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Teli P, Soni S, Teli S, Agarwal S. Unlocking Diversity: From Simple to Cutting-Edge Synthetic Methodologies of Bis(indolyl)methanes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:8. [PMID: 38403746 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
From a synthetic perspective, bis(indolyl)methanes have undergone extensive investigation over the past two to three decades owing to their remarkable pharmacological activities, encompassing anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory properties. These highly desirable attributes have spurred significant interest within the scientific community, leading to the development of various synthetic strategies that are not only more efficient but also ecofriendly. This synthesis-based literature review delves into the advancements made in the past 5 years, focusing on the synthesis of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical bis(indolyl)methanes. The review encompasses a wide array of methods, ranging from well-established techniques to more unconventional and innovative approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the exploration of various substrates, encompassing readily available chemicals such as indole, aldehydes/ketones, indolyl methanols, etc. as well as the use of some specific compounds as starting materials to achieve the synthesis of this invaluable molecule. By encapsulating the latest developments in this field, this review provides insights into the expanding horizons of bis(indolyl)methane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Teli
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shivani Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sunita Teli
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shikha Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
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Vermillion Maier ML, Siddens LK, Pennington JM, Uesugi SL, Tilton SC, Vertel EA, Anderson KA, Tidwell LG, Ognibene TJ, Turteltaub KW, Smith JN, Williams DE. Benzo[a]pyrene toxicokinetics in humans following dietary supplementation with 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) or Brussels sprouts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 460:116377. [PMID: 36642108 PMCID: PMC9946811 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the atto-zeptomole sensitivity of UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry (UPLC-AMS), we previously demonstrated significant first-pass metabolism following escalating (25-250 ng) oral micro-dosing in humans of [14C]-benzo[a]pyrene ([14C]-BaP). The present study examines the potential for supplementation with Brussels sprouts (BS) or 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) to alter plasma levels of [14C]-BaP and metabolites over a 48-h period following micro-dosing with 50 ng (5.4 nCi) [14C]-BaP. Volunteers were dosed with [14C]-BaP following fourteen days on a cruciferous vegetable restricted diet, or the same diet supplemented for seven days with 50 g of BS or 300 mg of BR-DIM® prior to dosing. BS or DIM reduced total [14C] recovered from plasma by 56-67% relative to non-intervention. Dietary supplementation with DIM markedly increased Tmax and reduced Cmax for [14C]-BaP indicative of slower absorption. Both dietary treatments significantly reduced Cmax values of four downstream BaP metabolites, consistent with delaying BaP absorption. Dietary treatments also appeared to reduce the T1/2 and the plasma AUC(0,∞) for Unknown Metabolite C, indicating some effect in accelerating clearance of this metabolite. Toxicokinetic constants for other metabolites followed the pattern for [14C]-BaP (metabolite profiles remained relatively consistent) and non-compartmental analysis did not indicate other significant alterations. Significant amounts of metabolites in plasma were at the bay region of [14C]-BaP irrespective of treatment. Although the number of subjects and large interindividual variation are limitations of this study, it represents the first human trial showing dietary intervention altering toxicokinetics of a defined dose of a known human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Vermillion Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, ALS 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jamie M Pennington
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Sandra L Uesugi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Emily A Vertel
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Turteltaub
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; Biology and Biotechnology Research Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Jordan N Smith
- NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Chemical Biology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - David E Williams
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; NIEHS Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Kundal S, Rana G, Kar A, Jana U. The synthesis of indole-3-carbinols (I3C) and their application to access unsymmetrical bis(3-indolyl)methanes (BIMs) bearing a quaternary sp 3-carbon. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5234-5238. [PMID: 35713472 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00502f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the novel synthesis of tert-indole-3-carbinols is reported through the DDQ-mediated oxidation of the allylic C-H bond/aromatization/hydroxylation at the indolyl carbon using water as the hydroxyl source. The reaction is highly efficient and high yielding and it works under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the synthetic value of such indole-based tert-carbinols is explored through their use as excellent electrophilic methylene surrogates to develop medicinally important unsymmetrical bis(3-indolyl)methanes containing an all carbon quaternary center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kundal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Gopal Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Abhishek Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Umasish Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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Williams DE. Indoles Derived From Glucobrassicin: Cancer Chemoprevention by Indole-3-Carbinol and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane. Front Nutr 2021; 8:734334. [PMID: 34660663 PMCID: PMC8517077 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.734334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of glucobrassicin by plant or bacterial myrosinase produces multiple indoles predominantly indole-3-carbinol (I3C). I3C and its major in vivo product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), are effective cancer chemopreventive agents in pre-clinical models and show promise in clinical trials. The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of DIM have been studied in both rodents and humans and urinary DIM is a proposed biomarker of dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables. Recent clinical studies at Oregon State University show surprisingly robust metabolism of DIM in vivo with mono- and di-hydroxylation followed by conjugation with sulfate or glucuronic acid. DIM has multiple mechanisms of action, the most well-characterized is modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling. In rainbow trout dose-dependent cancer chemoprevention by dietary I3C is achieved when given prior to or concurrent with aflatoxin B1, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines or direct acting carcinogens such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine. Feeding pregnant mice I3C inhibits transplacental carcinogenesis. In humans much of the focus has been on chemoprevention of breast and prostate cancer. Alteration of cytochrome P450-dependent estrogen metabolism is hypothesized to be an important driver of DIM-dependent breast cancer prevention. The few studies done to date comparing glucobrassicin-rich crucifers such as Brussels sprouts with I3C/DIM supplements have shown the greater impact of the latter is due to dose. Daily ingestion of kg quantities of Brussels sprouts is required to produce in vivo levels of DIM achievable by supplementation. In clinical trials these supplement doses have elicited few if any adverse effects. Sulforaphane from glucoraphanin can act synergistically with glucobrassicin-derived DIM and this may lead to opportunities for combinatorial approaches (supplement and food-based) in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Vermillion Maier ML, Siddens LK, Uesugi SL, Choi J, Leonard SW, Pennington JM, Tilton SC, Smith JN, Ho E, Chow HHS, Nguyen BD, Kolluri SK, Williams DE. