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Stueckle TA, Jensen J, Coyle JP, Derk R, Wagner A, Dinu CZ, Kornberg TG, Friend SA, Dozier A, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul LW. In vitro inflammation and toxicity assessment of pre- and post-incinerated organomodified nanoclays to macrophages using high-throughput screening approaches. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:16. [PMID: 38509617 PMCID: PMC10956245 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organomodified nanoclays (ONC), two-dimensional montmorillonite with organic coatings, are increasingly used to improve nanocomposite properties. However, little is known about pulmonary health risks along the nanoclay life cycle even with increased evidence of airborne particulate exposures in occupational environments. Recently, oropharyngeal aspiration exposure to pre- and post-incinerated ONC in mice caused low grade, persistent lung inflammation with a pro-fibrotic signaling response with unknown mode(s) of action. We hypothesized that the organic coating presence and incineration status of nanoclays determine the inflammatory cytokine secretary profile and cytotoxic response of macrophages. To test this hypothesis differentiated human macrophages (THP-1) were acutely exposed (0-20 µg/cm2) to pristine, uncoated nanoclay (CloisNa), an ONC (Clois30B), their incinerated byproducts (I-CloisNa and I-Clois30B), and crystalline silica (CS) followed by cytotoxicity and inflammatory endpoints. Macrophages were co-exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS-free medium to assess the role of priming the NF-κB pathway in macrophage response to nanoclay treatment. Data were compared to inflammatory responses in male C57Bl/6J mice following 30 and 300 µg/mouse aspiration exposure to the same particles. RESULTS In LPS-free media, CloisNa exposure caused mitochondrial depolarization while Clois30B exposure caused reduced macrophage viability, greater cytotoxicity, and significant damage-associated molecular patterns (IL-1α and ATP) release compared to CloisNa and unexposed controls. LPS priming with low CloisNa doses caused elevated cathepsin B/Caspage-1/IL-1β release while higher doses resulted in apoptosis. Clois30B exposure caused dose-dependent THP-1 cell pyroptosis evidenced by Cathepsin B and IL-1β release and Gasdermin D cleavage. Incineration ablated the cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of Clois30B while I-CloisNa still retained some mild inflammatory potential. Comparative analyses suggested that in vitro macrophage cell viability, inflammasome endpoints, and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles significantly correlated to mouse bronchioalveolar lavage inflammation metrics including inflammatory cell recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Presence of organic coating and incineration status influenced inflammatory and cytotoxic responses following exposure to human macrophages. Clois30B, with a quaternary ammonium tallow coating, induced a robust cell membrane damage and pyroptosis effect which was eliminated after incineration. Conversely, incinerated nanoclay exposure primarily caused elevated inflammatory cytokine release from THP-1 cells. Collectively, pre-incinerated nanoclay displayed interaction with macrophage membrane components (molecular initiating event), increased pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased inflammatory cell recruitment (two key events) in the lung fibrosis adverse outcome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Jake Jensen
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Tiffany G Kornberg
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alan Dozier
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Maciaszek K, Brown DM, Stone V. An in vitro assessment of the toxicity of two-dimensional synthetic and natural layered silicates. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105273. [PMID: 34801683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural Layered Silicates (NLS) and Synthetic Layered Silicates (SLS) are a diverse group of clay minerals that have attracted great interest in various branches of industry. However, despite growing demand for this class of material, their impact on human health has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential toxic effects of a wide range of commercially available SLS and NLS of varying physicochemical properties (lithium (Li) or fluoride (F) content and size). Mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage (J774A.1) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were chosen as in vitro models of alveolar macrophages. Montmorillonite, hectorite, Medium (med) F/High Li and Low F/Med Li particles, were cytotoxic to cells and induced potent pro-inflammatory responses. The remaining particles (No F/Very (V)Low Li, No F/Med Li, No F/Low Li, High F/Med Li and High F/Med Li washed) were non- to relatively low- cytotoxic and inflammogenic, in both type of cells. In an acellular condition none of the tested samples increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ROS generation was observed following exposure to sublethal concentrations of Med F/High Li, Low F/Med Li, montmorillonite and hectorite samples, in J774A.1 cells. Based on the results obtained in this study the toxic potency of tested samples was not associated with lithium or fluoride content, but appeared to be dependent on particle size, with the platelets of larger dimension and lower surface area being more potent than the smaller platelet particles with higher surface area. In addition, the increased bioactivity of Med F/High Li and Low F/Med Li was associated with endotoxin contamination. Obtained results demonstrated that layered silicate materials have different toxicological profiles and suggest that toxicological properties of a specific layered silicate should be investigated on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Brown
