Determination of essential elements (copper, manganese, selenium and zinc) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk and nutritional assessment and mercury–selenium balance

Accumulation of trace metal elements in ophiuroids with different feeding types in the North Yellow Sea

Ophiuroids, as an important group of echinoderms, are widely distributed in marine benthic habitats. Previous studies have identified two primary feeding types of ophiuroids in the Yellow Sea, including carnivorous (Ophiura sarsii vadicola and Stegophiura sladeni) and suspension feeders (Ophiopholis mirabilis). Despite their ecological role in the benthic food webs, little is known about their accumulation of trace metal elements (TMEs). In this study, the content of TMEs (Pb, As, Cd, Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn), methylmercury (MeHg) and δ15N value of three ophiuroids species from the North Yellow Sea were determined. Our results showed that the contents of some TMEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn) and MeHg were significantly different in three species of ophiuroid (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between the accumulations of trace metal elements (Pb, Cd and Zn) and the δ15N value of the ophiuroids (p < 0.05). Additionally, As and Zn exhibited opposite correlations in ophiuroid with two feeding types, which may be related to their host species and different feeding habits. This study provided fundamental data for understanding the distribution of trace metal elements in echinoderms.

Interaction effect between blood selenium levels and stroke history on all-cause mortality: a retrospective cohort study of NHANES

Aim

The study aimed to investigate the interaction effect between blood selenium levels and stroke history on all-cause mortality.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, participant data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018. The covariates were screened via the backward selection method in weighted univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. Weighted univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were conducted to investigate the association of blood selenium and stroke history with all-cause mortality. The results were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The synergy index (SI) was used to assess the assistive interaction. The association was further explored in different gender groups.

Results

Totally, 8,989 participants were included, of whom 861 (9.57%) died. Participants with blood selenium ≥192.96 ug/L were associated with lower odds of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58-0.84), whereas those with a stroke history were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.15-2.16). Compared to participants with blood selenium ≥192.96 ug/L and non-stroke history, participants with both blood selenium < 192.96 ug/L and stroke history had a higher all-cause mortality risk (HR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.62-3.29; SI = 0.713, 95% CI: 0.533-0.952). All participants with blood selenium < 192.96 ug/L and stroke history were related to higher all-cause mortality risk (HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.21-2.13). In males, the interaction effect of blood selenium and stroke history on all-cause mortality (HR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.50-3.46; SI = 0.651, 95% CI: 0.430-0.986) increased twice.

Conclusion

Blood selenium and stroke history have an interaction effect on all-cause mortality. Increasing selenium-rich food or supplement intake, especially for individuals with a stroke history, may improve poor prognosis.

Trophodynamics and potential health risk assessment of heavy metals in the mangrove food web in Yanpu Bay, China

Mangroves are the cradle of coastal water biodiversity and are susceptible to heavy metal pollution. However, the trophic transfer mechanism of heavy metals in the mangrove food web and the resulting human health risks are not fully understood. Heavy metal concentration (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, V, Co) and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) were evaluated in sediments and particulate organic matter, litter, and aquatic organisms (plankton, arthropods, mollusks, omnivorous fish, and carnivorous fish) from the Yanpu Bay mangroves. The results revealed that heavy metals exhibited different trophic transfer patterns. As and Hg were efficiently biomagnified, with trophic magnification factors of 1.17 and 1.42, respectively; while Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, V, and Co were efficiently biodiluted. Zn exhibited a trophic magnification factor > 1 and was not significantly correlated with δ15N (p > 0.05), suggesting no biomagnification or biodilution. The heavy metals in the important fishery species (omnivorous fish and carnivorous fish) were below the permissible limits, except for Zn in Ophichthus apicalis. The assessment of probabilistic health risks revealed that fish consumption in adults and children posed an acceptable risk (total target hazard quotient <1).

Trophic transfer of heavy metals across four trophic levels based on muscle tissue residuals: a case study of Dachen Fishing Grounds, the East China Sea

In this study, we collected 56 species of fishery organisms (including fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, gastropods, and bivalves) from four seasonal survey cruises at the Dachen fishery grounds. We measured the concentrations of seven heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg) in these fisheries organisms. We determined their trophic levels using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope techniques. We analyzed the characteristics of heavy metal transfer in the food chain. The results showed significant differences in heavy metal concentrations among different species. Among all biological groups, bivalves and gastropods exhibited higher levels of heavy metal enrichment than other biological groups, while fish had the lowest levels of heavy metal enrichment. Heavy metals exhibited different patterns of nutritional transfer in the food chain. While Hg showed a biomagnification phenomenon in the food chain, it was not significant. Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and As exhibited a trend of biodilution with increasing nutritional levels, except for As, which showed no significant correlation with δ15N.

Selenium and mercury concentration, Se/Hg molar ratio and risk-benefit assessment of marine fish consumption: Human health risks and protective role of Se against Hg toxicity

This study aimed to explore the concentrations of Se and Hg in marine fish along the Gulf of Mannar (southeast coast of India) and to assess related risks and risk-based consumption limits for children, pregnant women, and adults. Se concentrations in pelagic and benthic fish ranged from 0.278 to 0.470 mg/kg and 0.203 to 0.294 mg/kg, respectively, whereas Hg concentrations ranged from 0.028 to 0.106 mg/kg and 0.026 to 0.097 mg/kg, respectively. Se and Hg contents in demersal fish (Nemipterus japonicus) were 0.282 and 0.039 mg/kg, respectively. The lowest and highest Hg concentrations in pelagic fish were found in Scomberomorus commersoni and Euthynnus affinis whereas the lowest and highest Se concentrations in benthic fish were found in Scarus ghobban and Siganus javus. Se concentrations in marine fishes were found in the following order: pelagic > demersal > benthic whereas Hg concentrations were found in the following order: pelagic > benthic > demersal. The presence of Se in fish was positively correlated with trophic level (TL) and size whereas that of Hg was weakly correlated with TL and habitat and negatively correlated with size. Se risk-benefit analysis, the AI/RDI (actual intake/recommended daily intake) ratio was > 100 % and the AI/UL (upper limit) ratio was < 100 %, indicating that all fish have sufficient levels of Se to meet daily requirements without exceeding the UL. Hg level was below the maximum residual limit (MRL) of 0.5 mg/kg for most fish but it was 1 mg/kg in E. affinis and Lethrinus lentjan. The target hazard quotient (THQ < 1) and hazard index (HI < 1) imply that the consumption of fish poses no noncarcinogenic health risks. However, all examined fish had a mean Se/Hg molar ratio > 1, indicating that human intake of fishwas rather safe relative to Hg content. Health benefit indexes (Se-HBV and HBVse) with high positive values in all fish supported the protective effect of Se against Hg toxicity, suggesting the overall safety of fish consumption. The high Se/Hg ratio in fish could be attributed to the replacement of Se bound to Hg, thereby suppressing Hg toxicity and maintaining normal selenoprotein synthesis. This insight is useful for a better understanding of food safety analysis.

