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Rahnama H, Moradi AB, Moradi F, Noormohamadi N. Compositional and Morphological Analysis of Salt Stress Tolerant Mannitol-1-phosphate Dehydrogenase (mtlD)-Transgenic Potato Plants. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:670-675. [PMID: 37801204 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Undesired effects often occur in genetically modified (GM) plants, especially during metabolite engineering. Nevertheless, conducting a comparative study between GM and non-GM plants can identify the unintended alterations and facilitate the risk assessment of GM crops. This research compared the morphology and composition of a transgenic potato plant expressing mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD), with its non-transgenic counterpart. The results indicated significant differences in plant height, number of leaves, length and width of leaves, as well as tuber number and weight between the transgenic and non-transgenic plants. However, compositional analysis revealed no significant differences in soluble protein, starch, total sugar, fructose, fiber, and ascorbate contents between mtlD-GM and non-GM potatoes. Nevertheless, sucrose and glucose levels were found to be higher in the transgenic potato tubers and leaves, respectively, when compared to the non-transgenic plants. In addition to ammonium, potassium, chloride, nitrite, and nitrate levels, significant differences were observed in the amino acids asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, and valine between the GM and non-GM plants. Apart from the target gene product, mannitol, all the changes in chemical compositions observed in the transgenic potato plants fell within the ranges of normal variability for potato plants. Moreover, despite some phenotypical differences between the mtlD-GM potato and its non-GM counterpart, it is believed that this variation is a common phenomenon among potato varieties. In conclusion, the morphological and compositional analysis of the mtlD-GM potato plant revealed substantial equivalence with its non-transgenic counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rahnama
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Amir Bahram Moradi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Foad Moradi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Noormohamadi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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2
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Wang C, Bean GJ, Chen CJ, Kessenich CR, Peng J, Visconti NR, Milligan JS, Moore RG, Tan J, Edrington TC, Li B, Giddings KS, Bowen D, Luo J, Ciche T, Moar WJ. Safety assessment of Mpp75Aa1.1, a new ETX_MTX2 protein from Brevibacillus laterosporus that controls western corn rootworm. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274204. [PMID: 36074780 PMCID: PMC9455866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered insecticidal protein Mpp75Aa1.1 from Brevibacillus laterosporus is a member of the ETX_MTX family of beta-pore forming proteins (β-PFPs) expressed in genetically modified (GM) maize to control western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). In this manuscript, bioinformatic analysis establishes that although Mpp75Aa1.1 shares varying degrees of similarity to members of the ETX_MTX2 protein family, it is unlikely to have any allergenic, toxic, or otherwise adverse biological effects. The safety of Mpp75Aa1.1 is further supported by a weight of evidence approach including evaluation of the history of safe use (HOSU) of ETX_MTX2 proteins and Breviballus laterosporus. Comparisons between purified Mpp75Aa1.1 protein and a poly-histidine-tagged (His-tagged) variant of the Mpp75Aa1.1 protein demonstrate that both forms of the protein are heat labile at temperatures at or above 55°C, degraded by gastrointestinal proteases within 0.5 min, and have no adverse effects in acute mouse oral toxicity studies at a dose level of 1920 or 2120 mg/kg body weight. These results support the use of His-tagged proteins as suitable surrogates for assessing the safety of their non-tagged parent proteins. Taken together, we report that Mpp75Aa1.1 is the first ETX-MTX2 insecticidal protein from B. laterosporus and displays a similar safety profile as typical Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxi Wang
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Bean
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chun Ju Chen
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Jiexin Peng
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Jason S. Milligan
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Moore
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Bin Li
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kara S. Giddings
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Bowen
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jinhua Luo
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Todd Ciche
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William J. Moar
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
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3
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Anderson JA, Brustkern S, Cong B, Deege L, Delaney B, Hong B, Lawit S, Mathesius C, Schmidt J, Wu J, Zhang J, Zimmermann C. Evaluation of the History of Safe Use of the Maize ZMM28 Protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7466-7474. [PMID: 31184886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ZMM28 protein encoded by the zmm28 gene is endogenous to maize. DP202216 maize was genetically modified to increase and extend expression of the zmm28 gene relative to native zmm28 gene expression, resulting in plants with enhanced grain yield potential. Evaluation of the history of safe use (HOSU) is one component of the safety assessment framework for a newly expressed protein in a GM crop. The deduced amino acid sequence of the introduced ZMM28 protein in DP202216 maize is identical to the ZMM28 protein in nonmodified conventional maize. The ZMM28 protein has also been found in selected varieties of sweet corn kernels, and closely related proteins are found in other commonly consumed food crops. Concentrations of the ZMM28 protein in event DP202216 maize, conventional maize, and sweet corn are reported. This information supports, in part, the evaluation of HOSU, which can be leveraged in the safety assessment of the ZMM28 protein. Additional studies will be considered in the food and feed safety assessment of the DP202216 maize event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Anderson