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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Di Ianni E, Møller P, Vogel UB, Jacobsen NR. Pro-inflammatory response and genotoxicity caused by clay and graphene nanomaterials in A549 and THP-1 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 872:503405. [PMID: 34798932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoclays and graphene oxide nanomaterials represent a class of materials sharing similar shapes constituted of high aspect ratio platelets. The increased production of these materials for various industrial applications increases the risk of occupational exposure, consequently with elevated risk of adverse reactions and development of pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. In this study, pro-inflammatory responses and genotoxicity were assessed in alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and activated THP-1 macrophages (THP-1a) after exposure to three nanoclays; a pristine (Bentonite) and two surface modified (benzalkonium chloride-coated Nanofil9, and dialkyldimethyl-ammonium-coated NanofilSE3000); graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) nanomaterials. The pro-inflammatory response in terms of IL-8 expression was strongest in cells exposed to Bentonite, whereas surface modification resulted in decreased toxicity in both cell lines when exposed to Nanofil9 and NanofilSE3000. GO and r-GO induced a pro-inflammatory response in A549 cells, while no effect was detected with the two nanomaterials on THP-1a cells. The pro-inflammatory response was strongly correlated with in vivo inflammation in mice after intra-tracheal instillation when doses were normalized against surface area. Genotoxicity was assessed as DNA strand breaks, using the alkaline comet assay. In A549 cells, an increase in DNA strand breaks was detected only in cells exposed to Bentonite, whereas Bentonite, NanofilSE3000 and GO caused an increased level of genotoxicity in THP-1a cells. Genotoxicity in THP-1a cells was concordant with the DNA damage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells following 1 and 3 days after intra-tracheal instillation in mice. In conclusion, this study shows that surface modification of pristine nanoclays reduces the inflammatory and genotoxic response in A549 and THP-1a cells, and these in vitro models show comparable toxicity to what seen in previous mouse studies with the same materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Ianni
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Birgitte Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs.Lyngby, Denmark
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Orta MM, Maisanaba S, Medina-Carrasco S, Jos A. Potential Application of A Synthetic Organo-funtionalized High Load Expandable Mica as A Drug Carrier for Controlled Release. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:645-653. [PMID: 33092507 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666201022122845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work the cytotoxicity and gastric and gastrointestinal resistance of a high-load synthetic expandable mica, Na-mica-4, is studied for the first time. The hydrophilic character of this clay mineral can be modified by ion exchange reaction between Na+ inorganic cations housed in the interlayer space, and surfactant molecules, resulting in the formation of an organophilic material. This adsorption capability of organic compounds makes them very useful for a wide range of applications, such as their use as drug carriers. Previous studies have shown the high adsorption capacity of organofunctionalized Na-mica-4 of different types of drugs. Objetive: To carry out initial trials aimed at testing the cytotoxicity of a synthetic organofunctional expandable mica and evaluating its resistance to gastric and gastrointestinal digestion. METHODS A highly charged sodium mica (Na-mica-4) was synthesized and organofunctional by cationic exchange with an alkylamine, primary amine of 18 carbon atoms (C18-mica-4). Both were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field transmission electron microscopy, surface-specific analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. In addition, screening cytotoxicity trials were conducted on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 with C18-mica-4 (0-125 μg/ml). RESULTS Only one of the endpoints evaluated (the reduction of tetrazolium MTS salt by dehydrogenase enzymes) showed a significant decrease in cellular viability after 48h at the highest concentration tested. C18-mica-4 shows structural resistance to both, gastric and gastrointestinal, digestion. CONCLUSION A successful development of a functionalized mica has been made with a promising potential application as a carrier to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Orta
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García Gonzalez no. 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, University Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, Km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | | | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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Elliott CT, Connolly L, Kolawole O. Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:115-126. [PMID: 31515765 PMCID: PMC6971152 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a continuing feed quality and safety issue, leading to significant losses in livestock production and potential human health risks. Consequently, various methods have been developed to reduce the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed; however, feed supplementation with clay minerals or mineral adsorbents is the most prominent approach widely practiced by farmers and the feed industry. Due to a negatively charged and high surface area, pore volume, swelling ability, and high cation exchange capacity, mineral adsorbents including bentonite, zeolite, montmorillonite, and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate can bind or adsorb mycotoxins to their interlayer spaces, external surface, and edges. Several studies have shown these substances to be partly or fully effective in counteracting toxic effects of mycotoxins in farm animals fed contaminated diets and thus are extensively used in livestock production to reduce the risk of mycotoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a considerable number of studies have indicated that these agents may also cause undesirable effects in farm animals. The current work aims to review published reports regarding adverse effects that may arise in farm animals (with a focus on pig and poultry) and potential interaction with veterinary substances and nutrients in feeds, when mineral adsorbents are utilized as a technological feed additive. Furthermore, results of in vitro toxicity studies of both natural and modified mineral adsorbents on different cell lines are reported. Supplementation of mycotoxin-contaminated feed with mineral adsorbents must be carefully considered by farmers and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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6
