Preliminary separation and purification of rutin and quercetin from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold extracts by macroporous resins

Protocols for extraction and purification of rutin from leafy by-products of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) and characterization of the purified product

Valorization of asparagus leafy by-products as a potential source of rutin through selected extraction and purification protocols was investigated. Protocol resulting in the highest extraction yield was first selected. Crude extract was subject to purification via multiple liquid-liquid back extraction using ethanol, methanol or water as a solvent; selection of the most appropriate purification solvent was made based on rutin solubility. The proposed purification protocol yielded yellow-color crystals, which were characterized by fluorescence microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm them as rutin. Purity of rutin was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography at 97.6%; yield of the purified rutin was determined to be 78.2%. The remaining rutin (21.8%) was found in the liquids collected at various stages of purification; such liquids could be recycled using the same purification process. The proposed protocols are simple, yet effective for rutin extraction and purification from asparagus leafy by-products.

Adsorption Behavior of a Gd-Based Metal-Organic Framework toward the Quercetin Drug: Effect of the Activation Condition

A carboxylate gadolinium-based metal-organic framework (Gd-MOF) is an exceptional candidate for magnetic resonance imaging agents, but its low drug adsorption capacity hinders this MOF from being used as a theragnostic agent. In this work, the Gd-MOF was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. Then, different activation situations, including various solvents over different time periods, were applied to enhance the specific surface area of the synthesized MOF. Different characterization analyses such as X-ray diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller along with experimental quercetin adsorption tests were done to study the crystalline and physical properties of various activated MOFs. In the following, the MOF activated by ethanol for 3 days (3d-E) was chosen as the best activated MOF due to its crystallinity, highest specific surface area, and drug adsorption capacity. More explorations were done for the selected MOF, including the drug adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics, and pH effect of adsorption. The results show that the activation process substantially affects the crystallinity, morphology, specific surface area, and drug adsorption capacity of Gd-MOFs. An optimized activation condition is proposed in this work, which shows an impressive enhancement of the specific surface area of Gd-MOFs just by simple solvent exchange method employment.

A facile macroporous resin-based method for separation of yellow and orange Monascus pigments

The yellow Monascus pigments (YMPs) named monascin and ankaflavin and the orange Monascus pigments (OMPs) named rubropunctatin and monascorubrin are two groups of bioactive components in a mixture state in the Monascus fermented products. In order to separate these two groups of bioactive pigments, a facile macroporous resin-based method was developed. The weak-polar resin CAD-40 was selected from the seven tested macroporous resins as it revealed better properties for the adsorption and desorption of the YMPs and OMPs. Then, CAD-40 resin was used for column-chromatographic separation. After eluted by 4 bed volumes of ethanol, the yellow group (monascin and ankaflavin) and the orange group (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) were successfully separated and purified, with an increased content from 49.3% and 44.2% in the crude pigment extract to 85.2% and 83.0% in the final products, respectively. This method would be helpful for the large-scale separation and purification of Monascus pigment products with specific bioactivity.

Bioactivity-Oriented Purification of Polyphenols from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. with Anti-Proliferation Effects on Colorectal Cancer Cells

Cinnamomum cassia Presl. (CCP) is a popular natural spice possessing various pharmacological properties. We obtained polyphenol-rich fraction (CCP-P) from CCP by bioactivity-oriented purification method and evaluated its Wnt signaling inhibition activity. Firstly, the phenolic components were identified as the main bioactive compounds with anti-colorectal cancer activity. Then, we compared the anti-colorectal cancer activity of CCP extract obtained from different solvent by cell morphology alteration and EdU assay. Ethanol extract showed higher antiproliferative activity compared to water extract on HCT116 cells, with proliferating cells reducing to 41.12 and 21.83% at 156.00 μg GAE/mL, respectively. Next, separation and enrichment of polyphenols from ethanol extract was performed on AB-8 macroporous resins under optimal conditions. Further evaluation of the CCP-P bioactivity revealed that it exerted more potent antiproliferative activity on RKO and HCT116 cells, showing higher selectivity for Wnt-dependent colorectal cancer cells (CRCs). Ten major polyphenols were identified in the CCP-P by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In summary, this study presents evidence that CCP-derived polyphenols are promising potential candidates as functional food ingredients against CRC.

Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, separation and analysis technologies of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold: A comprehensive review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (E. alatus), a well-known medicinal plant, has been widely used thousands of years in China for the treatment of various diseases such as urticaria, dysmenorrhea, wound, dysentery, blood stasis, rheumatism and arthritis. Due to the extensive application of E. alatus in the fields of ethnopharmacological usage, the pharmaceutical researches of E. alatus keeps deepening.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This paper reviewed and summarized the integrated research progress of this medicinal plant. A comprehensive summary and comparison of traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, separation and analysis technologies of the E. alatus highlight recent scientific advances, which provides new insights into the research and development of this medicinal plant and would be helpful to promote the research situation of underlying pharmacological mechanisms and further utilizations of E. alatus.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Literature survey was carried out via classic books of herbal medicine, PhD. and MSc. Dissertations. Online scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and others were searched up to February 2020 to identify eligible studies. All literatures of the research subject are analyzed and summarized in this review.

RESULTS

The E. alatus has been widely used in traditional practice in China, Korea and other Asian Countries. In the study of phytochemistry, more than 230 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from E. alatus, including sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, steroids, alkaloids and other compounds. Among them, literature reports show that flavonoids and steroids are the most important bioactive substances found in this plant. A number of researches also have shown that extracts and compounds from E. alatus exert a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including antidiabetic effect, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory effects, hepatoprotective effects, antioxidant effects, antibacterial effects, as well as other effects. However, most of the studies without clinical research. Research into plant's toxicological effects has also been limited. In addition, this review also summarizes and compares the separation and analysis technologies of E. alatus.

CONCLUSIONS

E. alatus has potential for the treatment of many diseases, especially tumors and diabetes. But many traditional uses of E. alatus have not been validated by current investigations. Additionally, modern studies haven't gone far enough into its pharmacological effects and the corresponding chemical constituents, more efforts should be made to illuminate the underlying mechanisms of E. alatus for treatment of tumors and diabetes. Moreover, the toxicological effects of this plant can be further studied. Currently, there are limited studies on its side effects and toxicological effects, which should provide further guidance for the safety of clinical use.

Sequential extraction and enrichment of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus by ultrasonic-assisted polyethylene glycol-based extraction coupled to temperature-induced cloud point extraction

A green method for simultaneous extraction and enrichment of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus was developed by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and temperature-induced cloud point extraction (TICPE) using PEG-base aqueous solution as the extractant. Based on screening different molecular weights of PEGs, PEG-400/water was used as the extractant, and the effects of key factors on extraction yields of flavonoids were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions of UAE were as follows: PEG-400 concentration of 16% (w/w), particle size of 80 mesh, solvent-to-material ratio of 60:1, extraction temperature of 90 °C and extraction time of 15 min. The results obtained by validation experiments were consistent with the values predicted by RSM. Temperature-induced formation of the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and TICPE process were further investigated by controlling temperature and adding (NH₄)₂SO₄. In the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄, the ATPS formed at 75 ℃ and pH 3.5 could effectively improve separation and recovery of flavonoids with enrichment factor of above five times. Gallic acid, catechin, dihydromyricetin and ellagic acid in the extract were identified and confirmed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and the corresponding standards. The UAE-TICPE coupled to HPLC was successfully applied for extraction and determination of flavonoids in two batches of Euonymus alatus. The extraction yields of catechin, dihydromyricetin and total flavonoids were 0.377-0.684 mg/g, 1.091-1.353 mg/g and 2.612-3.146 mg/g, respectively. Compared to conventional extraction methods, PEG-based UAE integrated with TICPE in one-step procedure exhibited higher extraction efficiency and better extraction selectivity.

Preparative scale extraction of mangiferin and lupeol from mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves and bark by different extraction methods

High biological value compounds are very important in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. The leading research interests are seeking efficient methods for extracting these substances. The objective of this study was to evaluate different extraction methods to obtain mangiferin and lupeol at preparative scale from leaves and bark of mango tree varieties Ataulfo and Autochthonous from Nayarit, Mexico. Four extraction techniques were evaluated such as maceration, Soxhlet, sonication (UAE) and microwave (MAE). Sonication gave the highest concentration of mangiferin and lupeol, demonstrating that extraction assisted by ultrasound could be an effective alternative to conventional extraction techniques because it is a low cost, simple and reliable process. Finally, mangiferin and lupeol were obtained at preparative scale with a higher concentration of bioactive compounds, 1.45 g 100 g^-1 y 0.92 mg 100 g^-1 sample on (d.b.), respectively. The barks from Ataulfo and Autochthonous mango trees turned out to be favourable sources for obtaining mangiferin and lupeol.