Essential and non-essential elements in marine silverside Odontesthes argentinensis from southwestern Atlantic coast: Tissues bioaccumulation, biomagnification and public health risk assessment

In order to assess the metal pollution in the southwestern Atlantic coast, levels of eleven metals: Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn and one metalloid: As in water and tissues of Odontesthes argentinensis from the Samborombón Bay (SB) and Partido de La Costa (PC) were examined. Additionally, bioconcentration, and bioaccumulation factors, estimated daily intake (EDI) for adults and children, and the hazard risk for fishermen and general populations were evaluated. Cadmium, Cu and Zn levels in the water samples exceeded the limits established by international guidelines for the protection of aquatic life in marine environments (CCME). The liver showed the highest concentrations of As, Cu, Fe, and Zn, while muscle showed the least levels of all elements examined. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were observed in all tissues, while Ba and Sr bioaccumulated significantly in the gills. The fish δ15N values significantly varied between sites, however, no biodilution or biomagnification was observed. The Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) and the Carcinogenic Risk (CR) indices suggest that there is no human health risk to the fishermen and general populations from the O. argentinensis consumption. Furthermore, As (27%) and Cr (33%) concentrations in silversides from PC and SB, respectively, exceeded the levels recommended by local and international guidelines.

Selenium Health Benefit Values and Hg and Se speciation studies for elucidating the quality and safety of highly consumed fish species and fish-derived products

Nowadays, there has been an increase in the consumption of fish-derived products that constitute alternative ways of introducing fish into the diet, such as fish roe and products made from fish (crab sticks andsurimi-derived products). However, there is no data available considering selenium and mercury total contents along with speciation studies in these kinds of samples, which are mandatory for a proper safety and quality assessment. In this study,Selenium Health Benefit Values (HBVSe) in fish and fish-derived products were evaluated, resulting inpositivein all cases. Selenium speciation studies performed by HPLC-ICP-MS and confirmed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed that SeMet and SeMeSeCys are present in fish and fish-derived products. Finally, Hg speciation studiesshow that the percentage of Hg2+ increases in fishes lower in the food chain as well as in fish-derived products.

Health Benefits of Oily Fish: Illustrated with Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), and Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)

Oily fish is a rich source of energy, proteins, essential amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Among the macronutrients with the highest contribution are lipids, mainly long-chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Both EPA and DHA play a beneficial role in promoting health and preventing many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. They also contribute to the prevention of neurological, metabolic, and immune-system-related diseases, as well as supporting body-weight control. Oily fish consumption is also important at different stages of human life, from conception to old age. For example, DHA plays an important role in brain and retina development during fetal development and in the first two years of life, as it positively influences neurodevelopment, such as visual acuity, and cognitive functions. In contrast with the possible health benefits of the intake of oily fish, the presence of certain chemical pollutants, for example, heavy metals, can be a risk for the health of consumers, mainly in sensitive population groups such as pregnant women and children under 2 years of age. The presence of these pollutants is influenced to a greater extent by fish species, their role in the trophic chain, and their size. However, various studies state that the benefits outweigh the risk of consuming certain species. This review will be focused on the health benefits of the intake of three oily fish species, namely blue shark (Prionace glauca), shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), and swordfish (Xiphias gladius).

To Eat or Not to Eat?-Food Safety Aspects of Essential Metals in Seafood

The popularity of seafoods is high due to their superb dietary properties and healthy composition. However, it is crucial to understand whether they adequately contribute to our essential nutritional needs. Small amounts of essential metals are indispensable in the human body to proper physiological functioning; their deficiency can manifest in various sets of symptoms that can only be eliminated with their intake during treatment or nutrition. However, the excessive consumption of metals can induce undesirable effects, or even toxicosis. Shellfish, oyster, and squid samples were collected directly from a fish market. After sample preparation, the concentration of essential metals (cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc) was detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and two-sample t-tests. The average concentration of the investigated essential elements and the calculated burden based on the consumption were below the Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Based on these results, the trace element contents of the investigated seafoods do not cover the necessary recommended daily intake of them, but their consumption poses no health hazard due to their low levels.

Essential and non-essential elements in tuna and billfish around the world: Distribution patterns and influencing factors

Tuna and billfish are widely distributed in oceans worldwide. Their survival is relied on a decent share of essential and non-essential elements. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of essential and non-essential elements in livers of tuna and billfish collected from global oceans. The individual element consistently shown similar orders of magnitude in both tuna and billfish, with essential elements generally being 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than non-essential elements. Various physicochemical properties and behaviors contributed to four distinct clusters of these elements. Also, element distribution pattern indicated the presence of four sample groups based on regions and categories. Nine elements served as characteristic indicators. Among them, fish category was the most important influencing factor. Hg, Fe, Tl, Co, and Se were influenced by body size, trophic level, and feeding habits. Ni was influenced by sampling regions, while Mg, Mn and As were influenced by body size and local primary production.

Assessing Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metals in Food: A Bibliometric Analysis

Bibliometric analysis is an effective method used to identify research trends based on historical publications that involves combining different frameworks, tools and methods, leading to the creation of different metrics. This study employed bibliometric analysis to investigate the global health risk assessment of heavy metals in food from 2000 to 2022 using Web of Science and VOSviewer. We explore publication trends, affiliations, countries, journals, citations, keywords and author collaborations. Of the 573 publications on this topic, there has been a notable increase in recent years. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China) and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Iran) are the most prolific affiliations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research is the top journal. Notably, "heavy metals", "risk assessment", "cadmium", "lead", and "trace elements" are frequently used keywords. A study by Miraglia et al. in 2009 received the most citations. Amin Mousavi Khaneghah (Poland) is the most prolific author, with 24 papers. Articles mainly focus on contamination levels in fish, seafood, cereals, dairy, meat, and fruit/vegetables. Some studies highlight potential risks, necessitating stricter food product controls for consumer safety.

Metal and metalloid bioaccumulation in dried red seaweed Hypnea musciformis and health risk assessment for consumers

This study measured 22 metal and metalloid concentrations in Hypnea musciformis from the Bakkhali River estuary and Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh and determined their potential impact on consumption. Student t-tests showed a significant variation in metal concentrations between the two sampling sites (p < 0.05). Mean concentrations of Co (2.49 ± 0.05 mg/kg), Fe (793.29 ± 11.76 mg/kg), Mn (368.72 ± 4.87 mg/kg), Pb (3.82 ± 0.02 mg/kg), V (11.23 ± 0.20 mg/kg) and Zn (16.60 ± 0.28 mg/kg) were higher in samples collected from the Bakkhali River estuary compared to Saint Martin's Island, while mean concentrations of Ca (484.18 ± 4.68 mg/kg), Cd (2.44 ± 0.03 mg/kg), Mg (2112.70 ± 17.80 mg/kg), Mo (1.57 ± 0.06 mg/kg), Sr (2377.57 ± 29.98 mg/kg), and Ti (258.27 ± 4.62 mg/kg) were higher in samples collected from Saint Martin's Island. Eight heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Fe) were used to assess potential health risks for adults, but no potential health risk was detected (HQ value>1). This study reveals positive Se-HBV for H. musciformis collected from both sampling sites, indicating no potential risks involved with Hg toxicity.