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Stueckle TA, White A, Wagner A, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Impacts of Organomodified Nanoclays and Their Incinerated Byproducts on Bronchial Cell Monolayer Integrity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2445-2458. [PMID: 31698904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into nanocomposites using advanced manufacturing strategies is set to revolutionize diverse technologies. Of these, organomodified nanoclays (ONCs; i.e., smectite clays with different organic coatings) act as nanofillers in applications ranging from automotive to aerospace and biomedical systems. Recent toxicological evaluations increased awareness that exposure to ONC can occur along their entire life cycle, namely, during synthesis, handling, use, manipulation, and disposal. Compared to other ENMs, however, little information exists describing which physicochemical properties contribute to induced health risk. This study conducted high content screening on bronchial epithelial cell monolayers for coupled high-throughput in vitro assessment strategies aimed to evaluate acute toxicity of a library of ONCs (all of prevalent use) prior to and after simulated disposal by incineration. Coating-, incineration status-, and time-dependent effects were considered to determine changes in the pulmonary monolayer integrity, cell transepithelial resistance, apoptosis, and cell metabolism. Results showed that after exposure to each ONC at its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) there is a material-induced toxicity effect with pristine nanoclay, for instance, displaying acute loss of monolayer coverage, resistance, and metabolism, coupled with increased number of apoptotic cells. Conversely, the other three ONCs tested displayed little loss of monolayer integrity; however, they exhibited differential coating-dependent increased apoptosis and up to 40-45% initial reduction in cell metabolism. Moreover, incinerated byproducts of ONCs exhibited significant loss of monolayer coverage and integrity, increased necrosis, with little evidence of monolayer re-establishment. These findings indicate that characteristics of organic coating type largely determine the mechanism of cytotoxicity and the ability of the monolayer to recover. Use of high content screening coupled with traditional in vitro assays proves to serve as a rapid pulmonary toxicity assessment tool to help define prevention by targeted physicochemical material properties design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
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7
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Bhuyan D, Greene GW, Das RK. Prospects and application of nanobiotechnology in food preservation: molecular perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:759-778. [PMID: 31167574 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1616668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Applications of biotechnological tools in food preservation have shown promising results in minimizing food spoilage. Design and development of highly efficient food preservatives are one of the key success factors in this application field. However, due to the inherent shortcomings of the bulk forms of such preservatives, research was in progress to find suitable alternatives to replace conventional modalities. The intervention of nanotechnology has made this approach feasible in almost every aspect of food preservation. This interface domain of nanobiotechnology has been very well explored in the last few decades and vast literature has been reported. Researchers have developed efficient nanopreservatives (NPRs) for diverse applications. However, the literature available on nano-based food preservation is not inclusive of molecular perspectives involved in food preservation. There is a large knowledge gap in the interface domain concerning the physics of intermolecular and interfacial forces and nanotechnology which play decisive roles in designing edible coatings (ECs). There is an urgent need for identifying the nano and molecular level contributing factors for developing efficient NPRs. Moreover, it is imperative to understand the possible health impact of NPRs in public interest and concern. This review revisits the fundamental aspects of food preservation and navigates through the applicability, safety, molecular aspects and future direction of NPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devangana Bhuyan
- a TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre , The Energy and Resources Institute , Gual Pahari , Haryana , India.,b Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Ratul Kumar Das
- a TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre , The Energy and Resources Institute , Gual Pahari , Haryana , India
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8
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Balooch M, Sabahi H, Aminian H, Hosseini M. Intercalation technique can turn pomegranate industrial waste into a valuable by-product. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Wagner A, White AP, Tang MC, Agarwal S, Stueckle TA, Rojanasakul Y, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Incineration of Nanoclay Composites Leads to Byproducts with Reduced Cellular Reactivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10709. [PMID: 30013129 PMCID: PMC6048035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of nanoclays into a polymer matrix leads to nanocomposites with enhanced properties to be used in plastics for food packaging applications. Because of the plastics' high stored energy value, such nanocomposites make good candidates for disposal via municipal solid waste plants. However, upon disposal, increased concerns related to nanocomposites' byproducts potential toxicity arise, especially considering that such byproducts could escape disposal filters to cause inhalation hazards. Herein, we investigated the effects that byproducts of a polymer polylactic acid-based nanocomposite containing a functionalized montmorillonite nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) could pose to human lung epithelial cells, used as a model for inhalation exposure. Analysis showed that the byproducts induced toxic responses, including reductions in cellular viability, changes in cellular morphology, and cytoskeletal alterations, however only at high doses of exposure. The degree of dispersion of nanoclays in the polymer matrix appeared to influence the material characteristics, degradation, and ultimately toxicity. With toxicity of the byproduct occurring at high doses, safety protocols should be considered, along with deleterious effects investigations to thus help aid in safer, yet still effective products and disposal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Andrew P White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Man Chio Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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10
