruits using hydrocolloids. In this review, we attempted to highlight the technical breakthrough and recent advancements in development of edible fruit coating by the application of various types of agro-industrial residues and different active nanomaterials incorporated into the coatings and their effects on shelf-life of perishable fruits. Improvements in highly desired functions such as antioxidant/antimicrobial activities and mechanical properties of edible coating to significantly control the gases (O2/CO2) permeation by the incorporation of nanoscale natural materials as well as metal nanoparticles are reviewed and discussed. In addition, by compiling recent knowledge, advantages of coatings on fruits for nutritional security during COVID-19 pandemic are also summarized along with the scientific challenges and insights for future developments in fabrication of engineered nanocoatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ahmed OS, Tardif C, Rouger C, Atanasova V, Richard‐Forget F, Waffo‐Téguo P. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds as promising antimycotoxin agents: Where are we now? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1161-1197. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Ahmed
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) 6th of October City Egypt
| | - Charles Tardif
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Caroline Rouger
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- RU 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA) INRAE Villenave d'Ornon France
| | | | - Pierre Waffo‐Téguo
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hong M, Cheng L, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhang P, Zhang X. A Natural Plant Source-Tea Polyphenols, a Potential Drug for Improving Immunity and Combating Virus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030550. [PMID: 35276917 PMCID: PMC8839699 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still in a global epidemic, which has profoundly affected people’s lives. Tea polyphenols (TP) has been reported to enhance the immunity of the body to COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases. The inhibitory effect of TP on COVID-19 may be achieved through a series of mechanisms, including the inhibition of multiple viral targets, the blocking of cellular receptors, and the activation of transcription factors. Emerging evidence shows gastrointestinal tract is closely related to respiratory tract, therefore, the relationship between the state of the gut–lung axis microflora and immune homeostasis of the host needs further research. This article summarized that TP can improve the disorder of flora, reduce the occurrence of cytokine storm, improve immunity, and prevent COVID-19 infection. TP may be regarded as a potential and valuable source for the design of new antiviral drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Hong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (M.H.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (M.H.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (M.H.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Student Affairs, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (M.H.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Alcântara Pinto DC, Pitasse-Santos P, de Souza GA, Castro RN, Freire de Lima ME. Peracetylation of polyphenols under rapid and mild reaction conditions. Nat Prod Res 2022:1-6. [PMID: 35073791 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2031186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural modifications are an important tool for studying the properties of naturally occurring polyphenols. Regarding the preparation of acetyl esters, the presence of hydroxyl groups stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds may pose an obstacle for the peracetylation of these compounds. In this paper, we present a facile protocol for the acetylation of selected polyphenols under mild reaction conditions by using acetic anhydride, catalytic amount 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. Reaction conditions were adjusted for optimal formation of peracetylated polyphenols while minimizing the formation of byproducts. Butyric anhydride was employed as an alternative acylating agent and showed similar results. Reaction yields varied from 78-97%, and products were obtained in high purity, as determined by LCMS(ESI+), 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Pitasse-Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rosane Nora Castro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang X, Liu Z, Kang B, Huang Y, Fu C, Li W, Wu Q, Liu Z, Li D, Wang C, Xu N. Effect of
Lactobacillus plantarum
or
Enterococcus faecalis
as co‐inoculants with
Aspergillus oryzae
in koji making on the physicochemical properties of soy sauce. J Food Sci 2022; 87:714-727. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Zeping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Bo Kang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Yao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Caixia Fu
- Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics
| | - Chao Wang
- Research Center of Fermentation Flavouring Engineering and Technology of Hubei Hubei Tulaohan Flavouring and Food Co., Ltd. Yichang China
| | - Ning Xu