Distribution, bioaccumulation, and trace element transfer among trophic levels in the southeastern Gulf of California

Our understanding of the trophic transfer of pollutants in marine subtropical ecosystems remains limited due to the complexity of their food webs. Thus, we aimed to evaluate Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn sources, incorporation, and trophodynamics throughout the food web of the southeastern Gulf of California by stomach content analysis, stable isotope analysis, isotope mixing models, and trace element analysis in biological and environmental matrices. The food web comprised three main trophic guilds (TG1, TG2, and TG3). The bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn from seawater was efficient (> 1000) in TG2 and TG3. Bioaccumulation factor from sediment (BSAF >1) evidenced of Cd in all trophic guilds. In addition, non-trophic Cd relationships were identified in the food web. Based on the trophic magnification factor (TMF), Mn and Pb showed biodilution (TMFMn = 0.38; TMFPb = 0.16), while Cu and Zn exhibited biomagnification (TMFCu = 2.08; TMFZn = 3.31).

Optimisation of trace mineral supplementation in diets for Atlantic salmon smolt with reference to holistic fish performance in terms of growth, health, welfare, and potential environmental impacts

The aquafeed ingredient inventory is ever changing, from marine to plant based, and recently evolving to incorporate increasing amounts of low trophic, side stream and circular economy based raw materials, each one contributing with variable amounts and qualities of macro- and micronutrients. Meeting the micronutrient requirement of farmed fish for healthy and efficient growth under normal and challenging conditions is of paramount importance. In this study we run a trial based on a 2 × 4 factorial design with three replications for each dietary treatment, where Atlantic salmon smolt were fed one of 8 experimental diets supplemented with either organic or inorganic mineral premixes (copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc) at four dietary inclusion levels. We saw a trend for higher growth rate in the organic mineral groups irrespective of the dietary mineral levels. Mineral digestibility was negatively correlated with increasing mineral supplementation levels for all tested minerals but Se which increased with the increasing supplementation in the inorganic and up to the 2nd inclusion level in the organic mineral groups. Increasing mineral supplementation affected retention efficiency of Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe while mineral source affected only the retention of Se which was higher in the organic mineral groups. Moreover, fish obtained higher EPA and DHA in their body and increased slaughter yield in the organic as compared to the inorganic mineral groups and corroborated that trace mineral inclusion levels play a key role on salmon fillet's technical quality. More effects from different origin and dietary inclusion levels of trace minerals were seen on fillet yield, fillet technical and nutritional quality, bone strength, skin morphology, organ mineralization and midgut transcriptome.

Farming Sparus aurata (Teleostei: Sparidae) in marsh ponds: trophic characterization and trace metal accumulation

Considering the overexploitation of fishing on most of the world coasts, the ingestion of fish and shellfish will depend mostly on aquaculture production. Since intensive mariculture usually involves environmental impact, developing sustainable cultures is a priority. In this sense, salt marshes can provide ecosystem services and incorporate both conservation and extensive aquaculture activities. In the present study we compared gilthead seabream Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758 cultured in extensive and semi-intensive marsh ponds with wild conspecifics from surrounding coastal areas, using trophic characterization (diet analysis and stable isotopes) and trace metal accumulation. Stomach content analysis revealed different feeding habits among gilthead seabream from different origin. Although wild specimens had the most diverse diet, results of stable isotopes showed that extensive diet had the wider isotopic niche and revealed the highest similarities between wild and extensively cultured gilthead seabream. A similar trace element signature was also measured in wild and extensive culture, whereas the semi-intensive culture showed different concentrations for several elements. Cr, Fe and Mn showed the highest concentrations in semi-intensive cultured fish, while As and Zn showed the lowest values in this group. In any case, average values measured in both extensive and semi-intensive culture were, in general terms, below the hazardous limits provided by the standards recommended for trace metals by national and international regulations. Therefore, marsh ponds provide a suitable environment where the cultured fish, especially extensive, should be promoted.

Effects of Culinary Procedures on Concentrations and Bioaccessibility of Cu, Zn, and As in Different Food Ingredients

Although cooked diets are the primary sources for humans to absorb trace elements, there is limited data available on the concentrations and bioaccessibility of trace elements in cooked food ingredients. This work aims to evaluate the effects of culinary procedures on the concentrations and bioaccessibility of trace elements in common food ingredients. Twelve food species from the local market were treated with four culinary procedures (boiling, steaming, baking, and frying), then the bioaccessibility of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) were evaluated using the in vitro digestion method. The subcellular distribution of these elements was also determined using the sequential fractionation method. The results show that culinary procedures decreased the retention rate of As during cooking (100% for raw and 65-89% for cooked ingredients) and the bioaccessibility of Cu and Zn during digestion (nearly 75% for raw and 49-65% for cooked ingredients), resulting in a reduction of the total bioaccessible fraction (TBF) of Cu, Zn, and As in food ingredients. The TBF of Cu, Zn, and As in all tested food ingredients followed the order: raw (76-80%) > steaming and baking (50-62%) > boiling and frying (41-50%). The effects of culinary procedures were associated with the subcellular distribution of trace elements. As was dominantly distributed in heat-stable proteins (51-71%), which were more likely to be lost during cooking. In comparison, Cu and Zn were mainly bound to the insoluble fraction and heat-denatured proteins (60-89% and 61-94% for Cu and Zn, respectively), which become less digestible in cooked ingredients. In conclusion, these results suggest that culinary procedures reduce the absorption of Cu, Zn, and As in various food ingredients, which should be considered in the coming studies related to nutrition and risk assessment of trace elements.

Contamination by Trace Elements and Oxidative Stress in the Skeletal Muscle of Scyliorhinus canicula from the Central Tyrrhenian Sea

Marine pollution, due to the regular discharge of contaminants by various anthropogenic sources, is a growing problem that imposes detrimental influences on natural species. Sharks, because of a diet based on smaller polluted animals, are exposed to the risk of water contamination and the subsequent bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Trace elements are very diffuse water pollutants and able to induce oxidative stress in a variety of marine organisms. However, to date, studies on sharks are rather scarce and often limited to mercury. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the accumulation of trace elements and their putative correlation with the onset of an oxidative status in the muscle of the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, from the Central Mediterranean Sea. Ecotoxicological analysis detected the presence of Pb, As, Cd, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Fe; no significant differences were observed between sexes, while a negative correlation was found between Pb and animal length. Analysis of oxidative stress markers showed either positive or negative correlation with respect to the presence of trace elements. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) positively correlated with Zn, Ni, and Fe; SOD enzyme activity negatively correlated with Cu and Ni; LDH was negatively correlated with Fe and positively correlated with Pb. Moreover, positive correlations between the leukocyte count and Mn and Zn, as well as with LDH activity, were also observed. The data suggested that, in sharks, trace elements accumulation may affect oxidant and antioxidant processes with important outcomes for their physiology and health.

