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Sharma S, Kishen A. Bioarchitectural Design of Bioactive Biopolymers: Structure-Function Paradigm for Diabetic Wound Healing. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:275. [PMID: 38786486 PMCID: PMC11117869 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers are a major complication in diabetes caused by hyperglycemia, prolonged inflammation, high oxidative stress, and bacterial bioburden. Bioactive biopolymers have been found to have a biological response in wound tissue microenvironments and are used for developing advanced tissue engineering strategies to enhance wound healing. These biopolymers possess innate bioactivity and are biodegradable, with favourable mechanical properties. However, their bioactivity is highly dependent on their structural properties, which need to be carefully considered while developing wound healing strategies. Biopolymers such as alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and collagen have previously been used in wound healing solutions but the modulation of structural/physico-chemical properties for differential bioactivity have not been the prime focus. Factors such as molecular weight, degree of polymerization, amino acid sequences, and hierarchical structures can have a spectrum of immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant properties that could determine the fate of the wound. The current narrative review addresses the structure-function relationship in bioactive biopolymers for promoting healing in chronic wounds with emphasis on diabetic ulcers. This review highlights the need for characterization of the biopolymers under research while designing biomaterials to maximize the inherent bioactive potency for better tissue regeneration outcomes, especially in the context of diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Sharma
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada;
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Anil Kishen
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada;
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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2
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Ouyang A, Zhang M, Yuan G, Liu X, Su J. Chitooligosaccharide boosts the immunity of immunosuppressed blunt snout bream against bacterial infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124696. [PMID: 37224898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppression hazard of fish brought by intensive aquaculture needs to be addressed urgently, while chitooligosaccharide (COS) shows the potential application in the prevention the immunosuppression of fish due to its superior biological properties. In this study, COS reversed the cortisol-induced immunosuppression of macrophages and improved the immune activity of macrophages in vitro, promoting the expression of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS) and NO production, and increasing the phagocytic activity of macrophages. In vivo, the oral COS was absorbed directly through the intestine, significantly ameliorating the innate immunity of cortisol-induced immunosuppression of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Such as facilitated the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and pattern recognition receptors (TLR4, MR) and potentiated bacterial clearance, resulting in an effective improvement in survival and tissue damage. Altogether, this study demonstrates that COS offers potential strategies in the application of immunosuppression prevention and control in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aotian Ouyang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Eswar K, Mukherjee S, Ganesan P, Kumar Rengan A. Immunomodulatory Natural Polysaccharides: An Overview of the Mechanisms Involved. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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4
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Kaval ME, Cakir B, Polatli E, Rençber S, Karavana SY, Nalbantsoy A, Güneri P. IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α expression levels of macrophage cells induced by benzydamine hydrochloride, benzydamine hydrochloride with chitosan, calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine medicaments: An ELISA study. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:545-551. [PMID: 35676045 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α expression levels of macrophage cells induced by benzydamine hydrochloride (BNZ), BNZ with chitosan, calcium hydroxide (CH) and chlorhexidine (CHX) medicaments. Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were assessed on THP-1, Saos-2, and CRL-2014 cells using MTT assay. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages with phorbol12-myristate13-acetate and activated with lipopolysaccharide. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in supernatants were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data were examined with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test (p=0.05). At the selected concentrations, the cell viability was higher than 50% for chitosan and CH, whereas CHX presented lower IC50 values than BNZ and BNZ+chitosan. According to ELISA results, the lowest IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α values were observed with BNZ+Chitosan 50 µg/mL and BNZ 50 µg/mL. BNZ+chitosan 50 µg/mL combination has revealed promising anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, these findings need to be examined in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Büşra Cakir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University
| | - Elifsu Polatli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University
| | - Seda Rençber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University
| | | | - Ayşe Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University
| | - Pelin Güneri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ege University
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5
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Wang J, Wu CS, Hu YZ, Yang L, Zhang XJ, Zhang YA. Plasmablasts induced by chitosan oligosaccharide secrete natural IgM to enhance the humoral immunity in grass carp. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Ouyang A, Wang H, Su J, Liu X. Mannose Receptor Mediates the Activation of Chitooligosaccharides on Blunt Snout Bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686846. [PMID: 34408745 PMCID: PMC8365301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) is an important immune enhancer and has been proven to have a variety of biological activities. Our previous research has established an M1 polarization mode by COS in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) macrophages, but the mechanism of COS activation of blunt snout bream macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we further explored the internalization mechanism and signal transduction pathway of chitooligosaccharide hexamer (COS6) in blunt snout bream macrophages. The results showed that mannose receptor C-type lectin-like domain 4-8 of M. amblycephala (MaMR CTLD4-8) could recognize and bind to COS6 and mediate COS6 into macrophages by both clathrin-dependent and caveolin-dependent pathways. In the inflammatory response of macrophages activated by COS6, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) was significantly inhibited after MaMR CTLD4-8-specific antibody blockade. However, even if it was blocked, the expression of these inflammation-related genes was still relatively upregulated, which suggested that there are other receptors involved in immune regulation. Further studies indicated that MaMR CTLD4-8 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) cooperated to regulate the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages caused by COS6. Taken together, these results revealed that mannose receptor (MR) CTLD4-8 is indispensable in the process of recognition, binding, internalization, and immunoregulation of COS in macrophages of blunt snout bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aotian Ouyang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
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7
