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Jakopović Ž, Valinger D, Hanousek Čiča K, Mrvčić J, Domijan AM, Čanak I, Kostelac D, Frece J, Markov K. A Predictive Assessment of Ochratoxin A's Effects on Oxidative Stress Parameters and the Fermentation Ability of Yeasts Using Neural Networks. Foods 2024; 13:408. [PMID: 38338543 PMCID: PMC10855555 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of different OTA concentrations on the parameters of oxidative stress (glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations) and glucose utilization in ethanol production by wine yeasts. In addition to the above, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to predict the effects of different OTA concentrations on the fermentation ability of yeasts and oxidative stress parameters. The obtained results indicate a negative influence of OTA (4 µg mL-1) on ethanol production after 12 h. For example, K. marxianus produced 1.320 mg mL-1 of ethanol, while in the control sample 1.603 µg mL-1 of ethanol was detected. However, after 24 h, OTA had no negative effect on ethanol production, since it was higher (7.490 and 3.845 mg mL-1) in comparison to control samples. Even low concentrations of OTA affect GSH concentrations, with the highest being detected after 12 and 24 h (up to 16.54 µM), while MDA concentrations are affected by higher OTA concentrations, with the highest being detected at 24 h (1.19 µM). The obtained results with the use of ANNs showed their potential for quantification purposes based on experimental data, while the results of ANN prediction models have shown to be useful for predictions of what outcomes different concentrations of OTA that were not part of experiment will have on the fermentation capacity and oxidative stress parameters of yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Jakopović
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Davor Valinger
- Laboratory for Measurement, Control and Automatisation, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Karla Hanousek Čiča
- Laboratory for Fermentation and Yeast Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.Č.); (J.M.)
| | - Jasna Mrvčić
- Laboratory for Fermentation and Yeast Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.H.Č.); (J.M.)
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Iva Čanak
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Deni Kostelac
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Jadranka Frece
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Laboratory for General Microbiology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.J.); (I.Č.); (D.K.); (K.M.)
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Eid YZ, Omara Y, Ragab A, Ismail A, Zommara M, Dawood MAO. Mitigation of Imidacloprid Toxicity in Poultry Chicken by Selenium Nanoparticles: Growth Performance, Lipid Peroxidation, and Blood Traits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5379-5388. [PMID: 36790585 PMCID: PMC10509070 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is an insecticide that protects against insects in the agriculture, animal, and poultry production sectors. Since the accumulation of imidacloprid induces adverse impacts on general health status and quality of the food chain, this study tested the impacts on broilers. Besides, selenium nanoparticles were fed to birds to relieve the negative impacts on growth performance and health status. Birds (1-day age, initial weight 46.05 ± 1.0 g) divided into four groups (triplicates) where 15 chicks of each replicate (45 for each group). The first group (control) was fed the basal diet without either selenium or imidacloprid toxicity. The second group was fed selenium nano form at 3 mg/kg. The third group was fed selenium and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). The fourth group was fed selenium nano form (3 mg/kg) and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). All groups were kept under the same conditions for 35 days. The final weight and weight gain of birds fed selenium nano form showed marked improvement compared to the imidacloprid-exposed group, while the feed intake and feed conversion ratio markedly reduced. The red blood cells showed higher values in birds fed selenium nano than the control and those exposed to imidacloprid. Interestingly, the hemoglobulin and hematocrit increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. Furthermore, the white blood cells increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. The total protein, albumin, and globulin were higher in birds fed selenium nanoparticles than those exposed to imidacloprid with or without selenium feeding. Birds in the control and imidacloprid groups had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde levels than the remaining groups. Accordingly, dietary selenium nanoparticles are suggested in broiler feed to cope with the adverse effects of imidacloprid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Z Eid
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Yassin Omara
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ragab
- Department of Pesticides, Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Pesticides, Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Zommara
- Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
- The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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Ráduly Z, Szabó A, Mézes M, Balatoni I, Price RG, Dockrell ME, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. New perspectives in application of kidney biomarkers in mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity, with a particular focus on domestic pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1085818. [PMID: 37125184 PMCID: PMC10140568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1085818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gradual spread of Aspergilli worldwide is adding to the global shortage of food and is affecting its safe consumption. Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. Although the kidney functions as the major excretory system in mammals, monitoring and screening for mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity is only now a developmental area in the field of livestock feed toxicology. Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. However, this requires selective and sensitive analytical methods (e.g., HPLC-MS/MS), which are time consuming and expensive. The toxicokinetic of mycotoxin metabolites is becoming better understood. Several kidney biomarkers are used successfully in drug development, however cost-efficient, and reliable kidney biomarkers are urgently needed for monitoring farm animals for early signs of kidney disease. β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research, while kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as effective markers to identify mycotoxin induced nephropathy. Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. In addition to commonly used diagnostic markers for nephrotoxicity including plasma creatinine, NAG, KIM-1 and NGAL can be used in pigs. In this review, the currently available techniques are summarized, which are used for screening mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity in farm animals. Possible approaches are considered, which could be used to detect mycotoxin induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Physiology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Ráduly,
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | - Robert G. Price
- Department of Nutrition, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Dockrell
