Ameliorating effect of chicory (Chichorium intybus L.) fruit extract against 4-tert-octylphenol induced liver injury and oxidative stress in male rats

Ameliorating and Therapeutic Impact of Curcumin Nanoparticles Against Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Kidney Toxicity, DNA Damage, Oxidative Stress, PCNA and TNFα Alteration in Male Rats

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) are among the most extensively utilized nanoparticles in nanotechnology and that have negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, the intention of this work is to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of curcumin in nanoform (Cur NPs) against Al2O3 NPs induced kidney toxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and changes in necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expressions in male rats. Fifty healthy adult male were divided into five groups [G1, control; G2, received 50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks of Cur NPs orally; G3, received 6 mg/kg BW orally for 4 weeks of Al2O3 NPs; G4, (Cur NPs + Al2O3 NPs) received Cur NPs and Al2O3 NPs at a dose similar to G2 and G3, respectively for 4 weeks; G5, (Al2O3 NPs + Cur NPs) received Al2O3 NPs at a dose similar to G3 for 4 weeks then received Cur NPs at a dose similar to G2 for another 4 weeks]. Current results revealed that Al2O3 NPs induced a significant elevation in serum urea, creatinine, chloride, calcium, kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA damage, injury, TNFα and PCNA expressions and a significant depletion in serum potassium, kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) as compared to control. On the other hand, treatments of Al2O3 NPs with Cur NPs induced modulation in all altered parameters and improved kidney functions and structure, with best results for the Al2O3 NPs + Cur NPs than Cur NPs + Al2O3 NPs. In conclusion, Cur NPs has the capacity to mitigate the renal toxicity induced by Al2O3 NPs in male albino rats.

Longevity Spinach (Gynura procumbens) Ameliorated Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Cisplatin-Induced Organ Dysfunction in Rats: Comprehensive in vivo and in silico Studies

This study focused to assess the efficacy of Gynura procumbens (GP) leaf extract against cisplatin (CP)-induced hepatorenal complications in Wister albino rats. Additionally, it aims to detect polyphenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). The rats were treated intraperitoneally with CP (7.5 mg/kg) to mediate hepatorenal damage. They were then treated with GP extract (75 and 150 mg/kg, P.O.) for 7 consecutive days. Although GP extract significantly ameliorated CP-mediated hepatorenal biomarkers like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in a dose-dependent manner, GP extract at 150 mg/kg dose normalized hepatorenal biomarkers ALP (45.11 U/L), ALT (34 U/L), AST (29 U/L), creatinine (10.3 mg/dl) and BUN (11.19 mg/dl) while comparing to control and disease group. Similarly, though it significantly reduced CP-induced oxidative stress inducers, including nitric oxide (NO) and advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), higher dose (150 mg/kg) exhibited better activity in reducing NO (281.54 mmol/gm tissue in liver and 52.73 mmol/gm tissue in the kidney) and AOPP (770.95 mmol/mg protein in liver and 651.90 mmol/mg protein in the kidney). Besides, it showed better enhancement in the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels at a higher dose (150 mg/kg). Histopathological studies showed that CP caused collagen accumulation in the liver and kidney tissues. GP extract drained the collagen mass and acted against hepatorenal damage. Ellagic acid, gallic acid, quercetin hydrate, kaempferol, and rutin hydrate were revealed in GP extract. In-silico modelling showed good docking scores of the polyphenolic compounds with molecular targets including CYP4502E1, NF-κB, caspase-3, and TNF-α. GP could be an effective therapeutic option for management of anticancer drugs' complications like CP-induced organ damage, although clinical studies are required to establish herbal formulation.