Enrichment of total flavones and licochalcone A from licorice residues and its hypoglycemic activity

Industrial processing of glycyrrhizic leads to a lot of residues which are usually threw away randomly or used as feed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study licorice residues as a source of bioactive compounds with potentially applications. In this study, the enrichment and purification of total flavones from the licorice residues was achieved by using macroporous resins. The performances and separation characteristics of four selected macroporous resins with different chemical and physical properties were investigated. HPD-100 resin was the most effective, the content of total flavones increased from 50.94% in the original extract to 82.98% in the 80% ethanol fraction (a 1.63-fold increase). Further purification treatment by polyamide resin, licochalcone A with a purity of 80.28% was obtained in a 45% ethanol fraction, and a higher purity (>85%) of licochalcone A can be obtained by single crystallization operation. And hypoglycemic effect of the total flavones from licorice residues on high fat diet and STZ induced diabetic c57 mice was preliminary investigated. The results showed: the fasting blood glucose of mice in the low and medium dose total flavones group decreased significantly. The proposed technique is uncomplicated, easily managed, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly and is proper for both large-scale licorice residues application and waste management.

A Green Process for the Extraction and Purification of Hesperidin from Mexican Lime Peel (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) that is Extendible to the Citrus Genus

The processing of Mexican limes generates great amounts of peel as a by-product. Lime peel is mainly rich in the flavonoid hesperidin, whose bioactivity is oriented mainly to cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The purpose of this work was to develop a green process for the extraction and purification of hesperidin from Mexican lime peel. The extraction of hesperidin was investigated on a laboratory scale by varying the solvent composition and the solid-to-solvent ratio, and then scaling this process (volume: 20 L). Next, a purification process using adsorption resins was assessed: first through static tests to determine the adsorption efficiency with two resins (FPX66, EXA118), and then on a packed column with 80 mL of resin at 25 °C. Lab-scale extraction showed that the best conditions were a solid-to-solvent ratio of 0.33 g/mL and 60% ethanol. After using these conditions at pilot scale and concentrating the solution, the hesperidin content of the extract was 0.303 mg/mL. Through static tests, higher adsorption efficiencies were achieved with the EXA-118 resin and diluted extract (4:6 ratio with 10% dimethylsulfoxide, (DMSO)). Finally, the purification process on a packed column from the diluted extract (hesperidin concentration of 0.109 mg/mL) had a mean recovery efficiency of almost 90%.

Ultrasound assisted adsorption and desorption of blueberry anthocyanins using macroporous resins

In this study, the impact of ultrasound on the adsorption and desorption features of blueberry anthocyanins on macroporous resins were studied. Sonication was performed at 106-279 W/L and 20-30 °C in a pulsed mode, respectively. Generally, ultrasound treatments within the selected experimental range enhanced the adsorption/desorption process of anthocyanins on macroporous resins. The recovery of blueberry anthocyanins after ultrasound-assisted adsorption/desorption process at 279 W/L and 20 °C was 82.12%, which was 52.84% higher than that obtained after adsorption/desorption with shaking at 100 rpm. Meanwhile, higher acoustic energy density (AED) levels and lower temperatures benefited the adsorption process through enhancing the adsorption capacity and shortening the equilibrium time, whereas higher temperatures promoted the desorption process. Furthermore, malvidin-3-galactoside had the highest adsorption and desorption capacities among all the studied monomeric anthocyanins. No organic acids and sugars were detected after adsorption/desorption processes, indicating the successful improvement of anthocyanin purification. Sonication mainly enhanced the adsorption process by means of strengthening the formation of hydrogen bond on resins surface and increasing their surface roughness. Overall, ultrasound can be an effective tool to improve the purification of anthocyanins using macroporous resins.

Simultaneous decoloration and purification of crude oligosaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) by macroporous adsorbent resin

This study investigated an efficient and recyclable approach for purification of crude pumpkin oligosaccharide (POS) by macroporous resins. Five resins with different physical and chemical properties were tested for decoloration of POS. In virtue of its higher decoloration ratio (92.6%) and POS recovery ratio (81.3%), the macroporous resin DM28 was considered to a better selection. Depending on the changes of molecular weight, part of the monosaccharides in crude POS were removed simultaneously after decoloration by DM28. Operating conditions were also determined by the dynamic breakthrough and desorption curves. Moreover, UV/vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared results revealed that most of the colored impurities and proteins can be removed, but the characteristic groups of the POS exhibited no significant difference. Compared with traditional methods, DM28 resin is superior in decoloration efficiency, pigment recovery and oligosaccharide recovery. This research contributes to further exploration on the structure and function of POS.