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Exhibits Significant Metabolism after Oral Dosing in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:694-705. [PMID: 34035125 PMCID: PMC8407664 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a major phytochemical derived from ingestion of cruciferous vegetables, is also a dietary supplement. In preclinical models, DIM is an effective cancer chemopreventive agent and has been studied in a number of clinical trials. Previous pharmacokinetic studies in preclinical and clinical models have not reported DIM metabolites in plasma or urine after oral dosing, and the pharmacological actions of DIM on target tissues is assumed to be solely via the parent compound. Seven subjects (6 males and 1 female) ranging from 26-65 years of age, on a cruciferous vegetable-restricted diet prior to and during the study, took 2 BioResponse DIM 150-mg capsules (45.3 mg DIM/capsule) every evening for one week with a final dose the morning of the first blood draw. A complete time course was performed with plasma and urine collected over 48 hours and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. In addition to parent DIM, two monohydroxylated metabolites and 1 dihydroxylated metabolite, along with their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, were present in both plasma and urine. Results reported here are indicative of significant phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism and differ from previous pharmacokinetic studies in rodents and humans, which reported only parent DIM present after oral administration. 3-((1H-indole-3-yl)methyl)indolin-2-one, identified as one of the monohydroxylated products, exhibited greater potency and efficacy as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist when tested in a xenobiotic response element-luciferase reporter assay using Hepa1 cells. In addition to competitive phytochemical-drug adverse reactions, additional metabolites may exhibit pharmacological activity highlighting the importance of further characterization of DIM metabolism in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), derived from indole-3-carbinol in cruciferous vegetables, is an effective cancer chemopreventive agent in preclinical models and a popular dietary supplement currently in clinical trials. Pharmacokinetic studies to date have found little or no metabolites of DIM in plasma or urine. In marked contrast, we demonstrate rapid appearance of mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites in human plasma and urine as well as their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. The 3-((1H-indole-3-yl)methyl)indolin-2-one metabolite exhibited significant aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist activity, emphasizing the need for further characterization of the pharmacological properties of DIM metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Vermillion Maier
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Sandra L Uesugi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Jamie M Pennington
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Emily Ho
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - H H Sherry Chow
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Bach D Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Sarmah
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University, Napaam Tezpur Assam India, Pin 784028
| | - Utpal Bora
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University, Napaam Tezpur Assam India, Pin 784028
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Singh A, Kaur G, Banerjee B. Recent Developments on the Synthesis of Biologically Significant bis/tris(indolyl)methanes under Various Reaction Conditions: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200228092752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bis(indolyl)methane skeleton is the main building block of many naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Bis(indolyl)methanes are found to possess a wide range of pharmaceuitical efficacies. These important scaffolds are being used as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative agents. In this review, we summarized the latest developments on the synthesis of various bis/tris(indolyl)methane derivatives from the reactions of two equivalents of indoles and one equivalent of aldehydes or indole-3-carbaldehydes under various reaction conditions. More than hundred different catalysts were employed for these transformations which include various metal catalysts, ionic liquids, organocatalysts, surfactants, homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
| | - Bubun Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
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Faisal M, Larik FA, Salman M, Saeed A. Phospho Sulfonic Acid: A Highly Efficient and Novel Catalyst for Formation of Bis(Indolyl)Alkanes from Aldehydes and Indole under Aqueous Conditions. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158419040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Imran S, Taha M, Ismail NH, Fayyaz S, Khan KM, Choudhary MI. Synthesis of novel bisindolylmethanes: New carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors, docking, and 3D pharmacophore studies. Bioorg Chem 2016; 68:90-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of novel thiourea derivatives of bisindolylmethane as carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2015; 62:83-93. [PMID: 26275866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article describes discovery of 29 novel bisindolylmethanes consisting of thiourea moiety, which had been synthesized through three steps. These novel bisindolylmethane derivatives evaluated for their potential inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase (CA) II. The results for in vitro assay of carbonic anhydrase II inhibition activity showed that some of the compounds are capable of suppressing the activity of carbonic anhydrase II. Bisindoles having halogen at fifth position showed better inhibitory activity as compared to unsubstituted bisindoles. Derivatives showing inhibition activity docked to further, understand the binding behavior of these compounds with carbonic anhydrase II. Docking studies for the active compound 3j showed that nitro substituent at para position fits into the core of the active site. The nitro substituent of compound 3j is capable of interacting with Zn ion. This interaction believed to be the main factor causing inhibition activity to take place.