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Stueckle TA, Davidson DC, Derk R, Kornberg TG, Battelli L, Friend S, Orandle M, Wagner A, Dinu CZ, Sierros KA, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul Y, Porter DW, Rojanasakul L. Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Pre- and Post-incinerated Organomodified Nanoclay in Mice. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2292-2310. [PMID: 29451776 PMCID: PMC6357971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organomodified nanoclays (ONCs) are increasingly used as filler materials to improve nanocomposite strength, wettability, flammability, and durability. However, pulmonary risks associated with exposure along their chemical lifecycle are unknown. This study's objective was to compare pre- and post-incinerated forms of uncoated and organomodified nanoclays for potential pulmonary inflammation, toxicity, and systemic blood response. Mice were exposed via aspiration to low (30 μg) and high (300 μg) doses of preincinerated uncoated montmorillonite nanoclay (CloisNa), ONC (Clois30B), their respective incinerated forms (I-CloisNa and I-Clois30B), and crystalline silica (CS). Lung and blood tissues were collected at days 1, 7, and 28 to compare toxicity and inflammation indices. Well-dispersed CloisNa caused a robust inflammatory response characterized by neutrophils, macrophages, and particle-laden granulomas. Alternatively, Clois30B, I-Clois30B, and CS high-dose exposures elicited a low grade, persistent inflammatory response. High-dose Clois30B exposure exhibited moderate increases in lung damage markers and a delayed macrophage recruitment cytokine signature peaking at day 7 followed by a fibrotic tissue signature at day 28, similar to CloisNa. I-CloisNa exhibited acute, transient inflammation with quick recovery. Conversely, high-dose I-Clois30B caused a weak initial inflammatory signal but showed comparable pro-inflammatory signaling to CS at day 28. The data demonstrate that ONC pulmonary toxicity and inflammatory potential relies on coating presence and incineration status in that coated and incinerated nanoclay exhibited less inflammation and granuloma formation than pristine montmorillonite. High doses of both pre- and post-incinerated ONC, with different surface morphologies, may harbor potential pulmonary health hazards over long-term occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Donna C. Davidson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ray Derk
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tiffany G. Kornberg
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Konstantinos A. Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Dale W. Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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11
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Benali S, Khelifa F, Lerari D, Mincheva R, Habibi Y, Lahem D, Debliquy M, Dubois P. Supramolecular Approach for Efficient Processing of Polylactide/Starch Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1069-1080. [PMID: 31457949 PMCID: PMC6641242 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All-biobased and biodegradable nanocomposites consisting of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and starch nanoplatelets (SNPs) were prepared via a new strategy involving supramolecular chemistry, i.e., stereocomplexation and hydrogen-bonding interactions. For this purpose, a poly(d-lactide)-b-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) block copolymer (PDLA-b-PGMA) was first synthesized via the combination of ring-opening polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization. NMR spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography analysis confirmed a complete control over the copolymer synthesis. The SNPs were then mixed up with the copolymer for producing a PDLA-b-PGMA/SNPs masterbatch. The masterbatch was processed by solvent casting for which a particular attention was given to the solvent selection to preserve SNPs morphology as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to highlight the copolymer-SNPs supramolecular interactions mostly via hydrogen bonding. The prepared masterbatch was melt-blended with virgin PLLA and then thin films of PLLA/PDLA-b-PGMA/SNPs nanocomposites (ca. 600 μm) were melt-processed by compression molding. The resulting nanocomposite films were deeply characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Our findings suggest that supramolecular interactions based on stereocomplexation between the PLLA matrix and the PDLA block of the copolymer had a synergetic effect allowing the preservation of SNPs nanoplatelets and their morphology during melt processing. Quartz crystal microbalance and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis suggested a promising potential of the stereocomplex supramolecular approach in tuning PLLA/SNPs water vapor uptake and mechanical properties together with avoiding PLLA/SNPs degradation during melt processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Benali
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Farid Khelifa
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Djahida Lerari
- Centre
de recherche scientifique et technique en analyses physico-chimiques, BP 384, CP 42004 Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algérie
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Materials
Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belval Innovation Campus,5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Driss Lahem
- Service
de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Épargne 56, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marc Debliquy
- Service
de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Épargne 56, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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12
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Maisanaba S, Guzmán-Guillén R, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Ortuño N, Jos Á. In vitro toxicity evaluation of new silane-modified clays and the migration extract from a derived polymer-clay nanocomposite intended to food packaging applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:313-320. [PMID: 28800565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The clay montmorillonite (Mt) is among the nanofillers more frequently used for food packaging applications. The organomodification of clays with different modifiers, such as silanes, is an important step in the preparation of improved polymer/clay materials known as nanocomposites. However, the toxicological data about these nanofillers is still scarce. In the present study, an in vitro toxicological evaluation in Caco-2 cells of two silane-modified clays based on Mt, Clay3 and Clay4 (0-250μg/ml), was performed. The cytotoxicity, cell death, genotoxicity and oxidative stress produced by both organoclays were evaluated after 24 and 48h of exposure. Moreover, the migration extracts obtained from nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP) + Clay3 and only PP were also investigated. Only Clay4 induced cytotoxicity, showing a reduction of cell viability to 63% of the control, as well as oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding the PP-Clay3 migration extract, no cytotoxic effects were observed after exposure to the tested concentrations (0-100%). Moreover, significant differences in the presence of Ca, Mg and Si compared to the PP extract were obtained, although migration levels were in accordance with the food contact materials regulation. These findings indicate that a case-by-case toxicological assessment of organoclays should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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13
