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Phucharoenrak P, Trachootham D. Bergaptol, a Major Furocoumarin in Citrus: Pharmacological Properties and Toxicity. Molecules 2024; 29:713. [PMID: 38338457 PMCID: PMC10856120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bergaptol (5-hydroxypsoralen or 5-hydroxyfuranocoumarin) is a naturally occurring furanocoumarin widely found in citrus fruits, which has multiple health benefits. Nonetheless, no specific review articles on bergaptol have been published. Compiling updated information on bergaptol is crucial in guiding future research direction and application. The present review focuses on the research evidence related to the pharmacological properties and toxicity of bergaptol. Bergaptol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-osteoporosis, anti-microbial, and anti-lipidemic effects. It can inhibit the activities of cytochrome P450s (CYP), especially CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, thereby affecting the metabolism and concentrations of some drugs and toxins. Compared with other coumarins, bergaptol has the least potency to inhibit CYP3A4 in cancer cells. Instead, it can suppress drug efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, thereby overcoming chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Furthermore, bergaptol has antimicrobial effects with a high potential for inhibition of quorum sensing. In vivo, bergaptol can be retained in plasma for longer than other coumarins. Nevertheless, its toxicity has not been clearly reported. In vitro study suggests that, unlike most furocoumarins, bergaptol is not phototoxic or photomutagenic. Existing research on bergaptol has mostly been conducted in vitro. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted to identify the safe and effective doses of bergaptol for its multimodal application.
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Meng X, Nan G, Du Y, Zhao H, Zheng H, Lin R, Yang G. Comparing the interactions of nitrendipine with lysozyme or human serum albumin and the effects of vitamin C and naringin on these interactions by spectroscopy and molecular docking methods. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4618. [PMID: 37937696 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between drugs and proteins play a pivotal role in determining the pharmacological effects and disposition of drugs within the human body. This study focuses on exploring the interaction between nitrendipine and lysozyme/human serum albumin. Spectroscopic analysis indicated a compound static quenching, indicative of the formation of stable complexes between the drug and proteins. The addition of vitamin C or naringin resulted in a decrease of the binding constant between nitrendipine and lysozyme/human serum albumin. The presence of these compounds may disrupt the interactions between the drug and proteins, potentially leading to an increased concentration of free nitrendipine in the bloodstream. Nitrendipine binds more easily to human serum albumin at 310 K, and human serum albumin has an average binding site ratio with nitrendipine approximately 0.1 higher than that with lysozyme. Vitamin C has a greater impact on the binding constant of nitrendipine to human serum albumin and lysozyme. Compared to the binary system of proteins with the drug, the ternary system with the addition of vitamin C at 310 K reduces the binding constants of lysozyme and human serum albumin by 85%. In conclusion, this study explores the significance of considering drug-protein interactions in understanding drug behavior and potential drug-food interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxin Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanjun Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Du
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwen Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongxia Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangde Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Hoang M, Qureshi A, Oancea E, Cho E. Furocoumarins potentiate UVA-induced DNA damage in skin melanocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 684:149066. [PMID: 37866241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have found that high citrus fruit consumption was associated with higher risk of skin cancer. Citrus fruits and some vegetables contain furocoumarins, which may interact with ultraviolet radiation to induce skin cancer. We aimed to determine the effects of two furocoumarins, including 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), on UVA-induced DNA damage in human epidermal melanocytes, the origin of melanoma. Our hypothesis was that these dietary furocoumarins