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Khan KM, Rahim F, Wadood A, Taha M, Khan M, Naureen S, Ambreen N, Hussain S, Perveen S, Choudhary MI. Evaluation of bisindole as potent β-glucuronidase inhibitors: synthesis and in silico based studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1825-9. [PMID: 24602903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bisindole analogs 1-17 were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential. Out of seventeen compounds, the analog 1 (IC50=1.62±0.04 μM), 6 (IC50=1.86±0.05 μM), 10 (IC50=2.80±0.29 μM), 9 (IC50=3.10±0.28 μM), 14 (IC50=4.30±0.08 μM), 2 (IC50=18.40±0.09 μM), 19 (IC50=19.90±1.05 μM), 4 (IC50=20.90±0.62 μM), 7 (IC50=21.50±0.77 μM), and 3 (IC50=22.30±0.02 μM) showed superior β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity than the standard (d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone, IC50=48.40±1.25 μM). In addition, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding interactions of bisindole derivatives with the enzyme. This study has identified a new class of potent β-glucouronidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Computational Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Science UiTM, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Momin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Naureen
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nida Ambreen
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shafqat Hussain
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi 75280, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Gross-Steinmeyer K, Eaton DL. Dietary modulation of the biotransformation and genotoxicity of aflatoxin B(1). Toxicology 2012; 299:69-79. [PMID: 22640941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diet and its various components are consistently identified as among the most important 'risk factors' for cancer worldwide, yet great uncertainty remains regarding the relative contribution of nutritive (e.g., vitamins, calories) vs. non-nutritive (e.g., phytochemicals, fiber, contaminants) factors in both cancer induction and cancer prevention. Among the most potent known human dietary carcinogens is the mycotoxin, aflatoxin B(1) (AFB). AFB and related aflatoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by the molds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that commonly infect poorly stored foods including peanuts, pistachios, corn, and rice. AFB is a potent hepatocarcinogenic agent in numerous animal species, and has been implicated in the etiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent research has shown that many diet-derived factors have great potential to influence AFB biotransformation, and some efficiently protect from AFB-induced genotoxicity. One key mode of action for reducing AFB-induced carcinogenesis in experimental animals was shown to be the induction of detoxification enzymes such as certain glutathione-S-transferases that are regulated through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Although initial studies utilized the dithiolthione drug, oltipraz, as a prototypical inducer of antioxidant response, dietary components such as suforaphane (SFN) are also effective inducers of this pathway in rodent models. However, human GSTs in general do not appear to be extensively induced by SFN, and GSTM1 - the only human GST with measurable catalytic activity toward aflatoxin B(1)-8,9-epoxide (AFBO; the genotoxic metabolite of AFB), does not appear to be induced by SFN, at least in human hepatocytes, even though its expression in human liver cells does appear to offer considerable protection against AFB-DNA damage. Although induction of detoxification pathways has served as the primary mechanistic focus of chemoprevention studies, protective effects of chemoprotective dietary components may also arise through a decrease in the rate of activation of AFB to AFBO. Dietary consumption of apiaceous vegetables inhibits CYP1A2 activity in humans, and it has been demonstrated that some compounds in those vegetables act as potent inhibitors of human CYP1A2 and cause reduced hCYP1A2-mediated mutagenicity of AFB. Other dietary compounds of different origin (e.g., constituents of brassica vegetables and hops) have been shown to modify expression of human hepatic enzymes involved in the oxidation of AFB. SFN has been shown to protect animals from AFB-induced tumors, to reduce AFB biomarkers in humans in vivo and to reduce efficiently AFB adduct formation in human hepatocytes, although it appears that this protective effect is the result of repression of human hepatic CYP3A4 expression, rather than induction of protective GSTs, at least in human hepatocytes. If this mechanism were to occur in vivo in humans, it would raise safety concerns for the use of SFN as a chemoprotective agent as it may have important implications for drug-drug interactions in humans. A dietary chemoprevention pathway that is independent of AFB biotransformation is represented by the potential for dietary components, such as chlorophyllin, to tightly bind to and reduce the bioavailability of aflatoxins. Chlorophyllin has been shown to significantly reduce genotoxic AFB biomarkers in humans, and it therefore holds promise as a practical means of reducing the incidence of AFB-induced liver cancer. Recent reports have demonstrated that DNA repair mechanisms are inducible in mammalian systems and some diet-derived compounds elevated significantly the gene expression of enzymes potentially involved in nucleotide excision repair of AFB-DNA adducts. However, these are initial observations and more research is needed to determine if dietary modulation of DNA repair is a safe and effective approach to chemoprevention of AFB-induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gross-Steinmeyer
- Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Banerjee S, Kong D, Wang Z, Bao B, Hillman GG, Sarkar FH. Attenuation of multi-targeted proliferation-linked signaling by 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM): from bench to clinic. Mutat Res 2011; 728:47-66. [PMID: 21703360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence provide credible support in favor of the potential role of bioactive products derived from ingesting cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower and cabbage. Among many compounds, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) is generated in the acidic environment of the stomach following dimerization of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) monomers present in these classes of vegetables. Both I3C and DIM have been investigated for their use in preventing, inhibiting, and reversing the progression of cancer - as a chemopreventive agent. In this review, we summarize an updated, wide-ranging pleiotropic anti-tumor and biological effects elicited by DIM against tumor cells. It is unfeasible to point one single target as basis of cellular target of action of DIM. We emphasize key cellular and molecular events that are effectively modulated in the direction of inducing apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation. Collectively, DIM orchestrates signaling through Ah receptor, NF-κB/Wnt/Akt/mTOR pathways impinging on cell cycle arrest, modulation of key cytochrome P450 enzymes, altering angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and epigenetic behavior of cancer cells. The ability of DIM to selectively induce tumor cells to undergo apoptosis has been observed in preclinical models, and thus it has been speculated in improving the therapeutic efficacy of other anticancer agents that have diverse molecular targets. Consequently, DIM has moved through preclinical development into Phase I clinical trials, thereby suggesting that DIM could be a promising and novel agent either alone or as an adjunct to conventional therapeutics such as chemo-radio and targeted therapies. An important development has been the availability of DIM formulation with superior bioavailability for humans. Therefore, DIM appears to be a promising chemopreventive agent or chemo-radio-sensitizer for the prevention of tumor recurrence and/or for the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Gilda G Hillman
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Cheng JS, Shu SS, Kuo CC, Chou CT, Tsai WL, Fang YC, Kuo LN, Yeh JH, Chen WC, Chien JM, Lu T, Pan CC, Cheng HH, Chai KL, Jan CR. Effect of diindolylmethane on Ca(2+) movement and viability in HA59T human hepatoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1257-66. [PMID: 21409406 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of diindolylmethane, a natural compound derived from indole-3-carbinol in cruciferous vegetables, on cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) and viability in HA59T human hepatoma cells is unclear. This study explored whether diindolylmethane changed [Ca(2+)](i) in HA59T cells. The Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2 was applied to measure [Ca(2+)](i). Diindolylmethane at concentrations of 1-50 μM evoked a [Ca(2+)](i) rise in a concentration-dependent manner. The signal was reduced by removing Ca(2+). Diindolylmethane-induced Ca(2+) influx was not inhibited by nifedipine, econazole, SK&F96365, and protein kinase C modulators but was inhibited by aristolochic acid. In Ca(2+)-free medium, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitors thapsigargin or 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) inhibited or abolished diindolylmethane-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Incubation with diindolylmethane inhibited thapsigargin or BHQ-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 reduced diindolylmethane-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. At concentrations of 10-75 μM, diindolylmethane killed cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of diindolylmethane was not reversed by chelating cytosolic Ca(2+) with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. Propidium iodide staining data suggest that diindolylmethane (25-50 μM) induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, in HA59T cells, diindolylmethane induced a [Ca(2+)](i) rise by causing phospholipase C-dependent Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) influx via phospholipase A(2)-sensitive channels. Diindolylmethane induced cell death that may involve apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shiung Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Yongkang Veterans Hospital, Tainan 710, Taiwan
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