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Ribeiro JCV, Forte TCM, Tavares SJS, Andrade FK, Vieira RS, Lima V. The effects of the molecular weight of chitosan on the tissue inflammatory response. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2556-2569. [PMID: 34245089 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular weight of chitosan (CS) may affect its physical properties and its ability to induce an appropriate host response. The biocompatibilities of CS membranes of low (LMWCS) and high (HMWCS) molecular weight were investigated by inserting these materials into the subcutaneous tissue of rats for 1-28 days and evaluating leukocyte infiltration, granulation tissue, fibrosis, arginase-1 immunostaining, as well as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κΒ) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 expressions. Both CS membranes induced a peak of leukocyte infiltration on the first day of insertion and stimulated granulation and fibrous tissue generation when compared to control. LMWCS induced more collagen deposition a week earlier, when compared to the control and HMWCS membrane. The membranes also increased arginase-1 immunostaining, a M2 macrophage marker. M2 macrophage is recognized as anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative. NF-κB is an essential biomarker of the inflammatory process and induces the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. The LMWCS membrane reduced inflammation, as indicated by a reduced nucleus/cytoplasm NF-κB ratio in surrounding tissue from days 7 to 14 when compared to control. On the first day, the expression of FGF-2, a biomarker of inflammatory resolution, was increased in the tissue of the LWMCS group, when compared with HMWCS, which was consistent with the type I collagen deposition. Thus, LWMCS was associated with a prior reduction of the inflammatory response and improved wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fábia Karine Andrade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Vilma Lima
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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8
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Ismael NEM, Abd El-Hameed SAA, Salama AM, Naiel MAE, Abdel-Latif HMR. The effects of dietary clinoptilolite and chitosan nanoparticles on growth, body composition, haemato-biochemical parameters, immune responses, and antioxidative status of Nile tilapia exposed to imidacloprid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29535-29550. [PMID: 33560509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at the evaluation of the mitigating effects of dietary zeolites (ZEO) and/or chitosan nanoparticle (ChNP) on imidacloprid (IMID)-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish (18.03 ± 0.01 g) were allocated into six groups; one fed on a basal diet (control) (CTR), and the other groups were fed diets supplemented with ChNPs (5 g kg-1) and/or ZEO (20 and 40 g kg-1) (ZEO20 and ZEO40) for 60 days. In the last 14 days of the experiment, all groups were exposed to a sub-lethal dose of IMID (½ of 96 h LC50 = 0.0545 μg L-1). Dietary ZEO20 significantly improved all growth parameters (P ˂ 0.05), while ChNPs had no significant effects. The crude protein of the fish body was significantly increased in all groups compared to the CTR (P ˂ 0.05). No significant impacts of ChNPs, ZEO, and their interaction (P > 0.05) were noticed on the moisture, dry matter, and ash percentages. Compared to the CTR, hematocrit values were significantly decreased (P ˂ 0.05) in ChNP and ZEO20 groups; meanwhile, their levels were significantly increased (P ˂ 0.05) in the ZEO40 group and all combined treatments. Fish fed diets with ChNPs and/or ZEO had significant increments in the MCV values (P ˂ 0.05). Moreover, fish fed diets supplemented with ChNPs or their combination with ZEO had the lowest glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels compared with the CTR. Serum aspartate transferase levels were significantly decreased in all treated groups (P ˂ 0.05) compared to the CTR. ChNPs alone or combined with ZEO significantly exhibited the highest lysozyme and nitro blue tetrazolium values (P ˂ 0.05). On the other hand, fish in the CTR group had the highest malondialdehyde and lowest nitric oxide levels compared to the other groups. Interestingly, the lowest IMID residues in fish flesh were found in fish groups fed diet with a combination of ZEO and ChNPs. Partial or complete protection of the hepatic and splenic tissues were observed in fish group with combined treatment with ChNPs and ZEO. In conclusion, the application of ZEO and/or ChNPs in Nile tilapia diets looks to be a leading approach to mitigate the toxic impacts of IMID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E M Ismael
- Fish Biology and Ecology Department, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abu-Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Samah A A Abd El-Hameed
- Fish Health and Management Department, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abu-Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Amany M Salama
- The Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A E Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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9
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Chitooligosaccharides for wound healing biomaterials engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Yang Z, Tang Z, Cao X, Xie Q, Hu C, Zhong Z, Tan J, Zheng Y. Controlling chronic low-grade inflammation to improve follicle development and survival. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13265. [PMID: 32395847 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is one cause of follicle development disturbance. Chronic inflammation exists in pathological conditions such as premature ovarian failure, physiological aging of the ovaries, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Inflammation of the whole body can affect oocytes via the follicle microenvironment, oxidative stress, and GM-CSF. Many substances without toxic side-effects extracted from natural organisms have gradually gained researchers' attention. Recently, chitosan oligosaccharide, resveratrol, anthocyanin, and melatonin have been found to contribute to an improvement in inflammation. This review discusses the interrelationships between chronic low-grade inflammation and follicle development, the underlying mechanisms, and methods that may improve follicle development by controlling the level of chronic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Zijuan Tang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiuping Cao
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Chuan Hu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhong
- Reproductive Health Department, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuehui Zheng
- Reproductive Health Department, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Jesus S, Marques AP, Duarte A, Soares E, Costa JP, Colaço M, Schmutz M, Som C, Borchard G, Wick P, Borges O. Chitosan Nanoparticles: Shedding Light on Immunotoxicity and Hemocompatibility. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:100. [PMID: 32154232 PMCID: PMC7047933 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) assumed an important role in the area of drug delivery. Despite the number of studies including NPs are growing over the last years, their side effects on the immune system are often ignored or omitted. One of the most studied polymers in the nano based drug delivery system field is chitosan (Chit). In the scientific literature, although the physicochemical properties [molecular weight (MW) or deacetylation degree (DDA)] of the chitosan, endotoxin contamination and appropriate testing controls are rarely reported, they can strongly influence immunotoxicity results. The present work aimed to study the immunotoxicity of NPs produced with different DDA and MW Chit polymers and to benchmark it against the polymer itself. Chit NPs were prepared based on the ionic gelation of Chit with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). This method allowed the production of two different NPs: Chit 80% NPs (80% DDA) and Chit 93% NPs (93% DDA). In general, we found greater reduction in cell viability induced by Chit NPs than the respective Chit polymers when tested in vitro using human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) or RAW 264.7 cell line. In addition, Chit 80% NPs were more cytotoxic for PBMCs, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (above 156 μg/mL) in the RAW 264.7 cell line and interfered with the intrinsic pathway of coagulation (at 1 mg/mL) when compared to Chit 93% NPs. On the other hand, only Chit 93% NPs induced platelet aggregation (at 2 mg/mL). Although Chit NPs and Chit polymers did not stimulate the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells, they induced a decrease in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production at all tested concentrations. None of Chit NPs and polymers caused hemolysis, nor induced PBMCs to secrete TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines. From the obtained results we concluded that the DDA of the Chit polymer and the size of Chit NPs influence the in vitro immunotoxicity results. As the NPs are more cytotoxic than the corresponding polymers, one should be careful in the extrapolation of trends from the polymer to the NPs, and in the comparisons among delivery systems prepared with different DDA chitosans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alana Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edna Soares
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Panão Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Colaço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Schmutz