Assessment of elemental composition in commercial fish of the Bay of Cádiz, Southern Iberian Peninsula

The assessment of trace metal content in our fish diet is important due to the adverse effect on human health. Despite the increasing interest about the fish quality, little information is available for Southern Spain, a region characterized by high seafood intake. Nine species from the Bay of Cádiz with high commercial value were selected. Similar values were measured in the nine studied species for most of the elements, except for the macroelements Ca and S, and the microelements Fe, Mn and As, which showed significant differences among species. Metal Pollution Index (MPI) did not differ among species, and it was similar to those obtained for other Atlantic and Mediterranean locations. The values measured for the nine species were below the health limits provided by World, European and Spanish legislations, indicating that, in general terms, consumption of these species is safe in the study area.

Groundwater Quality, Health Risk Assessment, and Source Distribution of Heavy Metals Contamination around Chromite Mines: Application of GIS, Sustainable Groundwater Management, Geostatistics, PCAMLR, and PMF Receptor Model

Groundwater contamination by heavy metals (HMs) released by weathering and mineral dissolution of granite, gneisses, ultramafic, and basaltic rock composition causes human health concerns worldwide. This paper evaluated the heavy metals (HMs) concentrations and physicochemical variables of groundwater around enriched chromite mines of Malakand, Pakistan, with particular emphasis on water quality, hydro-geochemistry, spatial distribution, geochemical speciation, and human health impacts. To better understand the groundwater hydrogeochemical profile and HMs enrichment, groundwater samples were collected from the mining region (n = 35), non-mining region (n = 20), and chromite mines water (n = 5) and then analyzed using ICPMS (Agilent 7500 ICPMS). The ranges of concentrations in the mining, non-mining, and chromite mines water were 0.02-4.5, 0.02-2.3, and 5.8-6.0 mg/L for CR, 0.4-3.8, 0.05-3.6, and 3.2-5.8 mg/L for Ni, and 0.05-0.8, 0.05-0.8, and 0.6-1.2 mg/L for Mn. Geochemical speciation of groundwater variables such as OH^-, H⁺, Cr⁺², Cr⁺³, Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Mn⁺², and Mn⁺³ was assessed by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Geochemical speciation determined the mobilization, reactivity, and toxicity of HMs in complex groundwater systems. Groundwater facies showed 45% CaHCO₃, 30% NaHCO₃, 23.4% NaCl, and 1.6% Ca-Mg-Cl water types. The noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of HMs outlined via hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard indices (THI) showed the following order: Ni > Cr > Mn. Thus, the HHRA model suggested that children are more vulnerable to HMs toxicity than adults. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) showed three distinct clusters, namely the least, moderately, and severely polluted clusters, which determined the severity of HMs contamination to be 66.67% overall. The PCAMLR and PMF receptor model suggested geogenic (minerals prospects), anthropogenic (industrial waste and chromite mining practices), and mixed (geogenic and anthropogenic) sources for groundwater contamination. The mineral phases of groundwater suggested saturation and undersaturation. Nemerow's pollution index (NPI) values determined the unsuitability of groundwater for domestic purposes. The EC, turbidity, PO₄^-3, Na⁺, Mg⁺², Ca⁺², Cr, Ni, and Mn exceeded the guidelines suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). The HMs contamination and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health impacts of HMs showed that the groundwater is extremely unfit for drinking, agriculture, and domestic demands. Therefore, groundwater wells around the mining region need remedial measures. Thus, to overcome the enrichment of HMs in groundwater sources, sustainable management plans are needed to reduce health risks and ensure health safety.

Diet and Blood Concentrations of Essential and Non-Essential Elements among Rural Residents in Arctic Russia

Nutrition is an essential factor for human health. Earlier research has suggested that Arctic residents are vulnerable to environmental toxic exposures through traditional foods. Although Russia is the largest Arctic country, the evidence on the topic from the Russian part of the Arctic is scarce. We studied associations between blood concentrations of essential and non-essential elements and traditional food consumption in 297 adults from seven rural settlements in the Nenets Autonomous Area, Northwest Russia. Blood arsenic concentration was positively associated with consumption of rainbow smelt, pink salmon, Arctic char and navaga fish. Frequent consumption of northern pike was associated with increased concentration of blood mercury. Blood mercury and arsenic concentrations were significantly associated with blood selenium. We also observed positive associations between blood lead levels and the frequency of goose consumption. Moreover, subjects who reported to be hunters had higher blood levels of lead, suggesting contamination of goose meat with fragments of shotgun shells. Blood cobalt and manganese concentrations were inversely associated with serum ferritin levels. Positive associations between blood levels of manganese and lead were observed. Moreover, blood lead concentrations were significantly associated with cadmium, mercury, copper, and zinc. Our results corroborate earlier findings on the traditional foods as source of non-essential elements for the Arctic residents. Observed correlations between the levels of lead and other elements warrant further research and may have potential implications for the studies on the associations between essential elements and health outcomes.

Levels of metals and elements in tissues of fish species in the Kızılırmak River (Turkey) and assessment of health risks and nutritional benefits

Although the Kızılırmak River, the longest river in Turkey, is home to many fish species, there are a few studies reporting metal levels in fish in the river. The contents of 17 metals and elements (MEs) in various tissues of three fish species and surface water from the river were investigated. Significant differences in the ME levels among tissues were recorded, and the highest levels of most MEs were recorded in the gills and liver. The results revealed that correlations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Among the MEs, P (6058-109489) and Zn (933-47556) had the highest bioconcentration factor values. The levels of As and Cd in the river water exceeded water quality criteria. Health risk assessment methods (Target Hazard Quotient, Estimated Daily Intake and Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk) indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that a weekly consumption of 490 g of C. gibelio, or 350 g of C. carpio or 280 g of T. tinca would not cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of nutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweigh the health risks posed by metals in fish.

Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Requirements for Iodine and Selenium: A Combined Evolutionary and (Patho)Physiological Approach

Iodide is an antioxidant, oxidant and thyroid hormone constituent. Selenoproteins are needed for triiodothyronine synthesis, its deactivation and iodine release. They also protect thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues from hydrogen peroxide used in the ‘peroxidase partner system’. This system produces thyroid hormone and reactive iodine in exocrine glands to kill microbes. Exocrine glands recycle iodine and with high urinary clearance require constant dietary supply, unlike the thyroid. Disbalanced iodine-selenium explains relations between thyroid autoimmune disease (TAD) and cancer of thyroid and exocrine organs, notably stomach, breast, and prostate. Seafood is iodine unconstrained, but selenium constrained. Terrestrial food contains little iodine while selenium ranges from highly deficient to highly toxic. Iodine vs. TAD is U-shaped, but only low selenium relates to TAD. Oxidative stress from low selenium, and infection from disbalanced iodine-selenium, may generate cancer of thyroid and exocrine glands. Traditional Japanese diet resembles our ancient seashore-based diet and relates to aforementioned diseases. Adequate iodine might be in the milligram range but is toxic at low selenium. Optimal selenoprotein-P at 105 µg selenium/day agrees with Japanese intakes. Selenium upper limit may remain at 300–400 µg/day. Seafood combines iodine, selenium and other critical nutrients. It brings us back to the seashore diet that made us what we currently still are.