- SWT Institute of Renal Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George’s University, London, United Kingdom
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Chae SA, Pyo MC, Yoo HJ, Lee KW. Ochratoxin a induces hepatic fibrosis through TGF-β receptor I/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2084-2095. [PMID: 35543154 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin generated by Penicillium and Aspergillus species. It is often found in cereals. We hypothesized that OTA exposure induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to liver fibrosis. In this research, we explored whether the TGF-β receptor I (TGF-β RI)/Smad2/3 signaling pathway is related to EMT-induced hepatic fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments, mRNA and protein expression of liver fibrosis-related markers such as fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and E-cadherin were assessed. The levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin, which are used to assess damage, increased. We also confirmed the increase in mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β RI, Smad2, and Smad3. The expression of liver fibrosis-related markers was decreased by siRNA-mediated silencing of Smad2/3, as well as TGF-RI suppression. Liver cells exposed to OTA showed enhanced TGF-β RI expression on the cell membrane. These results demonstrated that OTA induces hepatic fibrosis through TGF-β RI and Smad2/3 pathways in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung A Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joon Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Carter LE, Bugiel S, Nunnikhoven A, Verster AJ, Bondy GS, Curran IHA. Genomic analysis of Fisher F344 rat kidneys from a reproductive study following dietary ochratoxin A exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113302. [PMID: 35843423 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, and is found in many commodities including cereal grains, nuts, and coffee. OTA is a renal carcinogen and nephrotoxin at high concentrations, targeting the proximal tubules. This study uses transcriptomics and the previously reported apical data (Bondy et al., 2021) to infer mode-of-action of OTA toxicity in male and female rats exposed to low doses of OTA in utero and throughout development. Our findings support a male-specific activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in F1 pups to OTA exposure. This was not found in the female F1 pups, and may be due to female-specific increased p38 activity and VDR signaling. Differentially expressed genes related to karyomegaly, MAPK activity, and immune activation appears to develop from in utero exposure to OTA whereas those related to decreased kidney and liver function, and changes to reproductive pathways occur in both rat generations. Together, these transcriptional results confirm that dietary exposure to OTA causes renal toxicity as well as alterations to hepatic and reproductive pathways in rats. In utero exposure of rats to OTA results in sex-specific alterations in immune response pathways, VDR signaling, and p38 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Carter
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - S Bugiel
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A Nunnikhoven
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A J Verster
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - G S Bondy
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - I H A Curran
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
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Miguel Alfonso RA, Yael Yvette BH, Irma Martha MD, Cyndia Azucena GA, Briscia Socorro BV, José Francisco HM, Monserrat S, Aurora Elizabeth RG. Genotoxic effects of the ochratoxin A (OTA), its main metabolite (OTα) per se and in combination with fumonisin B1 in HepG2 cells and human lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 878:503482. [PMID: 35649676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are mycotoxins distributed in a wide variety of foods for human or animal consumption and are classified as possible carcinogens for humans. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic, cytostatic and genotoxic effects of OTA and its main metabolite, ochratoxin α (OTα), FB1 and three combinations of OTA and FB1 at moderate and environmental doses. Cell viability was evaluated through MTT assay and the trypan blue exclusion method. The cytostatic and genotoxic effects were evaluated through the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The results showed synergistic time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects of one of the combinations of OTA and FB1. In contrast, significant differences were observed in the micronuclei (MN) frequency from OTA, OTα and coexposure of OTA + FB1. Some of these combinations increased the frequency of nuclear buds, nucleoplasmic bridges, donut-shaped nuclei, necrotic and apoptotic cells and MN in mononucleated cells. In conclusion, OTA and its main metabolite OTα, as well as the co-exposure of OTA and FB1, cause stable DNA damage at environmentally relevant concentrations, which was greater in metabolically competent cells. More studies are needed to understand the chemical interactions that occur due to the joint presence of mycotoxins, which occurs commonly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruíz-Arias Miguel Alfonso
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Bernal-Hernández Yael Yvette
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Medina-Díaz Irma Martha
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - González-Arias Cyndia Azucena
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Barrón-Vivanco Briscia Socorro
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Herrera-Moreno José Francisco
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Sordo Monserrat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rojas-García Aurora Elizabeth
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155. Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Liu WC, Pushparaj K, Meyyazhagan A, Arumugam VA, Pappusamy M, Bhotla HK, Baskaran R, Issara U, Balasubramanian B, Khaneghah AM. Ochratoxin A as alarming health in livestock and human: A review on molecular interactions, mechanism of toxicity, detection, detoxification, and dietary prophylaxis. Toxicon 2022; 213:59-75. [PMID: 35452686 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi commonly found in raw plant sources and other feeds. This review comprises an extensive evaluation of the origin and proprieties of OTA, toxicokinetics, biotransformation, and toxicodynamics of ochratoxins. In in vitro and in vivo studies, the compatibility of OTA with oxidative stress is observed through the production of free radicals, resulting in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The OTA leads to nephrotoxicity as the chief target organ is the kidney. Other OTA excretion and absorption rates are observed, and the routes of elimination include faeces, urine, and breast milk. The alternations in the Phe moiety of OTA are the precursor for the amino acid alternation, bringing about Phe-hydroxylase and Phe-tRNA synthase, resulting in the complete dysfunction of cellular metabolism. Biodetoxification using specific microorganisms decreased the DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity. This review addressed the ability of antioxidants and the dietary components as prophylactic measures to encounter toxicity and demonstrated their capability to counteract the chronic exposure through supplementation as feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560076, India.
