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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:2828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Kwon YS, Choi SG, Lee SM, Kim JH, Kim SG, Lee DY, Seo JS. Improved Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Sanitary Napkins. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1647226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sang Kwon
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Choi
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gon Kim
- Gyeongnam Oriental Anti-aging Institute, Sancheong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeol Lee
- Gyeongnam Oriental Anti-aging Institute, Sancheong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Su Seo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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3
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Dioxin and PCB residues in meats from Italy: Consumer dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110717. [PMID: 31356912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate PCB and PCDD/F concentrations and potential human health risk a study has been conducted in meat samples (beef, pork, chicken and turkey) purchased from Italian supermarkets. PCBs were dominant (41.8-77.7 ng g-1 l.w.) with respect to PCDD/Fs (20.1-91.1 pg g-1 l.w.). The levels were variable and largely dependent upon the type of meat. Accumulation pattern showed a distribution typically reported for meat. PCBs tended to decrease from lowest to highest congeners, while for PCDD/Fs the concentration profile was dominated by highly chlorinated dioxins and furans. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs and indicator PCBs exceeding the EU maximum permissible levels were found in 23.3% and 53.3% of the samples, respectively. Exposure estimates to PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs (0.08-4.16 pg WHO-TEQs kg-1 b.w. w.-1) were within the new limit proposed by the EFSA's expert panel, except for pork sausage, showing a twofold higher value. Concerning the exposure derived from indicator PCBs, the maximum level set by different European countries (10 ng kg-1 b.w. d.-1) was surpassed solely via consumption of pork sausage (17.22 ng kg-1 b.w. d.-1), thought also the estimated intake from hamburger consumption (6.88 ng kg-1 b.w. d.-1) merits attention being close to guideline limit.
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Developmental exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin may alter LH release patterns by abolishing sex differences in GABA/glutamate cell number and modifying the transcriptome of the male anteroventral periventricular nucleus. Neuroscience 2016; 329:239-53. [PMID: 27185484 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands abolishes sex differences in a wide range of neural structures and functions. A well-studied example is the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), a structure that controls sex-specific luteinizing hormone (LH) release. In the male, testosterone (T) secreted by the developing testes defeminizes LH release mechanisms; conversely, perinatal AhR activation by 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) blocks defeminization. To better understand developmental mechanisms altered by TCDD exposure, we first verified that neonatal TCDD exposure in male rats prevented the loss of AVPV GABA/glutamate neurons that are critical for female-typical LH surge release. We then used whole genome arrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) to compare AVPV transcriptomes of males treated neonatally with TCDD or vehicle. Our bioinformatics analyses showed that TCDD enriched gene sets important for neuron development, synaptic transmission, ion homeostasis, and cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, upstream regulatory analysis suggests that both estrogen receptors (ER) and androgen receptors (AR) regulate genes targeted by TCDD. Of the 23 mRNAs found to be changed by TCDD at least 2-fold (p<0.05), most participate in the functions identified in our bioinformatics analyses. Several, including matrix metallopeptidase 9 and SRY-box 11 (Sox11), are known targets of E2. CUG triplet repeat, RNA binding protein 2 (cugbp2) is particularly interesting because it is sex-specific, oppositely regulated by estradiol (E2) and TCDD. Moreover, it regulates the post-transcriptional processing of molecules previously linked to sexual differentiation of the brain. These findings provide new insights into how TCDD may interfere with defeminization of LH release patterns.