Determination of heavy metals from Aloe vera by- product in golden mullet (Liza aurata); A consumer health risk assessment

Heavy metals have become subject of concern in the recent years because of its potency to cause cardiovascular diseases and other toxic health effects. Therefore, this research was assumed to investigate the level of toxicity in terms of heavy metals accumulation in the fish samples and its benefits and risk for human consumers health and also evaluate the partial replacement of plant sources by canarian Aloe vera diets as a pure product or like a by-product on toxicological effects on the golden mullet (Liza aurata) fillet and whole body. In this study risks arising from fish metal content has been measured using various parameters as Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Maximum Safe Consumption (MSC_A), Target Hazard quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI) Carcinogenic risk of As (As- CR), the Value Selenium Health Benefit (Se HBV) and also the Nutritional Values has been evaluated. The results showed that all heavy metal levels in the fish tissue and diets were below the confirmed safe limits for consumption. In case of diets, it is obvious that with the exception of As, Hg, and Se, the presence of heavy or essential metals in both whole fish and raw fillet in golden grey mullet given experimental diets revealed that the whole fish had the highest concentration. Thus, it can be concluded that Aloe vera product and byproduct were in safety limits for fish and also for humans through food chain. Various risk and benefit assessment measures established by national and international authorities concluded that Liza aurata use was mostly safe.

Trace element bioaccumulation in edible red seaweeds (Rhodophyta): A risk assessment for consumers

As a precursor to risk assessment and risk management through consuming contaminated seafood, food safety needs to be quantified and assured. Seaweed is an increasing dietary component, especially in developing countries, but there are few studies assessing uptake rates of contaminants from this route. As such, the present study determined likely human uptake due to the trace elemental (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Hg, and As) concentrations in the edible red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) Gelidium pusillum and Hypnea musciformis, growing in the industrialised Cox's Bazar coastal area of Bangladesh. Metal and metalloid concentrations in G. pusillum were in the order (mg/kg): Fe (797 ± 67) > Mn (69 ± 4) > Ni (12 ± 5) > Zn (9 ± 4) > Cu (9 ± 4) >Se (0.1 ± 0.1) > Hg (0.1 ± 0.01), and in H. musciformis: Fe (668 ± 58) > Mn (28 ± 5) > Ni (14 ± 2) > Zn (11 ± 5) > Cu (6 ± 4) >Se (0.2 ± 0.03) > Hg (0.04 ± 0.01). Despite the industrial activities in the area, and based on 10 g. day^-1 seaweed consumption, it is concluded that these concentrations pose no risk to human health as part of a normal diet according to the targeted hazard quotient and hazard index (THQ and HI) (values < 1). In addition, and as a novel aspect for seaweeds, Selenium Health Benefit Values (Se-HBV) were determined and found to have positive values. Seaweed can be used as an absorber of inorganic metals for removing contamination in coastal waters. The results are a precursor to further research regarding the efficiency and rate at which seaweeds can sequester metal contamination in water. In addition, management techniques need to be developed thereby to control the contaminant inputs.

Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)

Groundwater contamination by potentially harmful elements (PHEs) originating from the weathering of granitic and gneissic rock dissolution poses a public health concern worldwide. This study investigated physicochemical variables and PHEs in the groundwater system and mine water of the Adenzai flood plain region, in Pakistan, emphasizing the fate distribution, source provenance, chemical speciation, and health hazard using the human health risk assessment HHRA-model. The average concentrations of the PHEs, viz., Ni, Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Co, Fe, and Zn 0.23, were 0.27, 0.07, 0.30, 0.07, 0.06, 0.08, 0.68, and 0.23 mg/L, respectively. The average values of chemical species in the groundwater system, viz., H+, OH−, Ni2+, Mn2+, Mn3+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Pb4+, Co2+, Co3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Zn2+, were 1.0 × 10−4 ± 1.0 × 10−6, 1.0 × 10−4 ± 9.0 × 10−7, 2.0 × 10−1 ± 1.0 × 10−3, 3.0 × 10−1 ± 1.0 × 10−3, 1.0 × 10−22 ± 1.0 × 10−23, 4.0 × 10−6 ± 2.0 × 10−6, 4.0 × 10−11 ± 2.0 × 10−11, 9.0 × 10−3 ± 1.0 × 10−2, 2.0 × 10−1 ± 2.0 × 10−3, 7.0 × 10−2 ± 6.0 × 10−2, 5.0 × 10−2 ± 5.0 × 10−2, 2.0 × 10−2 ± 1.5 × 10−2, 6.0 × 10−2 ± 4.0 × 10−2, 8.0 × 10−31 ± 6.0 × 10−31, 3.0 × 10−1 ± 2.0 × 10−4, 4.0 × 10−10 ± 3.0 × 10−10, and 2.0 × 10−1 ± 1.0 × 10−1. The mineral compositions of PHEs, viz. Ni, were bunsenite, Ni(OH)2, and trevorite; Mn viz., birnessite, bixbyite, hausmannite, manganite, manganosite, pyrolusite, and todorokite; Cr viz., chromite and eskolaite; Cu viz., CuCr2O4, cuprite, delafossite, ferrite-Cu, and tenorite; Cd viz., monteponite; Pb viz, crocoite, litharge, massicot, minium, plattnerite, Co viz., spinel-Co; Fe viz., goethite, hematite, magnetite, wustite, and ferrite-Zn; and Zn viz., zincite, and ZnCr2O4 demarcated undersaturation and supersaturation. However, EC, Ca2+, K+, Na+, HCO3−, Cr, Cd, Pb, Co, and Fe had exceeded the WHO guideline. The Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI) showed that EC, Ca2+, K+, Na+, HCO3−, Mn, Cd, Pb, Co, and Fe had worse water quality. Principal component analysis multilinear regression (PCAMLR) and cluster analysis (CA) revealed that 75% of the groundwater contamination originated from geogenic inputs and 18% mixed geogenic-anthropogenic and 7% anthropogenic sources. The HHRA-model suggested potential non-carcinogenic risks, except for Fe, and substantial carcinogenic risks for evaluated PHEs. The women and infants are extremely exposed to PHEs hazards. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in children, males, and females had exceeded their desired level. The HHRA values of PHEs exhibited the following increasing pattern: Co > Cu > Mn > Zn > Fe, and Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr. The higher THI values of PHEs in children and adults suggested that the groundwater consumption in the entire region is unfit for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes. Thus, all groundwater sources need immediate remedial measures to secure health safety and public health concerns.

Occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes: A global systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression

The presence of Microplastics (MPs) in food has become a global health concern in the last two decades. In this study, an attempt was made to obtain articles about the occurrence of MPs in the gastrointestinal tract (gt) of fishes using searching the Scopus and PubMed databases from 1 January 1990 to 10 August 2021. The occurrence of MPs was meta-analyzed using the random effect model (REM). The results indicate that pooled occurrence of MPs in gastrointestinal of fishes was 2.76 P/gt: 95%CI:2.65-2.86 P/gt. Occurrence MPs in gastrointestinal of fishes in closed water sources (5.86 P/gt) was higher than free water sources (2.46 P/gt). In addition, the rank order of water sources based on occurrence MPs in gastrointestinal of fish was Lake (5.50 P/gt) > Estuary (5.46 P/gt) > River (2.91 P/gt) > Bay (2.85 P/gt) > Sea (2.58 P/gt) > Ocean (1.29 P/gt). The lowest and highest occurrence MPs in gastrointestinal of fishes were observed in high-income economies (1.45 P/gt) and low-income economies (8.08 P/gt), respectively. The higher frequency of color in MPS was related to blue with polyethylene-type polymers. Therefore, control plans to reduce the occurrence of MPs in fishes is recommended.