Beneficial role of amygdalin extracts against animal growth regulator Boldjan induced cardiac toxicity, injury and oxidative stress in male rats

Millions of individuals have used illicit anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), but the long-term cardiovascular associations of these drugs remain incompletely understood. Boldjan is AAS medication which is used in veterinary medicine and by young adults aiming to have a better appearance improving their self-esteem. Therefore; the objective of the current investigation was to examine any potential preventative effects of amygdalin extract against anabolic steroid Boldjan induced cardic toxicity, injury and oxidative stress in male rat. Forty adult male Wistar rats were classified into five groups (Gp1, Control Gp; Gp2, Amygdalin Gp in which rats treated with amygdalin (100 mg/kg body weight/day) daily for 2 weeks; Gp3, Boldjan Gp in which rats treated with Boldjan (10 mg/Kg BW/week) for 4 weeks; Gp4, Boldjan + Amygdalin). Boldjan induced a significant rises in serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase MB (CK MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), cardiac injury, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a significant depletion in serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), cardiac reduced glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat) activities as compared to control Gp. In contrast, Amygdalin significantly reversed the Boldjan induced cardiac toxicity in post treated rats Gp (Boldjan + Amygdalin). Amygdalin could be an efficient preventive supplement for mitigating Boldjan induced cardiac toxicity, possibly via controlling oxidative stress events.

Impact of Saussurea lappa against foodborne parasite Trichinella spiralis experimental infections induced variation in DNA damage, oxidative stress and PCNA expression in rat skeletal muscles

Trichinellosis is a parasite zoonosis that is spread through ingesting raw or undercooked meat that contains the Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infective larvae. It has three clinical phases: intestinal, migratory, and muscular. Kuth root, also known as Costus (Saussurea lappa) roots, is used in many traditional medical systems all over the world to treat a variety of illnesses, such as dyspepsia, diarrhoea, vomiting, and inflammation. Current study assessed the therapeutic Potential of costus roots extract (CRE) treatment on experimental trichinellosis induce changes in DNA damage, oxidative stress and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in muscle fibers in male rats. A total of 60 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups (Gps) [Gp1, Negative control; Gp2, Costus (CRE); Gp3, Positive control or Infected rats with T. spiralis, Gp4; Pre-treated infection with CRE; Gp5 & Gp6, Post treated infection with CRE for one and two weeks respectively]. Current results revealed that; Trichinella spiralis experimentally infection induced significant elevation in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA damage, PCNA expression and significant depletion in tissue glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat) activities. Pre or/and post CRE treated infected rats with T. spiralis (Gp4-Gp6) induced improvements and depletion in DNA damage, PCNA expression, MDA and elevation in GSH, SOD, catalase as compared to infected rats with T. spiralis (Gp3) with best results for the pretreatments (Gp4). Trichinella spiralis experimental infection induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscles and treatments with costus roots extract modulates these changes.

Ameliorative potential role of Rosmarinus officinalis extract on toxicity induced by etoposide in male albino rats

Abstract The present work was showed to assess the effect of administration of rosemary extract on etoposide-induced toxicity, injury and proliferation in male rats were investigated. Forty male albino rats were arranged into four equal groups. 1st group, control; 2nd group, etoposide; 3rd group, co-treated rosemary & etoposide; 4th group, rosemary alone. In comparison to the control group, etoposide administration resulted in a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein, and gamma GT. In contrast; a significant decrease in albumin level in etoposide group as compared to G1. G3 revealed a significant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP, total protein and total bilirubin levels and a significant rise in albumin level when compared with G2. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, potassium ions, and chloride ions significantly increased; while sodium ions were significantly decreased in G2 when compared with G1. Also, there was an increase of MDA level for etoposide treated group with corresponding control rats. However, there was a remarkable significant decrease in SOD, GPX and CAT levels in G2 as compared to G1. There was a significant increase in serum hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Nitric oxide (NO) levels in group treated with etoposide when compared to control group. It was noticeable that administrated by rosemary alone either with etoposide had not any effect on the levels of H2O2 and Nitric oxide. Serum level of T3 and T4 was significantly increased in etoposide-administered rats in comparison with G1. The administration of rosemary, either alone or with etoposide, increased the serum levels of T3 and T4 significantly when compared to control rats. The gene expression analysis showed significant downregulation of hepatic SOD and GPx in (G2) when compared with (G1). The treatment with rosemary extract produced significant upregulation of the antioxidant enzymes mRNA SOD and GPx. MDA gene was increased in (G2) when contrasted with (G1). Treatment of the etoposide- induced rats with rosemary extract delivered significant decrease in MDA gene expression when compared with etoposide group. Rats treated with etoposide showed significant decline in hepatic Nrf2 protein expression, when compared with G1. While, supplementation of Etoposide- administered rats with the rosemary produced a significant elevation in hepatic Nrf2 protein levels. Additionally, the liver histological structure displayed noticeable degeneration and cellular infiltration in liver cells. It is possible to infer that rosemary has a potential role and that it should be researched as a natural component for etoposide-induced toxicity protection.