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Lee CC, Lin HT, Kao YM, Chang MH, Chen HL. Temporal trend of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated dibenzofuran and dioxin like-polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in food from Taiwan markets during 2004-2012. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:644-652. [PMID: 28911572 PMCID: PMC9336653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in foodstuffs have decreased over the past decade in many countries. However, the trend for the levels of these compounds in foodstuffs in Taiwan remains unknown. In this study, we compared the distribution of PCDD/F and PCB in nine foodstuff categories acquired from Taiwan markets from 2004 to 2012. The levels expressed as World Health Organization toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs) in the different foodstuffs tested were as follows: fish, average 0.463 pg WHO98-TEQ/g sample > seafood, 0.163 pg WHO98-TEQ/g > eggs, 0.150 pg WHO98-TEQ/g > oils, 0.126 pg WHO98-TEQ/g > meats, 0.095 pg WHO98-TEQ/g > dairy products, 0.054 pg WHO98-TEQ/g > cereals, 0.017 pg WHO98-TEQ/g > vegetables, 0.013 pg WHO98-TEQ/g > fruits, 0.009 pg WHO98-TEQ/g. Levels were particularly high in crab (average: 0.6 pg WHO98-TEQ/g sample (1.243 pg WHO98-TEQ/g sample) and large marine fish (0.6). In Taiwan, a decreasing trend of PCDD/Fs or dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) was observed in meat, dairy, eggs, and vegetables, whereas an elevated trend was observed in cereals or the levels were nearly equal in fruits and oils at alternative time shift. Dl-PCBs contributed to 60–65% toxicity equivalence levels in fish and seafood, but only to 13–40% in meat and cereal samples. The decreasing trend was consistent with the results in other countries; however, the trends in cereals, fruits, and oils were in contrast to previous results reported in other countries. Cereals and fruits are important crops in southern Taiwan, and the local pollution generated by industries or incinerators may seriously affect the distribution of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. To ensure food safety, a risk assessment for residents living in different areas should be adopted for all food categories simultaneously in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tang Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Min Kao
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Chang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Azlan A, Nasir NNM, Shamsudin N, Rahman HA, Khoo HE, Razman MR. PCDD and PCDF exposures among fishing community through intake of fish and shellfish from the Straits of Malacca. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:683. [PMID: 26194098 PMCID: PMC4509752 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to PCDD/PCDF (dioxin and furan) through consumption of fish and shellfish is closely related to the occurrence of skin diseases, such as chloracne and hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to determine the exposure of PCDD/PCDF and its congeners in fish and shellfish obtained from different regions of the Straits of Malacca among the fishing community. Methods The risk of fish and shellfish consumption and exposure to PCDD/PCDF among fishermen living in coastal areas of the Straits were evaluated based on a cross-sectional study involving face to face interviews, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, and administration of food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Skin examination was done by a dermatologist after the interview session. Determination of 17 congeners of PCDD/PCDF in 48 composite samples of fish and shellfish was performed based on HRGC/HRMS analysis. Results The total PCDD/PCDF in the seafood samples ranged from 0.12 to 1.24 pg WHO-TEQ/g fresh weight (4.6-21.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). No significant difference found for the concentrations of PCDD/PCDF between the same types of seafood samples obtained from the three different regions. The concentrations of the most potent congener, 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the seafood samples ranged from 0.01 to 0.11 pg WHO-TEQ/g FW (1.9 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A positive moderate correlation was found between the fat contents and concentrations of PCDD/PCDF determined in the seafood samples. The total PCDD/PCDF in all seafood samples were below the 1 pg WHO-TEQ/g fresh weight, with the exception of grey eel-catfish. The respondents had consumed fish and shellfish with the amounts ranging between 2.02 g and 44.06 g per person per day. The total PCDD/PCDF exposures through consumption of fish and shellfish among the respondents were between 0.01 and 0.16 pg WHO-TEQ/kg BW/day. With regard to the two PCDD/PCDF-related skin diseases, no chloracne case was found among the respondents, but 2.2 % of the respondents were diagnosed to have hyperpigmentation. Conclusion Intake of a moderate amount of fish and shellfish from the area is safe and does not pose a risk for skin diseases. An over-consumption of seafood from the potentially polluted area of the Straits should be monitored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non-communicable Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Nadiah Mohamad Nasir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norashikin Shamsudin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hejar Abdul Rahman