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Sarah Brustkern
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Bin Cong
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Lora Deege
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Bryan Delaney
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Bonnie Hong
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Shai Lawit
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Carey Mathesius
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Jean Schmidt
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Jingrui Wu
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - John Zhang
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
| | - Cindi Zimmermann
- Corteva Agriscience , Agriculture Division of DowDuPont , Johnston , Iowa 50131 , United States
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4
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Wang C, Li W, Kessenich CR, Petrick JS, Rydel TJ, Sturman EJ, Lee TC, Glenn KC, Edrington TC. Safety of the Bacillus thuringiensis-derived Cry1A.105 protein: Evidence that domain exchange preserves mode of action and safety. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Papineni S, Thomas J, Marshall VA, Juberg DR, Herman RA. No treatment-related effects with aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12 in three 28-day mouse toxicity studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:220-225. [PMID: 29258926 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12 (AAD-12) protein is expressed in genetically modified soybean events DAS-68416-4 and DAS-444Ø6-6. Expression of the AAD-12 protein in soybeans confers tolerance to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) providing an additional herbicide choice to farmers. This enzyme acts by catalyzing the degradation of 2,4-D into herbicidally inactive metabolites. To meet evolving interpretation of regulations in the European Union, three separate 28-day repeat-dose oral mouse studies were conducted at increasing doses of up to 1100 mg AAD-12 protein/kg bw/day. No treatment-related effects were seen in any of these three studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabitha Papineni
- Dow AgroSciences LLC., 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Johnson Thomas
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Washington Street, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
| | - Valerie A Marshall
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Washington Street, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
| | - Daland R Juberg
- Dow AgroSciences LLC., 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences LLC., 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
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6
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Papineni S, Golden RM, Thomas J. The aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12 (AAD-12) protein is not acutely toxic in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:200-203. [PMID: 29066407 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Typically, when a protein is orally toxic, it acts via acute mechanisms, especially at high doses. Therefore, an acute oral toxicity study is considered appropriate for evaluating the safety of transgenic proteins. Soybean plants (events DAS-68416-4 and DAS-444Ø6-6) have been genetically modified to express the aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12 (AAD-12) protein. The AAD-12 protein provides tolerance to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). This paper summarizes the study designs of two acute oral toxicity studies evaluating the AAD-12 protein and reports the results of these studies. No mortalities or adverse effects were observed in mice when AAD-12 was tested up to a limit dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. Based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that AAD-12 protein, as expressed in genetically modified DAS-68416-4 and DAS-444Ø6-6 soybeans, lacks acute toxicity via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel M Golden
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Johnson Thomas
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
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7
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Farmer DR, Edrington TC, Kessenich CR, Wang C, Petrick JS. Improving insect control protein activity for GM crops: A case study demonstrating that increased target insect potency can be achieved without impacting mammalian safety. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:155-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Wang C, Glenn KC, Kessenich C, Bell E, Burzio LA, Koch MS, Li B, Silvanovich A. Safety assessment of dicamba mono-oxygenases that confer dicamba tolerance to various crops. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:171-182. [PMID: 27575686 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dicamba tolerant (DT) soybean, cotton and maize were developed through constitutive expression of dicamba mono-oxygenase (DMO) in chloroplasts. DMO expressed in three DT crops exhibit 91.6-97.1% amino acid sequence identity to wild type DMO. All DMO forms maintain the characteristics of Rieske oxygenases that have a history of safe use. Additionally, they are all functionally similar in vivo since the three DT crops are all tolerant to dicamba treatment. None of these DMO sequences were found to have similarity to any known allergens or toxins. Herein, to further understand the safety of these DMO variants, a weight of evidence approach was employed. Each purified DMO protein was found to be completely deactivated in vitro by heating at temperatures 55 °C and above, and all were completely digested within 30 s or 5 min by pepsin and pancreatin, respectively. Mice orally dosed with each of these DMO proteins showed no adverse effects as evidenced by analysis of body weight gain, food consumption and clinical observations. Therefore, the weight of evidence from all these protein safety studies support the conclusion that the various forms of DMO proteins introduced into DT soybean, cotton and maize are safe for food and feed consumption, and the small amino acid sequence differences outside the active site of DMO do not raise any additional safety concerns.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Computational Biology