Effectiveness of curcumin nanoparticles in rat liver fibrosis caused by thioacetamide

Although curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective qualities, its low absorption limits its medicinal uses. Before examining how curcumin influenced rats' liver fibrosis when thioacetamide (TAA) was produced, the current study employed nanoparticles (NPs) to improve curcumin bioavailability. Sixty mature rats were separated into six groups (Group 1, control; Group 2, curcumin; Group 3, curcumin nanoparticles; Group 4, TAA; Group 5, TAA + curcumin; Group 6, TAA + curcumin NPs). TAA administration caused considerable increases in serum liver enzymes associated with a remarkable depletion in the levels of albumin and total protein relative to the control. In addition, a significant elevation in malonaldehyde (MDA) level with a significant depletion in the antioxidant enzymes activity was detected. Also, TAA had a significant effect on the inflammation markers represented by the elevation in tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and DNA damage. Administration of curcumin or curcumin NPs in TAA-intoxicated rats significantly (p < .001, p < .0001) alleviates liver injury by correcting antioxidant status, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. The results of comparing TAA-intoxicated rats treated with curcumin NPs to TAA-intoxicated rats treated with bulk curcumin revealed that the ameliorative effect of nanocurcumin was stronger. These observations concluded that nanoparticle formulation can increase curcumin bioavailability and solubility, enhancing its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficiency, resulting in greater potential against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Impact of Coriandrum sativum seeds extract on albino rats' testicular toxicity caused by carbendazim

Background

A broad spectrum carbamate fungicide called carbendazim (Carb) is used to combat a number of different fungal diseases. One of the extensively utilized medicinal plants in oriental countries is Coriandrum sativum.

Aim

In the current study, the impact of C. sativum seeds extract (CSE) on albino rats' testicular toxicity caused by carbendazim was investigated.

Materials and methods

A total of 50 male albino rats were classified into 5 groups [Gp1, Control Gp; Gp2, Coriandrum Gp (CSE); Gp 3, carbendazim Gp (Carb); Gp 4, Co treated CSE with Carb (CSE + Carb); Gp 5, Post treated Carb with CSE (Carb + CSE)].

Results

Carb induced elevation in serum LH. FSH, testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), testicular nitric oxide (NO) markers and testicular injury and it reduced serum testosterone, testicular glutathione (GSH), testicular catalase and PCNA. Treatments of Carb with CSE (CSE + Carb and/or Carb + CSE) improved these parameters and reduced testicular toxicity with best results for Carb + CSE than CSE + Carb.

Conclusions

The above findings revealed that; Carb induced testicular toxicity and it supported the hypothesis that the antioxidant characteristics of one or more of CSE constituents can reduce the testicular toxicity of Carb.

Comparative effects of curcumin versus nano-curcumin on histological, immunohistochemical expression, histomorphometric, and biochemical changes to pancreatic beta cells and lipid profile of streptozocin induced diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide problem characterized by hyperglycemia as well as the damage of the microscopic structure of the beta cells of Langerhans pancreatic islets. In the present study, the histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and biochemical alterations to pancreatic beta cells in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were assessed in rats treated with curcumin (CU) (100 mg/kg/day) or nano-curcumin (nCU) (100 mg/kg/day) for 1 month. Twenty-four adult male Wistar albino rats were distributed into four groups: the nondiabetic control group, the diabetic untreated group, and two diabetic groups treated with CU or nCUR, respectively. Blood glucose, serum insulin levels, and lipid profile were measured. The pancreatic tissues were collected and processed into paraffin sections for histological and immunohistochemical examination, oxidative stress markers, and real-time PCR expression for pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1). The insulin expression in beta cells was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Morphometrically, the percentage area of anti-insulin antibody reaction and the percentage area of islet cells were determined. STZ-induced deteriorating alteration in beta cells led to declines in the number of functioning beta cells and insulin immunoreactivity. In STZ-treated rats, CU and nCUR significantly reduced blood glucose concentration while increasing blood insulin level. It also caused a significant increase in the number of immunoreactive beta cells to the insulin expression and significant reduction of the immunoreactive beta cells to the caspase-3 expression. In conclusion, CU and nCUR could have a therapeutic role in the biochemical and microscopic changes in pancreatic beta cells in diabetes-induced rats through STZ administration with more bio-efficacy of nCUR.