increase UVA-induced DNA damage in melanocytes, compared to cells exposed to UV alone. We incubated melanocytes with 8-MOP or DHB, followed by exposure to physiological doses of UVA radiation. We used Western blots to quantify the UVA-induced DNA damage measured by the fraction of phosphorylated histone variant H2AX (γH2AX), which is a marker of DNA damage, relative to total H2AX (γH2AX/H2AX) in the presence or absence of furocoumarins. To quantify the UVA-induced change in γH2AX/H2AX, we calculated the UVA:Control ratio as the ratio of γH2AX/H2AX in UVA-exposed cells to that in cells without UVA (control). The mean UVA:Control ratios were borderline significantly higher for cells treated with 8-MOP and significantly higher for cells treated with DHB, compared to that of untreated cells. This study suggests that furocoumarins (particularly 8-MOP and DHB) enhance UVA-induced DNA damage in melanocytes, which is a potential novel mechanism for citrus and furocoumarins to elevate the risk of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hoang
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Abrar Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elena Oancea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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George BP, Abrahamse H. Light-Activated Phytochemicals in Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer: A Mini Review. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:734-741. [PMID: 36395087 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2022.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer is a serious life-threatening disease often thought of as a deadly and painful disease with no permanent cure. With the advancement of medical science, there have been several clinically approved treatment options developed over the past decade. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one such approved minimally invasive light-based therapeutic option for many cancers. Selection of a suitable photosensitizer (PS) is an important step in PDT for improved therapeutic outcomes. Efforts to discover more efficient PSs continue for optimal PDT. Objective: This review discusses the available natural PS of plant origin, the role of phytochemicals in the application of PDT of cancer, specific localization of PS in various cell organelles, and photochemical reactions. Materials and methods: Owing to the substantial side effects, many biomedical research fields are currently focusing on natural compounds with chemotherapeutic potential with environmentally sustainable green approaches. Medicinal plant extracts have been used since ancient times for the treatment of various ailments. Plants are a natural source of many bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential and there have been some efforts made to discover potential new compounds from plants with photosensitizing properties for effective PDT outcomes. Results and conclusions: The PDT application in the current scenario raises some questions, such as most effective PS, its administration, the time of irradiation, light source, sensitivity of cells toward PS, and so forth. PDT effects can be direct or indirect. Owing to the direct effect of the PDT, most of the tumoral mass is destroyed. In the cancer cells that were not directly affected, secondary effects such as vascular effects, apoptosis induction, inflammation, and generation of an immune response may occur; however, the complex nature of PDT tissue response is not fully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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Mechanistic study of bergamottin-induced inactivation of CYP2C9. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112278. [PMID: 34019943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bergamottin (BGM) is a major furanocoumarin constituent of grapefruit and is reported to have inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 enzymes. This study investigated the chemical interactions between BGM and the enzyme CYP2C9. BGM exhibited time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent inhibition of CYP2C9. Co-incubation with diclofenac, a reversible inhibitor of CYP2C9, attenuated the time-dependent enzyme inhibition. Exhaustive dialysis did not restore enzyme activity post-inhibition. Glutathione (GSH) and catalase/superoxide dismutase failed to reverse BGM-induced CYP2C9 inactivation. A GSH trapping study suggested that BGM was metabolized to an epoxide and/or γ-ketoenal that may have been responsible for the enzyme inactivation. In conclusion, BGM can be characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9 acting via the formation of an epoxide and/or γ-ketoenal.