In Situ Liquid-Phase-Adsorption Measurement System Based on Fiber-Optic Sensing with the Aid of Membranes

At present, liquid phase adsorption (LPA) is still being quantitatively characterized in the way of manual sampling and off-line determination because of the complexity of the system comparing to gas adsorption. This paper describes a novel method for in situ, real-time measurement of LPA in general based on fiber-optic sensing (FOS) with the aid of membranes for the first time. A self-made measurement vessel was assembled from an adsorption bag, thermostatic devices with a stirrer, and a fiber-optic dipping probe. Also, macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) and rutin were chosen as model adsorbent and adsorbate to establish the FOS system. Here, in situ light absorption measurement was achieved by eliminating interference of adsorbent particles via encapsulating them with a membrane into the adsorption bag. In situ LPA measurement of rutin solution on MARs was obtained by detecting light absorption at 353 nm using dipping probe, in the broad concentration range from 0.3 to 60 mg/L with excellent linearity (R ² = 0.9996). In situ measurements of adsorption and desorption kinetics on five kinds of MARs with different polarities were systematically carried out, showing that the adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-model. As well as, the system was proved to be highly accurate and reproducible. More importantly, this method enabled to study the initial stage of the adsorption process, starting from the time of the first second, which is the most important part in the adsorption kinetics, and this is impossible for traditional sampling methods. The successful application of FOS to in situ measurement of LPA not only contributes to fast, automatic, and real-time monitoring of LPA process but also enriches the research connotation of adsorption.

Simultaneously separation of xylo-oligosaccharide and lignosulfonate from wheat straw magnesium bisulfite pretreatment spent liquor using ion exchange resin

For wheat straw, an ideal bio-refinery process is that all three major components of biomass could be efficiently utilized to make high value chemicals, MBSP could directly convert the hemicelluloses and lignin into xylo-oligosaccharides and lignosulfonate. However, these value-added compounds still present in spent liquor and thus should be isolated as an individual product. In present work, a simple and efficient ion exchange process was developed for separating xylo-oligosaccharides and lignosulfonate simultaneously from spent liquor. D354 resin was selected for its high adsorption capacity of magnesium lignosulfonate and remarkable selectivity. 93.09% of XOS and 98.03% of lignosulfonate were recovered from the treated spent liquor in a fixed bed column with D354 resin. Overall, 1 L of MBSP spent liquor could coproduce 9.5 g XOS and 74 g lignosulfonate. These results offer an opportunity for complete and effective utilization of biomass by a novel integrated process coupling of MBSP and ion-exchange process.

Separation of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from Asteris souliei by high-performance counter-current chromatography and their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro

Eleven compounds were successfully separated from Asteris souliei by using a two-step high-performance counter-current chromatography method. The first step involved a reversed phase isocratic counter-current chromatography separation using hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.8:1:1 v/v/v/v), which produced three fractions, the first two of which were mixtures. The second step used step-gradient reversed-phase counter-current chromatography with hexane/butanol/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.5:3.5:1:4 v/v/v/v/v) initially followed by hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:2:1:2 v/v/v/v) to separate Fraction 1 into seven compounds; and hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:1:1:1.2 v/v/v/v) to separate Fraction 2 into three further compounds. The chemical structures of the separated compounds were identified by ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy (¹ H and ¹³ C). Baicalin (5), eriodictyol (7), apigenin-7-glycoside (8), quercetin (9), luteolin (10), and apigenin (11) showed obvious inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 10 μg/mL.

Bioactive isopimarane diterpenoids from the stems of Euonymus oblongifolius

Seven isopimarane diterpenes and one abietane diterpene, together with six known sesquiterpene derivatives, were isolated from the stems of Euonymus oblongifolius. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration of euonymusisopimaric acid A was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis using anomalous scattering of Cu Kα radiation. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production in the murine microglia BV2 cell line, and for their cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines. Euonymusisopimaric acids A, E and F inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production in the murine microglia BV2 cell line, with IC₅₀ values of 2.4, 4.8, and 1.6 μM, respectively. Euonymusisopimaric acid B exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against A549 cell line growth, with an IC₅₀ value of 2.6 μM.