| | - Vijaya Anand Arumugam
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikantan Pappusamy
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560076, India
| | - Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Rathinasamy Baskaran
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Utthapon Issara
- Division of Food Science and Technology Management, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani, 12110, Thailand
| | | | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Saini RV, Vaid P, Saini NK, Siwal SS, Gupta VK, Thakur VK, Saini AK. Recent Advancements in the Technologies Detecting Food Spoiling Agents. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:67. [PMID: 34940546 PMCID: PMC8709279 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To match the current life-style, there is a huge demand and market for the processed food whose manufacturing requires multiple steps. The mounting demand increases the pressure on the producers and the regulatory bodies to provide sensitive, facile, and cost-effective methods to safeguard consumers' health. In the multistep process of food processing, there are several chances that the food-spoiling microbes or contaminants could enter the supply chain. In this contest, there is a dire necessity to comprehend, implement, and monitor the levels of contaminants by utilizing various available methods, such as single-cell droplet microfluidic system, DNA biosensor, nanobiosensor, smartphone-based biosensor, aptasensor, and DNA microarray-based methods. The current review focuses on the advancements in these methods for the detection of food-borne contaminants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena V. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Prachi Vaid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, AP Goyal Shimla University, Shimla 171009, India;
| | - Neeraj K. Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Adesh K. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, AP Goyal Shimla University, Shimla 171009, India;
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Cell Proliferation and Tumor Induction by Ochratoxin A in Mouse Skin and Evaluation of Cyclin D1 and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expressions. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1723486. [PMID: 34733352 PMCID: PMC8560303 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1723486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Motivation. Skin tumor is one of the frequent occurring forms of cancer where 2-3 million instances are reported worldwide. The ultraviolet rays along with the environmental pollutants and other contaminants can be the potential factors of skin cancer. Cyclin D1 is a serious gene included in controlling the development through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally existing mycotoxin which majorly occurs in food like grains. It is responsible for producing the splitting of single-strand DNA and is identified to be cancer-causing. It is established as a critical risk factor towards reproductive health in both males and females. Methodology. A single dose of ochratoxin A was used for topical application for assessment of skin tumor promotion activity, hyperplasia, ornithine decarboxylase activity, and expression of cyclin D1 and COX-2 in mouse skin. Enhancement in the synthesis of DNA, activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, and overexpression of cyclin D1 and COX-2 were noted. Primary murine keratinocyte cell culture was cultured with Waymouth's medium. Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of cyclin D1 and COX-2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to the association between AP-1 transcription and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) with COX-2 and cyclin D1 promoters. Results. The results found that cyclin D1 and COX-2 were responsible for stimulating OTA-induced PMK proliferation and hyperplasia. Implications. EGFR-mediated pathways were also responsible for tumor promotion due to OTA.
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Shahba S, Mehrzad J, Malvandi AM. Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4. [PMID: 33932215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of inflammatory responses in microglial cells and astrocytes, the CNS resident cells with immunological characteristics, could interrupt the hemostasis upon even with low-level exposure to mycotoxins. The inevitable widespread occurrence of a low level of mycotoxins in foods and feed is likely increasing worldwide, predisposing individuals to potential neuroimmunological dysregulations. This paper reviews the current understanding of mycotoxins' neuro-immunotoxic features under low-dose exposure and the possible ways for detoxification and clearance as a perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shahba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Science and Technology Pole, IRCCS Multimedica, Via Gaudenzio Fantoli, 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy.
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Pastor L, Vettorazzi A, Guruceaga E, López de Cerain A. Time Course of Renal Transcriptomics after Subchronic Exposure to Ochratoxin A in Fisher Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:177. [PMID: 33652839 PMCID: PMC7996782 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent nephrocarcinogen, mainly in male rats. The aim of this study was to determine the time course of gene expression (GeneChip® Rat Gene 2.0 ST Array, Affymetrix) in kidney samples from male and female F344 rats, treated daily (p.o) with 0.50 mg/kg b.w. (body weight) of OTA for 7 or 21 days, and evaluate if there were differences between both sexes. After OTA treatment, there was an evolution of gene expression in the kidney over time, with more differentially expressed genes (DEG) at 21 days. The gene expression time course was different between sexes with respect to the number of DEG and the direction of expression (up or down): the female response was progressive and consistent over time, whereas males had a different early response with more DEG, most of them up-regulated. The statistically most significant DEG corresponded to metabolism enzymes (Akr1b7, Akr1c2, Adh6 down-regulated in females; Cyp2c11, Dhrs7, Cyp2d1, Cyp2d5 down-regulated in males) or transporters (Slc17a9 down-regulated in females; Slco1a1 (OATP-1) and Slc51b and Slc22a22 (OAT) down-regulated in males). Some of these genes had also a basal sex difference and were over-expressed in males or females with respect to the other sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Pinhão M, Tavares A, Loureiro S, Louro H, Alvito P, Silva M. Combined cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 in human kidney and liver cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104949. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Shen Y, Shi Z, Fan JT, Yan B. Dechlorination and demethylation of ochratoxin A enhance blocking activity of PXR activation, suppress PXR expression and reduce cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:171-180. [PMID: 32659470 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been established to induce chemoresistance and metabolic diseases. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin, decreases the expression of PXR protein in human primary hepatocytes. OTA is chlorinated and has a methylated lactone ring. Both structures are associated with OTA toxicity. The study was to test the hypothesis that structural modifications differentially impact PXR blocking activity over cytotoxicity. To test this hypothesis, OTA-M and OTA-Cl/M were synthesized. OTA-M lacked the methyl group of the lactone-ring, whereas OTA-Cl/M had neither the methyl group nor the chlorine atom. The blocking activity of PXR activation was determined in a stable cell line, harboring both PXR (coding sequence) and its luciferase element reporter. OTA-Cl/M showed the highest blocking activity, followed by OTA-M and OTA. OTA-Cl/M was 60 times as potent as the common PXR blocker ketoconazole based on calculated IC50 values. OTA-Cl/M decreased by 90 % the expression of PXR protein and was the least cytotoxic among the tested compounds. Molecular docking identified that OTA and its derivatives interacted with different sets of residues in PXR, providing a molecular basis for selectivity. Excessive activation of PXR has been implicated in chemoresistance and metabolic diseases. Downregulation of PXR protein expression likely delivers an effective mechanism against structurally diverse PXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Zhanquan Shi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jun Ting Fan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Battilani P, Palumbo R, Giorni P, Dall’Asta C, Dellafiora L, Gkrillas A, Toscano P, Crisci A, Brera C, De Santis B, Rosanna Cammarano R, Della Seta M, Campbell K, Elliot C, Venancio A, Lima N, Gonçalves A, Terciolo C, Oswald IP. Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Transcriptome Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:toxins12010023. [PMID: 31906179 PMCID: PMC7020595 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), an important mycotoxin that occurs in food and animal feed, has aroused widespread concern in recent years. Previous studies have indicated that OTA causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The intestinal toxicity of OTA has gradually become a focus of research, but the mechanisms underlying this toxicity have not been described. Here, differentiated Caco-2 cells were incubated for 48 h with different concentrations of OTA and transcriptome analysis was used to estimate damage to the intestinal barrier. Gene expression profiling was used to compare the characteristics of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). There were altogether 10,090 DEGs, mainly clustered into two downregulation patterns. The Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), which was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction network, indicated that 24 key enzymes were mostly responsible for regulating cell apoptosis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to validate eight genes, three of which were key genes (CASP3, CDC25B, and EGR1). The results indicated that OTA dose-dependently induces apoptosis in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that the impairment of intestinal function caused by OTA might be partly attributed to apoptosis, which is probably associated with downregulation of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) expression and upregulation of Noxa and caspase 3 (CASP3) expression. This study has highlighted the intestinal toxicity of OTA and provided a genome-wide view of biological responses, which provides a theoretical basis for enterotoxicity and should be useful in establishing a maximum residue limit for OTA.
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Arenas-Huertero F, Zaragoza-Ojeda M, Sánchez-Alarcón J, Milić M, Šegvić Klarić M, Montiel-González JM, Valencia-Quintana R. Involvement of Ahr Pathway in Toxicity of Aflatoxins and Other Mycotoxins. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2347. [PMID: 31681212 PMCID: PMC6798329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present information about the role of activation of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins, of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Aflatoxins and other mycotoxins are a diverse group of secondary metabolites that can be contaminants in a broad range of agricultural products and feeds. Some species of Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicilium, and Fusarium are major producers of mycotoxins, some of which are toxic and carcinogenic. Several aflatoxins are planar molecules that can activate the AhR. AhR participates in the detoxification of several xenobiotic substances and activates phase I and phase II detoxification pathways. But it is important to recognize that AhR activation also affects differentiation, cell adhesion, proliferation, and immune response among others. Any examination of the effects of aflatoxins and other toxins that act as activators to AhR must consider the potential of the disruption of several cellular functions in order to extend the perception thus far about the toxic and carcinogenic effects of these toxins. There have been no Reviews of existing data between the relation of AhR and aflatoxins and this one attempts to give information precisely about this dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Zaragoza-Ojeda
- Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini Laboratory of Genomic Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José M. Montiel-González
- Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini Laboratory of Genomic Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini Laboratory of Genomic Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
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Shin HS, Lee HJ, Pyo MC, Ryu D, Lee KW. Ochratoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity through Phase I and Phase II Reactions Regulated by AhR in Liver Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E377. [PMID: 31261931 PMCID: PMC6669489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. OTA exists in a variety of foods, including rice, oats, and coffee and is hepatotoxic, with a similar mode of action as aflatoxin B1. The precise mechanism of cytotoxicity is not yet known, but oxidative damage is suspected to contribute to its cytotoxic effects. In this study, human hepatocyte HepG2 cells were treated with various concentrations of OTA (5-500 nM) for 48 h. OTA triggered oxidative stress as demonstrated by glutathione depletion and increased reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde level, and nitric oxide production. Apoptosis was observed with 500 nM OTA treatment. OTA increased both the mRNA and protein expression of phase I and II enzymes. The same results were observed in an in vivo study using ICR mice. Furthermore, the relationship between phase I and II enzymes was demonstrated by the knockdown of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) with siRNA. Taken together, our results show that OTA induces oxidative stress through the phase I reaction regulated by AhR and induces apoptosis, and that the phase II reaction is activated by Nrf2 in the presence of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Soo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, MS 2312, USA
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, MS 2312, USA
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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Limonciel A, van Breda SG, Jiang X, Tredwell GD, Wilmes A, Aschauer L, Siskos AP, Sachinidis A, Keun HC, Kopp-Schneider A, de Kok TM, Kleinjans JCS, Jennings P. Persistence of Epigenomic Effects After Recovery From Repeated Treatment With Two Nephrocarcinogens. Front Genet 2018; 9:558. [PMID: 30559759 PMCID: PMC6286959 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the epigenetic regulation of transcription has provided a new source of mechanistic understanding to long lasting effects of chemicals. However, this information is still seldom exploited in a toxicological context and studies of chemical effect after washout remain rare. Here we studied the effects of two nephrocarcinogens on the human proximal tubule cell line RPTEC/TERT1 using high-content mRNA microarrays coupled with miRNA, histone acetylation (HA) and DNA methylation (DM) arrays and metabolomics during a 5-day repeat-dose exposure and 3 days after washout. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) was chosen as a model compound for its known impact on HA and DM. The foremost effect observed was the modulation of thousands of mRNAs and histones by OTA during and after exposure. In comparison, the oxidant potassium bromate (KBrO3) had a milder impact on gene expression and epigenetics. However, there was no strong correlation between epigenetic modifications and mRNA changes with OTA while with KBrO3 the gene expression data correlated better with HA for both up- and down-regulated genes. Even when focusing on the genes with persistent epigenetic modifications after washout, only half were coupled to matching changes in gene expression induced by OTA, suggesting that while OTA causes a major effect on the two epigenetic mechanisms studied, these alone cannot explain its impact on gene expression. Mechanistic analysis confirmed the known activation of Nrf2 and p53 by KBrO3, while OTA inhibited most of the same genes, and genes involved in the unfolded protein response. A few miRNAs could be linked to these effects of OTA, albeit without clear contribution of epigenetics to the modulation of the pathways at large. Metabolomics revealed disturbances in amino acid balance, energy catabolism, nucleotide metabolism and polyamine metabolism with both chemicals. In conclusion, the large impact of OTA on transcription was confirmed at the mRNA level but also with two high-content epigenomic methodologies. Transcriptomic data confirmed the previously reported activation (by KBrO3) and inhibition (by OTA) of protective pathways. However, the integration of omic datasets suggested that HA and DM were not driving forces in the gene expression changes induced by either chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Limonciel
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone G van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqi Jiang
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregory D Tredwell
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia Aschauer
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Brookes Innovation Hub, Orbit Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros P Siskos
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hector C Keun
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Rong X, Sun-Waterhouse D, Wang D, Jiang Y, Li F, Chen Y, Zhao S, Li D. The Significance of Regulatory MicroRNAs: Their Roles in Toxicodynamics of Mycotoxins and in the Protection Offered by Dietary Therapeutics Against Mycotoxin-Induced Toxicity. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:48-66. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Rong
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences; The Univ. of Auckland; Private Bag Auckland 92019 New Zealand
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
- Shandong Inst. of Pomology; Taian Shandong 271000 P. R. China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Yilun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety of Shandong Province; Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
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Eshelli M, Qader MM, Jambi EJ, Hursthouse AS, Rateb ME. Current Status and Future Opportunities of Omics Tools in Mycotoxin Research. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E433. [PMID: 30373184 PMCID: PMC6267353 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. Dangerous mycotoxins cause a variety of health problems not only for humans, but also for animals. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food composition. The potential of combined omics approaches such as metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics would contribute to our understanding about pathogen fungal crosstalk as well as strengthen our ability to identify, isolate, and characterise mycotoxins pre and post-harvest. Multi-omics approaches along with advanced analytical tools and chemometrics provide a complete annotation of such metabolites produced before/during the contamination of crops. We have assessed the merits of these individual and combined omics approaches and their promising applications to mitigate the issue of mycotoxin contamination. The data included in this review focus on aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and patulin and would be useful as benchmark information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Eshelli
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13538, Libya.
| | - M Mallique Qader
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ebtihaj J Jambi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Girls Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andrew S Hursthouse
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
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Vettorazzi A, Pastor L, Guruceaga E, López de Cerain A. Sex-dependent gene expression after ochratoxin A insult in F344 rat kidney. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:337-348. [PMID: 30449730 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent rodent nephrocarcinogen; being males more sensitive than females. The objective was to study the response between sexes at gene expression level (whole genome transcriptomics) in kidneys of F344 rats treated with 0.21 or 0.50 mg/kg bw OTA for 21 days. DNA methylation analysis of selected genes was also studied (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry). OTA-induced response was dose-dependent in males and females, although clearer in males. Females showed a higher number of altered genes than males but functional analysis revealed a higher number of significantly enriched toxicity lists in 0.21 mg/kg treated males. OTA modulated damage, signaling and metabolism related lists, as well as inflammation, proliferation and oxidative stress in both sexes. Eleven toxicity lists (damage, fibrosis, cell signaling and metabolism) were exclusively altered in males while renal safety biomarker and biogenesis of mitochondria lists were exclusively enriched in females. A high number of lists (39) were significantly enriched in both sexes. However, they contained many sex-biased OTA-modulated genes, mainly phase I and II, transporters and nuclear receptors, but also others related to cell proliferation/apoptosis. No biologically relevant changes were observed in the methylation of selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Vettorazzi
- University of Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Laura Pastor
- University of Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain; Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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Wu TS, Lin YT, Huang YT, Cheng YC, Yu FY, Liu BH. Disruption of liver development and coagulation pathway by ochratoxin A in embryonic zebrafish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 340:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Marin DE, Pistol GC, Gras MA, Palade ML, Taranu I. Comparative effect of ochratoxin A on inflammation and oxidative stress parameters in gut and kidney of piglets. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:224-231. [PMID: 28760389 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium genra. OTA is mainly nephrotoxic but can also cause hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. As recent studies have highlighted the close relationship between gastrointestinal tract and kidney, as principal organs involved in absorption and respective excretion of xenobiotics, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of a subchronic exposure (30 days) to 0.05 mg/kg OTA on immune response and oxidative stress parameters at the level of intestine and kidney of young swine. The experiment was realised on twelve crossbred weaned piglets randomly allotted to both control group or toxin group fed 0.050 mg OTA/kg feed. Our results have shown that a subchronic intoxication with a low dose of OTA for 30 days affected the immune response and the anti-oxidant self-defense at gut and kidney level. The gene expression of both markers of signaling pathways involved in inflammation and inflammatory cytokines were affected in a much higher extent in the gut than in the kidney Of OTA intoxicated piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania.