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Som
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Dolmatova LS, Dolmatov IY. Different Macrophage Type Triggering as Target of the Action of Biologically Active Substances from Marine Invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E37. [PMID: 31906518 PMCID: PMC7024355 DOI: 10.3390/md18010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a fundamental role in the immune system. Depending on the microenvironment stimuli, macrophages can acquire distinct phenotypes characterized with different sets of the markers of their functional activities. Polarization of macrophages towards M1 type (classical activation) is involved in inflammation and the related progression of diseases, while, in contrast, alternatively activated M2 macrophages are associated with the anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Reprogramming macrophages to switch their phenotypes could provide a new therapeutic strategy, and targeting the M1/M2 macrophage balance is a promising current trend in pharmacology. Marine invertebrates are a vast source of the variety of structurally diverse compounds with potent pharmacological activities. For years, a large number of studies concerning the immunomodulatory properties of the marine substances have been run with using some intracellular markers of immune stimulation or suppression irrespective of the possible application of marine compounds in reprogramming of macrophage activation, and only few reports clearly demonstrated the macrophage-polarizing activities of some marine compounds during the last decade. In this review, the data on the immunomodulating effects of the extracts and pure compounds of a variety of chemical structure from species of different classes of marine invertebrates are described with focus on their potential in shifting M1/M2 macrophage balance towards M1 or M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila S. Dolmatova
- V.I. Il‘ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Baltiyskaya 43, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Yu. Dolmatov
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
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13
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Understanding intracellular trafficking and anti-inflammatory effects of minocycline chitosan-nanoparticles in human gingival fibroblasts for periodontal disease treatment. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Farhadihosseinabadi B, Zarebkohan A, Eftekhary M, Heiat M, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Gholipourmalekabadi M. Crosstalk between chitosan and cell signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2697-2718. [PMID: 31030227 PMCID: PMC11105701 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering (TE) experiences its most exciting time in the current decade. Recent progresses in TE have made it able to translate into clinical applications. To regenerate damaged tissues, TE uses biomaterial scaffolds to prepare a suitable backbone for tissue regeneration. It is well proven that the cell-biomaterial crosstalk impacts tremendously on cell biological activities such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, and others. Clarification of exact biological effects and mechanisms of a certain material on various cell types promises to have a profound impact on clinical applications of TE. Chitosan (CS) is one of the most commonly used biomaterials with many promising characteristics such as biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, biodegradability, and others. In this review, we discuss crosstalk between CS and various cell types to provide a roadmap for more effective applications of this polymer for future uses in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Farhadihosseinabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Eftekhary
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Chang SH, Lin YY, Wu GJ, Huang CH, Tsai GJ. Effect of chitosan molecular weight on anti-inflammatory activity in the RAW 264.7 macrophage model. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:167-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Chang SH, Wu GJ, Wu CH, Huang CH, Tsai GJ. Oral administration with chitosan hydrolytic products modulates mitogen-induced and antigen-specific immune responses in BALB/c mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:158-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wu C, Dai Y, Yuan G, Su J, Liu X. Immunomodulatory Effects and Induction of Apoptosis by Different Molecular Weight Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Head Kidney Macrophages From Blunt Snout Bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala). Front Immunol 2019; 10:869. [PMID: 31156612 PMCID: PMC6530513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic administration of immunopotentiators has been tested and practiced as one of the most promising disease prevention methods in aquaculture. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), as an ideal immunopotentiator, is mainly used as feed additives in aquaculture, and the antimicrobial and immune enhancement effects are highly correlated with molecular weight (MW), but little is known about the mechanisms in teleost. Here, we isolated and purified macrophages in head kidney from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), stimulated them with three different MW (~500 Da, ~1000 Da and 2000~3000 Da) COSs, performed RNA-sequencing, global transcriptional analyses, and verification by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescent staining methods. Differential expression gene (DEG) analysis indicated that gene expression patterns are different and the proportion of unique genes are relatively high in different treatment groups. Biological process and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) demonstrated that all three COSs activate resting macrophages, but the degrees are different. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) reflected gene modules correlated to MW, the module hub genes and top GO terms showed the activation of macrophage was positively correlated with the MW, and larger MW COS activated cell death associated GO terms. Further use of the screening and enrichment functions of STRING and Pfam databases discovered that apoptosis-related pathways and protein families were activated, such as the P53 pathway and caspase protein family. qRT-PCR results showed that as the stimulation time extends, the innate immune-related and P53 pathways are gradually activated, and the degree of activation is positively correlated with the stimulation time. In addition, apoptosis was detected by immunofluorescent staining in three groups. Therefore, the use of COS has two sides—it can activate the immune system against pathogen invasion, but with the increase in stimulation time and MW, macrophage apoptosis is induced, which may be caused by abnormal replication of DNA and excessive inflammation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of COS as an immunopotentiator in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yishan Dai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
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Shi L, Fang B, Yong Y, Li X, Gong D, Li J, Yu T, Gooneratne R, Gao Z, Li S, Ju X. Chitosan oligosaccharide-mediated attenuation of LPS-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells is related to the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:269-279. [PMID: 31151525 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protective mechanism of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) against lipopolysaccharides (LPS) -induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 and in mice with DSS dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) -induced colitis is reported. Upon exposure to LPS, the proliferation rate of IPEC-J2 cells markedly decreased, and epithelial cell integrity was compromised. However, COS pretreatment significantly reduced these changes. Low-concentration (200 μg/mL) COS up-regulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear p65 expression, but inhibited LPS-induced expression of nuclear p65, IL-6, and IL-8. Addition of the TLR4 inhibitor reduced nuclear p65, IL-6, and IL-8 expression in IPEC-J2 cells exposed to COS or LPS alone, and a slight up-regulation in nuclear p65 was observed in COS and LPS co-treated cells. Medium-dose COS (600 mg/kg/d) protected against DSS-induced colitis, in which TLR4 and nuclear p65 expression levels were decreased. We postulate that the prevention of both LPS- and DSS -induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells and mice by COS are related to the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China
| | - Biao Fang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Yanhong Yong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Dongliang Gong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Tianyue Yu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China.
