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Bendejacq-Seychelles A, Gibot-Leclerc S, Guillemin JP, Mouille G, Steinberg C. Phytotoxic fungal secondary metabolites as herbicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:92-102. [PMID: 37794581 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the alternatives to synthetic plant protection products, biocontrol appears as a promising method. This review reports on the diversity of fungal secondary metabolites phytotoxic to weeds and on the approach generally used to extract, characterize, identify and exploit them for weed management. The 183 phytotoxic fungal secondary metabolites discussed in this review fall into five main classes of molecules: 61 polyketides, 53 terpenoids, 36 nitrogenous metabolites, 18 phenols and phenolic acids, and 15 miscellaneous. They are mainly produced by the genera Drechslera, Fusarium and Alternaria. The phytotoxic effects, more often described by the symptoms they produce on plants than by their mode of action, range from inhibition of germination to inhibition of root and vegetative growth, including tissue and organ alterations. The biochemical characterization of fungal secondary metabolites requires expertise and tools to carry out fungal cultivation and metabolite extraction, phytotoxicity tests, purification and fractionation of the extracts, and chemical identification procedures. Phytotoxicity tests are mainly carried out under controlled laboratory conditions (not always on whole plants), while effectiveness against targeted weeds and environmental impacts must be assessed in greenhouses and open fields. These steps are necessary for the formulation of effective, environment-friendly fungal secondary metabolites-derived bioherbicides using new technologies such as nanomaterials. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bendejacq-Seychelles
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Gibot-Leclerc
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Guillemin
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Univ Paris Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Inst Jean Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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2
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Gonçalves LC, Roberto MM, Peixoto PVL, Viriato C, da Silva AFC, de Oliveira VJA, Nardi MCC, Pereira LC, de Angelis DDF, Marin-Morales MA. Toxicity of Beauty Salon Effluents Contaminated with Hair Dye on Aquatic Organisms. TOXICS 2023; 11:911. [PMID: 37999563 PMCID: PMC10674561 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetic residues have been found in water resources, especially trace elements of precursors, couplers, and pigments of hair dyes, which are indiscriminately disposed of in the sewage system. These contaminants are persistent, bioactive, and bioaccumulative, and may pose risks to living beings. Thus, the present study assessed the ecotoxicity of two types of effluents generated in beauty salons after the hair dyeing process. The toxicity of effluent derived from capillary washing with water, shampoo, and conditioner (complete effluent-CE) and effluent not associated with these products (dye effluent-DE) was evaluated by tests carried out with the aquatic organisms Artemia salina, Daphnia similis, and Danio rerio. The bioindicators were exposed to pure samples and different dilutions of both effluents. The results showed toxicity in D. similis (CE50 of 3.43% and 0.54% for CE and DE, respectively); A. salina (LC50 8.327% and 3.874% for CE and DE, respectively); and D. rerio (LC50 of 4.25-4.59% and 7.33-8.18% for CE and DE, respectively). Given these results, we can infer that hair dyes, even at low concentrations, have a high toxic potential for aquatic biota, as they induced deleterious effects in all tested bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia C. Gonçalves
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.G.); (A.F.C.d.S.); (V.J.A.d.O.); (D.d.F.d.A.)
- University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation (FHO), Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil;
| | - Matheus M. Roberto
- University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation (FHO), Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil;
| | - Paloma V. L. Peixoto
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil; (P.V.L.P.); (C.V.); (L.C.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Viriato
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil; (P.V.L.P.); (C.V.); (L.C.P.)
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), R. Dr. José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu 18610-307, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana F. C. da Silva
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.G.); (A.F.C.d.S.); (V.J.A.d.O.); (D.d.F.d.A.)
| | - Valdenilson J. A. de Oliveira
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.G.); (A.F.C.d.S.); (V.J.A.d.O.); (D.d.F.d.A.)
| | - Mariza C. C. Nardi
- University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation (FHO), Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jardim Universitário, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lilian C. Pereira
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil; (P.V.L.P.); (C.V.); (L.C.P.)
- School of Agriculture (FCA), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Universitária, 3780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Dejanira de F. de Angelis
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.G.); (A.F.C.d.S.); (V.J.A.d.O.); (D.d.F.d.A.)
| | - Maria A. Marin-Morales
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (L.C.G.); (A.F.C.d.S.); (V.J.A.d.O.); (D.d.F.d.A.)
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Abstract
Plant disease control requires novel approaches to mitigate the spread of and losses caused by current, emerging, and re-emerging diseases and to adapt plant protection to global climate change and the restrictions on the use of conventional pesticides. Currently, disease management relies mainly on biopesticides, which are required for the sustainable use of plant-protection products. Functional peptides are candidate biopesticides because they originate from living organisms or are synthetic analogs and provide novel mechanisms of action against plant pathogens. Hundreds of compounds exist that cover an extensive range of activities against viruses, bacteria and phytoplasmas, fungi and oomycetes, and nematodes. Natural sources, chemical synthesis, and biotechnological platforms may provide peptides at large scale for the industry and growers. The main challenges for their use in plant disease protection are (a) the requirement of stability in the plant environment and counteracting resistance in pathogen populations, (b) the need to develop suitable formulations to increase their shelf life and methods of application, (c) the selection of compounds with acceptable toxicological profiles, and (d) the high cost of production for agricultural purposes. In the near future, it is expected that several functional peptides will be commercially available for plant disease control, but more effort is needed to validate their efficacy at the field level and fulfill the requirements of the regulatory framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Plant Pathology-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, Spain;
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Albarano L, Ruocco N, Lofrano G, Guida M, Libralato G. Genotoxicity in Artemia spp.: An old model with new sensitive endpoints. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106320. [PMID: 36206704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artemia spp. represent models species widely used in ecotoxicological studies due to its simple and fast manipulation in laboratory conditions that makes this crustacean well adaptable to several methodological approaches. Although cysts hatching, swimming behavior, reproductive success and mortality are the main endpoints used for the determination of toxicity, the detection of slight alterations induced by certain substances found at low concentrations in the environment may require more sensitive biomarkers. For this reason, the identification of DNA or chromosomal damages has been proposed as an additional and appreciable endpoint for the ecotoxicological assessment of environmental chemicals. Concerning Artemia models, only few studies indicated that the exposure to organic and inorganic compounds (i.e. pesticides, nanoparticles, bacterial products or heavy metals) can reduce the survival and fitness through the onset of DNA breaks or the dysregulation of key genes. In contrast, literature research revealed a lot of works primarily focusing on the mortality and hatching rates of Artemia nauplii and cysts despite the well-known low sensitivity of these species. The present review reports the current state of knowledge concerning the effects induced by various chemicals, including organic and inorganic compounds, on the common parameters and genotoxicity in both Artemia franciscana and Artemia salina. Advantages and limitations of Artemia spp. models in eco-toxicological investigations together with the most used classes of compounds are briefly discussed. Moreover, a mention is also addressed to scarce availability of literature data focusing on genotoxic effects and the great reliability of molecular approaches observed in this poorly sensitive model organism. Thus, the opportunity to take advantage of genotoxic analyses has also been highlighted, by suggesting this approach as a novel endpoint to be used for the eco-toxicological assessment of several stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Albarano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosunstainable Marine Biotechnology, C. da Torre Spaccata, 87071, Amendolara, Italy
