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Song X, Shen L, Contreras JM, Liu Z, Ma K, Ma B, Liu X, Wang DO. New potential selective estrogen receptor modulators in traditional Chinese medicine for treating menopausal syndrome. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 39120263 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Women go through several predictable conditions and symptoms during menopause that are caused by age, changes in sex hormone levels, and other factors. Conventional menopause hormone therapy has raised serious concerns about the increased risks of cancers, blood clots, depression, etc. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that can be both agonists and antagonists of estrogen receptors in a tissue-specific manner are being developed to reduce the health concerns associated with menopause hormone therapy. Here, we have searched the Chinese national traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) patent database to identify potential SERM-like compounds with reduced health risks. TCM has been widely used for treating complex symptoms associated with menopause syndrome and thus can be a particularly rich source for pharmaceutical alternatives with SERM properties. After extensive literature review and molecular simulation, we conclude that protopanaxatriol, paeoniflorin, astragalin, catalpol, and hyperoside among others may be particularly promising as SERM-like compounds in treating the menopausal syndrome. Compounds in TCM hold promise in yielding comparable outcomes to hormone therapy but with reduced associated risks, thus presenting promising avenues for their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Song
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Shen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Ma
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Mohapatra S, Kumar PA, Aggarwal A, Iqubal A, Mirza MA, Iqbal Z. Phytotherapeutic approach for conquering menopausal syndrome and osteoporosis. Phytother Res 2024; 38:2728-2763. [PMID: 38522005 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Women face a significant change in their reproductive health as menopause sets in. It is marred with numerous physiological changes that negatively impact their quality of life. This universal, transition phase is associated with menopausal and postmenopausal syndrome, which may spread over 2-10 years. This creates a depletion of female hormones causing physical, mental, sexual and social problems and may, later on, manifest as postmenopausal osteoporosis leading to weak bones, causing fractures and ultimately morbidity and mortality. Menopausal hormone therapy generally encompasses the correction of hormone balance through various pharmacological agents, but the associated side effects often lead to cessation of therapy with poor clinical outcomes. However, it has been noticed that phytotherapeutics is trusted by women for the amelioration of symptoms related to menopause and for improving bone health. This could primarily be due to their reduced side effects and lesser costs. This review attempts to bring forth the suitability of phytotherapeutics/herbals for the management of menopausal, postmenopausal syndrome, and menopausal osteoporosis through several published research. It tries to enlist the available botanicals with their key constituents and mechanism of action for mitigating symptoms associated with menopause as well as osteoporosis. It also includes a list of a few herbal commercial products available for these complications. The article also intends to collate the findings of various clinical trials and patents available in this field and provide a window for newer research avenues in this highly important yet ignored health segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sradhanjali Mohapatra
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - P Ayash Kumar
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, R&D Centre, Gurugram, India
| | - Akshay Aggarwal
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, R&D Centre, Gurugram, India
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Aamir Mirza
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Nanotechnology Lab, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Qian HQ, Wu DC, Li CY, Liu XR, Han XK, Peng Y, Zhang H, Zhao BY, Zhao Y. A systematic review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116957. [PMID: 37544344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epimedium koreanum Nakai (E. koreanum), a member of the genus Epimedium in the family Berberidaceae, is a well-known and well-liked traditional herb used as a "kidney tonic". For thousands of years, it has been utilized for renal yang deficiency, impotence, spermatorrhea, impotence, weakness of tendons and bones, rheumatic paralysis and discomfort, numbness, and constriction. AIM OF THE STUDY The paper aims to comprehensively in-depth, and methodically review the most recent research on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of E. koreanum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, ScienceDirect, Baidu Scholar, and CNKI and medicine books in China were searched for relevant information on E. koreanum. RESULTS In traditional uses, E. koreanum is frequently used to treat various diseases like erectile dysfunction, infertility, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, kidney-yang deficiency syndrome, etc. To date, more than 379 compounds have been discovered from various parts of E. koreanum, including flavonoids, lignans, organic acids, terpenoids, hydrocarbons, dihydrophenanthrene derivatives, alkaloids, and others. Research has revealed that the compounds and crude extracts have a wide range of pharmacological effects on the reproductive, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, as well as anti-osteoporosis, anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antiviral properties. Besides, the crude extracts show potential hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION Based on recent domestic and international research investigations, E. koreanum contains a wealth of chemical components with pronounced pharmacological activities. Its traditional uses are numerous, and the majority of these traditional uses have been supported by contemporary pharmacological investigations. Crude extracts, on the other hand, can result in hepatotoxicity. Therefore, additional in vivo and in vitro experimental research on the pharmacology and toxicology of E. koreanum are required in the future to assess its safety and efficacy. This will give a firmer scientific foundation for its safe application and the development of new drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Qian
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Dou-Can Wu
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xin-Ran Liu
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xin-Ke Han
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Bing-Yan Zhao
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
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Xu C, Liu X, Shen G, Fan X, Zhang Y, Sun C, Suo F, Guo B. Time-series transcriptome provides insights into the gene regulation network involved in the icariin-flavonoid metabolism during the leaf development of Epimedium pubescens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183481. [PMID: 37377796 PMCID: PMC10291196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Herba Epimedii (Epimedium) leaves are rich in prenylated flavonol glycosides (PFGs) with high medicinal value. However, the dynamics and regulatory network of PFG biosynthesis remain largely unclear. Here, we combined metabolite profiling (targeted to PFGs) and a high-temporal-resolution transcriptome to elucidate PFGs' regulatory network in Epimedium pubescens and identified key candidate structural genes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in PFG accumulation. Chemical profile analysis revealed that PFG content was quite different between buds and leaves and displayed a continuous decline with leaf development. The structural genes are the determinant reasons, and they are strictly regulated by TFs under temporal cues. We further constructed seven time-ordered gene co-expression networks (TO-GCNs) of PFG biosynthesis genes (including EpPAL2, EpC4H, EpCHS2, EpCHI2, EpF3H, EpFLS3, and EpPT8), and three flavonol biosynthesis routines were then predicted. The TFs involved in TO-GCNs were further confirmed by WGCNA analysis. Fourteen hub genes, comprising 5 MYBs, 1 bHLH, 1 WD40, 2 bZIPs, 1 BES1, 1 C2H2, 1 Trihelix, 1 HD-ZIP, and 1 GATA were identified as candidate key TFs. The results were further validated by TF binding site (TFBS) analysis and qRT-PCR. Overall, these findings provide valuable information for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of PFGs biosynthesis, enriching the gene resources, which will guide further research on PFG accumulation in Epimedium.
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Zheng L, Wu S, Jin H, Wu J, Wang X, Cao Y, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Li L, Yang X, Shen Q, Guo S, Shen Y, Li C, Ji L. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of icariin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154890. [PMID: 37229892 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Icariin (ICA) is the main active component of Epimedium, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known to enhance cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to investigate and summarize the mechanisms through which ICA treats AD. METHODS The PubMed and CNKI databases were utilized to review the advancements in ICA's role in AD prevention and treatment by analyzing literature published between January 2005 and April 2023. To further illustrate ICA's impact on AD development, tables, and images are included to summarize the relationships between various mechanisms. RESULTS The study reveals that ICA ameliorates cognitive deficits in AD model mice by modulating Aβ via multiple pathways, including BACE-1, NO/cGMP, Wnt/Ca2+, and PI3K/Akt signaling. ICA exhibits neuroprotective properties by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis through the suppression of ER stress in AD mice, potentially linked to NF-κB, MAPK, ERK, and PERK/Eif2α signaling pathways. Moreover, ICA may safeguard neurons by attenuating mitochondrial oxidative stress injury. ICA can also enhance learning, memory, and cognition by improving synaptic structure via regulation of the PSD-95 protein. Furthermore, ICA can mitigate neuroinflammation by inactivating microglial activity through the upregulation of PPARγ, TAK1/IKK/NF-κB, and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION This study indicates that ICA possesses multiple beneficial effects in AD treatment. Through the integration of pharmacological and molecular biological research, ICA may emerge as a promising candidate to expedite the advancement of TCM in the clinical management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Sichen Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Haichao Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuxiao Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yaona Jiang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Linhong Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Shunyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuejian Shen
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linping, Hangzhou 311106, China.
| | - Changyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Liting Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Estrogenic flavonoids and their molecular mechanisms of action. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 114:109250. [PMID: 36509337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a major group of phytoestrogens associated with physiological effects, and ecological and social impacts. Although the estrogenic activity of flavonoids was reported by researchers in the fields of medical, environmental and food studies, their molecular mechanisms of action have not been comprehensively reviewed. The estrogenic activity of the respective classes of flavonoids, anthocyanidins/anthocyanins, 2-arylbenzofurans/3-arylcoumarins/α-methyldeoxybenzoins, aurones/chalcones/dihydrochalcones, coumaronochromones, coumestans, flavans/flavan-3-ols/flavan-4-ols, flavanones/dihydroflavonols, flavones/flavonols, homoisoflavonoids, isoflavans, isoflavanones, isoflavenes, isoflavones, neoflavonoids, oligoflavonoids, pterocarpans/pterocarpenes, and rotenone/rotenoids, was summarized through a comprehensive literature search, and their structure-activity relationship, biological activities, signaling pathways, and applications were discussed. Although the respective classes of flavonoids contained at least one chemical mimicking estrogen, the mechanisms varied, such as those with estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, non-estrogenic, and biphasic activities, and additional activities through crosstalk/bypassing, which exert biological activities through cell signaling pathways. Such mechanistic variations of estrogen action are not limited to flavonoids and are observed among other broad categories of chemicals, thus this group of chemicals can be termed as the "estrogenome". This review article focuses on the connection of estrogen action mainly between the outer and the inner environments, which represent variations of chemicals and biological activities/signaling pathways, respectively, and form the basis to understand their applications. The applications of chemicals will markedly progress due to emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence for precision medicine, which is also true of the study of the estrogenome including estrogenic flavonoids.
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Potential of Icariin–Glucosamine Combination in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Topical Application: Development of Topical Formulation and In Vitro Permeation Study. COSMETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a topically applied formulation with the potential to alleviate arthritis ailments. A combination of two active ingredients, icariin from Epimedium L. (Species: Epimedium Koreanum) extract as a potential promoter of chondrogenesis and glucosamine sulfate as a precursor of cartilage tissues, was tested. In permeation studies, the potential for skin permeation of both substances was confirmed; however, the in vitro release test did not accurately reflect the degree of skin permeation. The in vitro release of icariin was at a level of 15.0–19.0% for the plant-extract-derived icariin and 29.0–35.0% for the pure substance. The level of glucosamine sulfate release was 38.4% (on average). For icariin of both origins, the release results were higher than those obtained via oral administration (about 12.0%), which shows the potential superiority of topical application. In addition, the physicochemical parameters that affect the in vitro release and performance of topical formulations were addressed. This preliminary research and permeation analysis of the formulation produced a promising picture of its prospects regarding arthritis treatment, although further investigation is needed.
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Zhang J, Yu H, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Si W, Qin Y, Zhang J. Dietary Epimedium extract supplementation improves intestinal functions and alters gut microbiota in broilers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:14. [PMID: 36653873 PMCID: PMC9847172 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth-promoting antibiotics have been banned by law in the livestock and poultry breeding industry in many countries. Various alternatives to antibiotics have been investigated for using in livestock. Epimedium (EM) is an herb rich in flavonoids that has many beneficial effects on animals. Therefore, this study was planned to explore the potential of EM as a new alternative antibiotic product in animal feed. METHODS A total of 720 1-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres Plus) were randomly divided into six groups and fed basal diet (normal control; NC), basal diet supplemented with antibiotic (75 mg/kg chlortetracycline; CTC), and basal diet supplemented with 100, 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg EM extract for 6 weeks (EM100, EM200, EM400 and EM800 groups). The growth performance at weeks 3 and 6 was measured. Serum, intestinal tissue and feces were collected to assay for antioxidant indexes, intestinal permeability, lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles, microbial composition, and expression of intestinal barrier genes. RESULTS The average daily feed intake in CTC group at 1-21 d was significantly higher than that in the NC group, and had no statistical difference with EM groups. Compared with NC group, average daily gain in CTC and EM200 groups increased significantly at 1-21 and 1-42 d. Compared with NC group, EM200 and EM400 groups had significantly decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide and D-lactic acid in serum throughout the study. The concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and SCFAs in feces of birds fed 200 mg/kg EM diet were significantly higher than those fed chlortetracycline. The dietary supplementation of chlortetracycline and 200 mg/kg EM significantly increased ileal expression of SOD1, Claudin-1 and ZO-1 genes. Dietary supplemented with 200 mg/kg EM increased the relative abundances of g_NK4A214_group and Lactobacillus in the jejunal, while the relative abundances of Microbacterium, Kitasatospora, Bacteroides in the jejunal and Gallibacterium in the ileum decreased. CONCLUSION Supplementation with 200 mg/kg EM extract improved the composition of intestinal microbiota by regulating the core bacterial genus Lactobacillus, and increased the concentration of beneficial metabolites lactic acid and SCFAs in the flora, thereby improving the antioxidant capacity and intestinal permeability, enhancing the function of tight junction proteins. These beneficial effects improved the growth performance of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China ,grid.464332.4Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China ,grid.464332.4Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China ,grid.464332.4Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China ,grid.464332.4Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Si
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China ,grid.464332.4Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China ,grid.464332.4Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China ,grid.464332.4Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
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A Novel 3- O-rhamnoside: 2″- O-xylosyltransferase Responsible for Terminal Modification of Prenylflavonol Glycosides in Epimedium pubescens Maxim. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416050. [PMID: 36555695 PMCID: PMC9786081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylated flavonol glycosides in Epimedium plants, as key medicinal components, are known to have great pharmaceutical activities for human health. Among the main prenylated flavonol glycosides, the modification mechanism of different sugar moieties is still not well understood. In the current study, a novel prenylated flavonol rhamnoside xylosyltransferase gene (EpF3R2″XylT) was cloned from E. pubescens, and the enzymatic activity of its decoding proteins was examined in vitro with different prenylated flavonol rhamnoside substrates and different 3-O-monosaccharide moieties. Furthermore, the functional and structural domains of EpF3R2″XylT were analyzed by bioinformatic approaches and 3-D protein structure remodeling. In summary, EpF3R2″XylT was shown to cluster with GGT (glycosyltransferase that glycosylates sugar moieties of glycosides) through phylogenetic analysis. In enzymatic analysis, EpF3R2″XylT was proven to transfer xylose moiety from UDP-xylose to prenylated flavonol rhamnoside at the 2″-OH position of rhamnose. The analysis of enzymatic kinetics showed that EpF3R2″XylT had the highest substrate affinity toward icariin with the lowest Km value of 75.96 ± 11.91 mM. Transient expression of EpF3R2″XylT in tobacco leaf showed functional production of EpF3R2″XylT proteins in planta. EpF3R2″XylT was preferably expressed in the leaves of E. pubescens, which is consistent with the accumulation levels of major prenylflavonol 3-O-triglycoside. The discovery of EpF3R2″XylT will provide an economical and efficient alternative way to produce prenylated flavonol trisaccharides through the biosynthetic approach.
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Neuroprotective Mechanism of Icariin on Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Damage in Neonatal Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1330928. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1330928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Our previous results showed that icariin (ICA) could inhibit apoptosis and provide neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal mice, but the specific mechanism of its neuroprotective effect remains unknown. This study aims at exploring whether ICA plays a neuroprotective role in apoptosis inhibition by regulating autophagy through the estrogen receptor α (ERα)/estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway in neonatal mice with HIBD. Methods. A neonatal mouse model of HIBD was constructed in vivo, and an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model in HT22 cells from the hippocampal neuronal system was constructed in vitro. The effects of ICA pretreatment on autophagy and the expression of ERα and ERβ were detected in vitro and in vivo, respectively. ICA pretreatment was also supplemented with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), ERα inhibitor methylpiperidino pyrazole (MPP), and ERβ inhibitor 4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis (trifluoromethyl) pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyramidin-3-yl) phenol (PHTPP) to further detect whether ICA pretreatment can activate the ERα/ERβ pathway to promote autophagy and reduce HIBD-induced apoptosis to play a neuroprotective role against HIBD in neonatal mice. Results. ICA pretreatment significantly promoted autophagy in HIBD mice. Treatment with 3-MA significantly inhibited the increase in autophagy induced by ICA pretreatment, reversed the neuroprotective effect of ICA pretreatment, and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, ICA pretreatment significantly increased the expression levels of the ERα and ERβ proteins in HIBD newborn mice. Both MPP and PHTPP administration significantly inhibited the expression levels of the ERα and ERβ proteins activated by ICA pretreatment, reversed the neuroprotective effects of ICA pretreatment, inhibited the increase in autophagy induced by ICA pretreatment, and promoted apoptosis. Conclusion. ICA pretreatment may promote autophagy by activating the ERα and ERβ pathways, thus reducing the apoptosis induced by HIBD and exerting a neuroprotective effect on neonatal mice with HIBD.