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Sun W, Rice MS, Park MK, Chun OK, Melough MM, Nan H, Willett WC, Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Cho E. Intake of Furocoumarins and Risk of Skin Cancer in 2 Prospective US Cohort Studies. J Nutr 2020; 150:1535-1544. [PMID: 32221600 PMCID: PMC7269730 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In prior studies, higher citrus consumption was associated with higher risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Furocoumarins, compounds with phototoxicity and photocarcinogenicity in citrus, may be responsible for the association. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the association between furocoumarin intake and skin cancer risk. METHODS A total of 47,453 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) and 75,291 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) with diet data collected every 2-4 y in the 2 prospective cohort studies were included. A furocoumarin food composition database for 7 common furocoumarins [bergaptol, psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, bergapten, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (6'7'-DHB), epoxybergamottin, and bergamottin] was developed and used to calculate participants' cumulative average and energy-adjusted furocoumarin intake. Multivariate HRs and 95% CIs of the associations between furocoumarin intake and skin cancer risk were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were performed separately in each cohort as well as pooled using a fixed-effects model. RESULTS Throughout follow-up (1984-2012 in the NHS and 1986-2012 in the HPFS), we identified 1593 melanoma, 4066 SCC, and 28,630 BCC cases. Higher intake of total furocoumarins was associated with an increased risk of BCC; the pooled HR comparing the top with the bottom quintile was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.21; P-trend = 0.002). Higher intakes of bergaptol, bergapten, 6'7'-DHB, and bergamottin were also significantly associated with increased BCC risk. No significant associations were found between intake of total furocoumarins and the risks of SCC or melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Intakes of total furocoumarins as well as some individual furocoumarins were associated with an increased risk of skin cancer, especially BCC, in 2 cohorts of US health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Megan S Rice
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Min K Park
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ock K Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Melissa M Melough
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA,IU Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Address correspondence to EC (e-mail: )
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Sumorek-Wiadro J, Zając A, Maciejczyk A, Jakubowicz-Gil J. Furanocoumarins in anticancer therapy - For and against. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104492. [PMID: 32032635 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Furanocoumarins are a class of natural compounds produced by several plants, including those consumed by humans. They have been used medicinally in eastern countries for ages. Given the growing body of evidence about their anticancer potential and observations that naturally occurring compounds potentiate the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutics, more attention is paid to elucidation of the nature of furanocoumarins and the possibility of using thereof in practice. The general mechanism by which furanocoumarins eliminate cancer cells is based on cell cycle blockage and initiation of programmed death like apoptosis or autophagy. The precise molecular mechanism of such an action depends on the chemical structure of furanocoumarins, which is based on the furan ring attached to the coumarin backbone in a linear or angular form as well as the type, location, and number of the substituents attached. The review summarizes the current evidence of the antitumor properties of linear and angular furanocoumarins with special emphasis on the molecular mechanism of elimination of cancer cells via apoptosis and autophagy. Negative aspects of the use of coumarins in anticancer therapy will be also discussed especially in the context of their phototoxicity and potential cancerogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sumorek-Wiadro
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Maciejczyk
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Guttman Y, Yedidia I, Nudel A, Zhmykhova Y, Kerem Z, Carmi N. New grapefruit cultivars exhibit low cytochrome P4503A4-Inhibition activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111135. [PMID: 31968226 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Furanocoumarins are the main compounds responsible for the food-drug interactions known as the grapefruit effect, which is caused by the inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism. We evaluated the effects of two new, low-furanocoumarin grapefruit cultivars on CYP3A4 activity and the roles of different furanocoumarins, individually and together with other juice compounds, in the inhibition of CYP3A4 by grapefruit. Whereas a standard grapefruit cultivar inhibited CYP3A4 activity in a dose-dependent manner, neither of the two examined low-furanocoumarin cultivars had an inhibitory effect. Despite the fact that bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin are weak inhibitors of CYP3A4, their relatively high levels in grapefruit make them the leading cause of the grapefruit effect. We found that furanocoumarins together with other juice compounds inhibit CYP3A4 in an additive manner. In silico docking simulation was employed, and differentiated between high- and low-potency inhibitors, suggesting that modeling may be useful for identifying potentially harmful food-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Guttman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Iris Yedidia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Adi Nudel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Yuliya Zhmykhova
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Zohar Kerem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Nir Carmi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Furocoumarin Content of Fennel-Below the Safety Threshold. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152844. [PMID: 31387269 PMCID: PMC6696257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Furocoumarins are known for their phototoxic and potential carcinogenic effects. These types of compounds have previously been reported from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), a widely used medicinal plant and spice; however, no reliable quantitative data are available on the occurrence of these compounds in fennel fruits. For the first time, we report a comprehensive analysis of fennel fruit samples of different origins, representing a wide range of accessions for their furocoumarin content. Psoralene, 5-methoxypsoralene (bergapten), and imperatorin contents of 33 fennel samples were analyzed using a sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. When applied at the highest therapeutic dose described in the monograph issued by the European Medicines Agency, the furocoumarin content of the fruits ranged up to 1.22 μg/d, which is below the most restrictive recommendations. Based on our findings, fennel consumption can be considered as safe, at least based on its low furocoumarin content.