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Mulatu A, Megersa N, Tolcha T, Alemu T, Vetukuri RR. Antifungal compounds, GC-MS analysis and toxicity assessment of methanolic extracts of Trichoderma species in an animal model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274062. [PMID: 36149851 PMCID: PMC9506656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been marketed for the management of diseases of crops. However, some Trichoderma species may produce toxic secondary metabolites and it should receive due attention to ensure human safety. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antagonistic potential of T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 as microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) against Fusarium xylarioides and the associated antagonistic mechanism with bioactive substances. Swiss albino mice were used to evaluate the in vivo toxicity and pathogenicity of T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 methanolic extracts and spore suspensions, respectively, in a preliminary safety assessment for use as biofungicides. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to profile volatile organic metabolites (VOCs) present in the methanolic extracts. The agar diffusion assay of the methanolic extracts from both T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 were effective at a concentration of 200 μg/mL (1×107 spores/mL), causing 62.5%, and 74.3% inhibition, respectively. A GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts from both bioagents identified 23 VOCs which classified as alcohols, acids, sesquiterpenes, ketones and aromatic compounds. The oral administration of methanolic extracts and spore suspensions of each Trichoderma species to female Swiss albino mice over 14 days did not show any significant signs of toxicity, mortality or changes to body weight. It can be concluded that the tested spore suspensions and methanolic extracts were not pathogenic or toxic, respectively, when administered to Swiss albino mice at various doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrasa Mulatu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Tolcha
- Department of Chemistry, Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Alemu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Dimopoulou A, Theologidis I, Varympopi A, Papafotis D, Mermigka G, Tzima A, Panopoulos NJ, Skandalis N. Shifting Perspectives of Translational Research in Bio-Bactericides: Reviewing the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Paradigm. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111202. [PMID: 34827195 PMCID: PMC8614995 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The continuous reduction of approved conventional microbicides, due to health concerns and the development of plant-pathogen resistance, has been urged for the use of safe alternatives in crop protection. Several beneficial bacterial species, termed biological control agents, are currently used in lieu of chemical pesticides. The approach to select such bacterial species and manufacture commercial products has been based on their biocontrol effect under optimal growth conditions, which is far from the real nutrient-limited field conditions of plant niches. It’s important to determine the complex interactions that occur among BCAs, plant host and niche microbiome to fully understand and exploit the potential of biological control agents. Furthermore, it’s crucial to acknowledge the environmental impact of their long-term use. Abstract Bacterial biological control agents (BCAs) have been increasingly used against plant diseases. The traditional approach to manufacturing such commercial products was based on the selection of bacterial species able to produce secondary metabolites that inhibit mainly fungal growth in optimal media. Such species are required to be massively produced and sustain long-term self-storage. The endpoint of this pipeline is large-scale field tests in which BCAs are handled as any other pesticide. Despite recent knowledge of the importance of BCA-host-microbiome interactions to trigger plant defenses and allow colonization, holistic approaches to maximize their potential are still in their infancy. There is a gap in scientific knowledge between experiments in controlled conditions for optimal BCA and pathogen growth and the nutrient-limited field conditions in which they face niche microbiota competition. Moreover, BCAs are considered to be safe by competent authorities and the public, with no side effects to the environment; the OneHealth impact of their application is understudied. This review summarizes the state of the art in BCA research and how current knowledge and new biotechnological tools have impacted BCA development and application. Future challenges, such as their combinational use and ability to ameliorate plant stress are also discussed. Addressing such challenges would establish their long-term use as centerfold agricultural pesticides and plant growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (A.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Ioannis Theologidis
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - Adamantia Varympopi
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitris Papafotis
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Glykeria Mermigka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (A.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Aliki Tzima
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Production, School of Agricultural Production Infrastructure and Environment, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nick J. Panopoulos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Nicholas Skandalis
- Health Sciences Campus, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence:
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Multicomponent synthesis and preliminary anti-inflammatory activity of lipophilic diphenylamines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127860. [PMID: 33636301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most prescribed medications for pain but the incidence of adverse effects -especially during chronic treatment- points out the requirement of new analgesics. In this study, we showed an efficient two-steps synthesis of diphenylamine-containing dipeptides consisting of a multicomponent process followed by a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. We prepared 16 diphenylamine derivatives and evaluated their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity through an ear edema model using 12-O-tetradecanoylpholbol-13-acetate. Furthermore, the toxicity of the more potent compounds in the Artemia salina model and their cell viability using murine RAW 264.7 cells is reported. The fluorinated compound 10k becomes a reliable candidate since it reduced the TPA-induced edema to 92%, lacked cytotoxicity against murine macrophages, and had minimal toxicity in Artemia salina.
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Anjum T, Iram W, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M. Identification of degradation products of aflatoxin B1 and B2 resulting after their biodetoxification by aqueous extracts of Acacia nilotica. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of food and feed items with mycotoxins causes extensive economic damage. It is therefore important to explore environmentally friendly approaches to manage these toxins with less drawbacks. Phytochemicals can provide a safe alternative to synthetic chemicals. This study was designed to investigate the detoxification potential of water-based extracts of Acacia nilotica against aflatoxins B1 and B2. First trials were carried out to standardise temperature, pH and incubation time for biodetoxification in spiked maize. A significant percentage of detoxification was observed under all tested conditions, showing an increasing detoxifying potential with an increase in all three parameters. Leaf extract was found to be more effective than shoot extract. Leaf extract resulted in 86-90% detoxification of both aflatoxin B1 and B2 when incubated for 72 h at 60 °C and pH 10. To avoid the detrimental effects of very high temperature and pH, experiments on spiked maize were conducted at 30 °C and pH 8. A significant detoxification of 82-83% was recorded during trials with spiked maize. MS/MS analyses showed conversion of aflatoxins B1 into seven and aflatoxins B2 into two new compounds. Most of the compounds were formed due to the removal of the double bond in the terminal furan ring and modification of the lactone group, indicating less toxicity as compared to the parent compounds. Decontamination and reduction in toxicity of treated aflatoxins was corroborated by a brine shrimps bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Anjum
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - W. Iram
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A. Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - M. Abbas
- Department of Toxicology, Quality Operating Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Aflatoxin B 1 degradation by microorganisms isolated from Kombucha culture. Toxicon 2020; 179:76-83. [PMID: 32345454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin. Aflatoxin occurrence in tea makes this beverage unsuitable for consumption and presented risks to human health. Therefore, researches in aflatoxin microbial degradation are necessary to overcome this problem. Kombucha beverage is associated with health promoting effects. Thus, novel strains (Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts) were isolated from a Kombucha culture and assessed for AFB1 degradation in the liquid medium (Man Rogosa and Sharpe broth, yeast extract peptone dextrose broth and black tea). The main strains involved in AFB1 decontamination were identified based on DNA sequencing and the toxicity of the new products was evaluated on Hep2 cells and on Brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Our results showed that after 7 days of fermentation, kombucha was able to degrade 97% of AFB1 in black tea. Moreover, the effective yeasts present in Kombucha were identified as Pichia occidentalis, Candida sorboxylosa and Hanseniaspora opuntiae and the highest AFB1 degradation capacity was accorded to P. occidentalis (59%) when cultivated in black tea. Data on cytotoxicity tests on Hep2 cells and Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) showed that the biodegraded products were less toxic than pure AFB1. These findings suggest that, kombucha isolated strains could be potential candidates for application in the food and feed industry with a potential aflatoxin B1 detoxification properties.