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Moch Rizal D, Septiyorini N. Molecular Action of Herbal Medicine in Physiology of Erection and its Dysfunction. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224902002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erection is a physiological process that involves vascular, hormonal, and nervous factors. Erectile dysfunction is one of the male sexual problems that occur globally and is reported to affect men's quality of life. Herbal plants have been widely used for disease treatment, including the problem of erectile dysfunction. This paper aims to review the molecular potential of various plants in the physiology of erection and to treat erectile dysfunction. The literature search was carried out through the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases regarding the molecular mechanisms of herbal plants and their potential involvement in the physiology of erection and overcoming erectile dysfunction. This paper focuses on six herbal plants: Panax ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Epimedium, Black pepper, Tribulus terrestris, and Eurycoma longifolia. The six herbal plants have involvement in the erection process and have molecular potential in the treatment of erectile problems
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Liu A, Ji Q, Ren L, Ma C, Zhang H, Wu C, Zhang D, Shang M, He F. Synthesis of Icariin-Zinc and its Protective Effect on Exercise Fatigue and Reproductive System Related Glands in Male Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:611722. [PMID: 34177561 PMCID: PMC8227404 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.611722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Icariin, a traditional Chinese medicine, plays a protective role in the treatment of exercise fatigue. Zinc, a trace element, plays an important role in the reproductive system. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize an Icariin-Zinc complex (by chemical means) and verify its protective effect on exercise fatigue and the reproductive system using animal experiments. Methods: The icariin-zinc complex was prepared by the reaction of icariin carbonyl and zinc ions (molar ratio 1:3). The molecular formula and structural formula of the complex were identified and tested. Fifty-six rats selected by swimming training were randomly divided into six groups: static control, exercise control, icariin, gluconate zinc (G-Zn group), icariin glucose zinc and icariin-zinc exercise ( low, high dose/L-E group, H-E group) groups. These groups respectively received the following doses: 1 ml/100 g, daily gavage with NS (for the first two groups), 45 mg/kg icariin, 110 mg/kg Gluconate Zinc, Icariin glucose zinc (45 mg/kg Icariin and 110 mg/kg Gluconate Zinc), 60 mg/kg icariin zinc and 180 mg/kg icariin zinc. After 3 weeks of gavage, we conducted 6 weeks of exhaustive swimming training. Test indices such as exhaustive swimming time of rats and body weight were evaluated after the last training exercise. The seminal vesicles, testes, and prostate gland were weighed, and their indices were calculated. The levels of testosterone (in the plasma) and glycogen (in the liver and muscle homogenates) were also evaluated using ELISA. Results: Compared with the static control group, the exhaustive swimming time of the rats in each group was prolonged. Compared with the other groups, the exhaustive swimming time of the L-E and H-E groups was significantly longer (p < 0.01); the Icariin-Zinc complex significantly increased the exhaustive swimming time of the rats. Compared with the static control group, the plasma testosterone content of the L-E and H-E groups increased significantly (p < 0.05). Compared with the exercise control group and G-Zn group, the plasma testosterone content of the H-E group also increased significantly (p < 0.01). The Icariin-Zinc complex significantly increased the serum levels of testosterone in rats. Compared with the control group, the muscle glycogen reserves of each group decreased, indicating that the muscle glycogen reserves of the rats decreased after swimming. Compared with other groups, the Icariin-Zinc complex can reduce the level of glycogen in the muscles, indicating that it can increase the utilization efficiency of glycogen in muscles. Compared with the static control and exercise control groups, the testicular weight of rats in the administration groups increased slightly. The Icariin-Zinc complex increased the testicular weight, indicating that the function of the reproductive system was improved to some extent. Conclusion: Icariin-Zinc can significantly prolong the exhaustive swimming time, improve exercise ability, and increase the plasma testosterone level (which is beneficial for improving the reproductive ability of male rats). Moreover, the beneficial effect of Icariin-Zinc on the glycogen content, testis index, and other reproductive system glands is dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Orthopedics Department, The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- Orthopedics Department, The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Graduate College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanrui Ma
- Orthopedics Department, The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hengyu Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaochao Wu
- Graduate College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Donglin Zhang
- Graduate College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Wu H, Liu X, Gao ZY, Lin M, Zhao X, Sun Y, Pu XP. Icaritin Provides Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease by Attenuating Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Energy Deficiency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040529. [PMID: 33805302 PMCID: PMC8066334 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are all important pathogenic mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal damage observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, despite extensive efforts, targeting inflammation and oxidative stress using various approaches has not led to meaningful clinical outcomes, and mitochondrial enhancers have also failed to convincingly achieve disease-modifying effects. We tested our hypothesis that treatment approaches in PD should simultaneously reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and improve alterations in neuronal energy metabolism using the flavonoid icaritin in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), coupled with biochemical analyses and behavioral tests, we demonstrate that icaritin improves PD by attenuating the the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity and stabilizing mitochondrial function, based on our extensive analyses showing the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, reduction of NLRP3-mediated IL-1β secretion, and improvements in the levels of antioxidant molecules. Our data also indicated that icaritin stabilized the levels of proteins related to mitochondrial function, such as voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and ATP synthase subunit beta (ATP5B), as well as those of molecules related to energy metabolism, such as ATP and ADP, ultimately improving mitochondrial dysfunction. By employing molecular docking, we also discovered that icaritin can interact with NLRP3, VDAC, ATP5B, and several blood–brain barrier (BBB)-related proteins. These data provide insights into the promising therapeutic potential of icaritin in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xi Liu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ze-Yu Gao
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Lin
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Sun
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Pu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8280-2431
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14
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Zhuang L, Ding Y, Ma F, Li J, M SM, Xiao W, Wang Z, Zhu J. A novel online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography system with the multiple trap columns-valve switch technique for the rapid and efficient isolation of main flavonoids from Epimedium koreanum Nakai. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:656-665. [PMID: 33151025 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the fast and efficient separation of complex chemical mixtures from natural products. This system integrates two chromatographic systems into an online automatic separation system using the technique of multiple trap columns with valve switching. The sample was first separated into 18 subfractions in the online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and the sample eluents were then diluted and captured online on 18 trap columns by the multiple trap columns technique, respectively. Each subfraction retained on the trap column was transferred online to the separation column for the second separation. Finally, the target compounds were purified by appropriate separation conditions and multiple heart-cutting strategies. Importantly, the system was successfully used to separate 18 high-purity flavonoids from the crude extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai online in one step. The entire separation time was approximately 20 h, and the structures were characterized by the high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. This online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography system represents an efficient and rapid separation system that has the potential for a wide array of applications in the separation of complex chemical components from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwu Zhuang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yan Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Fenglian Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jinliu Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Safian Murad M
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
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15
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Sharifi S, Moghaddam FA, Abedi A, Maleki Dizaj S, Ahmadian S, Abdolahinia ED, Khatibi SMH, Samiei M. Phytochemicals impact on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biofactors 2020; 46:874-893. [PMID: 33037744 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have always been utilized for the prevention and treatment of the spread of different diseases all around the world. To name some traditional medicine that has been used over centuries, we can refer to phytochemicals such as naringin, icariin, genistein, and resveratrol gained from plants. Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of stem cells can be the result of specific bioactive compounds from plants. One of the most appealing choices for therapy can be mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because it has a great capability of self-renewal and differentiation into three descendants, namely, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Stem cell gives us the glad tidings of great advances in tissue regeneration and transplantation field for treatment of diseases. Using plant bioactive phytochemicals also holds tremendous promises in treating diseases such as osteoporosis. The purpose of the present review article thus is to investigate what are the roles and consequences of phytochemicals on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Abedi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Wang M, Gao H, Li W, Wu B. Icariin and its metabolites regulate lipid metabolism: From effects to molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110675. [PMID: 32861069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin has a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering effects, and has attracted widespread attention in recent years. However, it is not clear whether lipid-lowering effect is that multiple metabolites or a particular component plays a major role. It is known that icariin has a variety of metabolites in the body, including icariside I, icariside II, icaritin, desmethylicaritin, and other metabolites. Many of these studies have shown that the metabolites of icariin have a lipid-lowering effect. This paper focuses on the lipid-regulating effects of icariin and its metabolites in vitro and in vivo, and highlights the mechanisms involved. Icariin may have potential in the development of therapeutic strategies to regulate lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China; Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611137, PR China
| | - Weihong Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611137, PR China.