Impact of Synthesized Indoloquinoline Analog to Isolates from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta on Tumor Growth Inhibition and Hepatotoxicity in Ehrlich Solid Tumor-Bearing Female Mice

The study evaluated the antitumor efficacy of APAN, “synthesized indoloquinoline analog derived from the parent neocryptolepine isolated from the roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta”, versus the chemotherapeutic drug etoposide (ETO) in Ehrlich solid tumor (EST)-bearing female mice as well as its protective effect against etoposide-triggered hepatic disorders. APAN showed an ameliorative activity against Ehrlich solid tumor and hepatic toxicity, and the greatest improvement was found in the combined treatment of APAN with ETO. The results indicated that EST altered the levels of tumor markers (AFP, CEA, and anti-dsDNA) and liver biomarker function (ALT, AST, ALP, ALB, and T. protein). Furthermore, EST elevated CD68 and anti-survivin proteins immuno-expressions in the solid tumor and liver tissue. Molecular docking studies were demonstrated to investigate their affinity for both TNF-α and topoisomerase II as target proteins, as etoposide is based on the inhibition of topoisomerase II, and TNF-α is quite highly expressed in the solid tumor and liver tissues of EST-bearing animals, which prompted the authors’ interest to explore APAN affinity to its binding site. Treatment of mice bearing EST with APAN and ETO nearly regularized serum levels of the altered parameters and ameliorated the impact of EST on the tissue structure of the liver better than that by treatment with each of them separately.

Dietary and Nutraceutical Interventions as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy-A Systematic Review

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review on the influence of dietary and nutraceutical interventions as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). A literature search for randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs) was performed in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. Trial inclusion criteria included the application of a defined nutritional intervention (food, beverages, or supplements) adjunctive to NSPT compared to NSPT alone with at least one measured periodontal parameter (pocket probing depths (PPD) or clinical attachment level (CAL)). Of 462 search results, 20 clinical trials relating to periodontitis and nutritional interventions were identified, of which, in total, 14 studies could be included. Eleven studies examined supplements containing lycopene, folate, chicory extract, juice powder, micronutrients and plant extracts, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, or vitamin D. Three studies examined food-based interventions (kiwifruit, green or oolong tea). Due to limited information on within-group differences in the studies, results were descriptively analyzed. A significant positive effect on periodontal parameters (PPD, bleeding on probing) was found for vitamin E, chicory extract, juice powder, green tea, and oolong tea. Heterogeneous effects were found for lycopene, folate, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D. No effects on PPD were found for adjunct kiwifruit (in combination with NSPT). Risk of bias via RoB2 revealed a low risk of bias with some concerns. There was a high heterogeneity in the type of nutritional interventions. The adjunctive use of various supplements and green/oolong tea led to positive and significant effects of the nutritional interventions on clinical periodontal outcome parameters. In the context of non-surgical periodontal therapy, an adjunctive intake of micronutrients, omega-3 fatty acids, green/oolong tea, and polyphenols and flavonoids could be beneficial. Long-term clinical studies with full data reports (especially within-group differences) are needed for conducting a meta-analysis.

Cichorium intybus L. “hairy” roots as a rich source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds

The present study aimed to determine the bioactive profile of various extracts of Cichorium intybus L. "hairy" roots. In particular, the total content of flavonoids as well as the reducing power, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic (70%) extracts were evaluated. The total content of flavonoids the ethanolic extract of the dry "hairy" root reached up to 121.3 mg (RE)/g, which was twofold greater than in the aqueous one. A total of 33 diverse polyphenols were identified by the LC-HRMS method. The experimental results showed a high amount of gallic (6.103 ± 0.008 mg/g) and caffeic (7.001 ± 0.068 mg/g) acids. In the "hairy" roots, the presence of rutin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, and its derivatives was found in concentrations of 0.201±0.003 - 6.710±0.052 mg/g. The broad spectrum of pharmacological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, etc.) of the key flavonoids identified in the chicory "hairy" root extract was predicted by the General Unrestricted Structure-Activity Relationships algorithm based on in the substances detected in the extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity showed that the EC₅₀ values of the ethanol and the aqueous extracts were 0.174 and 0.346 mg, respectively. Thus, the higher ability of the ethanol extract to scavenge the DPPH radical was observed. The calculated Michaelis and inhibition constants indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. intybus "hairy" roots is an efficient inhibitor of soybean 15-Lipoxygenase activity (IC₅₀ = 84.13 ± 7.22 μM) in a mixed mechanism. Therefore, the obtained extracts could be the basis of herbal pharmaceuticals for the therapy of human diseases accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation, including the pandemic coronavirus disease COVID-19.

Chemometric Discrimination of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet and Cichorium intybus L. via Their Metabolic Profiling, Antioxidative, and Hypoglycemic Activities

Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet (CG) and Cichorium intybus L. (CI) are widely used as the main raw material of functional food with hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic effects. Due to the lack of comparison on the chemical ingredients and efficacy, they were often used imprecisely and interchangeably. It is necessary to distinguish between them. With the plant metabolomics based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) and multivariate chemometric techniques, the chemical ingredients were characterized and 59 compounds between CG and CI were classified. As for antioxidative and hypoglycemic activities in vitro, CI extraction exhibited better antioxidant activity than CG, while CG extraction showed stronger hypoglycemic activity. Furthermore, a bivariate correlation between the chemical composition and efficacy of the extract was also analyzed, and three differentially strong correlation components between CI and CG were prepared, and the antioxidative and hypoglycemic efficacies were compared in vivo and different active phenotypes were obtained. Finally, we revealed chemical and biological differences between CG and CI, providing a basis for achieving better quality control and developing more effective functional foods.

Alkylphenols cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by oxidative stress in RTG-2 cell line

Alkylphenols ethoxylates are industrial surfactants, and the release in the environmental matrices produces degraded products, of which nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were the most common. They can be classified as endocrine disruptors since the estrogenic potential is widely recognized, but some others toxic aspects are in discussion. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of NP, OP, and mixtures of both through cellular, biochemical and genetic biomarkers in fish gonadal cell line RTG-2 exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.05; 0.5; 5; 50, and 100 μg mL^-1 of each chemical and their mixtures of 0.05, 0.5; 5 μg mL^-1 concentrations. After 24 h, the cells were collected for cytotoxic (neutral red - NR; crystal violet - CV, resazurin assay - RA and lactate-dehydrogenase - LDH), antioxidant system (glutathione-s-transferase - GST; superoxide-dismutase - SOD; glutathione-peroxidase - GPx and malondialdehyde - MDA) and genotoxic assays (alkaline comet assay and Fpg-modified alkaline comet assay). The chemicals and their mixtures were cytotoxic at 50 and 100 μg mL^-1, in general aspect, but LDH showed cytotoxicity since 0.05 μg mL^-1. The GST and SOD showed an activity increase trend in most tested groups, while GPx decreased at 5 μg mL^-1 of the mixture. The MDA increase in all groups resulted in lipid peroxidation. The reactive oxygen species caused DNA damage for all groups. The tested chemicals and concentrations have been found in the freshwater systems. They can induce cell toxicity in several parameters that could impair the gonadal tissues considering the RTG-2 responses.

Ameliorative role of chitosan nanoparticles against silver nanoparticle-induced reproductive toxicity in male albino rats