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Nykiel-Szymańska J, Bernat P, Słaba M. Biotransformation and detoxification of chloroacetanilide herbicides by Trichoderma spp. with plant growth-promoting activities. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 163:216-226. [PMID: 31973860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use of chlorinated organic compounds, environmental pollution is a key issue in agricultural and industrial areas. In this study, biodegradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides, such as alachlor and metolachlor, by eight fungal strains of Trichoderma spp. originating from different microorganism collections was investigated. The tested fungi converted 80-99% of alachlor and 40-79% of metolachlor after 7 days of incubation. Biotransformation of herbicides was performed mainly by dechlorination and hydroxylation reactions. Eight alachlor metabolites and four byproducts of metolachlor conversion were detected in Trichoderma cultures, including two metolachlor intermediates for the first time identified in fungi. Moreover, in the cultures of six Trichoderma strains supplemented with chloroacetanilides, a decrease in toxicity was observed toward tested Artemia franciscana crustaceans. Simultaneously, 7 days after the application of the spores of T. koningii IM 0956, T. citrinoviride IM 6325, T. harzianum KKP 534, T. viride KKP 792 and T. virens DSM 1963 the length of roots and shoots of rapeseed seedlings treated with alachlor or metolachlor significantly increased. All tested strains exhibited plant growth-promoting traits, such as siderophore production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) activity, and phosphate solubilization, even in the presence of chloroacetanilide herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nykiel-Szymańska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Berestetskiy AO, Belozyorova MY, Prokof’eva DS. Effects of Substrate and Cultivation Duration on the Productivity, Biological Activity, and Chromatography Profiles of Extracts Obtained from Stagonospora cirsii S-47. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Ivorra L, Cardoso PG, Chan SK, Tagulao K, Cruzeiro C. Environmental characterization of 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone in surface waters from Macao and Hong Kong coastal areas (Pearl River Delta) and its toxicity on two biological models: Artemia salina and Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:1-11. [PMID: 30583221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the areas with higher environmental concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), being DDT one of the most abundant. In this work, 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (4,4'-DCBP), a common metabolite of dicofol (DDT related) and DDT, was quantified in surface waters of Hong Kong and Macao, together with the analysis of physicochemical and nutrients parameters. Hong Kong presented higher 4,4'-DCBP mean levels (12.50 ng/L) than Macao (4.05 ng/L), which may be due to the use of dicofol as a pesticide and DDT as antifouling-paint for ships. The region presented a possible eutrophication state due to the high nutrients' concentration. For the first time, toxicity evaluation of this metabolite in Artemia salina and Daphnia magna was done, in order to compute valid EC50s and theoretically evaluate the risk in the PRD. The toxicity results (EC50 = 0.27 mg/L for A. salina; and EC50 = 0.17 mg/L and LC50 = 0.26 mg/L for D. magna), together with the 4,4'-DCBP levels quantified, indicated a low environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ivorra
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao.
| | - Patricia G Cardoso
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Shek Kiu Chan
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao
| | - Karen Tagulao
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Department of Life Sciences, CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, GmbH, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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Al-Huniti MH, Rivera-Chávez J, Colón KL, Stanley JL, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH, Croatt MP. Development and Utilization of a Palladium-Catalyzed Dehydration of Primary Amides To Form Nitriles. Org Lett 2018; 20:6046-6050. [PMID: 30221526 PMCID: PMC6179452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A palladium(II) catalyst,
in the presence of Selectfluor, enables
the efficient and chemoselective transformation of primary amides
into nitriles. The amides can be attached to aromatic rings, heteroaromatic
rings, or aliphatic side chains, and the reactions tolerate steric
bulk and electronic modification. Dehydration of a peptaibol containing
three glutamine groups afforded structure–activity relationships
for each glutamine residue. Thus, this dehydration can act similarly
to an alanine scan for glutamines via synthetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Al-Huniti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - José Rivera-Chávez
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior s/n , Coyacán , Mexico City 04510 , Mexico
| | - Katsuya L Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Jarrod L Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 900 A. Ashland Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc. , Suite 103, 505 Meadowlands Drive , Hillsborough , North Carolina 27278 , United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , 435 Sullivan Science Building , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
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14
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Fazio AT, Adler MT, Parnmen S, Lücking R, Maier MS. Production of the bioactive pigment elsinochrome A by a cultured mycobiont strain of the lichen Graphis elongata. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Silva H, Siqueira W, Sá J, Silva L, Martins M, Aires A, Amâncio F, Pereira E, Albuquerque M, Melo A, Silva N. Laboratory assessment of divaricatic acid against Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Acta Trop 2018; 178:97-102. [PMID: 29097241 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the molluscicidal and antiparasitic activities of divaricatic acid was evaluated, targeting the mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata and cercariae of the helminth Schistosoma mansoni. In addition, the environmental toxicity of divaricatic acid was assessed by bioassay using the microcrustacean Artemia salina. Divaricatic acid showed high toxicity against both adult snails (5μg/mL) and embryos (20μg/mL after 6h of exposure). Similar activity was observed in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae after only a short exposure time (10μg/mL after 30min of exposure). The divaricatic acid did not show toxicity in the acute test using Artemia salina at concentrations equal to or below 200μg/mL. The divaricatic acid proved to be a promising substance for the elimination of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host of schistosomiasis, as well as the cercariae of the pathogen, while being non-toxic to the Artemia salina at the same concentrations. This is the first experimental observation of the molluscicidal and cercaricide activity of divaricatic acid.