Estimation of Target Hazard Quotients and Potential Health Risks for Toxic Metals and Other Trace Elements by Consumption of Female Fish Gonads and Testicles

The aim of this study was to assess the risk to consumers associated with the intake of toxic metals and other trace elements in diets that include the female gonads, testicles, and muscles of four popular freshwater fish species in Poland—common bream (Abramis brama L.), European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), common roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), and northern pike (Esox Lucius L.). The following methods were used to determine the elements: GF-AAS (Pb, Cd); CV-AAS (Hg); ICP-AES (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Li, Cr, Al). The concentration of toxic elements (Hg, Cd, Pb) in the female gonads and testicles ranged from 0.004 ± 0.006 mg/kg (Cd) to 0.028 ± 0.018 mg/kg (Pb). Of the other elements, the lowest content was noted for Cr (0.122 ± 0.182 mg/kg) and the highest for Al (46.98 ± 31.89 mg/kg). The study confirmed that female gonads and testicles are a valuable source of essential trace elements (Zn, Fe). Considering the content of toxic elements, the raw material of female gonads and testicles posed no health risks (THQ < 1).

Determination of Mercury, Methylmercury and Selenium Concentrations in Elasmobranch Meat: Fish Consumption Safety

This study measures total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) and selenium (Se) concentrations in elasmobranch fish from an Italian market with the aim of evaluating the risk-benefit associated with their consumption, using estimated weekly intake (EWI), permissible safety level (MeHg_PSL), selenium health benefit value (HBV_Se) and monthly consumption rate limit (CR_mm) for each species. THg and Se were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry, while MeHg was determined by HrGc/Ms. THg and MeHg concentrations ranged from 0.61 to 1.25 μg g^-1 w.w. and from 0.57 to 0.97 μg g^-1 w.w., respectively, whereas Se levels were 0.49-0.65 μg g^-1 w.w. In most samples European Community limits for THg were surpassed, while for MeHg none of the fish had levels above the limit adopted by FAO/WHO. EWIs for THg and MeHg in many cases were above the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs). MeHg_PSL estimate showed that fish should contain approximately 50% of the concentration measured to avoid exceeding the PTWI. Nevertheless, the HBV_Se index indicated that solely skates were safe for human consumption (HBV_Se = 3.57-6.22). Our results highlight the importance of a constant monitoring of THg and MeHg level in fish, especially in apex predators, to avoid the risk of overexposure for consumers.

Risk and benefit assessment of seafood consumption harvested from the Pertuis Charentais region of France

Seafood is well recognized as a major source of Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LC n-3 PUFA, especially ecosapentaenoic acid, i.e. EPA and docosaheaxaenoic acid, i.e. DHA) and essential trace elements (As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn). It is also a source of non-essential trace elements (Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb) that can be deleterious for health even at low concentrations. Edible parts of sixteen species (fish, cephalopods, crustaceans and bivalves) of great importance in the Pertuis Charentais region, one of the main shellfish farming and fishing areas along the french coastline, were sampled in winter and analyzed to determine their fatty acid (FA) composition and trace element concentrations. Based on these analyses, a suite of indices was calculated to estimate risk and benefit of seafood consumption: the n-6/n-3 ratio, the atherogenic index, the thrombogenic index, the EPA + DHA daily recommended portion, as well as the maximum safe consumption. The results showed that fish contributed the most to LC n-3 PUFA supply, while bivalves and crustaceans were more beneficial in essential trace elements. Whatever the species, the concentrations of non-essential elements were not limiting for seafood consumption, as important amounts of the analyzed species can be eaten daily or weekly before becoming hazardous to consumers. Yet, concentrations of Hg in dogfish and seabass can become a concern for frequent seafood consumers (>three meals a week), confirming that varying seafood items is a key point for consumers to optimize the benefits of diverse seafood resources. Considering FA composition, whiting and pilchard are the most beneficial fish species for human diet, while surmullet was the least beneficial one. However, using an index integrating the relative risk due to Hg content, the surmullet appears as one of the most beneficial. This study provides a temporal shot of the quality of marine resources consumed in winter period in the studied area and highlights the complexity of a quantitative risk and benefit assessment with respect to the biochemical attributes of selected seafood.

Tissue Distribution of Mercury and Its Relationship with Selenium in Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.)

Mercury (Hg) is an important heavy metal to consider in marine predators, while selenium (Se) has a natural antagonistic effect on this metal in fish. The Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT, Thunnus thynnus) is a pelagic top-level predator of the trophic web and their Hg muscular content is an object of concern in food safety. Nevertheless, little is known about levels of this metal in remaining tissues, which may be important as by-product source, and its relationship with Se. Thus, concentration of both elements in liver, kidney, brain, gill and bone, in addition to muscle, of ABFT were determined. The kidney was the tissue with the highest concentration of Hg (Total-Hg, THg) and Se, and the Se/THg concentration ratio was similar in all tissues, except bone and muscle. The Selenium Health Benefit Value (HBV_Se) was positive in each specimen and tissue, indicating that the Se plays an important role against Hg not only in the muscle.

Dietary intake of trace elements from commercially important fish and shellfish of Thoothukudi along the southeast coast of India and implications for human health risk assessment

The concentrations of eight trace elements (chromium, cobalt, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead) in14 commercially important fish and shellfish collected from Thoothukudi along the southeast coast of India was investigated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in order to assess the health risks associated with their consumption. The concentration of trace elements ranged from 0.001 to 39.5 μg/g. The estimated weekly intake of cadmium in seven fish and shellfish (0.0081-0.0996 mg/kg body weight) were above the provisional tolerable weekly intake set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The risk assessment analysis indicated that there was non- carcinogenic risk upon lifetime consumption of rock crab, C. natator (TTHQ >1) and carcinogenic risks upon lifetime consumption of S. jello, P. semisulcatus, P. sanguinolentus C. natator, Uroteuthis duvaceli, Sepia pharaonis and Cistopus indicus due to cadmium exposure indicating a potential health risk to the exposed consumers.

Marine heatwaves have minimal influence on the quality of adult Sydney rock oyster flesh

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are impacting marine biodiversity, including fisheries and aquaculture. However, it is largely unknown which species will be able to endure MHWs and at what price. Here, we applied elevated temperature (2 °C above ambient) and two different heatwave scenarios to adults of the economically important Sydney rock oyster (SRO, Saccostrea glomerata), and evaluated the impact on nutritional properties, gene expression profiles and immune health indicators. We found that elevated temperature (23 °C) and a variable heatwave (VHW) during winter caused some significant differences in the micronutrient and trace elements levels in oyster flesh. There was an increase of lead under VHW and a decrease in chromium, barium and aluminium under elevated temperature. Conversely, gene expression profiles and other physiological parameters, including flesh protein, fatty acid profiles and hemocyte numbers, were not affected by MHWs. These results indicate that adult SRO are reasonably resilient, and should continue to provide high-quality seafood, under near-future ocean warming and moderate heatwave scenarios.