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Bruni R, Barreca D, Protti M, Brighenti V, Righetti L, Anceschi L, Mercolini L, Benvenuti S, Gattuso G, Pellati F. Botanical Sources, Chemistry, Analysis, and Biological Activity of Furanocoumarins of Pharmaceutical Interest. Molecules 2019; 24:E2163. [PMID: 31181737 PMCID: PMC6600687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to provide a critical review of plant furanocoumarins from different points of view, including their chemistry and biosynthetic pathways to their extraction, analysis, and synthesis, to the main biological activities found for these active compounds, in order to highlight their potential within pharmaceutical science. The limits and the possible improvements needed for research involving these molecules are also highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Benvenuti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Ko JH, Arfuso F, Sethi G, Ahn KS. Pharmacological Utilization of Bergamottin, Derived from Grapefruits, in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124048. [PMID: 30558157 PMCID: PMC6321104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer still remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In spite of significant advances in treatment options and the advent of novel targeted therapies, there still remains an unmet need for the identification of novel pharmacological agents for cancer therapy. This has led to several studies evaluating the possible application of natural agents found in vegetables, fruits, or plant-derived products that may be useful for cancer treatment. Bergamottin is a furanocoumarin derived from grapefruits and is also a well-known cytochrome P450 inhibitor. Recent studies have demonstrated potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties of grapefruit furanocoumarin both in vitro and in vivo. The present review focuses on the potential anti-neoplastic effects of bergamottin in different tumor models and briefly describes the molecular targets affected by this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Ko
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Dietary furocoumarins and skin cancer: A review of current biological evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Furocoumarins: A review of biochemical activities, dietary sources and intake, and potential health risks. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stohs SJ. Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p-Synephrine. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1463-1474. [PMID: 28752649 PMCID: PMC5655712 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) extracts that contain p-synephrine as the primary protoalkaloid are widely used for weight loss/weight management, sports performance, appetite control, energy, and mental focus and cognition. Questions have been raised about the safety of p-synephrine because it has some structural similarity to ephedrine. This review focuses on current human, animal, in vitro, and mechanistic studies that address the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of bitter orange extracts and p-synephrine. Numerous studies have been conducted with respect to p-synephrine and bitter orange extract because ephedra and ephedrine were banned from use in dietary supplements in 2004. Approximately 30 human studies indicate that p-synephrine and bitter orange extracts do not result in cardiovascular effects and do not act as stimulants at commonly used doses. Mechanistic studies suggest that p-synephrine exerts its effects through multiple actions, which are discussed. Because p-synephrine exhibits greater adrenergic receptor binding in rodents than humans, data from animals cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. This review, as well as several other assessments published in recent years, has concluded that bitter orange extract and p-synephrine are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J. Stohs
- Creighton University Medical CenterKitsto Consulting LLCFriscoTXUSA
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16
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Melough MM, Lee SG, Cho E, Kim K, Provatas AA, Perkins C, Park MK, Qureshi A, Chun OK. Identification and Quantitation of Furocoumarins in Popularly Consumed Foods in the U.S. Using QuEChERS Extraction Coupled with UPLC-MS/MS Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5049-5055. [PMID: 28581738 PMCID: PMC8070520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Furocoumarins are a class of photoactive compounds found in several plant species and may be responsible for the observed association between consumption of citrus products and the risk of skin cancer. Furocoumarin contents of several foods have been reported previously, but no comprehensive database of furocoumarin content of foods is currently available. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution of furocoumarins in popularly consumed foods in the U.S. Samples of three varieties of each of 29 foods known or suspected to contain furocoumarins were purchased, prepared for analysis using a solid phase extraction method, and analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS for the presence of seven major furocoumarins. Most foods measured contained more than one furocoumarin, and some contained all seven of the furocoumarins examined. Total furocoumarin concentration was greatest in fresh parsley (23215 ng/g), grapefruits (21858 ng/g), lime juice (14580 ng/g), grapefruit juice (95341 ng/g), and limes (9151 ng/g). Bergamottin was found in the greatest proportion of foods sampled (23 of 29), followed by bergapten (19 of 29) and 6'7'-dihydroxybergamottin (16 of 29). These measurements will enable more accurate estimation of dietary furocoumarin exposure and will strengthen future epidemiological work investigating the relationships between furocoumarin intake and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Sang Gil Lee