| | - Sidong Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China.
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China.
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Abd El-Naby FS, Naiel MA, Al-Sagheer AA, Negm SS. Dietary chitosan nanoparticles enhance the growth, production performance, and immunity in Oreochromis niloticus. AQUACULTURE 2019; 501:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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20
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Yang Y, Xing R, Liu S, Qin Y, Li K, Yu H, Li P. Immunostimulatory Effects of Chitooligosaccharides on RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages via Regulation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010036. [PMID: 30626153 PMCID: PMC6357175 DOI: 10.3390/md17010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS), the hydrolyzed products of chitin and chitosan, can be obtained by various methods. In this study, water-soluble COS were prepared from α- and β-chitosan by microwave-assisted degradation and their immunostimulatory effects were investigated in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that α-COS were more active than β-COS in promoting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting indicated that COS also enhanced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α. Further analyses demonstrated that COS induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, p85 and Akt, and the nuclear translocation of p65, indicating that they are able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways dependent on nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. In conclusion, COS activate RAW 264.7 cells via the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and are potential novel immune potentiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
- College of earth and planetary sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ronge Xing
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yukun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Kecheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Yang X, Zhang J, Chen L, Wu Q, Yu C. Chitosan oligosaccharides enhance lipid droplets via down-regulation of PCSK9 gene expression in HepG2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:152-160. [PMID: 29548750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), linear polymers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and deacetylated glucosamine, exhibit diverse pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we explored their hypocholesterolemic effects in vivo and the molecular mechanisms of COS in hepatic cells. Our in vivo study of dyslipidemic ApoE-/- male mice showed that COS treatment of 500 mg kg-1 d-1 for 4 weeks clearly reduced the lipid deposits in the aorta and significantly decreased the hepatic proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) protein levels versus HFD groups (p < 0.05). To elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects, the HepG2 cell line was treated with COS. We found that COS (200 μg/ml) increased the amount of cell-surface low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and enhanced the lipid droplets in HepG2 cells (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of LDLR and HMG-CoA protein levels were not altered, and the mRNA levels of PCSK9 were down-regulated by COS treatment for 24 h. We also observed that the expression levels of SREBP-2 (125 kD) and HNF-1α were increased in total cell lysates, but nuclear SREBP-2 (nSREBP-2, 68 kD, the active subunit of SREBP-2) levels were decreased and FOXO3a levels increased in nuclear lysates after COS treatment for 24 h. We demonstrated that one of the reasons for regulation of lipid transfer with COS is that FOXO3a levels are up-regulated by COS, leading to a reduction in the PCSK9 promoter binding capacity of HNF-1α and thus suppressing PCSK9 gene expression, up-regulating LDLR levels, and enhancing the lipid droplets in HepG2 cells. In addition, decreased expression of the PCSK9 gene was also contributed to by down-regulation of SREBP-2 by COS. We further confirmed the effect of suppression of PCSK9 expression by COS by utilizing RNA interference to silence HNF-1α and SREBP-2. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that PCSK9 expression and LDLR activity are synergistically changed by a combination of HNF-1α and SREBP-2 after COS treatment. Our findings indicate that COS may regulate PCSK9 to modulate hepatic LDLR abundance and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Linmu Chen
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chao Yu
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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22
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Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: A comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 184:243-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Ouyang QQ, Zhao S, Li SD, Song C. Application of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharide, and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E322. [PMID: 29112116 PMCID: PMC5706020 DOI: 10.3390/md15110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include cholinergic neuron death, acetylcholine (ACh) deficiency, metal ion dynamic equilibrium disorder, and deposition of amyloid and tau. Increased evidence suggests neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may cause AD. However, none of these factors induces AD independently, but they are all associated with the formation of Aβ and tau proteins. Current clinical treatments based on ACh deficiency can only temporarily relieve symptoms, accompanied with many side-effects. Hence, searching for natural neuroprotective agents, which can significantly improve the major symptoms and reverse disease progress, have received great attention. Currently, several bioactive marine products have shown neuroprotective activities, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects with low toxicity and mild side effects in laboratory studies. Recently, chitosan (CTS), chitooligosaccharide (COS) and their derivatives from exoskeletons of crustaceans and cell walls of fungi have shown neuroprotective and antioxidative effects, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, anti-HIV and anti-inflammatory properties. With regards to the hypotheses of AD, the neuroprotective effect of CTS, COS, and their derivatives on AD-like changes in several models have been reported. CTS and COS exert beneficial effects on cognitive impairments via inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. They are also a new type of non-toxic β-secretase and AChE inhibitor. As neuroprotective agents, they could reduce the cell membrane damage caused by copper ions and decrease the content of reactive oxygen species. This review will focus on their anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidants and their inhibition of β-amyloid, acetylcholinesterase and copper ions adsorption. Finally, the limitations and future work will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Ouyang