Chemical Content of Five Molluscan Bivalve Species Collected from South Korea: Multivariate Study and Safety Evaluation

Bivalves are a good source of nutrients but also a potential source of environmental contaminants, which could pose a risk for consumers. The aims of this study were: the determination of 16 elements by ICP-MS in 48 samples of five bivalve species purchased from market in Korea; the identification of elements useful for species classification using multivariate analyses; and the benefit-risk evaluation associated to the consumption of these bivalves. The highest difference among content of elements between species was found for Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Fe. Partial last squares discriminant analysis revealed elements with a VIP score >1 which were considered as the most relevant for explaining certain species. As, Cd, Co, and Ni were found as taxonomical markers of V. philippinarum; Mn, Zn, Mg, and Na of A. irradians; and Cd, Ni, and Fe of M. yessoensis. These species could serve as good dietary sources of essential elements. Cd exposure by consumption of Manila clams is not representing a health risk for the Korean population; however, through consumption of Yesso scallops, 5.3% of the Korean population has a potential health risk. Removal of the digestive gland before eating will drastically reduce the amount of Cd ingested.

Nurse sharks, space rockets and cargo ships: Metals and oxidative stress in a benthic, resident and large-sized mesopredator, Ginglymostoma cirratum

It is widely recognized that apex predators, such as large sharks with highly migratory behavior, are particularly vulnerable to pollution, mainly due to biomagnification processes. However, in highly impacted areas, mesopredator sharks with resident behavior can be as vulnerable as apex sharks. In this context, this study evaluated cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and rubidium (Rb) concentrations, as well as the potentially protective effects of selenium (Se) and the behavior of two non-enzymatic biomarkers, metallothionein (MT) and reduced glutathione (GSH), employing the Atlantic nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum as a study model and compared the results with other resident benthic sharks, as well as highly mobile apex sharks. Muscle tissue samples from 28 nurse sharks opportunistically sampled from the Brazilian Amazon Coast were analyzed. Lower metal concentrations were observed for Pb, Rb and Se in the rainy season, while statistically significant correlations between metals were observed only between Hg and Cd and Pb and Se. Molar ratio calculations indicate potential protective Se effects against Pb, but not against Cd and Hg. No associations between MT and the determined metals were observed, indicating a lack of detoxification processes via the MT detoxification route. The same was noted for GSH, indicating no induction of this primary cellular antioxidant defense. Our results indicate that benthic/mesopredator sharks with resident behavior are, in fact, as impacted as highly mobile apex predators, with the traditional detoxification pathways seemingly inefficient for the investigated species. Moreover, considering the studied population and other literature data, pollution should be listed as a threat to the species in future risk assessments.

Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in the Fillet of Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson): a Global Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Risk Assessment

The contamination of seafood like narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) fillets by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has converted to worldwide health concerns. In this regard, the related citations regarding the concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel were collected through some of the international databases such as Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database (SID) up to 10 March 2020. The concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish was meta-analyzed and the health risk (non-carcinogenic risk) was estimated by the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). The meta-analysis of data indicated that the rank order of PTEs in fillet of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel was Fe (10,853.29 μg/kg-ww) > Zn (4007.00 μg/kg-ww) > Cu (1005.66 μg/kg-ww) > total Cr (544.14 μg/kg-ww) > Mn (515.93 μg/kg-ww) > Ni (409.90 μg/kg-ww) > Pb (180.99 μg/kg-ww) > As (93.11 μg/kg-ww) > methyl Hg (66.60 μg/kg-ww) > Cd (66.03 μg/kg-ww). The rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for adult consumers was Malaysia (0.22251) > Philippines (0.21912) > Egypt (0.08684) > Taiwan (0.07430) > Bahrain (0.04893) > Iran (0.03528) > China (0.00620) > Pakistan (0.00316) > Yemen (0.00157) > India (0.00073). In addition, the rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for child consumers was Malaysia (1.03838) > Philippines (1.02257) > Egypt (0.40523) > Taiwan (0.34674) > Bahrain (0.22832) > Iran (0.16466) > China (0.02892) > Pakistan (0.01474) > Yemen (0.00731) > India (0.00340). Therefore, the children in Malaysia and the Philippines were at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Hence, approaching the recommended control plans in order to decrease the non-carcinogenic risk associated with the ingestion of PTEs via the consumption of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish fillets is crucial.

Selenium and mercury balance in sea bream obtained from different living environments in Turkey: a risk assessment for the consumer health

The selenium health benefit value (Se-HBV) is the criterion developed for revealing nutritional values or the risks related to mercury (Hg) toxicity which can emerge in relation to consumption of fish. In this study, the conditions of Se and Hg elements in the muscular tissues of sea bream (Sparus aurata) living in different environments in Mugla province were examined. In addition, a benefit/risk assessment was performed in terms of consumer health with the calculation of Se-HBV. In this context, muscular tissues of sea bream obtained from wild species (WS), offshore marine cages species (OS), and soil ponds species (SS) were dissolved with microwave wet digestion and the concentrations of Se and Hg (mg/kg wet weight) were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). According to the obtained results, the highest mean Se level was determined in SS (0.43 ± 0.02 mg/kg) followed by WS (0.35 ± 0.03 mg/kg) and OS (0.34 ± 0.02 mg/kg). The highest mean Hg concentration was detected in WS (0.09 ± 0.02 mg/kg) followed by OS and SS as 0.05 ± 0.01 mg/kg respectively. As a result of risk assessment conducted with Se-HBV, positive values were determined for each one of three sea bream groups.

A simple and green ultrasound liquid-liquid microextraction method based on low viscous hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the preconcentration and separation of selenium in water and food samples prior to HG-AAS detection

A simple and green ultrasound liquid-liquid microextraction method based on low viscous hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (ULLME-LV-HDES) was proposed for the preconcentration and separation of selenium prior to HG-AAS detection. Six different DESs were prepared for the extraction of selenium. Quercetin was used complexing agent for Se(IV) ions. Various analytical parameters such as pH, quercetin amount, DES type and its volume, sonication time, sample volume were optimized. Tolerance limits of anion, cation and transition metal ions were studied. Preconcentration and enhancement factor were found 62.5 and 121. Under the optimum conditions, limit of detection was found 0.25 ng L^-1 with calibration range of 0.8-120 ng L^-1. Relative standard deviation was found 3.2%. The accuracy of the method was confirmed with certified reference materials (NIST 1567a Wheat flour and NIST 1548a Typical diet). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to food and water samples.

