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Hagar H, Husain S, Fadda LM, Attia NM, Attia MMA, Ali HM. Inhibition of NF-κB and the oxidative stress -dependent caspase-3 apoptotic pathway by betaine supplementation attenuates hepatic injury mediated by cisplatin in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1025-1033. [PMID: 31590115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin is a major anti-cancer drug commonly used in the treatment of various cancers; nevertheless, the associated hepatotoxicity has limited its clinical application. The aim of this investigation is to test the impact of betaine supplementation on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS Animals were allocated into four groups; normal control group (control betaine group (250 mg/kg/day, po for twenty six days), cisplatin group (single injection of 7 mg/kg, ip) and betaine + cisplatin group (received betaine for twenty one days before cisplatin injection and daily after cisplatin for five days). RESULTS Cisplatin-induced liver injury was confirmed by increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Cisplatin elevated lipid peroxides, and reduced the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hepatic tissues. Cisplatin increased the inflammatory mediators; nitrite and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) in hepatic tissues. Increased gene expressions of the apoptotic marker, caspase-3 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were observed in hepatic tissues of cisplatin-treated rats. All these changes were further confirmed by histopathological findings in cisplatin group. Pre-treatment with betaine reduced serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST), and lowered hepatic concentrations of lipid peroxides, nitrite and TNF-α while increased SOD, GSH, catalase, and GSH-Px concentrations. Moreover, the histological and immunohistochemical changes were improved. CONCLUSION The suppression of NF-κβ-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress, and caspase-3 induced apoptosis are possible mechanisms to the observed hepatoprotective effect of betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hagar
- Pharmacology Unit, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy College, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Sufia Husain
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Mohamed Fadda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hanaa Mahmoud Ali
- Department of Genetic and Cytology, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt; Common First Year Deanship, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Xing D, Shen G, Li Q, Xiao Y, Yang Q, Xia Q. Quality Formation Mechanism of Stiff Silkworm, Bombyx batryticatus Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203780. [PMID: 31640173 PMCID: PMC6832393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx batryticatus is a well-known animal in traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of the research was to reveal the quality formation mechanism of B. batryticatus and to screen out the characteristic component used for the quality control. The anticonvulsant effects of B. batryticatus with a stiff time of one, five, and nine days (D1, D5 and D9, respectively) and healthy silkworm of the same developmental stage (SW) were determined by animal experiment. The dynamic changes in chemical composition were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based metabolomics. D5 and D9 B. batryticatus exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Accordingly, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that the chemical composition of D5 and D9 B. batryticatus changed significantly. The different metabolites mainly consisted of primary metabolites such as lipids and amino acids and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, beauvericin, and glycolipids. Interestingly, the relative abundance of quercetin-7-O-β-d-4-O-methylglucoside, the characteristic component of B. batryticatus, increased with stiff time and was promised to be used as an index component of quality control. The results expand our understanding of the quality formation mechanism of B. batryticatus. In addition, it highlights the potential of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based metabolomics for the quality control purpose of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Xing
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Guanwang Shen
- Biological Science Research Centre of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Qingrong Li
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Centre of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Shedid SM, Abdel-Magied N, Saada HN. Role of betaine in liver injury induced by the exposure to ionizing radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:123-130. [PMID: 30311401 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis may play a major role in the development of radiation-induced liver damage. Betaine, a native compound widely present in beetroot, was reported to possess hepato-protective properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of betaine on radiation-induced liver damage. Animals were exposed to 9 Gy applied in 3 doses of 3 Gy/wk. Betaine (400 mg/kg/d), was orally supplemented to rats after the first radiation dose, and daily during the irradiation period. Animals were sacrificed 1 day after the last dose of radiation. The results showed that irradiation has induced oxidative stress in the liver denoted by a significant elevation in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine with a significant reduction in catalase activity and glutathione (GSH) content. The activity of the detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP450) increased while GSH transferase (GSH-T) decreased. The activity of the apoptotic marker caspase-3 increased concomitant with increased hyaluronic acid, hydroxyproline, laminin (LN), and collagen IV. These alterations were associated with a significant increase of gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase markers of liver dysfunction. Betaine treatment has significantly attenuated oxidative stress, decreased the activity of CYP450, enhanced GSH-T, reduced the activity of caspase-3, and the level of fibrotic markers concomitant with a significant improvement of liver function. In conclusion, betaine through its antioxidant activity and by enhancing liver detoxification and reducing apoptosis may alleviate the progression of liver fibrosis and exert a beneficial impact on radiation-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen M Shedid
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Abdel-Magied
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Helen N Saada
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
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Na JD, Choi YJ, Jun DS, Kim YC. Alleviation of paraquat-induced oxidative lung injury by betaineviaregulation of sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism despite the lack of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) in the lung. Food Funct 2019; 10:1225-1234. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01457d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Betaine regulates sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism in the lung despite the lack of BHMT and increases pulmonary antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Deok Na