- Consumer Product Safety
- Crops, Agricultural/enzymology
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/toxicity
- Databases, Protein
- Dicamba/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Enzyme Stability
- Female
- Food Safety
- Food, Genetically Modified/parasitology
- Food, Genetically Modified/toxicity
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gossypium/enzymology
- Gossypium/genetics
- Gossypium/toxicity
- Herbicides/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/administration & dosage
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/toxicity
- Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating/toxicity
- Pancreatin/metabolism
- Pepsin A/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/toxicity
- Protein Denaturation
- Proteolysis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/toxicity
- Risk Assessment
- Glycine max/enzymology
- Glycine max/genetics
- Glycine max/toxicity
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/enzymology
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/genetics
- Temperature
- Toxicity Tests, Acute
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxi Wang
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Kevin C Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | - Colton Kessenich
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | - Erin Bell
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | - Luis A Burzio
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | - Michael S Koch
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | - Andre Silvanovich
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
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9
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Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG. The food and environmental safety of Bt crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 25972882 PMCID: PMC4413729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. The Cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several Cry proteins have been modified to increase biological activity against the target pest(s). Additionally, the domains of different but structurally conserved Cry proteins can be combined to produce chimeric proteins with enhanced insecticidal properties. Environmental studies are performed and include invertebrates, mammals, and avian species. Mammalian studies used to support the food and feed safety assessment are also used to support the wild mammal assessment. In addition to the NTO assessment, the environmental assessment includes a comparative assessment between the Bt crop and the appropriate conventional control that is genetically similar but lacks the introduced trait to address unintended effects. Specific phenotypic, agronomic, and ecological characteristics are measured in the Bt crop and the conventional control to evaluate whether the introduction of the insect resistance has resulted in any changes that might cause ecological harm in terms of altered weed characteristics, susceptibility to pests, or adverse environmental impact. Additionally, environmental interaction data are collected in field experiments for Bt crop to evaluate potential adverse effects. Further to the agronomic and phenotypic evaluation, potential movement of transgenes from a genetically modified crop plants into wild relatives is assessed for a new pest resistance gene in a new crop. This review summarizes the evidence for safety of crops containing Cry proteins for humans, livestock, and other non-target organisms.
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10
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Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG. The food and environmental safety of Bt crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 25972882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. The Cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several Cry proteins have been modified to increase biological activity against the target pest(s). Additionally, the domains of different but structurally conserved Cry proteins can be combined to produce chimeric proteins with enhanced insecticidal properties. Environmental studies are performed and include invertebrates, mammals, and avian species. Mammalian studies used to support the food and feed safety assessment are also used to support the wild mammal assessment. In addition to the NTO assessment, the environmental assessment includes a comparative assessment between the Bt crop and the appropriate conventional control that is genetically similar but lacks the introduced trait to address unintended effects. Specific phenotypic, agronomic, and ecological characteristics are measured in the Bt crop and the conventional control to evaluate whether the introduction of the insect resistance has resulted in any changes that might cause ecological harm in terms of altered weed characteristics, susceptibility to pests, or adverse environmental impact. Additionally, environmental interaction data are collected in field experiments for Bt crop to evaluate potential adverse effects. Further to the agronomic and phenotypic evaluation, potential movement of transgenes from a genetically modified crop plants into wild relatives is assessed for a new pest resistance gene in a new crop. This review summarizes the evidence for safety of crops containing Cry proteins for humans, livestock, and other non-target organisms.