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hock Eng Khoo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non-communicable Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ghorbanzadeh M, van Ede KI, Larsson M, van Duursen MBM, Poellinger L, Lücke-Johansson S, Machala M, Pěnčíková K, Vondráček J, van den Berg M, Denison MS, Ringsted T, Andersson PL. In Vitro and in Silico Derived Relative Effect Potencies of Ah-Receptor-Mediated Effects by PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Rat, Mouse, and Guinea Pig CALUX Cell Lines. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1120-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin I. van Ede
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Larsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Majorie B. M. van Duursen
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz Poellinger
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lücke-Johansson
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Chemistry
and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Endocrine Toxicology Group, Institute for Risk Assessment
Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tine Ringsted
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Bianco G, Zianni R, Anzillotta G, Palma A, Vitacco V, Scrano L, Cataldi TRI. Dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in human breast milk collected in the area of Taranto (Southern Italy): first case study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2405-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Lin C, Hsu JF, Liao PC. Coexposure of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in free-range hens and implications derived from congener profile analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1963-1972. [PMID: 22309676 DOI: 10.1021/jf204468s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of free-range eggs is becoming more popular worldwide. We analyzed the levels of 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and their congener profiles from 6 free-range and 12 caged egg samples. The mean levels of dl-PCBs in the free-range samples were 5.4 times higher than those in caged eggs. All egg samples exhibited at least two characteristic dl-PCB congener patterns, which reflected distinctive contamination sources. Additionally, for the first time, we demonstrated that the dl-PCB levels in the free-range eggs were highly correlated with elevated levels of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) (r = 0.986; p < 0.001), indicating a coexposure scenario in free-range hens. Cluster analysis of congener patterns implied that this coexposure scenario could be attributed to distinct dl-PCB and PCDD/F sources. This congener profile information provides insights from a different perspective for further identifying potential dl-PCB and PCDD/F sources in the polluted free-range eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Shueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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10
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Ahmed R. Perinatal TCDD exposure alters developmental neuroendocrine system. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Lorán S, Bayarri S, Conchello P, Herrera A. Risk assessment of PCDD/PCDFs and indicator PCBs contamination in Spanish commercial baby food. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Moon HB, Choi HG. Human exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs associated with seafood consumption in Korea from 2005 to 2007. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:279-284. [PMID: 18694597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) were measured in 26 seafoods commonly consumed by the Korean population. The total toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations in seafood samples ranged from 0.01 to 6.76 pg TEQ/g wet wt, which were comparable with those found in other countries. The predominant congeners found in seafood samples were 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF and 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDF for PCDD/Fs and PCB 118 for DLPCBs. Dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and DLPCBs from seafood consumption were estimated for various age groups and gender in Korea. The dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and DLPCBs from seafood consumption for the general population was estimated to be 1.23 pg TEQ/kg bw/day, values that are in the range of those reported for other countries. Mackerel, tuna and hairtail contributed to the highest TEQ intakes, which collectively accounted for 66% of the total intake. Among the eight age groups investigated, 3-6 year old children had the highest TEQ exposure, followed by 50-64 years, 30-39 years and <2 years. Considering contributions of seafood consumption to the total dietary intake studies, the dietary TEQ intakes to the general population appear to be below the threshold values by international organizations. The present study may be useful for risk management for dioxins and dioxin-like contaminants in Korean seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bang Moon
- Marine Environment Management Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, 408-1, Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea.