- College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Shannon Zhao
- American Studies and Ethnicity, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Si-Dong Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Zhang G, Cheng G, Jia P, Jiao S, Feng C, Hu T, Liu H, Du Y. The Positive Correlation of the Enhanced Immune Response to PCV2 Subunit Vaccine by Conjugation of Chitosan Oligosaccharide with the Deacetylation Degree. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15080236. [PMID: 28933754 PMCID: PMC5577591 DOI: 10.3390/md15080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), the degraded products of chitosan, have been demonstrated to have versatile biological functions. In primary studies, it has displayed significant adjuvant effects when mixed with other vaccines. In this study, chitosan oligosaccharides with different deacetylation degrees were prepared and conjugated to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine to enhance its immunogenicity. The vaccine conjugates were designed by the covalent linkage of COSs to PCV2 molecules and administered to BALB/c mice three times at two-week intervals. The results indicate that, as compared to the PCV2 group, COS-PCV2 conjugates remarkably enhanced both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by promoting lymphocyte proliferation and initiating a mixed T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 2 (Th2) response, including raised levels of PCV2-specific antibodies and an increased production of inflammatory cytokines. Noticeably, with the increasing deacetylation degree, the stronger immune responses to PCV2 were observed in the groups with COS-PCV2 vaccination. In comparison with NACOS (chitin oligosaccharides)-PCV2 and LCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with low deacetylation degree)-PCV2, HCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with high deacetylation degree)-PCV2 showed the highest adjuvant effect, even comparable to that of PCV2/ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant) group. In summary, COS conjugation might be a viable strategy to enhance the immune response to PCV2 subunit vaccine, and the adjuvant effect was positively correlated with the deacetylation degree of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Peiyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Siming Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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25
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Zhang G, Jia P, Cheng G, Jiao S, Ren L, Ji S, Hu T, Liu H, Du Y. Enhanced immune response to inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine by conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 166:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Chitosan oligosaccharide: Biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:80-97. [PMID: 27773783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1➔4)-linked d-glucosamine. COS can be prepared from the deacetylation and hydrolysis of chitin, which is commonly found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects and the cell walls of fungi. COS is water soluble, non-cytotoxic, readily absorbed through the intestine and mainly excreted in the urine. Of particular importance, COS and its derivatives have been demonstrated to possess several biological activities including anti-inflammation, immunostimulation, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, anti-hypertension, anti-Alzheimer's disease, tissue regeneration promotion, drug and DNA delivery enhancement, anti-microbial, anti-oxidation and calcium-absorption enhancement. The mechanisms of actions of COS have been found to involve the modulation of several important pathways including the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review summarizes the current knowledge of the preparation methods, pharmacokinetic profiles, biological activities, potential therapeutic applications and safety profiles of COS and its derivatives. In addition, future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Muanprasat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Molecular Weight-Dependent Immunostimulative Activity of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan via Regulating NF-κB and AP-1 Signaling Pathways in RAW264.7 Macrophages. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14090169. [PMID: 27657093 PMCID: PMC5039540 DOI: 10.3390/md14090169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan and its derivatives such as low molecular weight chitosans (LMWCs) have been found to possess many important biological properties, such as antioxidant and antitumor effects. In our previous study, LMWCs were found to elicit a strong immunomodulatory response in macrophages dependent on molecular weight. Herein we further investigated the molecular weight-dependent immunostimulative activity of LMWCs and elucidated its mechanism of action on RAW264.7 macrophages. LMWCs (3 kDa and 50 kDa of molecular weight) could significantly enhance the mRNA expression levels of COX-2, IL-10 and MCP-1 in a molecular weight and concentration-dependent manner. The results suggested that LMWCs elicited a significant immunomodulatory response, which was dependent on the dose and the molecular weight. Regarding the possible molecular mechanism of action, LMWCs promoted the expression of the genes of key molecules in NF-κB and AP-1 pathways, including IKKβ, TRAF6 and JNK1, and induced the phosphorylation of protein IKBα in RAW264.7 macrophage. Moreover, LMWCs increased nuclear translocation of p65 and activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1, C-Jun and C-Fos) in a molecular weight-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggested that LMWCs exert immunostimulative activity via activation of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages in a molecular weight-dependent manner and that 3 kDa LMWC shows great potential as a novel agent for the treatment of immune suppression diseases and in future vaccines.