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16
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Abbas M, Ali A, Arshad M, Atta A, Mehmood Z, Tahir IM, Iqbal M. Mutagenicity, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Ricinus communis different parts. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:3. [PMID: 29350299 PMCID: PMC5775190 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricinus communis (castor plant) is a potent medicinal plant, which is commonly used in the treatment of various ailments. The present study was conducted to appraise the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of R. communis along with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by hemolytic and brine shrimp assays, whereas Ames test (TA98 and TA100) was used for mutagenicity evaluation. Plant different parts were extracted in methanol by shaking, sonication and Soxhlet extraction methods. The R. communis methanolic extracts showed promising antioxidant activity evaluated as through total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH free radical inhibition, reducing power and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. R. communis seeds, stem, leaves, fruit and root methanolic extracts showed mild to moderate cytotoxicity against red blood cells (RBCs) of human and bovine. Brine shrimp lethality also revealed the cytotoxic nature of extracts with LC50 in the range of 0.22-3.70 (µg/mL) (shaking), 1.59-60.92 (µg/mL) (sonication) and 0.72-33.60 (µg/mL) (Soxhlet), whereas LC90 values were in the range of 345.42-1695.81, 660.50-14,794.40 and 641.62-15,047.80 µg/mL for shaking, sonication and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. R. communis methanolic extracts revealed mild mutagenicity against TA98 (range 1975 ± 67 to 2628 ± 79 revertant colonies) and TA100 (range 2773 ± 92 to 3461 ± 147 revertant colonies) strains and these values were 3267 ± 278 and 4720 ± 346 revertant colonies in case of TA98 and TA100 positive controls, respectively. R. communis methanolic extracts prevented the H2O2 and UV to Plasmid pBR322 DNA oxidative damage. Results revealed that R. communis is a potential source of bioactive compounds and in future studies the bioactive compounds will be identified by advanced spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Abbas
- Department of Basic Sciences, Section Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang Campus, Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- College of Allied Health Professional, Directorate of Medical Science, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Section Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang Campus, Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
| | - Asia Atta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Zahed Mehmood
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Mahmood Tahir
- College of Allied Health Professional, Directorate of Medical Science, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
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17
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Cruzeiro C, Amaral S, Rocha E, Rocha MJ. Determination of 54 pesticides in waters of the Iberian Douro River estuary and risk assessment of environmentally relevant mixtures using theoretical approaches and Artemia salina and Daphnia magna bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:126-134. [PMID: 28732295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a case study, the estuary of the international Douro River (Iberian Peninsula) was sampled over a year (2010) at six sampling sites to determine the presence of 56 pesticides of different categories (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides). 96% of measured pesticides were detected in 79% of the quantified samples. Individual average pesticide concentrations ranged from 39 to 1 265ng/L, indicating a ubiquitous presence of the selected compounds; moreover, twelve pesticides were above the 2013/39/EU Directive limits. Due to its highly impacted profile, a theoretical hazard assessment was done considering the average and maximum environmental mixtures of all measured pesticides to identify the most sensitive trophic level. For both environmental mixtures, the theoretical approach suggested that invertebrates were the most sensitive group. Therefore, short-time exposure assays using both invertebrates Artemia salina and Daphnia magna, were done using the referred mixtures. Data demonstrated significant toxic effects ─ high mortality rate and abnormal swimming behaviour ─ of the exposed animals. Both approaches (theoretical and experimental) support the analytical results, alerting for an intervention on this estuarine environment and of other comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Cruzeiro
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Department of Microscopy, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology - Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Amaral
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Department of Microscopy, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Department of Microscopy, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology - Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Rocha
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Department of Microscopy, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology - Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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18
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Ocampo-Suarez IB, López Z, Calderón-Santoyo M, Ragazzo-Sánchez JA, Knauth P. Are biological control agents, isolated from tropical fruits, harmless to potential consumers? Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:1055-1062. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Ríos-Moreno A, Garrido-Jurado I, Raya-Ortega MC, Quesada-Moraga E. Quantification of fungal growth and destruxin A during infection of Galleria mellonella larvae by Metarhizium brunneum. J Invertebr Pathol 2017. [PMID: 28629882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Destruxin A is among the major secondary metabolites produced by the entomopathogenic ascomycete Metarhizium sp., and the lack of studies concerning production of destruxin A by the fungus is most likely the biggest obstacle for the registration of new fungal strains. Although several studies focus on the production of destruxin A in culture media, few studies examine destruxin A in vivo during host infection. In the current work, Galleria mellonella was used as an insect model to develop for the first time in vivo real-time PCR- and HPLC-MS-based quantification of fungal growth and metabolite production, respectively, during infection by two strains of M. brunneum. Total mortality of sixth instar G. mellonella larvae that were immersed in a suspension of 1.0×108conidiamL-1 of M. brunneum EAMa 01/58-Su or BIPESCO5 strains reached 85.5% and 78.8%, respectively, and the percentage of cadavers with fungal outgrowth was low at 12.2% and 4.4%, respectively. The average survival time of treated larvae was 5.5days for both fungal strains. Using EAMa 01/58-Su and BIPESCO5 specific primer set, real-time PCR showed that the patterns of fungal growth were different for the two strains, whereas no significant differences were detected in the number of fungal sequence copies recovered from the infected larvae. EAMa 01/58-Su and BIPESCO5 strains secreted destruxin A from days 2 to 6 and from days 2 to 5 post treatment, respectively. For EAMa 01/58-Su and BIPESCO5, the maximum titer of destruxin A in the host was on day 4 at 0.369 and 0.06µg/larva, respectively, and throughout the pathogenic process, the total production was 0.6 and 0.09µg/larva, respectively. These results demonstrated that the strains pose a low hazard, if any, to humans and the environment. The methods used in this study to quantify fungal growth and metabolite production provided valuable data to better understand the role of destruxin A during the growth of M. brunneum in the host larvae and to monitor the fate of destruxin A in food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ríos-Moreno
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, C4 Building, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - I Garrido-Jurado
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, C4 Building, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M C Raya-Ortega
- Department of Agronomy, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, C4 Building, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - E Quesada-Moraga
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, C4 Building, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
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20