- Research Center of Fermentation Flavouring Engineering and Technology of Hubei Hubei Tulaohan Flavouring and Food Co., Ltd. Yichang China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Montenegro-Landívar MF, Tapia-Quirós P, Vecino X, Reig M, Valderrama C, Granados M, Cortina JL, Saurina J. Polyphenols and their potential role to fight viral diseases: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149719. [PMID: 34438146 PMCID: PMC8373592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruits, vegetables, spices, and herbs are a potential source of phenolic acids and polyphenols. These compounds are known as natural by-products or secondary metabolites of plants, which are present in the daily diet and provide important benefits to the human body such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, antihypertensive and antiviral properties, among others. Plentiful evidence has been provided on the great potential of polyphenols against different viruses that cause widespread health problems. As a result, this review focuses on the potential antiviral properties of some polyphenols and their action mechanism against various types of viruses such as coronaviruses, influenza, herpes simplex, dengue fever, and rotavirus, among others. Also, it is important to highlight the relationship between antiviral and antioxidant activities that can contribute to the protection of cells and tissues of the human body. The wide variety of action mechanisms of antiviral agents, such as polyphenols, against viral infections could be applied as a treatment or prevention strategy; but at the same time, antiviral polyphenols could be used to produce natural antiviral drugs. A recent example of an antiviral polyphenol application deals with the use of hesperidin extracted from Citrus sinensis. The action mechanism of hesperidin relies on its binding to the key entry or spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, the extraction, purification and recovery of polyphenols with potential antiviral activity, which are essential for virus replication and infection without side-effects, have been critically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Montenegro-Landívar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulina Tapia-Quirós
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xanel Vecino
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering-CINTECX, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mònica Reig
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Valderrama
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Granados
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Cortina
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTECH, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; CETAQUA, Carretera d'Esplugues, 75, 08940 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Javier Saurina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ji J, Yi X, Zhu Y, Yu H, Huang S, Liu Z, Zhang X, Xia G, Shen X. Tilapia Head Protein Hydrolysate Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment through the Gut-Brain Axis in Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123129. [PMID: 34945680 PMCID: PMC8701847 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The destruction of the homeostasis in the gut-brain axis can lead to cognitive impairment and memory decline. Dietary intervention with bioactive peptides from aquatic products is an innovative strategy to prevent cognitive deficits. The present study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of tilapia head protein hydrolysate (THPH) on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice, and to further explore its mechanism through the microbiota–gut-brain axis. The results showed that THPH administration significantly improved the cognitive behavior of mice, and normalized the cholinergic system and oxidative stress system of the mice brain. The histopathological observation showed that THPH administration significantly reduced the pathological damage of hippocampal neurons, increased the number of mature neurons marked by NeuN and delayed the activation of astrocytes in the hippocampus of mice. In addition, THPH administration maintained the stability of cholinergic system, alleviated oxidative stress and further improved the cognitive impairment by reshaping the gut microbiota structure of scopolamine-induced mice and alleviating the disorder of lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in serum. In conclusion, our research shows that THPH supplementation is a nutritional strategy to alleviate cognitive impairment through the gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiangzhou Yi
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuqi Huang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Guanghua Xia
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xuanri Shen
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.J.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (Z.L.); (X.Z.); (G.X.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0898-66193581
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
In-silico efficacy of potential phytomolecules from Ayurvedic herbs as an adjuvant therapy in management of COVID-19. J Food Drug Anal 2021; 29:559-580. [PMID: 35649148 PMCID: PMC9931022 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has sparked a new spectrum of investigations, research and studies in multifarious directions. Efforts are being made around the world for discovery of effective vaccines/drugs against COVID-19. In this context, Ayurveda, an alternative traditional system of medicine in India may work as an adjuvant therapy in compromised patients. We selected 40 herbal leads on the basis of their traditional applications. The phytomolecules from these leads were further screened through in-silico molecular docking against two main targets of SARS-CoV-2 i.e. the spike protein (S; structural protein) and the main protease (MPRO; non-structural protein). Out of the selected 40, 12 phytomolecules were able to block or stabilize the major functional sites of the main protease and spike protein. Among these, Ginsenoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, Hespiridin and Tribulosin exhibited high binding energy with both main protease and spike protein. Etoposide showed good binding energy only with Spike protein and Teniposide had high binding energy only with main protease. The above phytocompounds showed promising binding efficiency with target proteins indicating their possible applications against SARS-CoV-2. However, these findings need to be validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments with above mentioned potential molecules as candidate drugs for the management of COVID-19. In addition, there is an opportunity for the development of formulations through different permutations and combinations of these phytomolecules to harness their synergistic potential.