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Mahmoudzadeh A, Mohsenifar A, Rahmani-Cherati T. Collagen-chitosan 3-D nano-scaffolds effects on macrophage phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:526-34. [PMID: 27042873 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1139642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are effector cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems and in situ exist within three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironments. As there has been an increase in interest in the use of 3-D scaffolds to mimic natural microenvironments in vitro, this study examined the impact on cultured mice peritoneal macrophages using standard 2-D plates as compared to 3-D collagen-chitosan scaffolds. Here, 2-D and 3-D cultured macrophages were evaluated for responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dexamethasone (Dex), BSA (bovine serum albumin), safranal (herbal component isolated from safranal [Saf]) and Alyssum homolocarpum mucilage (A. muc: mixed herbal components). After treatments, cultured macrophages were evaluated for viability, phagocytic activity and release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comparison of 2-D vs 3-D cultures showed that use of either system - with or without any exogenous agent - had no effect on cell viability. In the case of cell function, macrophages cultured on scaffolds had increases in phagocytic activity relative to that by cells on 2-D plates. In general, the test herbal components Saf and A. muc. had more impact than any of the other exogenous agents on nanoparticle uptake. With respect to production of TNFα and IL-1β, compared to the 2-D cells, scaffold cells tended to have significantly different levels of production of each cytokine, with the effect varying (higher or lower) depending on the test agent used. However, unlike with particle uptake, here, while Saf and A. muc. led to significantly greater levels of cytokine formation by the 3-D culture cells vs that by the 2-D plate cells, there was no net effect (stimulatory) vs control cultures. These results illustrated that collagen-chitosan scaffolds could provide a suitable 3-D microenvironment for macrophage phagocytosis and could also impact on the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afshin Mohsenifar
- b Research and Development Department , South Pirozan, Shahrak Qods , Tehran , Iran
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Wu GJ, Shiu SM, Hsieh MC, Tsai GJ. Anti-inflammatory activity of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum cristaefolium. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wu N, Wen ZS, Xiang XW, Huang YN, Gao Y, Qu YL. Immunostimulative Activity of Low Molecular Weight Chitosans in RAW264.7 Macrophages. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6210-25. [PMID: 26437419 PMCID: PMC4626685 DOI: 10.3390/md13106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan and its derivatives such as low molecular weight chitosans (LMWCs) have been reported to exert many biological activities, such as antioxidant and antitumor effects. However, complex and molecular weight dependent effects of chitosan remain controversial and the mechanisms that mediate these complex effects are still poorly defined. This study was carried out to investigate the immunostimulative effect of different molecular weight chitosan in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our data suggested that two LMWCs (molecular weight of 3 kDa and 50 kDa) both possessed immunostimulative activity, which was dependent on dose and, at the higher doses, also on the molecular weight. LMWCs could significantly enhance the the pinocytic activity, and induce the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a molecular weight and concentration-dependent manner. LMWCs were further showed to promote the expression of the genes including iNOS, TNF-α. Taken together, our findings suggested that LMWCs elicited significantly immunomodulatory response through up-regulating mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and activated RAW264.7 macrophage in a molecular weight- and concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Zheng-Shun Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Xing-Wei Xiang
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Yan-Na Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China.
| | - You-Le Qu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
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Koch BEV, Stougaard J, Spaink HP. Keeping track of the growing number of biological functions of chitin and its interaction partners in biomedical research. Glycobiology 2015; 25:469-82. [PMID: 25595947 PMCID: PMC4373397 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a vital polysaccharide component of protective structures in many eukaryotic organisms but seems absent in vertebrates. Chitin or chitin oligomers are therefore prime candidates for non-self-molecules, which are recognized and degraded by the vertebrate immune system. Despite the absence of polymeric chitin in vertebrates, chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are well conserved in vertebrate species. In many studies, these proteins have been found to be involved in immune regulation and in mediating the degradation of chitinous external protective structures of invading pathogens. Several important aspects of chitin immunostimulation have recently been uncovered, advancing our understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms that chitin mediates. Likewise, the last few years have seen large advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and molecular interactions of chitinases and CLPs in relation to immune response regulation. It is becoming increasingly clear that their function in this context is not exclusive to chitin producing pathogens, but includes bacterial infections and cancer signaling as well. Here we provide an overview of the immune signaling properties of chitin and other closely related biomolecules. We also review the latest literature on chitinases and CLPs of the GH18 family. Finally, we examine the existing literature on zebrafish chitinases, and propose the use of zebrafish as a versatile model to complement the existing murine models. This could especially be of benefit to the exploration of the function of chitinases in infectious diseases using high-throughput approaches and pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn E V Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wu GJ, Wu CH, Tsai GJ. Chitooligosaccharides from the shrimp chitosan hydrolysate induces differentiation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages into dendritic-like cells. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Il’ina AV, Varlamov VP. In vitro antitumor activity of heterochitooligosaccharides (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang P, Liu W, Peng Y, Han B, Yang Y. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates the stimulating activities of chitosan oligosaccharide on macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:254-61. [PMID: 25237008 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo and in vitro immunostimulating properties of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan and the mechanisms mediating the effects were investigated. Our data showed that the highly active chitosanase isolated could hydrolyze chitosan to the polymerization degree of 3-8. The resulting COS was an efficient immunostimulator. COS markedly enhanced the proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by macrophages was significantly increased after incubation with COS. Oral administration of COS in mice could increase spleen index and serum immunoglobin G (IgG) contents. COS was labeled with FITC to study the pinocytosis by macrophages. Results showed that FITC-COS was phagocyted by macrophages and anti-murine TLR4 antibody completely blocked FITC-COS pinocytosis. RT-PCR indicated that COS treatment of macrophages significantly increased TLR4 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels. When cells were pretreated with anti-murine TLR4 antibody, the effect of COS on TLR4 and iNOS mRNA induction was decreased. COS-induced NO secretion by macrophages was also markedly decreased by anti-murine TLR4 antibody pretreatment. In conclusion, the present study revealed that COS possesses potent immune-stimulating properties by activating TLR4 on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Yanfei Peng