| | - Gina C Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Mihai A Gras
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Mihai L Palade
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Ionelia Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
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Loi M, Fanelli F, Liuzzi VC, Logrieco AF, Mulè G. Mycotoxin Biotransformation by Native and Commercial Enzymes: Present and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E111. [PMID: 28338601 PMCID: PMC5408185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide mycotoxins contamination has a significant impact on animal and human health, and leads to economic losses accounted for billions of dollars annually. Since the application of pre- and post- harvest strategies, including chemical or physical removal, are not sufficiently effective, biological transformation is considered the most promising yet challenging approach to reduce mycotoxins accumulation. Although several microorganisms were reported to degrade mycotoxins, only a few enzymes have been identified, purified and characterized for this activity. This review focuses on the biotransformation of mycotoxins performed with purified enzymes isolated from bacteria, fungi and plants, whose activity was validated in in vitro and in vivo assays, including patented ones and commercial preparations. Furthermore, we will present some applications for detoxifying enzymes in food, feed, biogas and biofuel industries, describing their limitation and potentialities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
- Department of Economics, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Vania C Liuzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
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A Review: Epigenetic Mechanism in Ochratoxin A Toxicity Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040113. [PMID: 28333080 PMCID: PMC5408187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a natural contaminant that has displayed nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mammals. It contaminates a great variety of foodstuffs and threatens people's lives. The molecular mechanism of OTA-induced toxicity has been studied since 1965. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms are also studied in OTA-induced toxicity. Additionally, the mode of OTA epigenetic research has been advanced in research hotspots. However, there is still no epigenetic study of OTA-induced toxicity. In this review, we discuss the relationship between these epigenetic mechanisms and OTA-induced toxicity. We found that studies on the epigenetic mechanisms of OTA-induced toxicity all chose the whole kidney or liver as the model, which cannot reveal the real change in DNA methylation or miRNAs or histone in the target sites of OTA. Our recommendations are as follows: (1) the specific target site of OTA should be detected by advanced technologies; and (2) competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) should be explored with OTA.
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Pastor L, Vettorazzi A, Campión J, Cordero P, López de Cerain A. Gene expression kinetics of renal transporters induced by ochratoxin A in male and female F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:169-178. [PMID: 27771458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that contaminates foodstuffs. The most relevant concern is its high kidney carcinogenicity in male rats and its unclear mechanism of action. It has been hypothesized that variations in transport mechanisms in kidney cells may be the reason of different sex-dependent sensitivities towards OTA. The aim of this study was to analyze, by RT- qPCR, renal transporters expression in 15-week-old male (M) and female (F) F344 rats at basal level and after single oral OTA administration (0.50 mg/kg bw). Temporal profiles (24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 1 and 2 months) were studied per sex and transporter. The reference gene for all comparisons was Ppia. At basal level, sex differences were confirmed for Oatp1, Bcrp (M>F) and Oat2 (F>M). OTA tended to inhibit the expression of almost all transporters in both sexes, but clearly induced the expression of Oat2 in males. Regarding time profiles, the highest sex differences involved Oat (Slc22) transporters: Oat2, Oat3 and Oat5 expression showed a significant increase in males (24h) while Oat1, Oat2 and Oat5 level decreased in females (48h). Overall, basal sex differences in F344 rats and the specific sex-dependent response to OTA of Oat2 might contribute to high kidney damage in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Javier Campión
- Department of Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Current address: Making Genetics SL, Plaza CEIN 5, 31110 Noain, Spain.
| | - Paul Cordero
- Department of Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Current address: Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Different Toxicity Mechanisms for Citrinin and Ochratoxin A Revealed by Transcriptomic Analysis in Yeast. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100273. [PMID: 27669300 PMCID: PMC5086634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are important mycotoxins, which frequently co-contaminate foodstuff. In order to assess the toxicologic threat posed by the two mycotoxins separately or in combination, their biological effects were studied here using genomic transcription profiling and specific live cell gene expression reporters in yeast cells. Both CIT and OTA cause highly transient transcriptional activation of different stress genes, which is greatly enhanced by the disruption of the multidrug exporter Pdr5. Therefore, we performed genome-wide transcription profiling experiments with the pdr5 mutant in response to acute CIT, OTA, or combined CIT/OTA exposure. We found that CIT and OTA activate divergent and largely nonoverlapping gene sets in yeast. CIT mainly caused the rapid induction of antioxidant and drug extrusion-related gene functions, while OTA mainly deregulated developmental genes related with yeast sporulation and sexual reproduction, having only a minor effect on the antioxidant response. The simultaneous exposure to CIT and OTA gave rise to a genomic response, which combined the specific features of the separated mycotoxin treatments. The application of stress-specific mutants and reporter gene fusions further confirmed that both mycotoxins have divergent biological effects in cells. Our results indicate that CIT exposure causes a strong oxidative stress, which triggers a massive transcriptional antioxidant and drug extrusion response, while OTA mainly deregulates developmental genes and only marginally induces the antioxidant defense.