Collapse
|
36
|
Vardhan S, Sahoo SK. Exploring the therapeutic nature of limonoids and triterpenoids against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting nsp13, nsp14, and nsp15 through molecular docking and dynamic simulations. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:44-54. [PMID: 34926189 PMCID: PMC8666293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The ongoing global pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 caused a medical emergency. Since December 2019, the COVID-19 disease is spread across the globe through physical contact and respiratory droplets. Coronavirus caused a severe effect on the human immune system where some of the non-structural proteins (nsp) are involved in virus-mediated immune response and pathogenesis. To suppress the viral RNA replication mechanism and immune-mediated responses, we aimed to identify limonoids and triterpenoids as antagonists by targeting helicases (nsp13), exonuclease (nsp14), and endoribonuclease (nsp15) of SARS-CoV-2 as therapeutic proteins. Experimental procedure In silico molecular docking and drug-likeness of a library of 369 phytochemicals from limonoids and triterpenoids were performed to screen the potential hits that binds effectively at the active site of the proteins target. In addition, the molecular dynamics simulations of the proteins and their complexes with the potential hits were performed for 100 ns by using GROMACS. Results and conclusion The potential compounds 26-deoxyactein and 25-O-anhydrocimigenol 3-O-beta-d-xylopyranoside posing strong interactions with a minimum binding energy of -10.1 and -9.5 kcal/mol, respectively and sustained close contact with nsp13 for 100 ns. The nsp14 replication fork activity was hindered by the tomentosolic acid, timosaponin A-I, and shizukaol A with the binding affinity score of -9.2, -9.2, and -9.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The nsp15 endoribonuclease catalytic residues were inhibited potentially by limonin, 25-O-anhydrocimigenol 3-O-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside, and asperagenin posing strong binding affinity scores of -9.0, -8.8, and -8.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Computationally predicted potential phytochemicals for SARS-CoV-2 are known to possess various medicinal properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seshu Vardhan
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G. Naringenin as a Possible Candidate Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211066723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin, widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, is endowed with antiviral and other health beneficial activities, such as immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory actions that could play a role in contributing, to some extent, to either preventing or alleviating coronavirus infection. Several computational studies have identified naringenin as one of the prominent flavonoids that can possibly inhibit internalization of the virus, virus-host interactions that trigger the cytokine storm, and replication of the virus. This review highlights the antiviral potential of naringenin in COVID-19 associated risk factors and its predicted therapeutic targets against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K. Agrawal
- Natural Product Inc., 7963 Anderson Park Lane, Westerville, OH 43081, USA
| | - Chandan Agrawal
- Natural Product Inc., 7963 Anderson Park Lane, Westerville, OH 43081, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rubio-Martínez J, Jiménez-Alesanco A, Ceballos-Laita L, Ortega-Alarcón D, Vega S, Calvo C, Benítez C, Abian O, Velázquez-Campoy A, Thomson TM, Granadino-Roldán JM, Gómez-Gutiérrez P, Pérez JJ. Discovery of Diverse Natural Products as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 M pro Protease through Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:6094-6106. [PMID: 34806382 PMCID: PMC9931176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a type of coronavirus responsible for the international outbreak of respiratory illness termed COVID-19 that forced the World Health Organization to declare a pandemic infectious disease situation of international concern at the beginning of 2020. The need for a swift response against COVID-19 prompted to consider different sources to identify bioactive compounds that can be used as therapeutic agents, including available drugs and natural products. Accordingly, this work reports the results of a virtual screening process aimed at identifying antiviral natural product inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro viral protease. For this purpose, ca. 2000 compounds of the Selleck database of Natural Compounds were the subject of an ensemble docking process targeting the Mpro protease. Molecules that showed binding to most of the protein conformations were retained for a further step that involved the computation of the binding free energy of the ligand-Mpro complex along a molecular dynamics trajectory. The compounds that showed a smooth binding free energy behavior were selected for in vitro testing. From the resulting set of compounds, five compounds exhibited an antiviral profile, and they are disclosed in the present work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rubio-Martínez
- Department
of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona and the Institut de Recerca en Quimica Teorica
i Computacional (IQTCUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain,. Phone: (+34) 93
4039263. Fax: (+34) 93 4021231
| | - Ana Jiménez-Alesanco
- Institute
for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units
IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain,Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Institute
for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units
IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Ortega-Alarcón
- Institute
for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units
IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain,Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Vega
- Institute
for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units
IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Calvo
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área
Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain,Institute
of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Benítez
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área
Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain,Institute
of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Abian
- Institute
for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units
IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain,Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área
Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain,Instituto
Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Institute
for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units
IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain,Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área
Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain,Fundación
ARAID, Gobierno de Aragón, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Timothy M. Thomson
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área
Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain,Institute
of Molecular Biology of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Universidad
Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín
de Porres 15102, Perú
| | - José Manuel Granadino-Roldán
- Departamento
de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias
Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Campus “Las Lagunillas”
s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Patricia Gómez-Gutiérrez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica
de Catalunya- Barcelona Tech, Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J. Pérez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica
de Catalunya- Barcelona Tech, Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gligorijevic N, Radomirovic M, Nedic O, Stojadinovic M, Khulal U, Stanic-Vucinic D, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Molecular Mechanisms of Possible Action of Phenolic Compounds in COVID-19 Protection and Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12385. [PMID: 34830267 PMCID: PMC8625847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 was caused by a pathogenic virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therapies against SARS-CoV-2 target the virus or human cells or the immune system. However, therapies based on specific antibodies, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, may become inefficient enough when the virus changes its antigenicity due to mutations. Polyphenols are the major class of bioactive compounds in nature, exerting diverse health effects based on their direct antioxidant activity and their effects in the modulation of intracellular signaling. There are currently numerous clinical trials investigating the effects of polyphenols in prophylaxis and the treatment of COVID-19, from symptomatic, via moderate and severe COVID-19 treatment, to anti-fibrotic treatment in discharged COVID-19 patients. Antiviral activities of polyphenols and their impact on immune system modulation could serve as a solid basis for developing polyphenol-based natural approaches for preventing and treating COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Gligorijevic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Mirjana Radomirovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Olgica Nedic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Marija Stojadinovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Urmila Khulal
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea
| | - Dragana Stanic-Vucinic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Polyphenols: From Theory to Practice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112595. [PMID: 34828876 PMCID: PMC8621732 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The importance of polyphenols in human health is well known; these compounds are common in foods, such as fruits, vegetables, spices, extra virgin olive oil and wine. On the other hand, the different factors that modulate the biological activity of these compounds are less well known. Conceptualization of the work: In this review we took into account about 200 relevant and recent papers on the following topics: “polyphenols bioavailability”, “polyphenols matrix effect”, “food matrix effect”, “polyphenols-cytochromes interaction”, after having reviewed and updated information on chemical classification and main biological properties of polyphenols, such as the antioxidant, anti-radical and anti-inflammatory activity, together with the tricky link between in vitro tests and clinical trials. Key findings: the issue of polyphenols bioavailability and matrix effect should be better taken into account when health claims are referred to polyphenols, thus considering the matrix effect, enzymatic interactions, reactions with other foods or genetic or gender characteristics that could interfere. We also discovered that in vitro studies often underrate the role of phytocomplexes and thus we provided practical hints to describe a clearer way to approach an investigation on polyphenols for a more resounding transfer to their use in medicine.