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China.
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17
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Huang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Shen L, Wang N, Xiong X, Zhang L, Cai X, Shou D. Absorption and utilisation of epimedin C and icariin from Epimedii herba, and the regulatory mechanism via the BMP2/ Runx2 signalling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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18
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Moon B, Kim W, Park CH, Oh SM. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) did not express estrogenic activity in an immature rat uterotrophic assay. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:e2018016-0. [PMID: 30286592 PMCID: PMC6182247 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2018016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious tree that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for about 5,000 years. In previous studies on ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) using in vitro systems, we confirmed that EGb761 has biphasic effects on estrogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the agonistic and antagonistic activities of EGb761 using a uterotrophic assay in immature female rats. To evaluate agonistic and antagonistic effects of EGb761 on uterus, 21-day-old immature Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were treated with EGb761 (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) by oral gavage, 10 μg/kg of estradiol (E2) or 1 mg/kg tamoxifen (TM) by subcutaneous injection, or with EGb761 plus E2 or TM for 3 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed and their body weights and organ weights (liver, lung, spleen and kidney) were measured. In addition, estrogen-related gene expressions (IGFBP-1 in liver and CaBP-9 in uterus) were determined. During the experiment, no animal showed clinical signs, a change in body weight or died. EGb761 treatment alone had no effect on absolute/relative uterine weight, luminal epithelial cell height (LECH, μm), or luminal circumference (LC, μm). In addition, uterine weights, LECHs, and LC induced by E2 or TM were not significantly changed by EGb761 at any dose. These results collectively suggested EGb761 has no agonistic/antagonistic effects in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Moon
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchan Kim
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
- AB solution, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Hee Park
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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19
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Icaritin Provokes Serum Thrombopoietin and Downregulates Thrombopoietin/MPL of the Bone Marrow in a Mouse Model of Immune Thrombocytopenia. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7235639. [PMID: 30224899 PMCID: PMC6129856 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7235639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common acquired autoimmune disease, and thrombopoietin (TPO) is an important cytokine that regulates the production of megakaryocytes and platelets. We have identified a biologically active component, icaritin, from a Chinese herba epimedii extract. Icaritin promotes platelet production and regulates T cell polarization, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, the BALB/c mouse model of ITP was established by injection of an antiplatelet antibody every other day for seven total times. The antiplatelet sera were derived from guinea pigs immunized with the platelets of BALB/c mice. Mice with ITP were treated with icaritin at low, moderate, or high doses of 4.73, 9.45, and 18.90 mg/kg, respectively, for fourteen consecutive days. The present study shows that icaritin can significantly increase peripheral blood platelet counts and thrombocytocrit, increase the TPO level in serum, attenuate splenomegaly, and reduce the abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes in the spleen and bone marrow. Icaritin can also downregulate the expression of bone marrow TPO, myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (MPL), and p-Stat3. Our results suggest that icaritin can significantly improve the health of mice with ITP via possible downregulation of p-Stat3 expression in the JAK2/Stat3 phosphorylation signaling pathway and regulation of bone marrow TPO/MPL metabolism.
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20
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Jiang J, Xiao S, Xu X, Ma H, Feng C, Jia X. Isomeric flavonoid aglycones derived from Epimedii Folium exerted different intensities in anti-osteoporosis through OPG/RANKL protein targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:277-286. [PMID: 30036771 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two Epimedium-derived isomeric flavonoids, CIT and IT, had the therapeutic effect in osteopenic rats. However, it is difficult to expound their activity differences in anti-osteoporosis. This paper contrasted their anti-osteoporosis activity from the perspective of their affinity to OPG/RANKL protein targets. Molecular docking indicated that both of CIT and IT could interact with the hydrophobic pockets of OPG/RANKL, while CIT was easier and more stable to combine with RANKL. On the contrary, compared with CIT, IT was more inclined to combine with OPG and stay away from combining with RANKL. Subsequently, whether the interaction between isomeric flavonoids and OPG/RANKL targets promoted or suppressed bone resorption was undefined and which was validated by zebrafish embryo and ovariectomized rats in this paper. Compared with IT, the staining area and cumulative optical density of zebrafish skeleton were significantly increased after the treatment of CIT (0.1 μM, p < 0.05). Furthermore, CIT mainly reflected a more significant role in upregulating OPG (p < 0.05), downregulating RANKL (p < 0.05), reducing serum AKP and TRACP level (p < 0.05), enhancing bone biomechanical properties (p < 0.05), increasing bone mineral density (p < 0.05) and improving trabecular bone microarchitecture (p < 0.05) in osteoporotic rats. In conclusion, the combination of isomeric flavonoids (CIT/IT) and OPG/RANKL targets attenuated the excitation effects of OPG or RANKL on RANKL. Because CIT was more firmly combined with RANKL than IT, CIT had stronger anti-osteoporosis effect by inhibiting bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China; College of Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, 639(#) Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shichang Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Chunlai Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- College of Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, 639(#) Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
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21
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Noh D, Lim Y, Lee H, Kim H, Kwon O. Soybean-Hop Alleviates Estrogen Deficiency-Related Bone Loss and Metabolic Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Molecules 2018; 23:E1205. [PMID: 29772836 PMCID: PMC6100206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans and hops have been traditionally used as a natural estrogen replacement therapy and their major active ingredients, isoflavones and prenylflavanones, are known to have estrogenic/antiestrogenic effects depending on the target organ. However, their potential benefits are still subject to controversies. The present study investigated the dual effect of soy isoflavones plus hop prenylflavanones (Soy-Hop) on bone loss and metabolic dysfunction under estrogen deficient condition. Rats were sham-operated (n = 10) or ovariectomized (OVX; n = 40) and then fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to develop hyperlipidemia in OVX rats within the experimental period of 8 weeks. The OVX/HFD rats were assigned to four groups to receive different doses of Soy-Hop (0, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 8 weeks. High-dose Soy-Hop significantly suppressed OVX/HFD-induced increases in food intake, body weight gain, fat mass, and circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. High-dose Soy-Hop also attenuated OVX/HFD-induced elevation of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and CTX in plasma and RANKL/OPG gene expression ratio in femur. These findings were confirmed visually by confocal analysis of GLUT4 translocation in soleus muscle cells and micro-computed tomography scanning of the distal femoral epiphysis, respectively. These results suggest that Soy-Hop may have potential to ameliorate estrogen deficiency-related alterations in both metabolism and bone quality, at least in part, by hormonal factors secreted by adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Noh
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Yeni Lim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Studies, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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22
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Qin Z, Li S, Yao Z, Hong X, Wu B, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ, Gao H, Yao X. Chemical inhibition and stable knock-down of efflux transporters leads to reduced glucuronidation of wushanicaritin in UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells: the role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the excretion of glucuronides. Food Funct 2018; 9:1410-1423. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01298e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We determine the contributions of BCRP and MRP transporters in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Qin
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Shishi Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Xiaodan Hong
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangzhou Research and Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd
| | - Baojian Wu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism
- Center for Cancer Research
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Bethesda
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism
- Center for Cancer Research
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Bethesda
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research
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23
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Losada-Echeberría M, Herranz-López M, Micol V, Barrajón-Catalán E. Polyphenols as Promising Drugs against Main Breast Cancer Signatures. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E88. [PMID: 29112149 PMCID: PMC5745498 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common neoplasms worldwide, and in spite of clinical and pharmacological advances, it is still a clinical problem, causing morbidity and mortality. On the one hand, breast cancer shares with other neoplasms some molecular signatures such as an imbalanced redox state, cell cycle alterations, increased proliferation and an inflammatory status. On the other hand, breast cancer shows differential molecular subtypes that determine its prognosis and treatment. These are characterized mainly by hormone receptors especially estrogen receptors (ERs) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Tumors with none of these receptors are classified as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and are associated with a worse prognosis. The success of treatments partially depends on their specificity and the adequate molecular classification of tumors. New advances in anticancer drug discovery using natural compounds have been made in the last few decades, and polyphenols have emerged as promising molecules. They may act on various molecular targets because of their promiscuous behavior, presenting several physiological effects, some of which confer antitumor activity. This review analyzes the accumulated evidence of the antitumor effects of plant polyphenols on breast cancer, with special attention to their activity on ERs and HER2 targets and also covering different aspects such as redox balance, uncontrolled proliferation and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Losada-Echeberría
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - María Herranz-López
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
- CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB12/03/30038), Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain.