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Kijoon Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- BOM Institute of Nutrition and Natural Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 08826
| | - Anthony A. Provatas
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Christopher Perkins
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Min Kyung Park
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Abrar Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Ock K. Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (860) 486-6275. Fax: (860) 486-3674.
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17
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Melough MM, Vance TM, Lee SG, Provatas AA, Perkins C, Qureshi A, Cho E, Chun OK. Furocoumarin Kinetics in Plasma and Urine of Healthy Adults Following Consumption of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and Grapefruit Juice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3006-3012. [PMID: 28322044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Furocoumarins are a class of organic compounds found in a variety of vegetables and fruits. Relatively little is known about the absorption and excretion of these compounds following ingestion. The objective of this study was to identify furocoumarins in grapefruit and grapefruit juice and observe their kinetics in blood and urine. The furocoumarins detected in grapefruit using UPLC-MS/MS were bergamottin, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (6',7'-DHB), epoxybergamottin, and bergaptol. Bergamottin, 6',7'-DHB, bergaptol, and bergapten were detected in grapefruit juice. In this study of 6 males and 3 females, only bergamottin and 6',7'-DHB were detected in plasma, whereas in urine, four distinct furocoumarin metabolites as well as bergaptol, 6',7'-DHB, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), bergamottin, and psoralen were identified. Following grapefruit ingestion, furocoumarins were detectable in plasma as early as 15 min and in urine within 1 h. They remained in plasma for up to 3 or more hours and in urine as late as 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sang Gil Lee
- North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | | | | | - Abrar Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
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Tine Y, Renucci F, Costa J, Wélé A, Paolini J. A Method for LC-MS/MS Profiling of Coumarins in Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) B. Zepernich and Timler Extracts and Essential Oils. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010174. [PMID: 28117749 PMCID: PMC6155696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolites from the coumarin class, present in tissues of plants belonging mainly to the Rutaceae and Apiaceae families, included compounds with high chemical diversity such as simple coumarins and furocoumarins. These health-promoting components are recognized for their valuable biological activities in herbal preparations but also for their phototoxic effects. In this work, a targeted liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) was developed for the screening of 39 reference standards of coumarins and furocoumarins in essential oils and plant extracts. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on reversed phase column using water/acetonitrile as the mobile phase and detection was performed on a hybrid QqQ/linear ion trap spectrometer fitted with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source operating in positive ion mode. This analytical approach was applied to investigate the coumarin compositions of fruit essential oils and methanolic extracts obtained from separated parts (fruit, leaf, stem, trunk, and root) of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Ten coumarins and six furanocoumarins were reported in this species and data analyses were used to assess the suitability of these compounds to the metabolomics-based differentiation of plant organs. The quantification criteria of the metabolites in extract samples included linearity, limit of quantification, limit of detection, and matrix effect were validated. As reported for other species of the Rutaceae family, the concentration of coumarins was drastically higher in Z. zanthoxyloides fruits than in other plant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoro Tine
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 SPE, Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52, F-20250 Corte, France.