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Korea
| | - Doo Sung Jun
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Korea
| | - Young Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Li H, Lai F, Li X, Tang Y, Min T, Wu H. Antioxidant Mechanism of Betaine without Free Radical Scavenging Ability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7921-7930. [PMID: 27677203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Betaine (BET) is a native compound widely studied as an antioxidant in agriculture and human health. However, the antioxidant mechanism of BET remains unclear. In this research, radical scavenging assays showed that BET had little free radical scavenging activity. However, the antioxidant activity of BET was confirmed by cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and erythrocyte hemolysis assays. The results of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme activity determination kits showed that the antioxidant activity of BET was not due to the gene expression and activity of antioxidases. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assessment of the effect of BET on sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism showed that BET increased the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants,S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and methionine (p < 0.05), via the regulation of the methionine-omocysteine cycle. Additionally, the three methyl groups of BET were found to play a key role in its antioxidant activity. The possible reason was that because of the hydrophobicity of the three methyl groups and hydrophilicity of the carboxyl of BET, a tight protective membrane was formed around cells to prevent oxidative stress inducer from inducing ROS generation and cell damage. In conclusion, the antioxidant mechanism of BET was found to enhance nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses via the methionine-homocysteine cycle and form a protective membrane around cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Huixian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Furao Lai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yuqian Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Tian Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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Alleviation of hepatic fat accumulation by betaine involves reduction of homocysteine via up-regulation of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:440-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ahn CW, Choi YJ, Hong SH, Jun DS, Na JD, Choi YJ, Kim YC. Involvement of multiple pathways in the protection of liver against high-fat diet-induced steatosis by betaine. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Betaine supplementation mitigates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative/nitrosative stress and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kim YC, Kwon DY, Kim JH. Alterations in the metabolomics of sulfur-containing substances in rat kidney by betaine. Amino Acids 2014; 46:963-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhang W, Wang LW, Wang LK, Li X, Zhang H, Luo LP, Song JC, Gong ZJ. Betaine protects against high-fat-diet-induced liver injury by inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 and Toll-like receptor 4 expression in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3198-206. [PMID: 23861108 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that betaine prevents alcohol-induced liver injury and improves liver function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of betaine on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to observe changes of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling. METHODS Thirty rats were randomly divided into control, model, and betaine groups. The rats in the model and betaine groups were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce an animal model of NAFLD. The rats in the betaine group were then intragastrically administered betaine solution at a dose of 400 mg/kg per day for four weeks. Liver histology was examined. Serum levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FFA, HMGB1, NF-κB, TLR4, and tHcy were determined and intrahepatic TC, TG, and Hcy levels were assayed. mRNA expression and protein levels of HMGB1, NF-κB, and TLR4 in liver tissue were also determined. RESULTS Compared with the control group, rats in the model group developed severe liver injury, accompanied by significant increases in serum levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG, LDL-C, FFA, HMGB1, NF-κB, and TLR4, intrahepatic TC, TG, and Hcy content, histological scores for steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis, and mRNA expression and protein levels of HMGB1, NF-κB, and TLR4, and a significant decrease in serum HDL-C (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, all these indicators were significantly improved by administration of betaine (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Betaine effectively protects against high-fat-diet-induced NAFLD and improves liver function; the mechanism is probably related to inhibition of HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie Fang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
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Alleviation of alcoholic liver injury by betaine involves an enhancement of antioxidant defense via regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:292-8. [PMID: 23994088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that the hepatoprotective activity of betaine is associated with its effects on sulfur amino acid metabolism. We examined the mechanism by which betaine prevents the progression of alcoholic liver injury and its therapeutic potential. Rats received a liquid ethanol diet for 6 wk. Ethanol consumption elevated serum triglyceride and TNFα levels, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, and lipid accumulation in liver. The oxyradical scavenging capacity of liver was reduced, and expression of CD14, TNFα, COX-2, and iNOS mRNAs was induced markedly. These ethanol-induced changes were all inhibited effectively by betaine supplementation. Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine, cysteine, and glutathione levels, reduced in the ethanol-fed rats, were increased by betaine supplementation. Methionine adenosyltransferase and cystathionine γ-lyase were induced, but cysteine dioxygenase was down-regulated, which appeared to account for the increment in cysteine availability for glutathione synthesis in the rats supplemented with betaine. Betaine supplementation for the final 2 wk of ethanol intake resulted in a similar degree of hepatoprotection, revealing its potential therapeutic value in alcoholic liver. It is concluded that the protective effects of betaine against alcoholic liver injury may be attributed to the fortification of antioxidant defense via improvement of impaired sulfur amino acid metabolism.