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
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24
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Kiyama R. Estrogenic Potentials of Traditional Chinese Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1365-1399. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is associated with several human activities, including environmental, industrial, agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical fields. In this review paper, estrogenic activity associated with traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is discussed first by focusing on the assays needed to detect estrogenic activity (animal test, cell assay, ligand-binding assay, protein assay, reporter-gene assay, transcription assay and yeast two-hybrid assay), and then, their sources, the nature of activities (estrogenic or anti-estrogenic, or other types), and pathways/functions, along with the assay used to detect the activity, which is followed by a summary of effective chemicals found in or associated with TCM. Applications of estrogens in TCM are then discussed by a comprehensive search of the literature, which include basic study/pathway analysis, cell functions, diseases/symptoms and medicine/supplements. Discrepancies and conflicting cases about estrogenicity of TCM among assays or between TCM and their effective chemicals, are focused on to enlarge estrogenic potentials of TCM by referring to omic knowledge such as transcriptome, proteome, glycome, chemome, cellome, ligandome, interactome and effectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoiti Kiyama
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan
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25
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Potential of Icariin Metabolites from Epimedium koreanum Nakai as Antidiabetic Therapeutic Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060986. [PMID: 28608833 PMCID: PMC6152727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic properties of Epimedium koreanum are presumed to be due to the flavonoid component icariin, which has been reported to have broad pharmacological potential and has demonstrated anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-tumor, and hepatoprotective activities. Considering these therapeutic properties of icariin, its deglycosylated icaritin and glycosylated flavonoids (icaeriside II, epimedin A, epimedin B, and epimedin C) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase. The results show that icaritin and icariside II exhibit potent inhibitory activities, with 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 11.59 ± 1.39 μM and 9.94 ± 0.15 μM against PTP1B and 74.42 ± 0.01 and 106.59 ± 0.44 μM against α-glucosidase, respectively. With the exceptions of icaritin and icariside II, glycosylated flavonoids did not exhibit any inhibitory effects in the two assays. Enzyme kinetics analyses revealed that icaritin and icariside II demonstrated noncompetitive-type inhibition against PTP1B, with inhibition constant (Ki) values of 11.41 and 11.66 μM, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking analysis confirmed that icaritin and icariside II both occupy the same site as allosteric ligand. Thus, the molecular docking simulation results were in close agreement with the experimental data with respect to inhibition activity. In conclusion, deglycosylated metabolites of icariin from E. koreanum might offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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26
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Wu H, Zhong Q, Wang J, Wang M, Fang F, Xia Z, Zhong R, Huang H, Ke Z, Wei Y, Feng L, Shi Z, Sun E, Song J, Jia X. Beneficial Effects and Toxicity Studies of Xian-ling-gu-bao on Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:273. [PMID: 28588485 PMCID: PMC5438972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xian-ling-gu-bao (XLGB) is a well-known patented traditional Chinese prescription widely used to treat osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, aseptic bone necrosis, or climacteric syndrome. However, recent reports have suggested that XLGB may cause liver injury in humans. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of XLGB in the prevention of osteoporosis in the zebrafish and ovariectomized (OVX) rats, both of which have been used as osteoporosis models. The safety of XLGB after long-term administration to OVX rats was also assessed. OVX rats were administered by oral gavage 270 mg/kg (recommended daily dose), 1350 mg/kg, and 1800 mg/kg of XLGB for 26 weeks. Bone mineral density, relative bone surface to bone volume, relative bone volume to total volume, trabecular number, mean trabecular thickness, and mean trabecular spacing in OVX rats were examined at the end of the 26-week dosing period. Additionally, OPG and RANKL expression in the femur were determined by western blot and immunohistochemical staining. To evaluate the safety of XLGB, body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry markers related to toxicology, and organ histopathology were determined in each group of OVX rats. Conversely, the zebrafish was treated with prednisolone to induce osteoporosis in the embryo. Disodium etidronate was used as a treatment control. XLGB was shown to be effective in preventing osteoporosis in both the OVX rats and the prednisolone-treated zebrafish. Similarly, XLGB increased OPG protein and decreased RANKL protein in OVX rats. Interestingly, no obvious toxicity was observed in the heart, liver, kidney, small intestine, or stomach at dosages of up to 1800 mg/kg after treating the OVX rats for 26 weeks. XLGB was shown to be very effective in treating osteoporosis in OVX rats. No obvious toxicity or adverse effects developed in OVX rats at dosages up to 1800 mg/kg, which is equivalent to six times the daily-recommended dose. Therefore, XLGB should be considered a good option for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhong
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Man Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China
| | - Fang Fang
- College of Nursing, Huanghai UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Zhi Xia
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Rongling Zhong
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Houcai Huang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Zhongcheng Ke
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Yingjie Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Ziqi Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - E Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Jie Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei, China
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27
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Melisko ME, Goldman ME, Hwang J, De Luca A, Fang S, Esserman LJ, Chien AJ, Park JW, Rugo HS. Vaginal Testosterone Cream vs Estradiol Vaginal Ring for Vaginal Dryness or Decreased Libido in Women Receiving Aromatase Inhibitors for Early-Stage Breast Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3:313-319. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Melisko
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Mindy E. Goldman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Jimmy Hwang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Amy De Luca
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Sally Fang
- Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, California
| | - Laura J. Esserman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Amy J. Chien
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - John W. Park
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Hope S. Rugo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco
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28
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Wu T, Shu T, Kang L, Wu J, Xing J, Lu Z, Chen S, Lv J. Icaritin, a novel plant-derived osteoinductive agent, enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow- and human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:984-992. [PMID: 28260001 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For the treatment of diseases affecting bones using bone regenerative medicine, there is an urgent need to develop safe, inexpensive drugs that can strongly induce bone formation. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of icaritin, a metabolic product of icariin, on the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human adipose tissue‑derived stem cells (hADSCs) in vitro. After treatment with icaritin at concentrations of 10‑8-10‑5 M, hBMSCs and hADSCs were examined for alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin (OC) secretion, matrix mineralization and expression levels of bone‑related mRNA and proteins. Data showed that icaritin at concentrations 10‑7-10‑5 M significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, OC secretion at different time points, and calcium deposition at day 21. In addition, icaritin upregulated the mRNA expression of genes for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP‑2, ‑4 and ‑7), bone transcription factors (Runx2 and Dlx5) and bone matrix proteins (ALP, OC and Col‑1). Moreover, icaritin increased the protein levels of BMPs, Runx2 and OC, as detected by western blot analysis. These findings suggest that icaritin enhances the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCS and hADSCs. Icaritin exerts its potent osteogenic effect possibly by directly stimulating the production of BMPs. Although the osteogenic activity of icaritin in vitro was inferior to that of rhBMP‑2, icaritin displayed better results than icariin. Moreover, the low cost, simple extraction procedure, and an abundance of icaritin make it appealing as a bone regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, P.R. China
| | - Tao Shu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuyi TCM Hospital of Jiangmen City, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of the Medicine College of Jinan University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529031, P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhou Xing
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqin Lu
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, P.R. China
| | - Shuxiang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuyi TCM Hospital of Jiangmen City, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of the Medicine College of Jinan University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529031, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, P.R. China
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29
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Xu N, Zhou G, Li X, Lu H, Meng F, Zhai H. Geographical classification ofEpimediumbased on HPLC fingerprint analysis combined with multi-ingredients quantitative analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Area Major Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Beijing Normal University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Area Major Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Beijing Normal University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Area Major Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Beijing Normal University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Lu
- Area Major Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Beijing Normal University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Fanyun Meng
- Area Major Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Beijing Normal University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing People's Republic of China
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30