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Wagner A, White AP, Stueckle TA, Banerjee D, Sierros KA, Rojanasakul Y, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Early Assessment and Correlations of Nanoclay's Toxicity to Their Physical and Chemical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32323-32335. [PMID: 28799741 PMCID: PMC6390283 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclays' functionalization with organic modifiers increases their individual barrier properties, thermal stability, and mechanical properties and allows for ease of implementation in food packaging materials or medical devices. Previous reports have shown that, while organic modifiers integration between the layered mineral silicates leads to nanoclays with different degrees of hydrophobicity that become easily miscible in polymers, they could also pose possible effects at inhalation or ingestion routes of exposure. Through a systematic analysis of three organically modified and one pristine nanoclay, we aimed to relate for the first time the physical and chemical characteristics, determined via microscopical and spectroscopical techniques, with the potential of these nanoclays to induce deleterious effects in in vitro cellular systems, i.e. in immortalized and primary human lung epithelial cell lines. To derive information on how functionalization could lead to toxicological profiles throughout nanoclays' life cycle, both as-received and thermally degraded nanoclays were evaluated. Our analysis showed that the organic modifiers chemical composition influenced both the physical and chemical characteristics of the nanoclays as well as their toxicity. Overall, when cells were exposed to nanoclays with organic modifiers containing bioreactive groups, they displayed lower cellular numbers as well more elongated cellular morphologies relative to the pristine nanoclay and the nanoclay containing a modifier with long carbon chains. Additionally, thermal degradation caused loss of the organic modifiers as well as changes in size and shape of the nanoclays, which led to changes in toxicity upon exposure to our model cellular systems. Our study provides insight into the synergistic effects of chemical composition, size, and shape of the nanoclays and their toxicological profiles in conditions that mimic exposure in manufacturing and disposal environments, respectively, and can help aid in safe-by-design manufacturing of nanoclays with user-controlled functionalization and lower toxicity levels when food packaging applications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Andrew P. White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Derrick Banerjee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Konstantinos A. Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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14
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El-Nekeety AA, El-Kady AA, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Hassan NS, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Reduction of individual or combined toxicity of fumonisin B 1 and zearalenone via dietary inclusion of organo-modified nano-montmorillonite in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20770-20783. [PMID: 28718025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are nature environmental contaminants worldwide in animal feed and human food resulting in a serious health risk. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential role of organo-modified nano-montmorillonite (OMNM) against the health risk and the oxidative stress resulted from the exposure of fumonisin (FB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) individually and in combination in rats. Eight groups of female Sprague Dawley rats were treated orally for 3 weeks including the control group, FB1 alone-treated group (50 mg/kg b.w.), ZEN alone-treated group (40 μg/kg b.w), FB1 plus ZEN-treated group, the group fed basal diet supplemented with OMNM (5 g/kg diet), and the groups fed basal diet supplemented with OMNM and treated with FB1 and/or ZEN. At the end of the experimental period, samples of blood and tissues were collected for different biochemical and histological analyses. The results revealed that administration of FB1 and/or ZEN resulted in significant disturbances in the biochemical parameters tested, lipid profiles, serum cytokines, oxidative stress indices, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the histological status of the liver and kidney. Co-administration of both mycotoxins indicated a synergistic effect. OMNM alone was safe and succeeded to reduce and/or prevent most of the toxicity of both mycotoxins. It could be concluded that OMNM is a novel and promising nanograde adsorbent suitable for the protection against the combined exposure to FB1 and ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Kady
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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15
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Moving into advanced nanomaterials. Toxicity of rutile TiO 2 nanoparticles immobilized in nanokaolin nanocomposites on HepG2 cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 316:114-122. [PMID: 28039000 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of nanoparticles on inorganic supports has been recently developed, resulting in the creation of nanocomposites. Concerning titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs1), these have already been developed in conjugation with clays, but so far there are no available toxicological studies on these nanocomposites. The present work intended to evaluate the hepatic toxicity of nanocomposites (C-TiO22), constituted by rutile TiO2 NPs immobilized in nanokaolin (NK3) clay, and its individual components. These nanomaterials were analysed by means of FE-SEM4 and DLS5 analysis for physicochemical characterization. HepG2 cells were exposed to rutile TiO2 NPs, NK clay and C-TiO2 nanocomposite, in the presence and absence of serum for different exposure periods. Possible interferences with the methodological procedures were determined for MTT,6 neutral red uptake, alamar blue (AB), LDH,7 and comet assays, for all studied nanomaterials. Results showed that MTT, AB and alkaline comet assay were suitable for toxicity analysis of the present materials after slight modifications to the protocol. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed after exposure to all studied nanomaterials. Furthermore, an increase in HepG2 DNA damage was observed after shorter periods of exposure in the absence of serum proteins and longer periods of exposure in their presence. Although the immobilization of nanoparticles in micron-sized supports could, in theory, decrease the toxicity of single nanoparticles, the selection of a suitable support is essential. The present results suggest that NK clay is not the appropriate substrate to decrease TiO2 NPs toxicity. Therefore, for future studies, it is critical to select a more appropriate substrate for the immobilization of TiO2 NPs.