Collapse
|
41
|
Papies J, Emanuel J, Heinemann N, Kulić Ž, Schroeder S, Tenner B, Lehner MD, Seifert G, Müller MA. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Pelargonium sidoides DC. Root Extract EPs® 7630 in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Human Lung Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:757666. [PMID: 34759825 PMCID: PMC8573200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for COVID-19 are currently limited. Drugs reducing both viral loads and SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammatory responses would be ideal candidates for COVID-19 therapeutics. Previous in vitro and clinical studies suggest that the proprietary Pelargonium sidoides DC. root extract EPs 7630 has antiviral and immunomodulatory properties, limiting symptom severity and disease duration of infections with several upper respiratory viruses. Here we assessed if EPs 7630 affects SARS-CoV-2 propagation and the innate immune response in the human lung cell line Calu-3. In direct comparison to other highly pathogenic CoV (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 growth was most efficiently inhibited at a non-toxic concentration with an IC50 of 1.61 μg/ml. Particularly, the cellular entry step of SARS-CoV-2 was significantly reduced by EPs 7630 pretreatment (10-100 μg/ml) as shown by spike protein-carrying pseudovirus particles and infectious SARS-CoV-2. Using sequential ultrafiltration, EPs 7630 was separated into fractions containing either prodelphinidins of different oligomerization degrees or small molecule constituents like benzopyranones and purine derivatives. Prodelphinidins with a low oligomerization degree and small molecule constituents were most efficient in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 entry already at 10 μg/ml and had comparable effects on immune gene regulation as EPs 7630. Downregulation of multiple pro-inflammatory genes (CCL5, IL6, IL1B) was accompanied by upregulation of anti-inflammatory TNFAIP3 at 48 h post-infection. At high concentrations (100 μg/ml) moderately oligomerized prodelphinidins reduced SARS-CoV-2 propagation most efficiently and exhibited pronounced immune gene modulation. Assessment of cytokine secretion in EPs 7630-treated and SARS-CoV-2-coinfected Calu-3 cells showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 were elevated whereas multiple other COVID-19-associated cytokines (IL-8, IL-13, TNF-α), chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10), and growth factors (PDGF, VEGF-A, CD40L) were significantly reduced by EPs 7630. SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibition and the differential immunomodulatory functions of EPs 7630 against SARS-CoV-2 encourage further in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jackson Emanuel
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Žarko Kulić
- Preclinical R & D, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simon Schroeder
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Tenner
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin D. Lehner
- Preclinical R & D, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Otto-Heubner Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (OHC), Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kaul R, Paul P, Kumar S, Büsselberg D, Dwivedi VD, Chaari A. Promising Antiviral Activities of Natural Flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 Targets: Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11069. [PMID: 34681727 PMCID: PMC8539743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a globally leading public health concern over the past two years. Despite the development and administration of multiple vaccines, the mutation of newer strains and challenges to universal immunity has shifted the focus to the lack of efficacious drugs for therapeutic intervention for the disease. As with SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other non-respiratory viruses, flavonoids present themselves as a promising therapeutic intervention given their success in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and more recently, in clinical studies. This review focuses on data from in vitro studies analyzing the effects of flavonoids on various key SARS-CoV-2 targets and presents an analysis of the structure-activity relationships for the same. From 27 primary papers, over 69 flavonoids were investigated for their activities against various SARS-CoV-2 targets, ranging from the promising 3C-like protease (3CLpro) to the less explored nucleocapsid (N) protein; the most promising were quercetin and myricetin derivatives, baicalein, baicalin, EGCG, and tannic acid. We further review promising in silico studies featuring activities of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 and list ongoing clinical studies involving the therapeutic potential of flavonoid-rich extracts in combination with synthetic drugs or other polyphenols and suggest prospects for the future of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Kaul
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (R.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Pradipta Paul
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (R.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India; (S.K.); (V.D.D.)