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005 Dakar-Fann, Senegal.
| | - Franck Renucci
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 SPE, Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52, F-20250 Corte, France.
| | - Jean Costa
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 SPE, Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52, F-20250 Corte, France.
| | - Alassane Wélé
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005 Dakar-Fann, Senegal.
| | - Julien Paolini
- Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134 SPE, Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52, F-20250 Corte, France.
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19
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Lee SG, Kim K, Vance TM, Perkins C, Provatas A, Wu S, Qureshi A, Cho E, Chun OK. Development of a comprehensive analytical method for furanocoumarins in grapefruit and their metabolites in plasma and urine using UPLC-MS/MS: a preliminary study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:881-7. [PMID: 27396405 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1207157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To develop a comprehensive analytical method for photoactive furanocoumarins, grapefruit (whole, flesh, peel and juice) was extracted using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method. Seven furanocoumarins: bergaptol, psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, bergapten, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (6',7'-DHB), epoxybergamottin and bergamottin were determined in grapefruit using UPLC-MS/MS. The concentrations of furanocoumarins in the plasma and urine of six healthy young adults before and after ingestion of grapefruit or grapefruit juice were also determined. Recovery rates of furanocoumarins by QuEChERS method from matrix spike sample and laboratory calibrate sample were 125.7 ± 25.4% and 105.7 ± 6.3%, respectively. Bergamottin and 6',7'-DHB were predominant compounds in grapefruit flesh, juice and plasma, while bergaptol and 6',7'-DHB were major compounds detected in the urine. The results demonstrated that bergamottin and 6',7'-DHB were metabolized to bergaptol. Overall, the analytical methods developed in the present study can be applied to the analysis of various furanocoumarins in plant sources and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gil Lee
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Kijoon Kim
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Terrence M Vance
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Christopher Perkins
- b Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of Connecticut Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Anthony Provatas
- b Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering , University of Connecticut Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Shaowei Wu
- c Department of Dermatology , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA ;,d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Abrar Qureshi
- c Department of Dermatology , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA ;,e Department of Epidemiology , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , RI , USA ;,f Channing Division of Network Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- c Department of Dermatology , The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA ;,e Department of Epidemiology , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , RI , USA ;,f Channing Division of Network Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ock K Chun
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
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20
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Content evaluation of 4 furanocoumarin monomers in various citrus germplasms. Food Chem 2015; 187:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Mancuso C. Key factors which concur to the correct therapeutic evaluation of herbal products in free radical-induced diseases. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:86. [PMID: 25954201 PMCID: PMC4406081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years now the world's scientific literature has been perfused with articles on the therapeutic potential of natural products, the vast majority of which have herbal origins, as in the case of free radical-induced diseases. What is often overlooked is the effort of researchers who take into consideration the preclinical and clinical evaluation of these herbal products, in order to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy and safety. The first critical issue to be addressed in the early stages of the preclinical studies is related to pharmacokinetics, which is sometimes not very favorable, of some of these products, which limits the bioavailability after oral intake. In this regard, it is worthy underlining how it is often unethical to propose the therapeutic efficacy of a compound on the basis of preclinical results obtained with far higher concentrations to those which, hopefully, could be achieved in organs and tissues of subjects taking these products by mouth. The most widely used approach to overcome the problem related to the low bioavailability involves the complexation of the active ingredients of herbal products with non-toxic carriers that facilitate the absorption and distribution. Even the induction or inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes by herbal products, and the consequent variations of plasma concentrations of co-administered drugs, are phenomena to be carefully evaluated as they can give rise to side-effects. This risk is even greater when considering that people lack the perception of the risk arising from an over use of herbal products that, by their very nature, are considered risk-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine Roma, Italy
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22
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Novel benzopsoralen analogues: synthesis, biological activity and molecular docking studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:298-305. [PMID: 25262050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New benzopsoralen analogues were synthesized and their inhibitory effect on the growth of tumourtumour cell lines (MDA MB231 and TCC-SUP) was evaluated. The in vitro antitumour activity of the new benzopsoralen analogues was discussed in terms of structure-activity relationship. Molecular docking studies with human-CYP2A6 enzymes were also carried out with the synthesized compounds to evaluate the potential of these molecules to interact with the haem group of the enzymes. The results demonstrated that the compounds that are able to interact with the iron ion of the haem cofactor and at the same time with active site Asn297 are those that have better anti-proliferative activity.