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Baoqin Han
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Xu X, Wu X, Wang Q, Cai N, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Wan M, Oda T. Immunomodulatory Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells and Their Structure-Activity Relationships. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3168-3176. [PMID: 24628671 DOI: 10.1021/jf405633n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the immunomodulatory activities, including regulation of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages, of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) and investigated their structure-activity relationships. Our results revealed that unsaturated guluronate oligosaccharide prepared by enzymatic degradation (GOS-ED) induced NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, dose and time dependently, and stimulated ROS and TNF-α production; however, other AOS prepared by different ways or polymers showed very low and even no such effects. Moreover, GOS-ED induced macrophage activation to release the above-mentioned mediators partly involved in nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. We also show that the structural characteristics of AOS, especially the unsaturated terminal structure, molecular size, and M/G ratio, play important roles in determining the macrophage-activating effects. GOS-ED could be applicable for agriculture, drug, and food industry as a potent immune-modulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nan Cai
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hanxue Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Jimei, Xiamen 361021, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki 852 8521, Japan
| | - Min Wan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki 852 8521, Japan
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Arancibia R, Maturana C, Silva D, Tobar N, Tapia C, Salazar JC, Martínez J, Smith PC. Effects of chitosan particles in periodontal pathogens and gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2013; 92:740-5. [PMID: 23788611 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513494816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally derived polymer with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies evaluating the role of chitosan in the control of periodontal pathogens and the responses of fibroblasts to inflammatory stimuli are lacking. In the present study, we analyzed whether chitosan particles may inhibit the growth of periodontal pathogens and modulate the inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts. Chitosan particles were generated through ionic gelation. They inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at 5 mg/mL. Conversely, IL-1β strongly stimulated PGE2 protein levels in gingival fibroblasts, and chitosan inhibited this response at 50 µg/mL. IL-1β-stimulated PGE2 production was dependent on the JNK pathway, and chitosan strongly inhibited this response. IL-1β stimulated NF-κB activation, another signaling pathway involved in PGE2 production. However, chitosan particles were unable to modify NF-κB signaling. The present study shows that chitosan exerts a predominantly anti-inflammatory activity by modulating PGE2 levels through the JNK pathway, which may be useful in the prevention or treatment of periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arancibia
- Dentistry Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
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Endotoxins affect bioactivity of chitosan derivatives in cultures of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:4771-8. [PMID: 22947323 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials research has been expanding over the last decade, in part to provide improved medical devices for the treatment of orthopedic tissue injuries. In the quest to provide the best performance combined with low cost for medical implants, an increasing number of non-chemists have entered the field of biomaterials research without the profound knowledge of chemistry needed to understand the complex interaction mechanisms and characteristics of natural substances. Likewise, non-biologists often lack understanding when it comes to the presence of the contaminating biota frequently found in natural substances. This lack of knowledge by researchers in the field, combined with sensitive in vitro cell-based assays, can lead to inaccurate evaluation of biomaterials. Hence, there should be both an active effort to assemble multi-disciplinary teams and a genuine concern for the possible effects of contamination on in vitro assays. Here, we show that the presence of bacterial endotoxins in chitosan derivatives can result in false-positive results, profoundly altering product performance in in vitro assays. False-positive results through uncritical use of natural substances in vitro can be avoided by proper endotoxin testing and careful evaluation of cytokine secretion patterns.
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Chang IY, Yoon SP. The changes of calretinin immunoreactivity in paraquat-induced nephrotoxic rats. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:836-41. [PMID: 22464403 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins are present in the kidneys: calbindin D-28k in the distal tubules and calretinin in the proximal tubules. Since paraquat causes degeneration in the brush border-bearing proximal tubule cells in rat kidneys, we investigated the changes of calretinin immunoreactivity in the proximal tubule cells of paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity in experimental male Sprague-Dawley rats following chitosan oligosaccharide pretreatment to investigate its protective properties. Paraquat (60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally with or without chitosan oligosaccharide (500 mg/kg, p.o.) pretreatment. The changes on calretinin were compared with those of calbindin D-28k by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot analysis. Calretinin was immunolocalized on the apical surface of proximal tubule cells in the deeper cortex of normal kidney, and disappeared after paraquat administration with minor changes of calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Chitosan oligosaccharide pretreatment caused increased expression of calretinin and calbindin D-28k before paraquat injection and helped preserve proximal tubules after paraquat treatment. However, Western blot analysis on calretinin and calbindin D-28k could not explain the degeneration of the proximal tubule cells in paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity. These findings suggested that calretinin is a possible and more useful histopathological marker for proximal tubule cells in paraquat-induced nephrotoxic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Youb Chang
- Korean DNA Repair Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Yoon SP, Han MS, Kim JW, Chang IY, Kim HL, Chung JH, Shin BC. Protective effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1828-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chitosan oligosaccharides inhibit LPS-induced over-expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 macrophage cells through blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu HT, Huang P, Ma P, Liu QS, Yu C, Du YG. Chitosan oligosaccharides suppress LPS-induced IL-8 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through blockade of p38 and Akt protein kinases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:478-86. [PMID: 21468084 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether and how COS inhibited IL-8 production in LPS-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Western blotting were used to study IL-8 expression and related signaling pathway. Wound healing migration assays and monocytic cell adhesion analysis were used to explore the chemotactic and adhesive activities of HUVECs. RESULTS COS 50-200 μg/mL exerted a significant inhibitory effect on LPS 100 ng/mL-induced IL-8 expression in HUVECs at both the transcriptional and translational levels. In addition, COS 50-200 μg/mL inhibited LPS-induced HUVEC migration and U937 monocyte adhesion to HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. Signal transduction studies suggest that COS blocked LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) as well as phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphokinase Akt. Further, the over-expression of LPS-induced IL-8 mRNA in HUVECs was suppressed by a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580, 25 μmol/L) or a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002, 50 μmol/L). CONCLUSION COS inhibited LPS-induced IL-8 expression in HUVECs through the blockade of the p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Suginta W, Chuenark D, Mizuhara M, Fukamizo T. Novel β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Vibrio harveyi 650: cloning, expression, enzymatic properties, and subsite identification. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 11:40. [PMID: 20920218 PMCID: PMC2955587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Since chitin is a highly abundant natural biopolymer, many attempts have been made to convert this insoluble polysaccharide into commercially valuable products using chitinases and β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (GlcNAcases). We have previously reported the structure and function of chitinase A from Vibrio harveyi 650. This study t reports the identification of two GlcNAcases from the same organism and their detailed functional characterization. Results The genes encoding two new members of family-20 GlcNAcases were isolated from the genome of V. harveyi 650, cloned and expressed at a high level in E. coli. VhNag1 has a molecular mass of 89 kDa and an optimum pH of 7.5, whereas VhNag2 has a molecular mass of 73 kDa and an optimum pH of 7.0. The recombinant GlcNAcases were found to hydrolyze all the natural substrates, VhNag2 being ten-fold more active than VhNag1. Product analysis by TLC and quantitative HPLC suggested that VhNag2 degraded chitooligosaccharides in a sequential manner, its highest activity being with chitotetraose. Kinetic modeling of the enzymic reaction revealed that binding at subsites (-2) and (+4) had unfavorable (positive) binding free energy changes and that the binding pocket of VhNag2 contains four GlcNAc binding subsites, designated (-1),(+1),(+2), and (+3). Conclusions Two novel GlcNAcases were identified as exolytic enzymes that degraded chitin oligosaccharides, releasing GlcNAc as the end product. In living cells, these intracellular enzymes may work after endolytic chitinases to complete chitin degradation. The availability of the two GlcNAcases, together with the previously-reported chitinase A from the same organism, suggests that a systematic development of the chitin-degrading enzymes may provide a valuable tool in commercial chitin bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipa Suginta
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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Liu HT, Li WM, Huang P, Chen WJ, Liu QS, Bai XF, Yu C, Du YG. Chitosan oligosaccharides inhibit TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by blocking p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kazłowska K, Hsu T, Hou CC, Yang WC, Tsai GJ. Anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic compounds and crude extract from Porphyra dentata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:123-30. [PMID: 20051261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Porphyra dentata, a red edible seaweed, has long been used worldwide in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as hypersensitivity, lymphadenitis, bronchitis. AIMS OF STUDY To clarify the anti-inflammatory role of Porphyra dentata crude extract and its identified phenolic compounds by investigating their effect on the nitric oxide (NO)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription pathway in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Porphyra dentata crude extract was prepared with methanol. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hyphenated to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV detection were utilized to analyze the extract fingerprints. Nitrite measurement, iNOS promoter activity and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) enhancer activity were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged mouse RAW 264.7 cell line. RESULTS Phenolic compounds (catechol, rutin and hesperidin) were identified in the crude extract of Porphyra dentata. The crude extract and the phenolic compounds inhibited the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Catechol was a more potent suppressor of the up-regulation of iNOS promoter and NF-kappaB enhancer than rutin and yet, hesperidin alone failed to inhibit either activity. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that catechol and rutin, but not hesperidin, are primary bioactive phenolic compounds in the crude extract to suppress NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages via NF-kappaB-dependent iNOS gene transcription. The data also explain the anti-inflammatory use and possible mechanism of Porphyra dentata in iNOS implicated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kazłowska
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu HT, Li WM, Li XY, Xu QS, Liu QS, Bai XF, Yu C, Du YG. Chitosan oligosaccharides inhibit the expression of interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells through p38 and ERK1/2 protein kinases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:362-71. [PMID: 19929981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been reported to exert anti-fungal activities, antitumour activities and immuno-enhancing effects. However, the potential roles of COS in the treatment of vascular inflammations remain unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of COS on interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Induction of HUVECs with LPS (100 ng/ml) increased the mRNA expression and protein secretion of IL-6 (versus the vehicle-treated group, p < 0.01), which were significantly reverted by the pre-treatment with COS (50-200 microg/ml) for 24 hr before LPS exposure (versus the LPS-treated group, p < 0.05 or 0.01). Signal transduction studies showed that the pre-treatment of HUVECs with COS (50-200 microg/ml) for 24 hr markedly inhibited the LPS-induced over-expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphorylated ERK1/2 and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Moreover, the LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation was suppressed by the specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (30 microM) (versus the LPS-treated group, p < 0.01), but not by the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (25 microM). Additionally, both MAPK inhibitors markedly suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in HUVECs (versus the LPS-treated group, p < 0.01). In conclusion, our results suggest that COS inhibit LPS-induced up-regulation of IL-6 in HUVECs, and this can be regulated by at least two parallel signalling pathways: one via p38 MAPK pathway independent of NF-kappaB activation and one via ERK1/2 pathway dependent on NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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Jones KS. Assays on the influence of biomaterials on allogeneic rejection in tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:407-17. [PMID: 18826337 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, innate responses to biomaterial scaffolds will affect rejection of allogeneic cells. Biomaterials directly influence innate and adaptive immune cell adhesion, reactive oxygen intermediate production, cytokine secretion, nuclear factor-kappa B nuclear translocation, gene expression, and cell surface markers, all of which are likely to affect allogeneic rejection responses. A major goal in tissue engineering is to induce transplant tolerance, potentially by manipulating the biomaterial component. This review describes methods of measuring responses of macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells stimulated in vitro and in vivo and addresses key factors in assay development. Such tests include mixed leukocyte reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays, trans-vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity assays, and measurement of dendritic cell subsets and anti-donor antibodies; we propose extending these studies to tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Mansur HS, de S. Costa E, Mansur AA, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. Cytocompatibility evaluation in cell-culture systems of chemically crosslinked chitosan/PVA hydrogels. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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