Protective effects of tartary buckwheat flavonoids on high TMAO diet-induced vascular dysfunction and liver injury in mice

This study was performed to investigate the liver and vascular changes in high trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) diet-fed mice, and the possible vasoprotective and hepatoprotective effects of purified tartary buckwheat flavonoid fraction (TBF). HPLC analysis revealed that the content of rutin and quercetin presented in TBF was 53.6% and 37.2%, respectively, accounting for 90.8% of TBF. Mice fed 1.5% TMAO in drinking water for 8 weeks significantly displayed vascular dysfunction and liver damage (p < 0.01). The administration of TBF at 400 and 800 mg per kg bw significantly elevated plasma NO and eNOS concentrations, and serum HDL-C and PGI2 levels, and lowered serum TC, TG, LDL-C, ET-1 and TX-A2 levels of TMAO-fed mice. TBF also reduced serum AST and ALT activities, and hepatic NEFA and MDA levels, and increased the hepatic GSH-Px and SOD activities in TMAO-fed mice, which were consistent with the observations of the histological alterations of the liver. This report firstly showed that dietary TMAO might cause liver damage and TBF prevented TMAO-induced vascular dysfunction and hepatic injury.

A polyamide resin based method for adsorption of anthocyanins from blackberries

A polyamide resin was successfully employed for the purification of blackberry anthocyanins and this proved to be an efficient and low-cost method.

Separation and purification of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea using combined macroporous resin and polyamide column chromatography

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major bioactive ingredient of green tea that produces beneficial neuroprotective effects. In this paper, to optimize the EGCG enrichment, thirteen macroporous resins with different chemical and physical properties were systemically evaluated. Among the thirteen tested resins, the H-bond resin HPD826 exhibited best adsorption/desorption capabilities and desorption ratio, as well as weakest affinity for caffeine. The absorption of EGCG on the HPD826 resin followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. The separation parameters of EGCG were optimized by dynamic adsorption/desorption experiments with the HPD826 resin column. Under the optimal condition, the content of EGCG in the 30% ethanol eluent increased by 5.8-fold from 7.7% to 44.6%, with the recovery yield of 72.1%. After further purification on a polyamide column, EGCG with 74.8% purity was obtained in the 40-50% ethanol fraction with a recovery rate of 88.4%. In addition, EGCG with 95.1% purity could be easily obtained after one-step crystallization in distilled water. Our study suggests that the combined macroporous resin and polyamide column chromatography is a simple method for large-scale separation and purification of EGCG from natural plants for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Separation and purification of both tea seed polysaccharide and saponin from camellia cake extract using macroporous resin

A novel method to separate and purify tea seed polysaccharide and tea seed saponin from camellia cake extract by macroporous resin was developed. Among four kinds of resins (AB-8, NKA-9, XDA-6, and D4020) tested, AB-8 macroporous resin possessed optimal separating capacity for the two substances and thus was selected for the separation, in which deionized water was used to elute tea seed polysaccharide, 0.25% NaOH solution to remove the undesired pigments, and 90% ethanol to elute tea seed saponin. Further dynamic adsorption/desorption experiments on AB-8 resin-based column chromatography were conducted to obtain the optimal parameters. Under optimal dynamic adsorption and desorption conditions, 18.7 and 11.8% yield of tea seed polysaccharide and tea seed saponin were obtained with purities of 89.2 and 96.0%, respectively. The developed method provides a potential approach for the large-scale production of tea seed polysaccharide and tea seed saponin from camellia cake.

Absorption and desorption behaviour of the flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. leaf on macroporous adsorption resins

The kinetics of adsorption and desorption behaviours of five macroporous resins for enriching flavonoids from Glycyrrhizaglabra L. leaf were investigated. All five resins showed similar and effective adsorption and desorption properties. A pseudo-second-order kinetics model was suitable for evaluating the whole adsorption process. Additionally, two representative resins (XAD-16 and SP825) were chosen for adsorption thermodynamics study. The adsorption of the representative resins was an exothermic and physical adsorption process. Further column chromatography of XAD-16 and SP825 showed that the total flavonoids (from 16.8% to 55.6% by XAD-16 and to 53.9% by SP825) and pinocembrin (from 5.49% to 15.2% by XAD-16 and to 19.8% by SP825) were enriched in 90% ethanol fractions. Meanwhile, the antioxidant capacities and nitrite-scavenging capacities were 2-3times higher than those of the crude extract. The fractions with high flavonoid and pinocembrin contents could be used as biologically active ingredients in functional food.