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Manzo-Avalos S, Saavedra-Molina A. Cellular and mitochondrial effects of alcohol consumption. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:4281-304. [PMID: 21318009 PMCID: PMC3037055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7124281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is correlated with a wide spectrum of medical, psychological, behavioral, and social problems. Acute alcohol abuse causes damage to and functional impairment of several organs affecting protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. Mitochondria participate with the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetate and the generation of increased amounts of NADH. Prenatal exposure to ethanol during fetal development induces a wide spectrum of adverse effects in offspring, such as neurologic abnormalities and pre- and post-natal growth retardation. Antioxidant effects have been described due to that alcoholic beverages contain different compounds, such as polyphenols as well as resveratrol. This review analyzes diverse topics on the alcohol consumption effects in several human organs and demonstrates the direct participation of mitochondria as potential target of compounds that can be used to prevent therapies for alcohol abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Manzo-Avalos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Quimico-Biologicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3. C.U., 58030 Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.
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Shi QZ, Wang LW, Zhang W, Gong ZJ. Betaine inhibits Toll-like receptor 4 expression in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:897-903. [PMID: 20143470 PMCID: PMC2825338 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i7.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To test whether ethanol feeding could induce Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) responses, assess the hepatoprotective effect of betaine and its inhibitive effect on TLR4 in animal models of alcoholic liver injury.
METHODS: Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, model, low and high dose betaine groups. Except control group, all rats were fed with high fat-containing diet plus ethanol and fish oil gavages for 8 wk. Betaine was administered intragastrically after exposure of ethanol for 4 wk. The changes of liver histology were examined. The expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The serum aminotransferase activity [alanine transarninase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], serum endotoxin, and liver inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-18 (IL-18)] were also assayed.
RESULTS: Compared with control group, rats of model group developed marked liver injury, accompanied by an increase of ALT (159.41 ± 7.74 U/L vs 59.47 ± 2.34 U/L, P < 0.0001), AST (248.25 ± 1.40 U/L vs 116.89 ± 3.48 U/L, P < 0.0001), endotoxin (135.37 ± 30.17 ng/L vs 44.15 ± 7.54 ng/L, P < 0.0001), TNF-α (20.81 ± 8.58 pg/mL vs 9.34 ± 2.57 pg/mL, P = 0.0003), IFN-γ (30.18 ± 7.60 pg/mL vs 16.86 ± 9.49 pg/mL, P = 0.0039) and IL-18 (40.99 ± 8.25 pg/mL vs 19.73 ± 9.31 pg/mL, P = 0.0001). At the same time, the expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein was markedly induced in the liver after chronic ethanol consumption (1.45 ± 0.07 vs 0.44 ± 0.04, P < 0.0001; 1.83 ± 0.13 vs 0.56 ± 0.08, P < 0.0001). Compared with model group, betaine feeding resulted in significant decreases of ALT (64.93 ± 6.06 U/L vs 159.41 ± 7.74 U/L, P < 0.0001), AST (188.73 ± 1.11 U/L vs 248.25 ± 1.40 U/L, P < 0.0001), endotoxin (61.80 ± 12.56 ng/L vs 135.37 ± 30.17 ng/L, P < 0.0001), TNF-α (9.79 ± 1.32 pg/mL vs 20.81 ± 8.58 pg/mL, P = 0.0003), IFN-γ (18.02 ± 5.96 pg/mL vs 30.18 ± 7.60 pg/mL, P = 0.0008) and IL-18 (18.23 ± 7.01 pg/mL vs 40.99 ± 8.25 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). Betaine also improved liver steatosis. The expression levels of TLR4 mRNA or protein in liver tissues were significantly lowered (0.62 ± 0.04 vs 1.45 ± 0.07, P < 0.0001; and 0.65 ± 0.06 vs 1.83 ± 0.13, P < 0.0001). There was a statistical difference of TLR4 mRNA and protein expression between high- and low-dose betaine groups (0.62 ± 0.04 vs 0.73 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001, and 0.65 ± 0.06 vs 0.81 ± 0.09, P < 0.0001).