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23
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Stohs SJ, Miller H, Romano F. Absence of furanocoumarins in Advantra Z® (Citrus aurantium, bitter orange) extracts. J Diet Suppl 2014; 11:288-93. [PMID: 25026202 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.937047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice is known for its ability to alter drug metabolism through inhibition of the cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4) system, and result in drug-food interactions that may be life threatening. The primary active ingredients in grapefruit responsible for these effects are the furanocoumarins bergapten, bergamottin, and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB). Bergamottin and DHB appear to be the most important in terms of adverse drug interactions. Furanocoumarins are present in the juices and fruits of other Citrus species including C. aurantium (bitter oranges). Bergapten is the predominant furanocoumarin in bitter orange. Bitter orange extracts are widely used in products associated with weight loss, sports performance, and energy production. Questions have been raised about the potential of bitter orange extracts to cause drug interactions. This study examined the furanocoumarin content of four standardized bitter orange extracts (Advantra Z®) by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results indicated that the total furanocoumarin content of each of the four extracts was less than 20 μg/g, amounts insufficient to exert significant effects on the metabolism of susceptible drugs in human subjects at the doses commonly used for these extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J Stohs
- 1School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
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24
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Regueiro J, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Negreira N, Simal-Gándara J, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Identification and quantification of grapefruit juice furanocoumarin metabolites in urine: an approach based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry and solid-phase extraction coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2134-2140. [PMID: 24568314 DOI: 10.1021/jf405701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grapefruit is a rich source of flavonoids but also contains furanocoumarins, which are known to strongly interact with a variety of medications. Thus, characterization of grapefruit furanocoumarin metabolites may help in a better understanding of grapefruit-drug interactions. In the present work, identification of the main metabolites of grapefruit juice furanocoumarins in urine was performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap). Glucuronides of 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin and a hydroxybergamottin-like metabolite were identified for the first time as grapefruit juice metabolites. Afterward, a fast and sensitive method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and UPLC coupled to triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS/MS) was developed for determination of the identified metabolites in urine. The proposed method was applied to urine samples of five volunteers after intakes of moderate doses of grapefruit, lemon, and orange juices. Furanocoumarin metabolites were only detected in urines after consumption of grapefruit juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo , 32004 Ourense, Spain
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25
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Monroe KR, Stanczyk FZ, Besinque KH, Pike MC. The effect of grapefruit intake on endogenous serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer 2014; 65:644-52. [PMID: 23859031 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.795982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although grapefruit intake leads to elevated serum estrogen levels when hormones are taken orally, there are no published data on the effect on endogenous levels. We conducted a pilot dietary intervention study among healthy postmenopausal volunteers to test whole grapefruit, 2 juices, and 1 grapefruit soda. Fifty-nine participants were recruited through the Love/Avon Army of Women. The study consisted of a 3-wk run-in, 2 wk of grapefruit intake, and a 1-wk wash-out. Eight fasting blood samples were collected. An additional 5 samples drawn at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 hr after grapefruit intake were collected during an acute-phase study for 10 women. Serum assays for estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estrone-3-sulfate (E1S), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex hormone-binding globulin were conducted. Whole grapefruit intake had significant effects on endogenous E1S. Peak effects were seen at 8 hr, increasing by 26% from baseline. No changes in mean E1 or E2 with whole fruit intake were observed. In contrast, fresh juice, bottled juice, and soda intake all had significant lowering effects on E2. The findings suggest an important interaction between grapefruit intake and endogenous estrogen levels. Because endogenous estrogen levels are associated with breast cancer risk, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine R Monroe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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26