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Tan J, Loganath A, Chong YS, Obbard JP. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants in utero and related maternal characteristics on birth outcomes: a multivariate data analysis approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:428-433. [PMID: 18986677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have the capacity to pass through the placental barrier and into the fetal blood stream, and pose health risks to fetuses and neonates who are believed to be more vulnerable to the effects of environmental pollutants. In this study, the prevalence of POPs, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were determined in 41 cord blood samples collected during the year 2006 in Singapore. The effects of these xenobiotics and the maternal characteristics on fetal growth and development were explored using multivariate data analysis (MVA) techniques, including partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). POPs were found in all cord blood samples, corroborating the transplacental transfer (TPT) of these xenobiotics. Chlordanes and PCBs were observed to have adverse effects on fetal growth (i.e. birth weight, length, head circumference) and health (as indicated by Apgar scores), indicating the chemical exposure in utero could also be deemed as an influential factor on fetal growth, even at the normal doses in general population. Maternal height, weight, ethnicity, dietary habits and lifestyle were also the determinants for the neonatal variables. Exposure to POPs may alter maternal hormone levels, which could regulate the offspring sex. Trans-chlordane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and PCB 138 and 158 were speculated as testosterone triggers which lead to more baby boys, while the effects of beta-HCH and PCB 180 were opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576 Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Zheng GJ, Leung AOW, Jiao LP, Wong MH. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans pollution in China: sources, environmental levels and potential human health impacts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:1050-1061. [PMID: 18440070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review represents an assessment of the pollution status of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in China (the mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan). During the past decades, seven PCDD/Fs pollution hotspots have been found: (a). Ya-er Lake, Hubei Province, with 'total PCDD/Fs' level reaching 177,427 pg g(-1) (dry weight) in lake sediments; (b). Chinese Schistosomiasis affected areas of Jiangxi Province with 33,660 pg g(-1) in soil; (c). e-waste recycling area of Yangtze River Delta, with 2726 pg g(-1) in paddy soil; (d). e-waste recycling area of Guiyu (eastern part of Guangdong Province), with 967,500 pg g(-1) in mixture of burnt residue and soil (the highest level among all hotspots); (e). Pearl River Delta with 2630 pg g(-1) in coastal sediment. (f). Kwun Tong, Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong with 10,999 pg g(-1) in coastal sediment; and (g). southern Taiwan with 606,000 pg g(-1) in soil near the vicinity of a pentachlorophenol manufacturing factory. The main sources of PCDD/Fs in China were formed from impurities during the production of polychlorophenol, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls, organic chlorinated pesticide and triclosan. In addition, sources of PCDD/Fs included municipal waste incineration, mineral fuel usage, open burning of electronic waste and crop residues, industrial waste discharge and vehicle exhaust emission. Due to potential human health risks from long-term exposure to PCDD/Fs at these hotspots, body loadings of these contaminants should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene J Zheng
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Aylward LL, Goodman JE, Charnley G, Rhomberg LR. A margin-of-exposure approach to assessment of noncancer risks of dioxins based on human exposure and response data. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1344-1351. [PMID: 18941576 PMCID: PMC2569093 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk assessment of human environmental exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) and other dioxin-like compounds is complicated by several factors, including limitations in measuring intakes because of the low concentrations of these compounds in foods and the environment and interspecies differences in pharmacokinetics and responses. OBJECTIVES We examined the feasibility of relying directly on human studies of exposure and potential responses to PCDD/PCDFs and related compounds in terms of measured lipid-adjusted concentrations to assess margin of exposure (MOE) in a quantitative, benchmark dose (BMD)-based framework using representative exposure and selected response data sets. METHODS We characterize estimated central tendency and upper-bound general U.S. population lipid-adjusted concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs from the 1970s and early 2000s based on available data sets. Estimates of benchmark concentrations for three example responses of interest (induction of cytochrome P4501A2 activity, dental anomalies, and neonatal thyroid hormone alterations) were derived based on selected human studies. RESULTS The exposure data sets indicate that current serum lipid concentrations in young adults are approximately 6- to 7-fold lower than 1970s-era concentrations. Estimated MOEs for each end point based on current serum lipid concentrations range from < 10 for neonatal thyroid hormone concentrations to > 100 for dental anomalies-approximately 6-fold greater than would have existed during the 1970s. CONCLUSIONS Human studies of dioxin exposure and outcomes can be used in a BMD framework for quantitative assessments of MOE. Incomplete exposure characterization can complicate the use of such studies in a BMD framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa L Aylward
- Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, Virginia 22044, USA.