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Xue L, Jiang Y, Han T, Zhang N, Qin L, Xin H, Zhang Q. Comparative proteomic and metabolomic analysis reveal the antiosteoporotic molecular mechanism of icariin from Epimedium brevicornu maxim. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:370-381. [PMID: 27422162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Icariin, a principal flavonoid glycoside of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim, has been widely proved to possess antiosteoporotic activity with promoting bone formation and decreasing bone resorption. However, the involving mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To clear a global insight of signal pathways involved in anti-osteoporotic mechanism of icariin at proteins and metabolites level by integrating the proteomics and NMR metabonomics, in a systems biology approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were divided into sham, OVX model and icariin-treated OVX group, after 90 days treatment, difference gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomics analysis on bone femur and serum metabolomics were carried out for monitor intracellular processes and elucidate anti-osteoporotic mechanism of icariin. Osteoblast and osteoclast were applied to evaluate the potential signal pathways. RESULTS Twenty three proteins in bone femur, and 8 metabolites in serum, were significantly altered and identified, involving in bone remodeling, energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, lipid metabolism, MAPK signaling, Ca2+ signaling et, al. Furthermore, animal experiment show icariin could enhance the BMD and BMC, decrease CTX-I level in ovariectomized mice. The mitochondrial membrane potential and the intracellular ATP levels were increased significantly, and the cytoskeleton were improved in icariin-treatment osteoblast and osteoclast. Icariin also increased mRNA expression of Runx2 and osterix of OB, decreased CTR and CAII mRNA expression and protein expression of P38 and JNK. However, icariin did not reveal any inhibition of the collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K, mRNA expression of MMP-9 and protein expression of ERK in osteoclast. CONCLUSION we consider icariin as multi-targeting compounds for treating with osteoporosis, involve initiating osteoblastogenesis, inhibiting adipogenesis, and preventing osteoclast differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Animals
- Biomarkers/blood
- Bone Density/drug effects
- Bone Density Conservation Agents/isolation & purification
- Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology
- Bone Remodeling/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Epimedium/chemistry
- Female
- Femur/drug effects
- Femur/metabolism
- Flavonoids/isolation & purification
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/drug effects
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Osteoporosis/blood
- Osteoporosis/drug therapy
- Osteoporosis/genetics
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Proteomics/methods
- Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Xue
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Chemical Toxicity, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
| | - Yiping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Naidan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hailiang Xin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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31
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Wu H, Kim M, Han J. Icariin Metabolism by Human Intestinal Microflora. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091158. [PMID: 27589718 PMCID: PMC6273050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin is a major bioactive compound of Epimedii Herba, a traditional oriental medicine exhibiting anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporosis activities. Recently, the estrogenic activities of icariin drew significant attention, but the published scientific data seemed not to be so consistent. To provide fundamental information for the study of the icaritin metabolism, the biotransformation of icariin by the human intestinal bacteria is reported for the first time. Together with human intestinal microflora, the three bacteria Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B, Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E, and Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 isolated from human intestine were reacted with icariin under anaerobic conditions. The metabolites including icariside II, icaritin, and desmethylicaritin, but not icariside I, were produced. The MRG-ICA-B and E strains hydrolyzed only the glucose moiety of icariin, and icariside II was the only metabolite. However, the MRG-PMF-1 strain metabolized icariin further to desmethylicaritin via icariside II and icaritin. From the results, along with the icariin metabolism by human microflora, it was evident that most icariin is quickly transformed to icariside II before absorption in the human intestine. We propose the pharmacokinetics of icariin should focus on metabolites such as icariside II, icaritin and desmethylicaritin to explain the discrepancy between the in vitro bioassay and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wu
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| | - Mihyang Kim
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
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32
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Lee SH, Jang M, Kim GH. Antioxidative Effects of Extracts from Different Parts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Miura Y, Oyama M, Iguchi K, Ito T, Baba M, Shikama Y, Usui S, Hirano K, Iinuma M, Mikamo H. Anti-Androgenic Activity of Icarisid II from Epimedium Herb in Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 61:201-4. [PMID: 26052153 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-androgens are regarded as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer. We determined that an epimedium herb (EH) extract exhibited anti-androgenic activity in a luciferase assay using androgen receptor-positive prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Nine EH-derived flavonoids were examined. The results identified icarisid II as a very potent anti-androgenic EH-derived flavonoid. A quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the flavonol suppressed the expression of the androgen-responsive KLK3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Miura
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University
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The Protective Effect of Icariin on Mitochondrial Transport and Distribution in Primary Hippocampal Neurons from 3× Tg-AD Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020163. [PMID: 26828481 PMCID: PMC4783897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin, a pharmacologically active component isolated from the Chinese herb Epimedium, has been shown to improve spatial learning and memory abilities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats through inhibition of Aβ production and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. However, the potential mechanism of icariin-induced protective effects against mitochondrial dysfunctions in AD still remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of icariin on the modulation of mitochondrial transport and distribution in primary hippocampal cultures from triple-transgenic (3× Tg) AD mice. The results showed that icariin enhanced mitochondrial motility and increased mitochondrial index and mitochondrial length and size in the diseased neurons. Additionally, the expression of the key mitochondrial enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α (PDHE1α), and the post synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), was preserved in AD neurons after icariin treatment, accompanied by a downregulation of Aβ and phosphorylated tau expression in the corresponding areas. Further study showed that icariin treatment resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and an increase in fusion protein Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2). These data indicate that icariin can promote mitochondrial transport, protect mitochondria against fragmentation and preserve the expression of mitochondrial and synaptic functional proteins in AD neurons. Thus, icariin may be a potential therapeutic complement for AD and other mitochondrial malfunction-related neuronal degenerative diseases.
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Indran IR, Liang RLZ, Min TE, Yong EL. Preclinical studies and clinical evaluation of compounds from the genus Epimedium for osteoporosis and bone health. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 162:188-205. [PMID: 26820757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality associated with fractures due to osteoporosis or "porous bone" contributes significantly to global healthcare costs and will increase exponentially with ageing populations. In menopausal women, the onset of menopause and rapid estrogen withdrawal leads to osteoporotic fractures. Healthy bone requires the coordinated remodeling function of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in the basic bone multicellular unit, regulated by estrogen, RANKL/OPG, ROS, growth factors, and other kinase signaling pathways. Anti-osteoporotic drugs in current use such as hormone replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and bisphosphonates are designed to target these pathways, but all have their limitations. Extracts of the dried aerial parts of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Epimedium (Berberidaceae) has long been used for bone health. Some nine Epimedium prenylflavonoid compounds have been reported to target estrogen signaling and other bone morphogenesis pathways in mesenchymal stem cell, osteoblast, and osteoclast cell lineages. Epimedium prenylflavonoids and enriched extracts can exert beneficial effects on bone health in estrogen-deficient and other osteoporosis animal models. The development of sensitive and rapid mass chromatographic techniques to quantify compounds extracted from Epimedium, including icariin and icaritin, has been used to standardize production and to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Epimedium in animal models and humans. Recent clinical trials have reported positive effects on bone health, suggesting that compounds or extracts of Epimedium have the potential to be developed as agents, alone or in combination with other drugs, to prevent or delay the onset of osteoporosis and reduce the risk of hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inthrani Raja Indran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan Lim Zhen Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tan Ee Min
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eu-Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Jiang J, Zhao BJ, Song J, Jia XB. Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Plants in Epimedium L. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Wei Z, Wang M, Hong M, Diao S, Liu A, Huang Y, Yu Q, Peng Z. Icariin exerts estrogen-like activity in ameliorating EAE via mediating estrogen receptor β, modulating HPA function and glucocorticoid receptor expression. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1910-8. [PMID: 27186315 PMCID: PMC4859920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in EAE and multiple sclerosis (MS), but its clinical application is hindered due to side effects and risk of tumor. Phytoestrogen structurally or functionally mimics estrogen with fewer side effects than endogenous estrogen. Icariin (ICA), an active component of Epimedium extracts, demonstrates estrogen-like neuroprotective effects. However, it is unclear whether ICA is effective in EAE and what are the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To determine the therapeutic effects of ICA in EAE and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 EAE mice were treated with Diethylstilbestrol, different dose of ICA and mid-dose ICA combined with ICI 182780. The clinical scores and serum Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were then analyzed. Western blot were performed to investigate the expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and ERβ in the cerebral white matter of EAE mice. RESULTS High dose ICA is equally effective in ameliorating neurological signs of EAE as estrogen. Estrogen and ICA has no effects on serum concentrations of IL-17 in EAE. While the CORT levels were decreased by ICA at mid or high doses, the expressions of GR, ERα and ERβ were up-regulated by estrogen or different doses of ICA in a dosedependent manner. Estrogen induced the elevation of ERα more markedly than ICA. In contrast, ICA at mid and high doses promoted ERβ more significantly than estrogen. CONCLUSION ICA exerts estrogen-like activity in ameliorating EAE via mediating ERβ, modulating HPA function and up-regulating the expression of GR in cerebral white matter. ICA may be a promising therapeutic option for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Wei