CONCLUSION: Betaine can prevent the alcohol-induced liver injury effectively and improve the liver function. The expression of TLR4 increases significantly in ethanol-fed rats and betaine administration can inhibit TLR4 expression.
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Kim SK, Seo JM, Chae YR, Jung YS, Park JH, Kim YC. Alleviation of dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury and fibrosis by betaine supplementation in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 177:204-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Taurine supplementation improves the utilization of sulfur-containing amino acids in rats continually administrated alcohol. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kwon DY, Jung YS, Kim SJ, Park HK, Park JH, Kim YC. Impaired sulfur-amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress in nonalcoholic fatty liver are alleviated by betaine supplementation in rats. J Nutr 2009; 139:63-8. [PMID: 19056644 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver is involved in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic liver injury. Impairment of hepatic transsulfuration reactions is suggested to be critically linked with alcoholic liver injury, but its role in nonalcoholic fatty liver remains unknown. We examined the early changes in sulfur-amino acid metabolism and their implication in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Male rats were provided with a standard liquid diet or a high-fat liquid diet (HF) for 3 wk. An additional group of rats received the HF diet supplemented with betaine (1%). HF diet intake elevated hepatic triglyceride and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) concentrations. Antioxidant capacity of liver cytosol against hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals was reduced significantly. Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and glutathione (GSH) decreased, but hypotaurine and taurine concentrations increased. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) activity, not its concentration, was depressed, whereas both activity and concentration of cysteine dioxygenase and GSH S-transferase were elevated. Betaine supplementation of the HF diet inhibited hepatic fat accumulation and serum TNFalpha elevation. The decrease in cytosolic antioxidant capacity was also prevented. MAT activity and its concentration were induced significantly. Hepatic SAM and GSH increased and elevation of hypotaurine and taurine was depressed. The results indicate that the metabolism of S-containing substances is significantly disturbed by the HF diet, suggesting a causal role of impairment of hepatic transsulfuration reactions in NAFLD. Betaine supplementation protects the liver from nonalcoholic steatosis and oxidative stress most probably via its effects on the transsulfuration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Y Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Kim SJ, Kwon DY, Choi KH, Choi DW, Kim YC. Impaired Metabolomics of Sulfur-Containing Substances in Rats Acutely Treated with Carbon Tetrachloride. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:281-287. [PMID: 32038806 PMCID: PMC7006244 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of hepatic metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids has been known to be linked with induction of liver injury. We determined the early changes in the transsulfuration reactions in liver of rats challenged with a toxic dose of CCl4 (2 mmol/kg, ip). Both hepatic methionine concentration and methionine adenosyltransferase activity were increased, but S-adenosylmethionine level did not change. Hepatic cysteine was increased significantly from 4 h after CCl4 treatment. Glutathione (GSH) concentration in liver was elevated in 4~8 h and then returned to normal in accordance with the changes in glutamate cysteine ligase activity. Cysteine dioxygenase activity and hypotaurine concentration were also elevated from 4 h after the treatment. However, plasma GSH concentration was increased progressively, reaching a level at least several fold greater than normal in 24 h. γ-Glutamyltransferase activity in kidney or liver was not altered by CCl4, suggesting that the increase in plasma GSH could not be attributed to a failure of GSH cycling. The results indicate that acute liver injury induced by CCl4 is accompanied with extensive alterations in the metabolomics of sulfur-containing amino acids and related substances. The major metabolites and products of the transsul-furation pathway, including methionine, cysteine, hypotaurine, and GSH, are all increased in liver and plasma. The physiological significance of the change in the metabolomics of sulfur-containing substances and its role in the induction of liver injury need to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Do Young Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Kwon Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-703 Korea
| | - Young Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