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Arendt M. Communicating human biomonitoring results to ensure policy coherence with public health recommendations: analysing breastmilk whilst protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Environ Health 2008; 7 Suppl 1:S6. [PMID: 18541072 PMCID: PMC2423455 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-s1-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses the problem of how to ensure consistency in messages communicating public health recommendations on environmental health and on child health. The World Health Organization states that the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding rank among the most effective interventions to improve child survival. International public health policy recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months, followed by continued breastfeeding with the addition of safe and adequate complementary foods for two years and beyond. Biomonitoring of breastmilk is used as an indicator of environmental pollution ending up in mankind. This article will therefore present the biomonitoring results of concentrations of residues in breastmilk in a wider context. These results are the mirror that reflects the chemical substances accumulated in the bodies of both men and women in the course of a lifetime. The accumulated substances in our bodies may have an effect on male or female reproductive cells; they are present in the womb, directly affecting the environment of the fragile developing foetus; they are also present in breastmilk. Evidence of man-made chemical residues in breastmilk can provide a shock tactic to push for stronger laws to protect the environment. However, messages about chemicals detected in breastmilk can become dramatized by the media and cause a backlash against breastfeeding, thus contradicting the public health messages issued by the World Health Organization. Analyses of breastmilk show the presence of important nutritional components and live protective factors active in building up the immune system, in gastro intestinal maturation, in immune defence and in providing antiviral, antiparasitic and antibacterial activity. Through cohort studies researchers in environmental health have concluded that long-term breastfeeding counterbalances the effect of prenatal exposure to chemicals causing delay in mental and psychomotor development. Therefore caution should be exercised when presenting the results of biomonitoring of breastmilk. The results should be a motivation to enact strong legislation on chemicals and review the use of chemical substances present in breastmilk, but the results should not be used to undermine the confidence in breastmilk as the optimal food for infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Arendt
- Institute for Improvements around Birth of Initiativ Liewensufank, 20 rue de Contern, 5955 Itzig, Luxembourg.
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Stewart BW. Banding carcinogenic risks in developed countries: A procedural basis for qualitative assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2008; 658:124-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Augusto S, Pereira MJ, Soares A, Branquinho C. The contribution of environmental biomonitoring with lichens to assess human exposure to dioxins. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210:433-8. [PMID: 17321205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of environmental biomonitoring with lichens to assess human exposure to dioxins was the main purpose of this work. For that, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were measured in 66 lichen sampling points. The obtained information significantly improved the basic knowledge on the environmental exposure to dioxins through distinction between effective control areas from areas with moderate atmospheric deposition. It allowed the integration of PCDD/F atmospheric deposition for much longer periods, allowing to relate low levels with long-term chronic effects on health. Thus, the production of high-resolution data on environmental exposure essential to perform reliable environmental health studies was possible. It was argued that PCDD/F in lichens may be used as spatial estimators of the potential risk of inhalation by the population present in the area. An example of the application of this data to select control and exposed areas for environmental health studies was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Augusto
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Ecologia e Biologia Vegetal (CEBV), Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 4, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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van der Voet H, de Mul A, van Klaveren JD. A probabilistic model for simultaneous exposure to multiple compounds from food and its use for risk-benefit assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1496-506. [PMID: 17524540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A model is presented which allows to quantify the simultaneous distribution of the exposure to two compounds, for example a health-risk and a health promoting compound. The model considers the total dietary intake, and can be used as a first step to study the effects on the balance between risks and benefits following changes in the consumption pattern. The exposure is modelled separately for intake probabilities using a betabinomial model, and for intake amounts using a lognormal model, and these parts are afterwards integrated by Monte Carlo simulation. The model is illustrated using the risk-benefit case of dioxins and the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). High concentrations of both the health adverse compounds and the health promoting compounds are simultaneously present in fatty fish. Calculated exposures were compared with intake limits: the adequate intake for EPA+DHA and the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for dioxins. We estimate the probability that dioxin exposure is below TDI, the probability that EPA+DHA exposure is above the adequate intake, and the probability that both conditions occur simultaneously. We also model the dependence of these probabilities on age. In the studied population the exposure to both compounds is almost completely below the limits. A scenario study in which meat consumption was replaced by fatty fish consumption shows an increase in the fraction of the population with the recommended intake of EPA+DHA, however also the fraction of the population exceeding the TDI for dioxins is increased. For the example scenario the optimal amount of fatty fish consumption is derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilko van der Voet
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 100, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands.
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