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Heussner A, Paget T. Evaluation of renal in vitro models used in ochratoxin research. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) induces renal carcinomas in rodents with a specific localisation in the S3 segment of proximal tubules and distinct early severe tissue alterations, which have been observed also in other species. Pronounced species- and sex-specific differences in toxicity occur and similar effects cannot be excluded in humans, however precise mechanism(s) remain elusive until today. In such cases, the use of in vitro models for mechanistic investigations can be very useful; in particular if a non-genotoxic mechanism of cancer formation is assumed which include cytotoxic effects. However, potential genotoxic mechanisms can also be investigated in vitro. A crucial issue of in vitro research is the choice of the appropriate cell model. Apparently, the cellular target of OTA is the renal proximal tubular cell; therefore cells from this tissue area are the most reasonable model. Furthermore, cells from affected species should be used and can be compared to cells of human origin. Another important parameter is whether to use primary cultures or to choose a cell line from the huge variety of cell lines available. In any case, important characteristics and quality controls need to be verified beforehand. Therefore, this review discusses the renal in vitro models that have been used for the investigation of renal ochratoxin toxicity. In particular, we discuss the choice of the models and the essential parameters making them suitable models for ochratoxin research together with exemplary results from this research. Furthermore, new promising models such as hTERT-immortalised cells and 3D-cultures are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - T. Paget
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
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Ochratoxin A: Molecular Interactions, Mechanisms of Toxicity and Prevention at the Molecular Level. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 27092524 PMCID: PMC4848637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widely-spread mycotoxin all over the world causing major health risks. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and cellular interactions of OTA. In order to get better insight into the mechanism of its toxicity and on the several attempts made for prevention or attenuation of its toxic action, a detailed description is given on chemistry and toxicokinetics of this mycotoxin. The mode of action of OTA is not clearly understood yet, and seems to be very complex. Inhibition of protein synthesis and energy production, induction of oxidative stress, DNA adduct formation, as well as apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle arrest are possibly involved in its toxic action. Since OTA binds very strongly to human and animal albumin, a major emphasis is done regarding OTA-albumin interaction. Displacement of OTA from albumin by drugs and by natural flavonoids are discussed in detail, hypothesizing their potentially beneficial effect in order to prevent or attenuate the OTA-induced toxic consequences.
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Wu TS, Yang JJ, Wang YW, Yu FY, Liu BH. Mycotoxin ochratoxin A disrupts renal development via a miR-731/prolactin receptor axis in zebrafish. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:519-529. [PMID: 30090366 PMCID: PMC6062247 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) frequently contaminates various food and feed products, including cereals, coffee and wine. While the nephrotoxicity and teratogenicity of OTA have been extensively documented, the molecular mechanisms associated with OTA toxicity remained poorly understood in a developing organism. We showed that zebrafish embryos exposed to OTA demonstrated incorrect heart looping and small heart chambers. OTA also impaired the renal morphology and reduced the glomerular filtration rate of the embryonic zebrafish. The treatment of embryos with OTA attenuated the expression of the prolactin receptor, a gene (PRLRa) that has a key role in organogenesis and osmoregulation in vertebrates. OTA not only inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT5 and AKT, but also down-regulated the level of serpina1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the microRNA profiling based on RNA sequencing revealed the up-regulation of microRNA-731 (miR-731) in the OTA-treated embryos. Further in silico analysis predicted that PRLRa was a target gene of miR-731. AntagomiR-731 restored PRLRa levels that had been reduced by OTA and also recovered the pronephros morphology that was damaged by OTA. These observations suggest that the exposure to OTA adversely affected the organogenesis of zebrafish, and the modulation of miR-731 and the PRLR signaling cascade contributed to the abnormal renal development mediated by OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Shuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology , College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan . ; ; Tel: +886-2-23123456, ext 88602
| | - Jiann-Jou Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Chung Shan Medical University , Taiwan .
| | - Yan-Wei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Chung Shan Medical University , Taiwan .
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Chung Shan Medical University , Taiwan .