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India; (S.K.); (V.D.D.)
| | - Ali Chaari
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (R.K.); (P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chojnacka K, Skrzypczak D, Izydorczyk G, Mikula K, Szopa D, Witek-Krowiak A. Antiviral Properties of Polyphenols from Plants. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102277. [PMID: 34681326 PMCID: PMC8534698 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are active substances against various types of viral infections. Researchers have characterized methods of how to isolate polyphenols without losing their potential to formulate pharmaceutical products. Researchers have also described mechanisms against common viral infections (i.e., influenza, herpes, hepatitis, rotavirus, coronavirus). Particular compounds have been discussed together with the plants in the biomass in which they occur. Quercetin, gallic acid and epigallocatechin are exemplary compounds that inhibit the growth cycle of viruses. Special attention has been paid to identify plants and polyphenols that can be efficient against coronavirus infections. It has been proven that polyphenols present in the diet and in pharmaceuticals protect us from viral infections and, in case of infection, support the healing process by various mechanisms, i.e., they block the entry into the host cells, inhibit the multiplication of the virus, seal blood vessels and protect against superinfection.
Collapse
|
44
|
Currently Applied Extraction Processes for Secondary Metabolites from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa and Future Perspectives. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8090158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The poleo (Lippia turbinata Griseb.) and damiana (Turnera diffusa Wild) are two of the most valued species in the Mexican semidesert due to their medicinal uses. The conventional essential oil extraction process is hydrodistillation, and for the extraction of antioxidants, the use of organic solvents. However, these techniques are time-consuming and degrade thermolabile molecules, and the efficiency of the process is dependent on the affinity of the solvent for bioactive compounds. Likewise, they generate solvent residues such as methanol, hexane, petroleum ether, toluene, chloroform, etc. Therefore, in recent years, ecofriendly alternatives such as ohmic heating, microwaves, ultrasound, and supercritical fluids have been studied. These methodologies allow reducing the environmental impact and processing times, in addition to increasing yields at a lower cost. Currently, there is no up-to-date information that provides a description of the ecofriendly trends for the recovery process of essential oils and antioxidants from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa. This review includes relevant information on the most recent advancements in these processes, including conditions and methodological foundation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Flores-Félix JD, Gonçalves AC, Alves G, Silva LR. Consumption of Phenolic-Rich Food and Dietary Supplements as a Key Tool in SARS-CoV-19 Infection. Foods 2021; 10:2084. [PMID: 34574194 PMCID: PMC8469666 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first cases of COVID-19, which is caused by the SARS-CoV-2, were reported in December 2019. The vertiginous worldwide expansion of SARS-CoV-2 caused the collapse of health systems in several countries due to the high severity of the COVID-19. In addition to the vaccines, the search for active compounds capable of preventing and/or fighting the infection has been the main direction of research. Since the beginning of this pandemic, some evidence has highlighted the importance of a phenolic-rich diet as a strategy to reduce the progression of this disease, including the severity of the symptoms. Some of these compounds (e.g., curcumin, gallic acid or quercetin) already showed capacity to limit the infection of viruses by inhibiting entry into the cell through its binding to protein Spike, regulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, disrupting the replication in cells by inhibition of viral proteases, and/or suppressing and modulating the host's immune response. Therefore, this review intends to discuss the most recent findings on the potential of phenolics to prevent SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.D.F.-F.); (A.C.G.); (G.A.)
- Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior (UDI/IPG), Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nguyen Thi DP, Tran DL, Le Thi P, Park KD, Hoang Thi TT. Supramolecular Gels Incorporating Cordyline terminalis Leaf Extract as a Polyphenol Release Scaffold for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8759. [PMID: 34445465 PMCID: PMC8395749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyline terminalis leaf extract (aqCT) possesses abundant polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, which are encapsulated in gelatin-polyethylene glycol-tyramine (GPT)/alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) gels to form the additional functional materials for biomedical applications. In this study, the gel compositions are optimized, and the GPT/α-CD ratios equal to or less than one half for solidification are found. The gelation time varies from 40.7 min to 5.0 h depending on the increase in GPT/α-CD ratios and aqCT amount. The aqCT extract disturbs the hydrogen bonding and host-guest inclusion of GPT/α-CD gel networks, postponing the gelation. Scanning electron microscope observation shows that all gels with or without aqCT possess a microarchitecture and porosity. GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels could release polyphenols from 110 to 350 nmol/mL at the first hour and sustainably from 5.5 to 20.2 nmol/mL for the following hours, which is controlled by feeding the aqCT amount and gel properties. GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels achieved significant antioxidant activity through a 100% scavenging DPPH radical. In addition, all gels are non-cytotoxic with a cell viability more than 85%. Especially, the GPT3.75α-CD10.5aqCT gels with aqCT amount of 3.1-12.5 mg/mL immensely enhanced the cell proliferation of GPT3.75α-CD10.5 gel without extract. These results suggest that the inherent bioactivities of aqCT endowed the resulting GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels with effective antioxidant and high biocompatibility, and natural polyphenols sustainably release a unique platform for a drug delivery system or other biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieu Phuong Nguyen Thi
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Dieu Linh Tran
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.L.T.); (P.L.T.); (K.D.P.)
| | - Phuong Le Thi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.L.T.); (P.L.T.); (K.D.P.)
| | - Ki Dong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.L.T.); (P.L.T.); (K.D.P.)
| | - Thai Thanh Hoang Thi
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Swathi Krishna S, Thennavan A, Kanthlal SK. Dietary foods containing nitric oxide donors can be early curators of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A possible role in the immune system. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13884. [PMID: 34374096 PMCID: PMC8420599 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is a lethal virus that causes COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness that has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though multiple pharmacological trials are ongoing, there is no proof that any treatment will effectively cure or prevent COVID-19. Currently, COVID-19-infected patients are being managed with non-specific medications to suppress the symptoms and other associated co-morbidities. Nitric oxide is a bio-signaling molecule that has been shown to be effective for treating several viral infections in humans. Household Natural foods rich in nitrites and nitrates (NO donors) have been scientifically proven to have therapeutic benefits against immune-related respiratory tract infections. It was understood that NO could inhibit the early stage of SARS CoV-2 invasion into the human cell. Fruits and vegetables containing nitrites and nitrates have been revised and are now thought to be potential anti-CoV agents for effective control of other associated systemic disorders. The purpose of this review is to highlight some key facts about the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 infection with foods rich in nitric oxide and its donors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Improving the body's immune system is the early step to be considered as a preventive measure to stop the spreading of COVID-19 infection. Emerging research continues to mount that dietary nitrates/nitrites from plant foods are being healthy as well as keep us away from infectious diseases. They are now incorporated into low-risk adjuvant therapy for various infections and systemic disorders. This concept portrays the regular consuming foods such as fruits and vegetables that are rich in nitric oxide which have the potential to promote health, improve general well-being, and reduce the risk associated with the highly contagious diseases. Hence, we recommend adding nitrates and nitrites-containing food to the regular diet to improve the self-immunity as well as to fight against COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Swathi Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Arumugam Thennavan
- Central Lab Animal Facility, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - S K Kanthlal
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Production of grape pomace extracts with enhanced antioxidant and prebiotic activities through solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
49
|