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Ahmed IS, Hassan MA, Kondo T. Effect of lyophilized grapefruit juice on P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport in-vitro and in-vivo. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 41:375-81. [PMID: 24303901 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.866141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The administration of grapefruit juice (GFJ) has been postulated to inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport system and thus can enhance the uptake of substrate drugs. However, for various reasons, the results obtained have been always swaying between confirmation and refutation. This study aims at re-evaluating the effect of lyophilized freshly-prepared grapefruit juice (LGFJ) prepared from the whole peeled fruit on P-gp activity using the model drug doxorubicin (DOX) in-vitro and timolol maleate (TM) in-vivo. Human uterine sarcoma MES-SA/DX5v cells, grown under nanomolar concentration of DOX and highly expressing P-gp, were used as model cells for in-vitro studies whereas white New Zealand male rabbits were used for in-vivo studies. Results showed that the accumulation of DOX in MES-SA/DX5v cells was increased by 18.3 ± 2.0% in presence of LGFJ compared to control experiments. Results from in-vivo absorption studies showed that the relative oral bioavailability of TM ingested with LGFJ was significantly higher by 70% and 43% compared to the oral bioavailability of TM ingested with saline and a commercial GFJ, respectively. This study as such confirms the inhibitory effects of LGFJ on P-gp efflux proteins and highlights the superiority of using lyophilized freshly prepared juices over the commercially available juices in research studies. Also, the results call for further studies to assess the possibility of co-administrating LGFJ with anti-cancer agents to modulate multidrug resistance in their cellular environment or incorporating LGFJ in solid dosage forms to improve oral bioavailability of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates
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27
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Holmberg MT, Tornio A, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT, Niemi M. Grapefruit Juice Inhibits the Metabolic Activation of Clopidogrel. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 95:307-13. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Ainslie-Waldman CE, Simpkins SW, Upadhyaya P, Carmella SG, Hecht SS, Trudo SP. Contamination of deconjugation enzymes derived from Helix pomatia with the plant bioactive compounds 3,3'-diindolylmethane, 5-methoxypsoralen, and 8-methoxypsoralen. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:188-93. [PMID: 23994708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds from plant foods are intensely investigated for effects on disease prevention. β-Glucuronidase/arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia (snail) is commonly used when quantifying exposure to metabolized dietary components. However, we describe here the contamination of multiple formulations of this enzyme preparation with 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), bioactives from cruciferous and apiaceous vegetables under investigation as putative cancer chemopreventive agents. We identified an Escherichia coli preparation of β-glucuronidase as free from contamination with any of the compounds tested. These results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate enzyme preparations when quantifying naturally occurring, trace level compounds in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E Ainslie-Waldman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 2nd St. S, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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29
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Zhao Y, Wang S, Yu H, Chiang HM. Phototoxicity of herbal plants and herbal products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:213-255. [PMID: 24024520 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.824206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are used by humans in daily life in many different ways, including as food, herbal medicines, and cosmetics. Unfortunately, many natural plants and their chemical constituents are photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic, and these phototoxic phytochemicals are widely present in many different plant families. To date, information concerning the phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity of many plants and their chemical constituents is limited. In this review, we discuss phototoxic plants and their major phototoxic constituents; routes of human exposure; phototoxicity of these plants and their constituents; general mechanisms of phototoxicity of plants and phototoxic components; and several representative phototoxic plants and their photoactive chemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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30
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Messer A, Raquet N, Lohr C, Schrenk D. Major furocoumarins in grapefruit juice II: Phototoxicity, photogenotoxicity, and inhibitory potency vs. cytochrome P450 3A4 activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:756-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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