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Jung YS, Kim SJ, Kwon DY, Kim YC. Comparison of the effects of buthioninesulfoximine and phorone on the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:913-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim SJ, Jung YS, Kwon DY, Kim YC. Alleviation of acute ethanol-induced liver injury and impaired metabolomics of S-containing substances by betaine supplementation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:893-8. [PMID: 18267108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is suggested to play a key role in the development of alcoholic liver injury. We investigated the induction of oxidative damage in association with changes in hepatic concentrations of sulfur-containing substances in mice challenged with binge-like ethanol administration. Also the protective effect of dietary betaine against ethanol-induced liver injury was determined. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity, TNFalpha level, and hepatic malondialdehyde level were increased significantly by ethanol administration. Hepatic Cyp2e1 was induced to 250% of control. Ethanol administration decreased hepatic S-adenosylmethionine, cysteine, and glutathione, but elevated hypotaurine and taurine levels. Betaine supplied in drinking water for 2 weeks attenuated the induction of alcoholic liver injury and Cyp2e1 significantly. Reduction of hepatic S-adenosylmethionine and glutathione was alleviated, and elevation of hypotaurine and taurine was depressed. The results suggest that betaine may protect the liver against ethanol-induced oxidative injury most probably via its effects on the sulfur-amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun J Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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20
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Zhao Y, Zhai D, Chen X, Yang J, Song X, He H, Yu Q, Xing Y. Ketoprofen glucuronidation and bile excretion in carbon tetrachloride and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate induced hepatic injury rats. Toxicology 2007; 230:145-50. [PMID: 17184895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic study was carried out in rats to investigate the effects of experimental hepatic injury on the liver glucuronidation and bile excretion of ketoprofen (KP) and its glucuronides (KPGs). In vivo, KP (20mg/kg b.w.) was intravenously administered to carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) or alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced hepatic injury male rats. Concentrations of KP and its glucuronides (S-KPG and R-KPG) in plasma and bile were determined by RP-HPLC. It was observed that there was significant difference in the accumulative bile excretion of KPGs between the CCl(4) intoxicated rats and the normal rats (54+/-18.3% versus 90+/-6.9%), while it was extremely inhibited in ANIT intoxicated rats (2.0+/-3.1% versus 90+/-6.9%). As the result of reduction of KPGs excreted in bile, the area under the curve (AUC((0-infinity))) of KP and KPGs were higher in blood in CCl(4) and ANIT hepatic injury rats than those of the normal rats. Specifically, ANIT caused approximately 10-fold elevation of AUC((0-infinity)) of plasma S-KPG. In microsomal incubations experiment, the glucuronyltransferase activity was impaired in CCl(4) and ANIT intoxicated rats. It suggested that the glucuronyltransferase activity was impaired in CCl(4) and ANIT intoxicated rats, while the bile excretion function was suppressed extremely in ANIT intoxicated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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21
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Zhang P, Gong ZJ. Effects of betaine on expression of caspase-12 in ethanol-induced liver injury in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2437-2440. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i20.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of betaine on the expression of caspase-12 in the liver of rats with ethanol-induced liver injury.
METHODS: Forty-eight female SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, model, and low and high dose betaine group. Except the rats in control group, all the rats were fed fat-rich diet plus ethanol plus fish oil gavage for 8 wk. Betaine was administered intragastrically in the rats of betaine groups after 4-wk exposure of ethanol. The expression of caspase-12 was detected in the liver tissues by immunohistomistry and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: Compared with that in control group, the expression of caspase-12 was markedly induced in the liver after chronic ethanol consumption (mRNA: 1.00 vs 0.18, P <0.01; protein: 0.296 9±0.045 1 vs 0.052 6±0.023 4, P < 0.01). However, the level of caspa-se-12 expression was significantly lower in high- and low-dose betaine group than that in model group (mRNA: 0.10, 0.12 vs 1.00, P < 0.01; protein: 0.121 5±0.013 0, 0.185 0±0.008 5 vs 0.296 9±0.045 1, P < 0.01). Significant difference of caspase-12 expression also existed between high- and low-dose betaine group (mRNA: 0.10 vs 0.12, P < 0.05; protein: 0.121 5±0.013 0 vs 0.185 0±0.008 5, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Betaine suppresses the expression of caspase-12 both in mRNA and protein level in the rats with ethanol-induced liver injury, which may be related to its anti-apoptotic mechanism.
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