Kowalczyk M, Golonko A, Świsłocka R, Kalinowska M, Parcheta M, Swiergiel A, Lewandowski W. Drug Design Strategies for the Treatment of Viral Disease. Plant Phenolic Compounds and Their Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709104. [PMID: 34393787 PMCID: PMC8363300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (SARS CoV-2) that has existed for over a year, constantly forces scientists to search for drugs against this virus. In silico research and selected experimental data have shown that compounds of natural origin such as phenolic acids and flavonoids have promising antiviral potential. Phenolic compounds inhibit multiplication of viruses at various stages of the viral life cycle, e.g., attachment (disturbance of the interaction between cellular and viral receptors), penetration (inhibition of viral pseudo-particle fusion to the host membrane), replication (inhibition of integrase and 3C-like protease), assembly and maturation (inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity hydrolysis) and release (inhibition of secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB) from infected cells). Phenolic compounds also indirectly influence on the viral life cycle by affecting the host cell's biochemical processes that viruses use for their own benefit. Phenolic compounds may inhibit the proteasomes and cellular deubiquitinating activity that causes an increase in the ubiquitinated proteins level in host cells. This, in turn, contributes to the lowering the available ubiquitin molecules that viruses could use for their own replication. One of the drug design strategy for the treatment of viral diseases may be an enhancement of the antiviral properties of phenolic compounds by metal complexation. Many studies have shown that the presence of a metal ion in the structure can significantly affect the affinity of the compound to key structural elements of the SARS CoV-2, such as Mpro protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike protein. We believe that in the era of coronavirus pandemic, it is necessary to reconsider the search for therapeutics among well-known compounds of plant origin and their metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kowalczyk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Kalinowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Parcheta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Artur Swiergiel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
de Leon VNO, Manzano JAH, Pilapil DYH, Fernandez RAT, Ching JKAR, Quimque MTJ, Agbay JCM, Notarte KIR, Macabeo APG. Anti-HIV reverse transcriptase plant polyphenolic natural products with in silico inhibitory properties on seven non-structural proteins vital in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:104. [PMID: 34272647 PMCID: PMC8284420 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accessing COVID-19 vaccines is a challenge despite successful clinical trials. This burdens the COVID-19 treatment gap, thereby requiring accelerated discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. This study explored the potential of anti-HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) phytochemicals as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins (nsps) by targeting in silico key sites in the structures of SARS-CoV-2 nsps. One hundred four anti-HIV phytochemicals were subjected to molecular docking with nsp3, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, and 16. Top compounds in complex with the nsps were investigated further through molecular dynamics. The drug-likeness and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties of the top compounds were also predicted using SwissADME. Their toxicity was likewise determined using OSIRIS Property Explorer. RESULTS Among the top-scoring compounds, the polyphenolic functionalized natural products comprised of biflavones 1, 4, 11, 13, 14, 15; ellagitannin 9; and bisisoquinoline alkaloid 19 were multi-targeting and exhibited strongest binding affinities to at least two nsps (binding energy = - 7.7 to - 10.8 kcal/mol). The top ligands were stable in complex with their target nsps as determined by molecular dynamics. Several top-binding compounds were computationally druggable, showed good gastrointestinal absorptive property, and were also predicted to be non-toxic. CONCLUSIONS Twenty anti-HIV RT phytochemicals showed multi-targeting inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins 3, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, and 16. Our results highlight the importance of polyhydroxylated aromatic substructures for effective attachment in the binding/catalytic sites of nsps involved in post-translational mechanism pathways. As such with the nsps playing vital roles in viral pathogenesis, our findings provide inspiration for the design and discovery of novel anti-COVID-19 drug prototypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Von Novi O de Leon
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joe Anthony H Manzano
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
| | - Delfin Yñigo H Pilapil
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rey Arturo T Fernandez
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
| | - James Kyle Anthony R Ching
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mark Tristan J Quimque
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Jay Carl M Agbay
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
- Philippine Science High School - Central Mindanao Campus, 9217 Balo-I, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
| | - Kin Israel R Notarte
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines
| | - Allan Patrick G Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015, Manila, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|