- Department of Medical Research , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology , College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan . ; ; Tel: +886-2-23123456, ext 88602
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Ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and reactive oxygen species in kidney cells: An integrative approach of complementary endpoints. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 87:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Heussner AH, Bingle LEH. Comparative Ochratoxin Toxicity: A Review of the Available Data. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4253-82. [PMID: 26506387 PMCID: PMC4626733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by a variety of moulds. Ochratoxin A (OTA), the most prominent member of this toxin family, was first described by van der Merwe et al. in Nature in 1965. Dietary exposure to OTA represents a serious health issue and has been associated with several human and animal diseases including poultry ochratoxicosis, porcine nephropathy, human endemic nephropathies and urinary tract tumours in humans. More than 30 years ago, OTA was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents and since then extensive research has been performed in order to investigate its mode of action, however, this is still under debate. OTA is regarded as the most toxic family member, however, other ochratoxins or their metabolites and, in particular, ochratoxin mixtures or combinations with other mycotoxins may represent serious threats to human and animal health. This review summarises and evaluates current knowledge about the differential and comparative toxicity of the ochratoxin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - Lewis E H Bingle
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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Mycoremediation with mycotoxin producers: a critical perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:17-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Šegvić Klarić M, Jakšić Despot D, Kopjar N, Rašić D, Kocsubé S, Varga J, Peraica M. Cytotoxic and genotoxic potencies of single and combined spore extracts of airborne OTA-producing and OTA-non-producing Aspergilli in Human lung A549 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:206-214. [PMID: 26086577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus sclerotiorum (AS) is a well-known producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) while Aspergillus pseudoglaucus (AP) produces a wide range of extrolites with poorly investigated toxicity. These species are frequently co-occur in grain mill aeromycota. The aim of this study was to determine OTA levels in spore extracts using HPLC and immunoaffinity columns, and to examine the cytotoxicity of pure OTA, OTA-positive (AS-OTA(+)) and OTA-negative (AS-OTA(-)) spore extracts, as well as of AP spore extract, on human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549, individually and in combination, using a colorimetric MTT test (540nm). To establish which type of cell death predominated after treatments, a quantitative fluorescent assay with ethidium bromide and acridine orange was used, and the level of primary DNA damage in A549 cells was evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. OTA was detected in spore extracts (0.3-28µg/mL) of 3/6 of the AS strains, while none of the tested AP strains were able to produce OTA. Taking into account the maximum detected concentration of OTA in the spores, the daily intake of OTA by inhalation was calculated to be 1ng/kg body weight (b.w.), which is below the tolerable daily intake for OTA (17ng/kg b.w.). Using the MTT test, the following IC50 values were obtained: single OTA (53μg/mL); AS-OTA(+) (mass concentration 934μg/mL corresponds to 10.5μg/mL of OTA in spore extract); and 2126μg/mL for AP. The highest applied concentration of AS-OTA(-) spore extract (4940μg/mL) decreased cell viability by 30% and IC50 for the extract could not be determined. Single OTA and AS-OTA(+) and combinations (AP+AS-OTA(+) and AP+AS-OTA(-)) in subtoxic concentrations provoked significant primary DNA damage, apoptosis, and to a lesser extent, necrosis in A549 cells. Mixture of AP+AS-OTA(+) and AP+AS-OTA(-) in subtoxic concentrations showed dominant additive interactions. Despite the low calculated daily intake of OTA by inhalation, our results suggest that chronic exposure to high levels of OTA-producing airborne fungi in combination with other more or less toxic moulds pose a significant threat to human health due to their possible additive and/or synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Daniela Jakšić Despot
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute of Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maja Peraica
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Rumora L, Domijan AM, Žanić Grubišić T, Šegvić Klarić M. Differential activation of MAPKs by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments in porcine kidney PK15 cells. Toxicon 2014; 90:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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Disturbed Hsp70 and Hsp27 expression and thiol redox status in porcine kidney PK15 cells provoked by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Davolos D, Pietrangeli B. A molecular and bioinformatic study on the ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing Aspergillus affinis (section Circumdati). Mycotoxin Res 2014; 30:113-22. [PMID: 24668272 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus affinis (section Circumdati) is a novel ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing species found in submerged riparian decomposing leaves. However, very little is known about its role on the breakdown of plant debris and its ability to degrade carbohydrate polymers. Moreover, its OTA biosynthetic pathway has not yet been explored. In the present paper, we investigated the gene encoding the extracellular alpha-amylase (amyAa) of A. affinis within the evolution of the Aspergillus lineages in relation to the possible use of this enzyme in starch processing. The novel amyAa, despite being related to branches of the Aspergillus species of the sections Terrei and Flavi, formed a distinct phylogenetic branch, which may be of outstanding importance from a biotechnological point of view. Moreover, we identified the polyketide synthase gene (pks) putatively required for the first step of OTA biosynthesis in A. affinis. This otapks was examined in relation to a limited number of orthologous genes available from Aspergillus species of the sections Circumdati and Nigri. Our study highlights the importance of otapks as target genes in the treatment of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus species on a more comprehensive evolutionary basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Davolos
- INAIL-Research, Certification, Verification Area, Department of Productive Plants and Human Settlements (DIPIA), Via Alessandria, 220/E, 00198, Rome, Italy,
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Klarić MŠ, Rašić D, Peraica M. Deleterious effects of mycotoxin combinations involving ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1965-87. [PMID: 24189375 PMCID: PMC3847710 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin with carcinogenic properties. Its presence was detected in various foodstuffs all over the world but with significantly higher frequency and concentrations in areas with endemic nephropathy (EN). Even though food is often contaminated with more than one mycotoxin, earlier studies focused on the occurrence and toxicology of only OTA. Only a limited number of surveys showed that OTA co-occurs in food with mycotoxins (citrinin-CIT, penicilic acid, fumonisin B1-FB1, aflatoxins-AF) which exert nephrotoxic, carcinogenic or carcinogen-promoting activity. This review summarises the findings on OTA and its co-occurrence with the mentioned mycotoxins in food as well as experimental data on their combined toxicity. Most of the tested mycotoxin mixtures involving OTA produced additive or synergistic effects in experimental models suggesting that these combinations represent a significant health hazard. Special attention should be given to mixtures that include carcinogenic and cancer-promoting mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (D.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Maja Peraica
- Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (D.R.); (M.P.)
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