Optimization of extraction and enrichment of steroidal alkaloids from bulbs of cultivated Fritillaria cirrhosa

The bulbs of cultivated Fritillaria cirrhosa (BCFC) are used in China both for food and folk medicine due to its powerful biological activities. The aim of this study is to optimize the extraction and enrichment conditions of alkaloids from BCFC. Firstly, the orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize and evaluate four variables (ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, and temperature). Thereafter, resin adsorption was as a means to enrich alkaloids. Among 16 tested resins, H-103 resin presented higher adsorption capacity and desorption ratio. The equilibrium experimental data of the adsorption of total alkaloids, imperialine, and peimisine were well-fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models. Finally, in order to optimize the parameters for purifying alkaloids, dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were carried out. After one run treatment with H-103 resin, the contents of total alkaloids, imperialine, and peimisine in the product were 21.40-, 18.31-, and 22.88-fold increased with recovery yields of 94.43%, 90.57%, and 96.16%, respectively.

Preparative separation and purification of rosmarinic acid from perilla seed meal via combined column chromatography

In this study, the preparative separation and purification of rosmarinic acid (RA) from perilla seed meal (PSM), which is a by-product of edible oil production, was achieved using combined column chromatography over macroporous and polyamide resins. To optimize the RA enrichment process, the performance and separation characteristics of nine selected macroporous resins with different chemical and physical properties were investigated. SP825 resin was the most effective: the content of RA increased from 0.27% in the original extract to 16.58% in the 50% ethanol fraction (a 61.4-fold increase). During further purification treatment on polyamide resin, 90.23% pure RA could be obtained in the 70% ethanol fraction. RA with a higher purity (>95%) could also be easily obtained using one crystallization operation. The proposed method is simple, easily operated, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly and is suitable for both large-scale RA production and waste management.

Enrichment and purification of total flavonoids from Flos Populi extracts with macroporous resins and evaluation of antioxidant activities in vitro

Enrichment and purification of total flavonoids from Flos Populi extracts were studied using five macroporous resins. The static tests indicated that NKA-9 resin was appropriate and its adsorption data were well fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. To optimize the separation process, dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were carried out. The optimal adsorption parameters were initial concentrations in sample solution of 7.64mg/mL, pH of 5.0, sample loading amount of 2.3BV, flow rate of 2BV/h, temperature of 25°C. The optimal desorption parameters were deionized water and 20% ethanol each 5BV, then 60% ethanol of 10 BV, flow rate of 2BV/h. After one run treatment with NKA-9 resin, the content of total flavonoids in the product increased from 11.38% to 53.41%, and the recovery yield was 82.24%. The results showed that NKA-9 resin revealed a good ability to enrichment total flavonoids from Flos Populi, and the method can be referenced for the enrichment of total flavonoids from other materials. The antioxidant activities of the purified flavonoids were further evaluated in vitro. It showed that the DPPH radical scavenging increased from 59.46% to 82.63% at different concentrations (0.06-0.14mg/mL). At different concentrations (0.6-1.4mg/mL), the hydroxyl radical scavenging increased from 35.39% to 74.12%. Moreover, the reducing ability and total oxidant capacity appeared to be dose-dependent of flavonoids. It indicated that the purified flavonoids can be used as a source of potential antioxidant.

Simultaneous decoloration and deproteinization of crude polysaccharide from pumpkin residues by cross-linked polystyrene macroporous resin

A novel method for the purification of crude polysaccharide from fermentation broth of pumpkin residues by macroporous resins was developed. Through static adsorption and desorption and adsorption kinetic tests, six resins (AB-8, S-8, HPH480, HPD100, X-5, and D101) with different polarity, diameter, and surface area were studied for simultaneous decoloration and deproteinization of crude polysaccharide, and S-8 was chosen as the best one. Dynamic breakthrough and desorption tests were performed in a glass column packed with S-8 resin, and the resulting adsorption ratios of pigment and protein were 84.3% and 75.9% (w/w), respectively, with a recovery ratio of polysaccharide 84.7% (w/w). S-8 resin also exhibited higher purification efficiency than the other tested traditional methods. Moreover, UV/vis spectroscopy (200-900 nm) analysis revealed most of the pigment and protein were absorbed by S-8 resin, and HPLC (containing a refractive index detector and a HPSEC column) results indicated that there was no degradation of the polysaccharide. This automated and efficient method via adsorption-desorption strategy could have potential in scale-up purification and preparation of polysaccharide in the future.