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Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M, Khan AM. Structural Analysis and Biological Toxicity of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 Degradation Products Following Detoxification by Ocimum basilicum and Cassia fistula Aqueous Extracts. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1105. [PMID: 27471501 PMCID: PMC4943962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study showed the comparison between Ocimum basilicum and Cassia fistula (leaves and branch) aqueous extracts for their ability to detoxify of aflatoxins B1 and B2 (AFB1; 100 μg L(-1) and AFB2; 50 μg L(-1)) by In Vitro assays and decontamination studies. Results indicated that O. basilicum leaves extract was found to be highly significant (P < 0.05) in degrading AFB1 and AFB2, i.e., 90.4 and 88.6%, respectively. However, O. basilicum branch, C. fistula leaves and branch extracts proved to be less efficient in degrading these aflatoxins, under optimized conditions, i.e., pH 8, temperature 30°C and incubation period of 72 h. Moreover the antifungal activity of these plants extracts were also tested. The findings depicted that O. basilicum leaves extract showed maximum growth inhibition of aflatoxigenic isolates, i.e., 82-87% as compared to other tested plants extracts. The structural elucidation of degraded toxin products by LCMS/MS analysis showed that nine degraded products of AFB1 and AFB2 were formed. MS/MS spectra showed that most of the products were formed by the removal of double bond in the terminal furan ring and modification of lactone group indicating less toxicity as compared to parent compounds. Brine shrimps bioassay further confirmed the low toxicity of degraded products, showing that O. basilicum leaves extract can be used as an effective tool for the detoxification of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajiha Iram
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and TechnologyLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mateen Abbas
- Quality Operating Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Muqeet Khan
- Quality Operating Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore, Pakistan
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21
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Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M. Structural Elucidation and Toxicity Assessment of Degraded Products of Aflatoxin B1 and B2 by Aqueous Extracts of Trachyspermum ammi. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:346. [PMID: 27064492 PMCID: PMC4811950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study aqueous extract of seeds and leaves of Trachyspermum ammi were evaluated for their ability to detoxify aflatoxin B1 and B2 (AFB1; 100 μg L(-1) and AFB2; 50 μg L(-1)) by in vitro and in vivo assays. Results indicated that T. ammi seeds extract was found to be significant (P < 0.05) in degrading AFB1 and AFB2 i.e., 92.8 and 91.9% respectively. However, T. ammi leaves extract proved to be less efficient in degrading these aflatoxins, under optimized conditions i.e., pH 8, temperature 30°C and incubation period of 72 h. The structural elucidation of degraded toxin products by LCMS/MS analysis showed that eight degraded products of AFB1 and AFB2 were formed. MS/MS spectra showed that most of the products were formed by the removal of double bond in the terminal furan ring and modification of lactone group indicating less toxicity as compared to parent compounds. Brine shrimps bioassay further confirmed the low toxicity of degraded products, showing that T. ammi seeds extract can be used as an effective tool for the detoxification of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajiha Iram
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and TechnologyLahore, Pakistan
| | - Mateen Abbas
- Department of Toxicology, Quality Operating Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesLahore, Pakistan
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22
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Ramesha A, Venkataramana M, Nirmaladevi D, Gupta VK, Chandranayaka S, Srinivas C. Cytotoxic effects of oosporein isolated from endophytic fungus Cochliobolus kusanoi. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:870. [PMID: 26388840 PMCID: PMC4556033 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, oosporein, a fungal toxic secondary metabolite known to be a toxic agent causing chronic disorders in animals, was isolated from fungus Cochliobolus kusanoi of Nerium oleander L. Toxic effects of oosporein and the possible mechanisms of cytotoxicity as well as the role of oxidative stress in cytotoxicity to Madin-Darby canine kidney kidney cells and RAW 264.7 splene cells were evaluated in vitro. Also to know the possible in vivo toxic effects of oosporein on kidney and spleen, Balb/C mouse were treated with different concentrations of oosporein ranging from 20 to 200 μM). After 24 h of exposure histopathological observations were made to know the effects of oosporein on target organs. Oosporein induced elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and high levels of malondialdehyde, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, induced glutathione hydroxylase (GSH) production was observed in a dose depended manner. Effects oosporein on chromosomal DNA damage was assessed by Comet assay, and increase in DNA damage were observed in both the studied cell lines by increasing the oosporein concentration. Further, oosporein treatment to studied cell lines indicated significant suppression of oxidative stress related gene (Superoxide dismutase1 and Catalase ) expression, and increased levels of mRNA expression in apoptosis or oxidative stress inducing genes HSP70, Caspase3, Caspase6, and Caspase9 as measured by quantitative real time-PCR assay. Histopathological examination of oosporein treated mouse kidney and splenocytes further revealed that, oosporein treated target mouse tissues were significantly damaged with that of untreated sam control mice and these effects were in directly proportional to the the toxin dose. Results of the present study reveals that, ROS is the principle event prompting increased oosporein toxicity in studied in vivio and in vitro animal models. The high previlance of these fungi in temperate climates further warrants the need of safe food grain storage and processing practices to control the toxic effects of oosporein to humans and live stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alurappa Ramesha
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University Bangalore, India
| | - M Venkataramana
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU-Center for Life Science, Bharathiar University Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Vijai K Gupta
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - S Chandranayaka
- Department of studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore Mysore, India
| | - Chowdappa Srinivas
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University Bangalore, India
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23
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Xu YJ, Luo F, Gao Q, Shang Y, Wang C. Metabolomics reveals insect metabolic responses associated with fungal infection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4815-21. [PMID: 25895944 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between insects and pathogenic fungi are complex. We employed metabolomic techniques to profile insect metabolic dynamics upon infection by the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Silkworm larvae were infected with fungal spores and microscopic observations demonstrated that the exhaustion of insect hemocytes was coupled with fungal propagation in the insect body cavity. Metabolomic analyses revealed that fungal infection could significantly alter insect energy and nutrient metabolisms as well as the immune defense responses, including the upregulation of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and lipids, but the downregulation of eicosanoids and amines. The insect antifeedant effect of the fungal infection was evident with the reduced level of maclurin (a component of mulberry leaves) in infected insects but elevated accumulations in control insects. Insecticidal and cytotoxic mycotoxins like oosporein and beauveriolides were also detected in insects at the later stages of infection. Taken together, the metabolomics data suggest that insect immune responses are energy-cost reactions and the strategies of nutrient deprivation, inhibition of host immune responses, and toxin production would be jointly employed by the fungus to kill insects. The data obtained in this study will facilitate future functional studies of genes and pathways associated with insect-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Degenkolb T, Fog Nielsen K, Dieckmann R, Branco-Rocha F, Chaverri P, Samuels GJ, Thrane U, von Döhren H, Vilcinskas A, Brückner H. Peptaibol, Secondary-Metabolite, and Hydrophobin Pattern of Commercial Biocontrol Agents Formulated with Species of theTrichoderma harzianumComplex. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:662-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Andolfi A, Maddau L, Basso S, Linaldeddu BT, Cimmino A, Scanu B, Deidda A, Tuzi A, Evidente A. Diplopimarane, a 20-nor-ent-pimarane produced by the oak pathogen Diplodia quercivora. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2352-2360. [PMID: 25365236 DOI: 10.1021/np500258r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study a new 20-nor-ent-pimarane, named diplopimarane, was isolated together with sphaeropsidins A (9) and C (10), and (+)-epiepoformin (11) from organic crude extracts of Diplodia quercivora, a recently described oak pathogen originally found on declining Quercus canariensis trees in Tunisia. Diplopimarane was characterized as (1S,2R)-2,8,8-trimethyl-2-vinyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydrophenanthrene-1,9,10-triol by spectroscopic, X-ray, optical, and chemical methods. It exhibited a wide range of activities including remarkable phytotoxicity on nonhost plants such as tomato cuttings, moderate antifungal activity against important plant pathogens, and moderate zootoxicity against Artemia salina. Its derivatives (2-4 and 6) were also tested for their phytotoxic and zootoxic activities. All these derivatives proved to be active against A. salina at 200 μg/mL, while 2 and 6 were also active on tomato cuttings. The other secondary metabolites (9, 10, and 11) herein reported for D. quercivora exhibited phytotoxic, antifungal, and zootoxic activity. This is the first report on the secondary metabolites secreted in vitro by this oak pathogen that could be key components of its adaptative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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Wang KF, Nagarajan R, Camesano TA. Differentiating antimicrobial peptides interacting with lipid bilayer: Molecular signatures derived from quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Biophys Chem 2014; 196:53-67. [PMID: 25307196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) kill bacteria by disrupting the lipid bilayer structure of their inner membrane. However, there is only limited quantitative information in the literature to differentiate between AMPs of differing molecular properties, in terms of how they interact with the membrane. In this study, we have used quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to probe the interactions between a supported bilayer membrane of egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) and four structurally different AMPs: alamethicin, chrysophsin-3, indolicidin, and sheep myeloid antimicrobial peptide (SMAP-29). Multiple signatures from the QCM-D measurements were extracted, differentiating the AMPs, that provide information on peptide addition to and lipid removal from the membrane, the dynamics of peptide-membrane interactions and the rates at which the peptide actions are initiated. The mechanistic variations in peptide action were related to the fundamental structural properties of the peptides including the hydrophobicity, hydrophobic moment, and the probability of α-helical secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Ramanathan Nagarajan
- Molecular Sciences and Engineering Team, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, United States.
| | - Terri A Camesano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
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Evaluation of cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of two Bt Cry proteins on a GMO safety perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:810490. [PMID: 25165717 PMCID: PMC4140143 DOI: 10.1155/2014/810490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies have contested the innocuousness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins to mammalian cells as well as to mammals microbiota. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of two Cry proteins, Cry8Ka5 (a novel mutant protein) and Cry1Ac (a widely distributed protein in GM crops). Evaluation of cyto- and genotoxicity in human lymphocytes was performed as well as hemolytic activity coupled with cellular membrane topography analysis in mammal erythrocytes. Effects of Cry8Ka5 and Cry1Ac upon Artemia sp. nauplii and upon bacteria and yeast growth were assessed. The toxins caused no significant effects on the viability (IC50 > 1,000 µg/mL) or to the cellular DNA integrity of lymphocytes (no effects at 1,000 µg/mL). The Cry8Ka5 and Cry1Ac proteins did not cause severe damage to erythrocytes, neither with hemolysis (IC50 > 1,000 µg/mL) nor with alterations in the membrane. Likewise, the Cry8Ka5 and Cry1Ac proteins presented high LC50 (755.11 and >1,000 µg/mL, resp.) on the brine shrimp lethality assay and showed no growth inhibition of the microorganisms tested (MIC > 1,000 µg/mL). This study contributed with valuable information on the effects of Cry8Ka5 and Cry1Ac proteins on nontarget organisms, which reinforce their potential for safe biotechnological applications.
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Andolfi A, Maddau L, Cimmino A, Linaldeddu BT, Basso S, Deidda A, Serra S, Evidente A. Lasiojasmonates A-C, three jasmonic acid esters produced by Lasiodiplodia sp., a grapevine pathogen. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 103:145-153. [PMID: 24768282 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a strain (BL 101) of a species of Lasiodiplodia, not yet formally described, which was isolated from declining grapevine plants showing wedge-shaped cankers, was investigated for its ability to produce in vitro bioactive secondary metabolites. From culture filtrates of this strain three jasmonic acid esters, named lasiojasmonates A-C and 16-O-acetylbotryosphaerilactones A and C were isolated together with (1R,2R)-jasmonic acid, its methyl ester, botryosphaerilactone A, (3S,4R,5R)-4-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyldihydro-2-furanone and (3R,4S)-botryodiplodin. The structures of lasiojasmonates A-C were established by spectroscopic methods as (1R*,2R*,3'S*,4'R*,5'R*)-4-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyldihydro-2-furanone, (1R*,2R*,3'S*,4'R*,5'R*,10'R*,12'R*,13'R*,14'S*) and (1R*,2R*,3'S*,4'R*,5'R*,10'S*,12'R*,13'R*,14'S*)-4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-furan-2-yloxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyldihydro-2-furanones jasmonates (1, 4 and 5). The structures of 16-O-acetylbotryosphaerilactones A and C were determined by comparison of their spectral data with those of the corresponding acetyl derivatives obtained by acetylation of botryosphaerilactone A. The metabolites isolated, except 4 and 5, were tested at 1mg/mL on leaves of grapevine cv. Cannonau and cork oak using the leaf puncture assay. They were also tested on detached grapevine leaves at 0.5mg/mL and tomato cuttings at 0.1mg/mL. In all phytotoxic assays only jasmonic acid was found to be active. All metabolites were inactive in the zootoxic assay at 50 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Maddau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Benedetto T Linaldeddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Basso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Deidda
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatorica Serra
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Braga TV, Dores RGRD, Ramos CS, Evangelista FCG, Tinoco LMDS, Varotti FDP, Carvalho MDG, Sabino ADP. Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antitumor Activity of Ethanolic Extract of the <i>Psidium guajava</i> Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.523365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Keswani C, Mishra S, Sarma BK, Singh SP, Singh HB. Unraveling the efficient applications of secondary metabolites of various Trichoderma spp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:533-44. [PMID: 24276619 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent shift in trends of agricultural practices from application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to organic farming has brought into focus the use of microorganisms that carryout analogous function. Trichoderma spp. is one of the most popular genera of fungi commercially available as a plant growth promoting fungus (PGPF) and biological control agent. Exploitation of the diverse nature of secondary metabolites produced by different species of Trichoderma augments their extensive utility in agriculture and related industries. As a result, Trichoderma has achieved significant success as a powerful biocontrol agent at global level. The endorsement of Trichoderma spp. by scientific community is based on the understanding of its mechanisms of action against a large set of fungal, bacterial and in certain cases viral infections. However, it is still an agnostic view that there could be any single major mode of operation, although it is argued that all mechanisms operate simultaneously in a synchronized fashion. The central idea behind this review article is to emphasize the potentiality of applications of target specific secondary metabolites of Trichoderma for controlling phytopathogens as a substitute of commercially available whole organism formulations. With the aim to this point, we have compiled an inclusive list of secondary metabolites produced by different species of Trichoderma and their applications in diverse areas with the major emphasis on agriculture. Outlining the importance and diverse activities of secondary metabolites of Trichoderma besides its relevance to agriculture would generate greater understanding of their other important and beneficial applications apart from target specific biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Röhrich CR, Iversen A, Jaklitsch WM, Voglmayr H, Vilcinskas A, Nielsen KF, Thrane U, von Döhren H, Brückner H, Degenkolb T. Screening the biosphere: the fungicolous fungus Trichoderma phellinicola, a prolific source of hypophellins, new 17-, 18-, 19-, and 20-residue peptaibiotics. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:787-812. [PMID: 23681726 PMCID: PMC3734673 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the significance of antibiotics for the producing organism(s) in the natural habitat, we screened a specimen of the fungicolous fungus Trichoderma phellinicola (syn. Hypocrea phellinicola) growing on its natural host Phellinus ferruginosus. Results revealed that a particular group of non-ribosomal antibiotic polypeptides, peptaibiotics, which contain the non-proteinogenic marker amino acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, was biosynthesized in the natural habitat by the fungicolous producer and, consequently, released into the host. By means of liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we detected ten 20-residue peptaibols in the specimen. Sequences of peptaibiotics found in vivo were independently confirmed by analyzing the peptaibiome of an agar plate culture of T. phellinicola CBS 119283 (ex-type) grown under laboratory conditions. Notably, this strain could be identified as a potent producer of 39 new 17-, 18-, and 19-residue peptaibiotics, which display the same building scheme as the 20-residue peptaibols found in the specimen. Two of the 19-residue peptaibols are tentatively assigned to carry tyrosinol, a novel C-terminal residue, as deduced from high-resolution tandem mass-spectrometry data. For the new peptaibiotics produced by T. phellinicola, the name 'hypophellin(s)', based on the teleomorph name, is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian René Röhrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project GroupWinchesterstrasse 2, D-35394 Giessen (C. R. R.: phone: +49-641-99-37617, e-mail: ; A. V.: phone: +49-641-99-39500, fax: +49-641-4808-581, e-mail: )
| | - Anita Iversen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
| | - Walter Michael Jaklitsch
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of ViennaRennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna (W. M. J.: phone: +43-1-4277-54055, e-mail: ; H. V.: phone: +43-4277-54050, e-mail: )
| | - Hermann Voglmayr
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of ViennaRennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna (W. M. J.: phone: +43-1-4277-54055, e-mail: ; H. V.: phone: +43-4277-54050, e-mail: )
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project GroupWinchesterstrasse 2, D-35394 Giessen (C. R. R.: phone: +49-641-99-37617, e-mail: ; A. V.: phone: +49-641-99-39500, fax: +49-641-4808-581, e-mail: )
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology (IPAZ), University of Giessen (JLU)Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Gießen (phone: +49-641-99-37601; e-mail: )
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
| | - Ulf Thrane
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
| | - Hans von Döhren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology OE 2, Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of BerlinFranklinstraße 29, D-10587 Berlin (phone: +49-30-314-22697; fax: +49-30-314-24783; e-mail: )
| | - Hans Brückner
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Gießen (phone: +49-711-349919; e-mail: )
| | - Thomas Degenkolb
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology (IPAZ), University of Giessen (JLU)Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Gießen (phone: +49-641-99-37601; e-mail: )
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Abstract
Background Generalist herbivores are challenged not only by the low nitrogen and high indigestibility of their plant foods, but also by physical and chemical defenses of plants. This study investigated the foods of wild parrots in the Peruvian Amazon and asked whether these foods contain dietary components that are limiting for generalist herbivores (protein, lipids, minerals) and in what quantity; whether parrots chose foods based on nutrient content; and whether parrots avoid plants that are chemically defended. Methodology/Principal Findings We made 224 field observations of free-ranging parrots of 17 species in 8 genera foraging on 102 species of trees in an undisturbed tropical rainforest, in two dry seasons (July-August 1992–1993) and one wet season (January-February1994). We performed laboratory analyses of parts of plants eaten and not eaten by parrots and brine shrimp assays of toxicity as a proxy for vertebrates. Parrots ate seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, bark, and insect larvae, but up to 70% of their diet comprised seeds of many species of tropical trees, in various stages of ripeness. Plant parts eaten by parrots were rich in protein, lipid, and essential minerals, as well as potentially toxic chemicals. Seeds were higher than other plant materials in protein and lipid and lower in fiber. Large macaws of three species ate foods higher in protein and lipids and lower in fiber compared to plant parts available but not eaten. Macaws ate foods that were lower in phenolic compounds than foods they avoided. Nevertheless, foods eaten by macaws contained measurable levels of toxicity. Macaws did not appear to make dietary selections based on mineral content. Conclusions/Significance Parrots represent a remarkable example of a generalist herbivore that consumes seeds destructively despite plant chemical defenses. With the ability to eat toxic foods, rainforest-dwelling parrots exploited a diversity of nutritious foods, even in the dry season when food was scarce for other frugivores and granivores.
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Liu BL, Tzeng YM. Development and applications of destruxins: a review. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:1242-54. [PMID: 22079799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of destruxins (dtxs) have been well studied. The cyclodepsipeptides, which are dtxs mainly isolated from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and other fungi, have been well characterized in vitro and in vivo. A succession of important function, such as antitumoral, antiviral, insecticidal, cytotoxic, immunosuppressant, phytotoxic, and antiproliferative effects have been observed. To date, 39 dtxs derivatives have been identified. Dtxs possess a variety of biological activities, including acting as virulence factors for specific insects, a V-ATPase inhibitor that provides a basis for the development of new drug to against osteoporosis, cancer, or biological control agents, etc. Here, we focus on some of the research progress made on understanding dtxs during the last decade, introduce some of the newly identified dtx members, especially from M. anisopliae, and give an overview of the applications of dtxs. Using the dtxs to learn about and moderate biological events has advanced significantly during the past year. We believe that several ongoing dtx application fields may benefit from the reviewed information herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
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Assessing the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of secondary metabolites produced by several fungal biological control agents with the Ames assay and the VITOTOX(®) test. Mutat Res 2011; 722:1-6. [PMID: 21256245 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential genotoxic effects of several pure secondary metabolites produced by fungi used as biological control agents (BCAs) were studied with the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay and the Vitotox test, with and without metabolic activation. A complete set of Salmonella tester strains was used to avoid false negative results. To detect possible mutagenic and/or cytotoxic effects of fungal secondary metabolites due to synergistic action, crude extracts and fungal cell extracts of the BCAs were also examined. Although the sensitivity of the methods varied depending on the metabolite used, clearly no genotoxicity was observed in all cases. The results of the two assays are discussed in the light of being used in a complementary fashion for a convincing risk-assessment evaluation of fungal BCAs and their secondary metabolites.