Assessment of the transfer of heavy metals in seawater, sediment, biota samples and determination the baseline tissue concentrations of metals in marine organisms

The majority of tissue-specific environmental quality standards (EQSs) considering metal tolerance are prior to the chemical-specific EQSs in aquatic organisms. However, metal baseline levels in marine organisms were very scarce. We explored the correlation between Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations in water or sediments and those metal concentrations in marine organisms (crustacean, mollusc, and fish) by generalized additive models (GAMs) and executed a meta-analysis of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn contents in those three organisms by implementing cumulative frequency distribution analysis of individual metal distribution in a heavy metal-contaminated semi-enclosed Bay, China. Results showed that the average contents of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were 0.042±0.01, 0.38±0.22, 1.72±0.65, 3.61±1.01, and 16.08±6.33 μg/L in water; 0.064±0.02, 0.42±0.04, 20.54±7.76, 28.97±3.90, and 96.74±35.11 μg/g dw in sediment; and 0.0049±0.0028, 0.52±0.28, 0.24±0.15, 11.05±6.95, and 21.12±4.47 μg/g dw in crustacean, 0.015±0.0087, 0.24±0.17, 0.08±0.02, 0.37±0.35, and 10.62±6.79 μg/g dw in mollusc; and 0.0038±0.0028, 0.065±0.05, 0.32±0.19, 2.01±0.59, and 16.04±4.97 μg/g dw in fish. The mercury content in mollusc presented a negative correlation with mercury content in sediment, while the content of other metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) in organisms showed positive correlations with the content of those metals in water or sediment. We further obtained tissue-baseline-C5% in crustacean, mollusc, and fish which were 1.191, 3.341, and 0.014 μg/g dw for Cu; 0.013, 0.072, and 0.033 μg/g dw for Cd, 0.015, 0.027, and 0.052 μg/g dw for Pb; 9.515, 14.422, and 0.056 μg/g dw for Zn; and 0.0009, 0.004, and 0.0035 μg/g dw for Hg, respectively. However, there were no obvious relationships of the 4d-NOEC in laboratory toxicity tests with C5%, as well as C50% and 4d-LC50 or tolerance index a for Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Hg in organisms. Our results pointed out the controversy of laboratory sensitive species toxicity results for deriving chemical-specific EQSs with field studies. We advocated to set up the metal concentration baselines in aquatic organisms and further served the tissue-specific EQSs, which are essential basis for geochemical recordings, bio-monitoring, and semi-enclosed bay management in the world.

Human health risk-benefit assessment of fish and other seafood: a scoping review

Fish and other seafood are important sources of nutrients, but they are also sources of chemical contaminants that may cause adverse health effects. This article aimed to identify existing risk-benefit assessments (RBA) of fish, shellfish, and other seafood, compare methodologies, discuss differences and commonalities in findings, and identify limitations and ways forward for future studies. We conducted a scoping review of the scientific literature of studies in all languages published from 2000 through April 2019. We identified 106 RBA of fish and other seafood across Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, and at the global level. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of types of fish and other seafood considered, beneficial and adverse compounds assessed, and overall methodology. Collected data showed that a diet consisting of a variety of lean and fatty fish and other seafood is recommended for the overall population and that women of childbearing age and children should limit the consumption of fish and other seafood types that have a high likelihood of contamination. Our review emphasizes the need for evidence-based, up-to-date, and harmonized approaches in RBA in general.

Levels of Mercury, Methylmercury and Selenium in Fish: Insights into Children Food Safety

Total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg), and selenium (Se) concentrations were measured in various commercially important fish species. The benefit-risk binomial associated with these chemicals was assessed in children through the probability of exceeding the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs) of the contaminants and the Se recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The Se:Hg molar ratios, selenium health benefit values (HBV_Se), and monthly consumption rate limits (CR_mm) for each species were also calculated. THg and Se were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Milan, Italy), while MeHg was determined by Trace Ultra gas chromatograph connected with a PolarisQ MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). None of the analyzed fish had Hg levels above the European Community regulatory limits, while most large predators had MeHg levels over the threshold concentration set by US EPA. The estimated weekly intakes of THg and MeHg exceeded in many cases the PTWIs and the Se estimated daily intakes were provided from 0.71% to 2.75% of the RDA. Se:Hg molar ratios above 1 and positive HBV_Se index suggested that Se in fish could be enough to alleviate the potential toxic effect of Hg. However, high-risk groups as children should consume fish in moderation because a large consumption pattern, especially of swordfish and tunas, might be of concern for health.

Heavy metal and essential elements in beers from turkey market: A risk assessment study

In this study, the level of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and also essential elements in beer samples consumed in Turkey were investigated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The heavy metal-induced non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated. For essential elements, the calculated estimated daily intake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) from beer consumption were compared with their toxicity reference values. Tukey post-hoc test showed that As was found at a significantly higher level when compared to Pb. Also, a significant correlation was found between As level and alcohol by volume percent. All samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As in the high beer consumer group. This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the alcohol content of beer, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the heavy metals content of these beverages.

Nutritional Importance of Selected Fresh Fishes, Shrimps and Mollusks to Meet Compliance with Nutritional Guidelines of n-3 LC-PUFA Intake in Spain

Fishery products are the main source of dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). Following the European Commission’s request to address the risks and benefits of seafood consumption, and taking into account the great variability of nutrient and contaminant levels in fishery products, the present work aims to estimate the n-3 LC-PUFA provided per serving of selected fishes, shrimps and mollusks that are commonly consumed in Spain. This would enable the establishment of a risk–benefit analysis of fish consumption and provide recommendations for fish intake to comply with nutritional guidelines of n-3 LC-PUFA intake. We confirmed high variation in the pattern and contents of fatty acids for different species. n-6 PUFA were minor fatty acids, whereas palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1 n-9), and mainly eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids were the major fatty acids in the sample. Therefore, consumption of 2–3 servings per week of a variety of fishery products may contribute to compliance with the recommended daily n-3 LC-PUFA intake while maintaining an adequate balance to avoid contaminant-derived potential risks (metals and others). Taking the fatty acid content of fishery products described in this study into consideration, it is advisable to include one serving of fatty fish per week in order to meet recommended n-3 LC-PUFA levels.

Contents of Metal(loid)s in a Traditional Ethiopian Flat Bread (Injera), Dietary Intake, and Health Risk Assessment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The traditional Ethiopian flat bread, injera, is a regular component of daily diets in Ethiopia and Eritrea. This bread is also popular among urban refugees particularly Eritreans in Addis Ababa. The levels of metal(loid)s in 40 composite (120 sub-samples) injera samples, representing 4 types of market establishments in Addis Ababa, were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF). For ICP-MS analysis, the accuracy of the method was evaluated by the analysis of a certified reference material and recovery experiments. It was found that the correlations between the mean levels of Al and Fe and between Al and Mn in injera were highly significant (p < 0.001). It was also found that 1.5 fresh injeras would cover 48-75% of recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Mg, 17-21% of RDA for K, 19-23% of RDA for Ca, and 60-72% of RDA for P for an adult group aged between 19 and 50. Daily intakes of Al, Fe, and Mn were found to be above the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI)/maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) values. The mean target hazard quotient (THQ) values for Fe and Mn were greater than 1. The total THQ values varied from 6.52 to 8.53 among market establishments. Estimating carcinogenic risk due to exposure to As, Cr, and Pb indicated that perennial injera consumers might remain at cancer risk. This would further escalate if other staple food items and spices are considered. Hence, there is a need for home-based strategies to reduce extrinsic soil-Al-Fe-Mn in injera/tef batter.