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16
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Wagner A, Eldawud R, White A, Agarwal S, Stueckle TA, Sierros KA, Rojanasakul Y, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermally degraded byproducts through spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3406-3415. [PMID: 27612663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Montmorillonite is a type of nanoclay that originates from the clay fraction of the soil and is incorporated into polymers to form nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength, barrier, and flammability properties used for food packaging, automotive, and medical devices. However, with implementation in such consumer applications, the interaction of montmorillonite-based composites or derived byproducts with biological systems needs to be investigated. METHODS Herein we examined the potential of Cloisite Na+ (pristine) and Cloisite 30B (organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay) and their thermally degraded byproducts' to induce toxicity in model human lung epithelial cells. The experimental set-up mimicked biological exposure in manufacturing and disposal areas and employed cellular treatments with occupationally relevant doses of nanoclays previously characterized using spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. For nanoclay-cellular interactions and for cellular analyses respectively, biosensorial-based analytical platforms were used, with induced cellular changes being confirmed via live cell counts, viability assays, and cell imaging. RESULTS Our analysis of byproducts' chemical and physical properties revealed both structural and functional changes. Real-time high throughput analyses of exposed cellular systems confirmed that nanoclay induced significant toxic effects, with Cloisite 30B showing time-dependent decreases in live cell count and cellular viability relative to control and pristine nanoclay, respectively. Byproducts produced less toxic effects; all treatments caused alterations in the cell morphology upon exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our morphological, behavioral, and viability cellular changes show that nanoclays have the potential to produce toxic effects when used both in manufacturing or disposal environments. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The reported toxicological mechanisms prove the extensibility of a biosensorial-based platform for cellular behavior analysis upon treatment with a variety of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Reem Eldawud
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Andrew White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Konstantinos A Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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17
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Maisanaba S, Hercog K, Ortuño N, Jos Á, Žegura B. Induction of micronuclei and alteration of gene expression by an organomodified clay in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:240-248. [PMID: 27058916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clay2 is an organomodified montmorillonite developed by the Technological Institute of Packaging, Transport and Logistic (ITENE) in order to improve polymeric materials used in food packaging. There is not much known on Clay2 toxic potential, particularly at DNA level, therefore it is mandatory to assess its toxicity prior to its commercialization. In the present study the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) was exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of Clay2 and the genomic stability was studied with the Cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay, by determining the formation of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). Moreover, the expression of various genes involved in the mechanisms of its action using the real-time quantitative PCR was studied. The results obtained provide the evidence that Clay2 is potentially genotoxic as it increased the frequency of micronuclei. In addition it deregulated genes involved in the metabolism, immediate-early response/signaling, DNA damage and oxidative stress showing new valuable information on the cellular response to Clay2. Nonetheless, further studies are highly needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of clays toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Klara Hercog
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Maisanaba S, Hercog K, Filipic M, Jos Á, Zegura B. Genotoxic potential of montmorillonite clay mineral and alteration in the expression of genes involved in toxicity mechanisms in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:425-433. [PMID: 26599662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Montmorillonite, also known as Cloisite(®)Na(+) (CNa(+)), is a natural clay with a wide range of well-documented and novel applications, such as pharmaceutical products or food packaging. Although considered a low toxic product, the expected increased exposure to CNa(+) arises concern on the potential consequences on human and environmental health especially as its genotoxicity has scarcely been investigated so far. Thus, we investigated, for the first time, the influence of non-cytotoxic concentrations of CNa(+) (15.65, 31.25 and 62.5 μg/mL) on genomic instability of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) by determining the formation of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) with the Cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay. Further on we studied the influence of CNa(+) on the expression of several genes involved in toxicity mechanisms using the real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that CNa(+) increased the number of MNi, while the numbers of NBUDs and NPBs were not affected. In addition it deregulated genes in all the groups studied, mainly after longer time of exposure. These findings provide the evidence that CNa(+) is potentially genotoxic. Therefore further studies that will elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in toxic activity of CNa(+) are needed for hazard identification and human safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Klara Hercog
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipic
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Bojana Zegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Maisanaba S, Jordá-Beneyto M, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Effects of two organomodified clays intended to food contact materials on the genomic instability and gene expression of hepatoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 88:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Puerto M, Pichardo S, Moreno FJ, Baños A, Nuñez C, Guillamón E, Cameán AM. Acute toxicological studies of the main organosulfur compound derived from Allium sp. intended to be used in active food packaging. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Martín-Cameán A, Puerto M, Jos Á, Azqueta A, Iglesias-Linares A, Solano E, Cameán AM. Preliminary study of genotoxicity evaluation of orthodontic miniscrews on mucosa oral cells by the alkaline comet assay. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:487-93. [PMID: 26062010 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1053652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Miniscrew implants are widely used nowadays in orthodontic treatments due to their good results in clinical practice. However, data regarding the biocompatibility of commercially available orthodontic miniscrews and temporary devices are very scarce, and their role as genotoxicity inducers has been not previously evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. The aim of this study was to investigate the DNA damage in buccal cells of patients subjected to orthodontic treatments. The alkaline comet assay has been applied in oral mucosa cells from patients treated with conventional orthodontic treatment in comparison to patients treated additionally with miniscrews, non-treated volunteers (control) and smoking volunteers (positive control). The application of orthodontic appliances and miniscrews induced significant and similar (2-fold) increases of %DNA in tail in comparison to control group. Females experienced a significant increase in %DNA in all the treatments in comparison to the control group, whereas males showed significant damage only with the combined orthodontic and miniscrew treatment. In conclusion, conventional orthodontic appliances induced genotoxicity, and the incorporation of miniscrews assayed did not imply any additional increase of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Cameán
- a Stomatology Department , School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - María Puerto
- b Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- b Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Navarra , Navarra , Spain , and
| | | | - Enrique Solano
- a Stomatology Department , School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- b Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
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22
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Maisanaba S, Pichardo S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Cameán AM, Jos A. Toxicological evaluation of clay minerals and derived nanocomposites: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:233-254. [PMID: 25732897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clays and clay minerals are widely used in many facets of our society. This review addresses the main clays of each phyllosilicate groups, namely, kaolinite, montmorillonite (Mt) and sepiolite, placing special emphasis on Mt and kaolinite, which are the clays that are more frequently used in food packaging, one of the applications that are currently exhibiting higher development. The improvements in the composite materials obtained from clays and polymeric matrices are remarkable and well known, but the potential toxicological effects of unmodified or modified clay minerals and derived nanocomposites are currently being investigated with increased interest. In this sense, this work focused on a review of the published reports related to the analysis of the toxicological profile of commercial and novel modified clays and derived nanocomposites. An exhaustive review of the main in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies, antimicrobial activity assessments, and the human and environmental impacts of clays and derived nanocomposites was performed. From the analysis of the scientific literature different conclusions can be derived. Thus, in vitro studies suggest that clays in general induce cytotoxicity (with dependence on the clay, concentration, experimental system, etc.) with different underlying mechanisms such as necrosis/apoptosis, oxidative stress or genotoxicity. However, most of in vivo experiments performed in rodents showed no clear evidences of systemic toxicity even at doses of 5000mg/kg. Regarding to humans, pulmonary exposure is the most frequent, and although clays are usually mixed with other minerals, they have been reported to induce pneumoconiosis per se. Oral exposure is also common both intentionally and unintentionally. Although they do not show a high toxicity through this pathway, toxic effects could be induced due to the increased or reduced exposure to mineral elements. Finally, there are few studies about the effects of clay minerals on wildlife, with laboratory trials showing contradictory outcomes. Clay minerals have different applications in the environment, thus with a strict control of the concentrations used, they can provide beneficial uses. Despite the extensive number of reports available, there is also a need of systematic in vitro-in vivo extrapolation studies, with still scarce information on toxicity biomarkers such as inmunomodulatory effects or alteration of the genetic expression. In conclusion, a case by case toxicological evaluation is required taking into account that different clays have their own toxicological profiles, their modification can change this profile, and the potential increase of the human/environmental exposure to clay minerals due to their novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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23
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Maisanaba S, Prieto AI, Pichardo S, Jordá-Beneyto M, Aucejo S, Jos Á. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment of organomodified clays potentially used in food packaging. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1222-30. [PMID: 25820134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modern food packaging has made great advances as result of global trends and consumer preferences, which are oriented to obtain improved food quality and safety. In this regard, clay minerals, and mainly Montmorillonite (Mt) are attracting considerable interest in food packaging because of the improvements developed in mechanical and barrier properties. Hence, the present work aim to assess the toxicity of four Montmorillonite-based clay minerals, an unmodified clay, Cloisite®Na+ (CNa+), and three modified Mt clays: Cloisite®30B (C30B), a commercial clay, and Clay1 and Clay2, two novel modified organoclays developed by the Packaging, Transport, & Logistics Research Institute (ITENE). First, the cytotoxic effects were studied in the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). In addition, the potential mutagenicity of the clays was evaluated by the Ames test. Clay1 did not induce any cytotoxic effects in HUVEC, although it exhibited potential mutagenicity in TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strain. In contrast, Clay2 produced cytotoxicity in endothelial cells but no mutagenicity was recorded. However, CNa+ was not cytotoxic neither mutagenic. And finally, C30B showed positive results in both assays. Therefore, results showed that clay minerals have a different toxicity profile and a case by case toxicity evaluation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain.