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Vehovszky A, Szabó H, Acs A, Gyori J, Farkas A. Effects of rotenone and other mitochondrial complex I inhibitors on the brine shrimp Artemia. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2010; 61:401-10. [PMID: 21112832 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.61.2010.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(Artemia) nauplii was used to asses the toxicity of rotenone, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), MP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) and the effect of L-DOPA co-treatment with rotenone. Rotenone had a dose dependent effect on mortality (LC₅₀: 0.37 ± 0.04 μM mean ± S E, n = 24), while MPTP and MP+ proved to be toxic in millimolar range (LC₅₀: 0.21 ± 0.09 mM and 0.20 ± 0.08 mM, respectively, n = 4). L-DOPA (50-200 μM) co-treatment increased the survival of the rotenone-treated animals (LC₅₀: 0.51 ± 0.23 μM, 1.03 ± 0.66 μM, and 0.76 ± 0.52 μM, respectively). In the whole body tissue homogenates of Artemia, sublethal (up to 0.3 μM) concentrations of rotenone increased the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity by up to 50 about percent (LC₅₀: 53.3 ± 6.8 nM/min/mg protein, against 34.7 ± 3.6 nM/min/mg protein, n = 4). Nauplii treated in 100 mM L-DOPA and rotenone together showed further increase of GST activity all across the range of rotenone concentrations. These results on Artemia nauplii show similarities with other animal models, when complex I inhibitors were tested. Biochemical measurements suggest a protective role of L-DOPA by increasing the GST activity as part of the intracellular defences during toxin-evoked oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Vehovszky
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary.
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Maddau L, Cabras A, Franceschini A, Linaldeddu BT, Crobu S, Roggio T, Pagnozzi D. Occurrence and characterization of peptaibols from Trichoderma citrinoviride, an endophytic fungus of cork oak, using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3371-3381. [PMID: 19574303 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.030916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A cork oak endophytic strain of Trichoderma citrinoviride, previously selected for its antagonistic potential against various fungal pathogens involved in oak decline, was screened for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. From liquid culture a mixture of polypeptide antibiotics (peptaibols) belonging to the paracelsin family was isolated and characterized. This peptide mixture was purified by column chromatography and preparative TLC on silica gel, and separated by analytical HPLC. It was analysed by MALDI-TOF MS and nano-ESI-QTOF MS. Tandem mass experiments were performed to determine the amino acid sequences based on the fragmentation pattern of selected parent ions. The mixture comprised 20-residue peptides with C-terminal phenylalaninol and N-terminal acetylation. Twenty-eight amino acid sequences were identified, and amino acid exchanges were located in positions 6, 9, 12 and 17. Among them, seven sequences are new as compared to those reported in the database specifically for peptaibols and in the literature. In addition, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting the existence of non-covalent dimeric forms (homo- and hetero-) of the various peptaibol species. The peptide mixture showed strong antifungal activity toward seven important forest tree pathogens, and it was highly toxic in an Artemia salina (brine shrimp) bioassay. These results emphasize the cryptic role of endophytic fungi as a source of novel bioactive natural products and biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Maddau
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cabras
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Franceschini
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Benedetto T Linaldeddu
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Tonina Roggio
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
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Use of a microbial toxicity test (Microtox®) to determine the toxigenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from different sources. Toxicon 2009; 53:729-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ruebhart DR, Cock IE, Shaw GR. Brine shrimp bioassay: importance of correct taxonomic identification of Artemia (Anostraca) species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:555-560. [PMID: 18214884 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the common use of the brine shrimp bioassay in toxicology, there is confusion in the literature regarding citation of the correct taxonomic identity of the Artemia species used. The genus Artemia, once thought to be represented by a single species Artemia salina, is now known to be composed of several bisexual species as well as parthenogenetic populations. Artemia franciscana is the best studied of the Artemia species and is considered to represent the vast majority of studies in which Artemia is used as an experimental test organism. We found that in studies referring to the use of A. salina, the zoogeography of the cyst harvest site indicated that the species used was actually A. franciscana. Those performing bioassays with Artemia need to exercise diligence in assigning correct species identification, as the identity of the test organism is an important parameter in assuring the validity of the results of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Ruebhart
- HydroTox Services Australia Pty Ltd, PO Box 248, Corinda, Queensland 4075, Australia.
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The Trichoderma brevicompactum clade: a separate lineage with new species, new peptaibiotics, and mycotoxins. Mycol Prog 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-008-0563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Degenkolb T, von Döhren H, Fog Nielsen K, Samuels G, Brückner H. Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Peptaibiotics, Hydrophobin, and Mycotoxin Research, and Their Importance for Chemotaxonomy ofTrichoderma andHypocrea. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:671-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Treatment of paper pulp and paper mill wastewater by coagulation–flocculation followed by heterogeneous photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Poirier L, Quiniou F, Ruiz N, Montagu M, Amiard JC, Pouchus YF. Toxicity assessment of peptaibols and contaminated sediments on Crassostrea gigas embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 83:254-62. [PMID: 17582518 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptaibols are known membrane-modifying peptides that were recently detected in marine sediments and mussels collected from a shellfish farming area (Fier d'Ars, Atlantic coast, France). In this investigation, embryotoxicity bioassays with oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were performed to assess acute toxicity of alamethicin and different groups of peptaibols produced by a Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain isolated from marine environment. C. gigas embryos appeared very sensitive to all the metabolites examined with higher toxic effects for long-sequence peptides (EC50 ranging from 10 to 64 nM). D-shaped larvae with mantle abnormality were particularly noticed when peptaibol concentrations increased. Disturbances of embryogenesis were also observed following exposure to organic and aqueous extract of sediments from Fier d'Ars (EC50=42.4 and 6.6 g L(-1) dry weight, respectively). Although peptaibol concentrations measured in these sediments could explain only a part of the toxic effects observed, this study suggests that these mycotoxins can induce larval abnormalities in a population of exposed animals at environmentally realistic concentrations. Their detection in coastal areas devoted to bivalve culture should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Poirier
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, SMAB EA2160, Faculté de pharmacie, 1 rue Gaston Veil-BP 53508, Nantes F-44000, France.
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Leitgeb B, Szekeres A, Manczinger L, Vágvölgyi C, Kredics L. The history of alamethicin: a review of the most extensively studied peptaibol. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1027-51. [PMID: 17589875 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Leitgeb
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, Hungary
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