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People’s HospitalGuangzhou 510317, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfan Hong
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengpeng Diao
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeqing Huang
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Yu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxing Peng
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
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Li JY, Li HM, Liu D, Gao LH, Li RT. Three new prenylflavonol glycosides from heat-processed Epimedium
koreanum. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2015-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the n-BuOH extract of the leaves of processed Epimedium koreanum led to the isolation of three new prenylflavonol glycosides, epimedkoresides A–C (1–3), along with the 15 known ones (4–18). The structures of the three new compounds were established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods as 8-γ-hydroxy-γ,γ-dimethylpropyl-5,7,4′-trihydroxy-flavonol-3- O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1), 8-γ-hydroxy-γ,γ-dimethylpropyl-5,7,4′-trihydroxy-flavonol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (2), and anhydroicaritin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)- α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), respectively. Additionally, partial structures were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Huan Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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Chen YJ, Zheng HY, Huang XX, Han SX, Zhang DS, Ni JZ, He XY. Neuroprotective Effects of Icariin on Brain Metabolism, Mitochondrial Functions, and Cognition in Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 22:63-73. [PMID: 26584824 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the neuroprotective properties of icariin (an effective component of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Epimedium) on neuronal function and brain energy metabolism maintenance in a triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3 × Tg-AD). METHODS 3 × Tg-AD mice as well as primary neurons were subjected to icariin treatment. Morris water maze assay, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), Western blotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to evaluate the effects of icariin administration. RESULTS Icariin significantly improved spatial learning and memory retention in 3 × Tg-AD mice, promoted neuronal cell activity as identified by the enhancement of brain metabolite N-acetylaspartate level and ATP production in AD mice, preserved the expressions of mitochondrial key enzymes COX IV, PDHE1α, and synaptic protein PSD95, reduced Aβ plaque deposition in the cortex and hippocampus of AD mice, and inhibited β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression. Icariin treatment also decreased the levels of extracellular and intracellular Aβ1-42 in 3 × Tg-AD primary neurons, modulated the distribution of Aβ along the neurites, and protected against mitochondrial fragmentation in 3 × Tg-AD neurons. CONCLUSIONS Icariin shows neuroprotective effects in 3 × Tg-AD mice and may be a promising multitarget drug in the prevention/protection against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Chen
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zheng
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiu-Xian Huang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang-Xue Han
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Zuan Ni
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Yang He
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Chen XJ, Tang ZH, Li XW, Xie CX, Lu JJ, Wang YT. Chemical Constituents, Quality Control, and Bioactivity of Epimedii Folium (Yinyanghuo). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:783-834. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epimedii Folium (Yinyanghuo in Chinese) is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines. Its main active components are flavonoids, which exhibit multiple biological activities, such as promotion of bone formation and sexual function, protection of the nervous system, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids also show anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Various effective methods, including genetic and chemical approaches, have been developed for the quality control of Yinyanghuo. In this review, the studies conducted in the last decade about the chemical constituents, quality control, and bioactivity of Yinyanghuo are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cai-Xiang Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Jarošová B, Javůrek J, Adamovský O, Hilscherová K. Phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens in surface waters--Their sources, occurrence, and potential contribution to estrogenic activity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 81:26-44. [PMID: 25916939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the potential contribution of phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens to in vitro estrogenic activities occurring in surface waters and in vivo estrogenic effects in fish. Main types, sources, and pathways of entry into aquatic environment of these detected compounds were summarized. Reviewed concentrations of phyto/mycoestrogens in surface waters were mostly undetectable or in low ng/L ranges, but exceeded tens of μg/L for the flavonoids biochanin A, daidzein and genistein at some sites. While a few phytosterols were reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in surface waters, information about their potencies in in vitro systems is very limited, and contradictory in some cases. The relative estrogenic activities of compounds (compared to standard estrogen 17β-estradiol) by various in vitro assays were included, and found to differ by orders of magnitude. These potencies were used to estimate total potential estrogenic activities based on chemical analyses of phyto/mycoestrogens. In vivo effective concentrations of waterborne phyto/mycoestrogens were available only for biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, genistein, equol, sitosterol, and zearalenone. The lowest observable effect concentrations in vivo were reported for the mycoestrogen zearalenone. This compound and especially its metabolites also elicited the highest in vitro estrogenic potencies. Despite the limited information available, the review documents low contribution of phyto/mycoestrogens to estrogenic activity in vast majority of surface waters, but significant contribution to in vitro responses and potentially also to in vivo effects in areas with high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Jarošová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Javůrek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Adamovský
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Chen J, Xu Y, Wei G, Liao S, Zhang Y, Huang W, Yuan L, Wang Y. Chemotypic and genetic diversity in Epimedium sagittatum from different geographical regions of China. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 116:180-187. [PMID: 25936868 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Different geographical plant populations within a single species can exhibit variation, in the production of secondary metabolites. Genetic and environmental variations both contribute to differences between populations; however, the relative importance of these factors is unclear. Here, the extent of variation in the production of four flavonoid glycosides (epimedin A, B, C and icariin) were investigated in eleven wild populations of Epimedium sagittatum used in traditional Chinese medicine. Secondary metabolite profiles were classified into five chemotypes. A common garden experiment indicated this chemotype variation has a significant genetic basis. Extensive genetic variation among intraspecific populations was shown using a retrotransposon-based molecular marker system. These results will assist in development of strategies for conservation, utilization and domestication of E. sagittatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yanqin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Guoyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sihong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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Wang N, Huang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu R, Shou D. Pipette tip solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of flavonoids from Epimedii herba in rat serum and application of the technique to pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 990:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang C, Wu C, Zhang J, Jin Y. Systematic considerations for a multicomponent pharmacokinetic study of Epimedii wushanensis herba: From method establishment to pharmacokinetic marker selection. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:487-497. [PMID: 25925971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenylflavonoids are major active components of Epimedii wushanensis herba (EWH). The global pharmacokinetics of prenylflavonoids are unclear, as these compounds yield multiple, often unidentified metabolites. PURPOSE This study successfully elucidated the pharmacokinetic profiles of EWH extract and five EWH-derived prenylflavonoid monomers in rats. STUDY DESIGN The study was a comprehensive analysis of metabolic pathways and pharmacokinetic markers. METHODS Major plasma compounds identified after oral administration of EWH-derived prototypes or extract included: (1) prenylflavonoid prototypes, (2) deglycosylated products, and (3) glucuronide conjugates. To select appropriate EWH-derived pharmacokinetic markers, a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was established to simultaneously monitor 14 major compounds in unhydrolyzed plasma and 10 potential pharmacokinetic markers in hydrolyzed plasma. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic profiles indicated that the glucuronide conjugates of icaritin were the principle circulating metabolites and that total icaritin accounted for ∼99% of prenylflavonoid exposure after administration of EWH-derived materials to rats. To further investigate icaritin as a prospective pharmacokinetic marker, correlation analysis was performed between total icaritin and its glucuronide conjugates, and a strong correlation (r > 0.5) was found, indicating that total icaritin content accurately reflected changes in the exposure levels of the glucuronide conjugates over time. Therefore, icaritin is a sufficient pharmacokinetic marker for evaluating dynamic prenylflavonoid exposure levels. Next, a mathematical model was developed based on the prenylflavonoid content of EWH and the exposure levels in rats, using icaritin as the pharmacokinetic marker. This model accurately predicted exposure levels in vivo, with similar predicted vs. experimental area under the curve (AUC)(0-96 h) values for total icaritin (24.1 vs. 32.0 mg/L h). CONCLUSION Icaritin in hydrolyzed plasma can be used as a pharmacokinetic marker to reflect prenylflavonoid exposure levels, as well as the changes over time of its glucuronide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Ying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Wei Z, Deng X, Hong M, Su Q, Liu A, Huang Y, Yu Q, Peng Z. Icariin has synergistic effects with methylprednisolone to ameliorate EAE via modulating HPA function, promoting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20188-97. [PMID: 26884931 PMCID: PMC4723776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose methylprednisolone (MP) is a clinically recommended therapeutic regimen for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), whereas some dreadful complications induced by it remain inevitable. Studies implied that estrogens might play neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles in EAE and MS and promote glucocorticoid efficacy. Icariin (ICA), a primary active component of Epimedium extracts, also possesses neuroprotective and estrogen-like effects with less adverse complication than estrogen. However, rare study focuses ICA's effects on MS or EAE. OBJECTIVE Our purpose is to determine whether ICA has synergistic effects with MP in treating EAE and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 EAE mice were received different dose of ICA combined with MP and single MP treatment. Then, the clinical scores and serum Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Corticosterone (CORT), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) concentrations were analyzed. Western blot and Flow Cytometry were used to investigate the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and cell apoptosis. RESULTS ICA has cooperative effects with MP in decreasing serum IL-17 and CORT concentrations, up-regulating the expression of GR in cerebral white matter and attenuating the cell apoptosis in spinal cord, especially high-dose ICA combined with MP. CONCLUSION ICA has synergistic effects with MP to ameliorate EAE via modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function, promoting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. ICA could be considered as a promising therapeutic option for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Wei
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of WuhanNo. 241 Peng Liuyang Road, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfan Hong
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanxi Su
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeqing Huang
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Yu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxing Peng
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
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The antiosteoporotic activity of central-icaritin (CIT) on bone metabolism of ovariectomized rats. Molecules 2014; 19:18690-704. [PMID: 25405287 PMCID: PMC6271928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Central-icaritin (CIT) is a flavonoid aglycone first discovered in our laboratory, which is an isomeric aglycone of icaritin (IT). We wanted to know whether CIT also had anti-osteoporosis activity. In this study, CIT was investigated in an ovariectomized rat (OVX) model. Fifty-six 6-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham operated group (Sham) and six OVX subgroups (n = 8 each). The OVX rats were then subdivided into six groups treated with vehicle (OVX), icaritin (IT, 40 mg/kg body weight/day), estradiol valerate (EV, 100 μg/kg body weight/day) or CIT (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight/day) for 12 weeks, respectively. Then, the serum biochemical parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), bone biomechanical properties, bone microarchitecture, bone immunohistochemistry and related protein and gene expressions were evaluated. In OVX rats, the increases of body weight, HOP, AKP, and TRACP5b levels, and the decreases of uterus wet weight, femurs weight, BMD, serum OPG/RANKL and OCN were significantly inhibited by CIT treatment. Micro-CT analysis results showed that CIT apparently enhanced trabecular bone compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). Total femur BMD and biomechanical strength of tibia were significantly improved (p < 0.05) after 12 weeks of CIT administration. In addition, the CIT administration also significantly enhanced the OPG expression, whereas reduced the RANKL expression in femurs according to RT-PCR, western blot assays and immunohistochemical evaluation. CIT had the antiosteoporotic activity, and its antiosteoporotic effects in OVX rats may be stronger than that of IT.
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Sun S, Choi YH, Na CS, Lee D, Yoo HH, Hong CY, Ahn BY, Dong MS. Estrogenic activity of a Rhus verniciflua extract and its major components. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Chen M, Hao J, Yang Q, Li G. Effects of icariin on reproductive functions in male rats. Molecules 2014; 19:9502-14. [PMID: 24995929 PMCID: PMC6271987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects and potential mechanism(s) of action of icariin on the reproductive functions of male rats. Adult rats were treated orally with icariin at doses of 0 (control), 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight for 35 consecutive days. The results show that icariin had virtually no effect on the body weight or organ coefficients of the testes or epididymides. However, 100 mg/kg icariin significantly increased epididymal sperm counts. In addition, 50 and 100 mg/kg icariin significantly increased testosterone levels. Real-time PCR suggests icariin may be involved in testosterone production via mRNA expression regulation of genes such as peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Furthermore, 100 mg/kg icariin treatment also affected follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and claudin-11 mRNA expression in Sertoli cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the testes; 50 and 100 mg/kg icariin treatment improved antioxidative capacity, while 200 mg/kg icariin treatment upregulated oxidative stress. These results collectively suggest that icariin within a certain dose range is beneficial to male reproductive functions; meanwhile, higher doses of icariin may damage reproductive functions by increasing oxidative stress in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxin Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jie Hao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Qiaozhen Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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49
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Jiang J, Feng L, Sun E, Li H, Cui L, Jia X. Metabolic profiling of isomeric aglycones central-icaritin (c-IT) and icaritin (IT) in osteoporotic rats by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:309-19. [PMID: 24934976 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The isomers, although of similarly chemical structures, have different pharmacological activities due to their metabolic processes in vivo. Central-icaritin (c-IT) and icaritin (IT) are isomers and major bioactive aglycones of the Herba Epimedii. In this study, we found that the anti-osteoporotic effect of c-IT was stronger than IT on bone structural changes in osteoporotic rats evaluated by Micro-μCT with the parameters of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), tissue mineral content (TMC), and tissue mineral density (TMD). c-IT treatment significantly increased the bone microarchitecture, compared with IT (p < 0.05). In order to explain their differences in anti-osteoporosis, the metabolic profiling and pathways of c-IT and IT in the plasma, bile, urine, and faeces of ovariectomized (OVX) rats were investigated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) after oral administration of c-IT or IT (80 mg/kg). Finally, 59 metabolites of c-IT and 43 metabolites of IT were identified by elucidating their corresponding quasimolecular ions and fragment ions. IT could be quickly absorbed into blood and reached a maximum plasma concentration, and then be rapidly conversed to its glucuronidation metabolites, most of which were excreted out by urine. Interestingly, the absorbed and conjugated speeds of c-IT were slower than IT. The metabolic processes of c-IT existed enterohepatic circulation, which decreased the metabolism and excretion rate of c-IT, and prolonged the anti-osteoporosis effect. Our findings provided evidence on the difference on metabolic profiles of c-IT and IT in osteoporotic rats, which might shed new lights on improving anti-osteoporotic effects of IT and c-IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, China
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50
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Ruotolo R, Calani L, Brighenti F, Crozier A, Ottonello S, Del Rio D. Glucuronidation does not suppress the estrogenic activity of quercetin in yeast and human breast cancer cell model systems. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 559:62-7. [PMID: 24657077 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several plant-derived molecules, referred to as phytoestrogens, are thought to mimic the actions of endogenous estrogens. Among these, quercetin, one of the most widespread flavonoids in the plant kingdom, has been reported as estrogenic in some occasions. However, quercetin occurs in substantial amounts as glycosides such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) in dietary sources. It is now well established that quercetin undergoes substantial phase II metabolism after ingestion by humans, with plasma metabolites after a normal dietary intake rarely exceeding nmol/L concentrations. Therefore, attributing phytoestrogenic activity to flavonoids without taking into account the fact that it is their phase II metabolites that enter the circulatory system, will almost certainly lead to misleading conclusions. With the aim of clarifying the above issue, the goal of the present study was to determine if plant-associated quercetin glycosides and human phase II quercetin metabolites, actually found in human biological fluids after intake of quercetin containing foods, are capable of interacting with the estrogen receptors (ER). To this end, we used a yeast-based two-hybrid system and an estrogen response element-luciferase reporter assay in an ER-positive human cell line (MCF-7) to probe the ER interaction capacities of quercetin and its derivatives. Our results show that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, one of the main human phase II metabolites produced after intake of dietary quercetin, displays ERα- and ERβ-dependent estrogenic activity, the functional consequences of which might be related to the protective activity of diets rich in quercetin glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ruotolo
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Calani
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, Medical School Building C, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; LS9 Bioactives and Health, Interlab Group, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Furio Brighenti
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, Medical School Building C, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Alan Crozier
- Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, Medical School Building C, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; LS9 Bioactives and Health, Interlab Group, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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