| | - María Jordá-Beneyto
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Aucejo
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Denshary ES, El-Nekeety AA, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Hamzawy MA, Elyamany MF, Hassan NS, Mannaa FA, Shaiea MNQ, Gado RA, Zawrah MF. Efficacy of Organo-Modified Nano Montmorillonite to Protect against the Cumulative Health Risk of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> and Ochratoxin A in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/snl.2015.52004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Barzegar H, Azizi MH, Barzegar M, Hamidi-Esfahani Z. Effect of potassium sorbate on antimicrobial and physical properties of starch-clay nanocomposite films. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 110:26-31. [PMID: 24906724 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using fresh foods which undergo the least processing operations developed widely in recent years. Active packaging is a novel method for preserving these products. Active starch-clay nanocomposite films which contained potassium sorbate (PS) at a level of 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 g PS/100 g starch were produced and their physical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. In order to evaluate antimicrobial properties of films Aspergillus niger was used. The results showed that 5% of the PS did not produce antimicrobial property in the film, but by increasing the content of the additive in film formulation, antimicrobial effect increased. PS increased water permeability and elongation at break of the films, but decreased tensile strength. The rate of PS migration into the semi-solid medium in starch-nanocomposites was lower than starch films. This shows that nanocomposite films could retain their antimicrobial property for longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Azizi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Hamidi-Esfahani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
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Jorda-Beneyto M, Ortuño N, Devis A, Aucejo S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Houtman J, Pichardo S, Maisanaba S, Jos A. Use of nanoclay platelets in food packaging materials: technical and cytotoxicity approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:354-63. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.874045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Maisanaba S, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Puerto M, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Moyano R, Blanco A, Jordá-Beneyto M, Jos A. In vivo toxicity evaluation of the migration extract of an organomodified clay-poly(lactic) acid nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:731-746. [PMID: 24839927 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.890987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The food packaging industry is in continuous development in order to obtain more secure and stable food and beverages. The incorporation of inorganic and organic materials with plastic polymers leads to polymer composites. Among the inorganic compounds, clays such as montmorillonite (MTT) and its derivatives are of great interest due to their advantageous properties. The Technological Institute of Packaging, Transport,and Logistics (ITENE) developed a novel nanocomposite based on a poly(lactic) acid (PLA) polymer using an MMT derivative, named Clay1, as filler, to be used in the beverage industry. The improvement of the technological properties of this new material was demonstrated, but safety issues are also of concern. In the present study, a histopathological examination by optical and electron microscopy of organs from Wistar rats exposed for 90 d to a migration extract of PLA-Clay1 nanocomposite was carried out. Moreover, different clinical biochemistry, inflammation,and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined. Results showed no apparent evidence of damage, indicating that this nanocomposite has a good profile to be used in the food packaging industry, although further research is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- a Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sevilla , Seville , Spain
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Maisanaba S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Llana-Ruíz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Mate A, Jordá-Beneyto M, Cameán AM, Aucejo S, Jos Á. In vivo evaluation of activities and expression of antioxidant enzymes in Wistar rats exposed for 90 days to a modified clay. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:456-466. [PMID: 24627999 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.876696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although clays are wildly used in a range of applications, the toxicity assessment of these new materials is still scarce. In the present study, oxidative stress induced by Clay 1, a novel clay, was determined in rats after 90 d of oral exposure. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were examined. In addition, genetic expressions of SOD and CAT and relative protein abundance of CAT were also determined. Data showed that most of the biomarkers assayed remained unaltered. Only CAT activity, as well as its genetic and protein expressions, appeared enhanced in the kidney. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the relevance and consequences of these findings to ensure the safety of this clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- a Area de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
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Maisanaba S, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Pichardo S, Moreno FJ, Jordá M, Cameán AM, Aucejo S, Jos A. Toxic effects of a modified montmorillonite clay on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:714-25. [PMID: 24122917 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of the natural mineral clay montmorillonite into polymeric systems enhances their barrier properties as well as their thermal and mechanical resistance, making them suitable for a wide range of industrial applications, e.g., in the food industry. Considering humans could easily be exposed to these clays due to migration into food, toxicological and health effects of clay exposure should be studied. In the present work, the cytotoxic effects induced by two different clays (the unmodified clay Cloisite(®) Na(+) , and the organically modified Cloisite(®) 30B) on Caco-2 cells were studied after 24 and 48 h of exposure. The basal cytotoxicity endpoints assessed were total protein content, neutral red uptake and a tetrazolium salt reduction. Our results showed that only Cloisite(®) 30B induced toxic effects. Therefore, the effects of subcytotoxic concentrations of this clay on the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, glutathione content and DNA damage (comet assay) were investigated. Results indicate that oxidative stress may be implicated in the toxicity induced by Closite(®) 30B, in regards of the increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species production and glutathione content at the highest concentration assayed, while no damage was observed in DNA. The most remarkable morphological alterations observed were dilated cisternae edge in the Golgi apparatus and nucleolar segregation, suggesting impairment in the secretory functions, which could be related to inhibition in the synthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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