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11
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Purification, characterization and safety assessment of the introduced cold shock protein B in DroughtGard maize. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 71:164-73. [PMID: 25545317 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DroughtGard maize was developed through constitutive expression of cold shock protein B (CSPB) from Bacillus subtilis to improve performance of maize (Zea mays) under water-limited conditions. B. subtilis commonly occurs in fermented foods and CSPB has a history of safe use. Safety studies were performed to further evaluate safety of CSPB introduced into maize. CSPB was compared to proteins found in current allergen and protein toxin databases and there are no sequence similarities between CSPB and known allergens or toxins. In order to validate the use of Escherichia coli-derived CSPB in other safety studies, physicochemical and functional characterization confirmed that the CSPB produced by DroughtGard possesses comparable molecular weight, immunoreactivity, and functional activity to CSPB produced from E. coli and that neither is glycosylated. CSPB was completely digested with sequential exposure to pepsin and pancreatin for 2 min and 30 s, respectively, suggesting that CSPB will be degraded in the mammalian digestive tract and would not be expected to be allergenic. Mice orally dosed with CSPB at 2160 mg/kg, followed by analysis of body weight gains, food consumption and clinical observations, showed no discernible adverse effects. This comprehensive safety assessment indicated that the CSPB protein from DroughtGard is safe for food and feed consumption.
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12
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Hammond B, Kough J, Herouet-Guicheney C, Jez JM. Toxicological evaluation of proteins introduced into food crops. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43 Suppl 2:25-42. [PMID: 24164515 PMCID: PMC3835160 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.842956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript focuses on the toxicological evaluation of proteins introduced into GM crops to impart desired traits. In many cases, introduced proteins can be shown to have a history of safe use. Where modifications have been made to proteins, experience has shown that it is highly unlikely that modification of amino acid sequences can make a non-toxic protein toxic. Moreover, if the modified protein still retains its biological function, and this function is found in related proteins that have a history of safe use (HOSU) in food, and the exposure level is similar to functionally related proteins, then the modified protein could also be considered to be "as-safe-as" those that have a HOSU. Within nature, there can be considerable evolutionary changes in the amino acid sequence of proteins within the same family, yet these proteins share the same biological function. In general, food crops such as maize, soy, rice, canola etc. are subjected to a variety of processing conditions to generate different food products. Processing conditions such as cooking, modification of pH conditions, and mechanical shearing can often denature proteins in these crops resulting in a loss of functional activity. These same processing conditions can also markedly lower human dietary exposure to (functionally active) proteins. Safety testing of an introduced protein could be indicated if its biological function was not adequately characterized and/or it was shown to be structurally/functionally related to proteins that are known to be toxic to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Kough
- Office of Pesticide Programs, Microbial Pesticides Branch, US Environmental Protection AgencyWashington, DCUSA
| | | | - Joseph M. Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MOUSA
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13
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Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D. An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:77-88. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Do genetically modified crops affect animal reproduction? A review of the ongoing debate. Animal 2012; 5:1048-59. [PMID: 22440100 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, genetically modified (GM) crops aimed at producing food/feed that became part of the regular agriculture in many areas of the world. However, we are uncertain whether GM food and feed can exert potential adverse effects on humans or animals. Of importance, the reproductive toxicology of GM crops has been studied using a number of methods, and by feeding GM crops to a number species of animals to ensure the safety assessment of GM food and feed. It appears that there are no adverse effects of GM crops on many species of animals in acute and short-term feeding studies, but serious debates of effects of long-term and multigenerational feeding studies remain. The aims of this review are to focus on the latest (last 3 to 4 years) findings and debates on reproduction of male and female animals after feeding daily diets containing the GM crops, and to present the possible mechanism(s) to explain their influences.
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15
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Application of food and feed safety assessment principles to evaluate transgenic approaches to gene modulation in crops. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1773-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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