This study was designed to evaluate the protective potentials of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) against silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wister albino rats. AgNPs, ChNPs, and AgNPs particles coated with ChNPs were characterized by using transmission electron microscope. Control rats were injected interperitoneally with 0.5% aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose. Second group was given ChNPs at a dose 300 mg/kg bwt. Third group was given AgNPs at a dose 50 mg/kg bwt. Fourth group was given AgNPs with chitosan nanoparticles simultaneously. Fifth group was given silver nanoparticles coated with chitosan nanoparticles at a dose 300 mg/kg bwt. TEM showed the formation of AgNPs with average size of 42.7 nm, ChNPs with average size of 33.3 nm, and AgNPs coated with ChNPs with average size of 48.1 nm. AgNPs significantly reduced serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin, sperm count, morphology index, vitality, total motility and progressive motility, the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, and the concentration of reduced glutathione in testicular tissues. However, it significantly increased malondialdehyde concentration in testicular tissues, sperm abnormalities, testicular tissue damages, non-progressive motility, and immotile sperms. On the contrast, ChNPs ameliorated AgNP-induced alteration in serum levels of sex hormones, spermogram, and testicular tissue's structure and functions. These results indicated that ChNPs had protective potential against AgNP-induced reproductive toxicity and ChNPs coating AgNPs had more potent protective effect than ChNPs administrated together with AgNPs.

Impact of Saussurea lappa root extract against copper oxide nanoparticles induced oxidative stress and toxicity in rat cardiac tissues

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have developed as a significant class of nanomaterial with potential dangers to organisms and the environment in a variety of applications. This study aimed to investigate the impact of costus root extract against CuO NPs induced oxidative stress, alterations in heart structure and functions. 40 adult male rats were assigned randomly to four groups: first; control, second; costus (300 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 2 weeks, third; CuO NPs (100 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks and fourth; CuO NPs + costus. Current results revealed, significant increases in serum levels of creatine kinase-MB, creatine kinase enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cardiac TBIRS, total thiol, nitric oxide, and cardiac proliferating cell nuclear antigen after CuO NPs administration when compared with control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in cardiac reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in CuO NPs group as compared with control group. Interestingly, treatment of CuO NPs with costus root extract was associated with significant improvements of the studied parameters, heart structure and functions. CuO NPs-induced toxicity, injury and oxidative stress in rat heart and treatment with Costus root extract could scavenge free radicals producing beneficial effects against CuO NPs.

The potential curative role of Avena sativa extract against oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis induced by acute hepatotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in rats

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs or nanosilver) have pulled in expanding interest because of their novel physical, substance, and organic properties contrasted with their full scale scaled partners. The goal of this study was to investigate if Avena sativa (AVS) extract could ameliorate Ag NPs toxicity-induced alterations in liver structure and function, DNA damage, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Twenty adult male rats were assigned randomly to four groups: control, AVS (intragastrically, 5 g/Kg body weight/day) for 2 weeks, Ag NPs (400 mg/kg body weight/day) for 1 week as acute toxicity and Ag NPs + AVS (same therapy of Ag NPs as acute toxicity with AVS). This study demonstrated a statistical significant increase in serum levels of liver function tests (AST, ALT, ALP and globulin), liver DNA damage, apoptotic P53 and Malondialdehyde after Ag NPs administration when compared to control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in serum albumin, total proteins, liver reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and anti-apoptotic Bcl₂ in Ag NPs group as compared to control group. Interestingly, treatment of Ag NPs with AVS (Ag Nps + AVS) was associated with significant improvements of the studied parameters, liver structure and functions. Avena sativa (AVS) extract could scavenge free radicals producing beneficial effects against acute Ag NPs hepatotoxicity in rats induced through activation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Impact of Auricularia cornea var. Li polysaccharides on the physicochemical, textual, flavor, and antioxidant properties of set yogurt

This study evaluated quality attributes and in vivo antioxidant activity of Auricularia cornea var. Li polysaccharide (ACP)-fortified set yogurt during 21 days of storage (4 °C). Set yogurt was manufactured using a commercial yogurt culture, and 3% (w/v) ACP was added. Physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity, and water-holding capacity), textural, rheological, microstructural, flavor, and antioxidant properties of set yogurt were investigated. The results showed that the addition of ACP significantly enhanced WHC, viscosity, firmness, and cohesiveness, while inhibiting post-acidification of set yogurt during storage. The yogurt supplemented with ACP showed a larger hysteresis area and higher G' and G″ values, formed a porous, dense, mesh-like structure and exhibited a unique mushroom flavor. Antioxidant results showed that administration of ACP-fortified yogurt significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme activities and malondialdehyde levels, while increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity in the liver and hippocampus of the mice. ACP-fortified yogurt might alleviate hepatic damage and hippocampal neuroinflammation induced by d-galactose. Additionally, ACP-fortified yogurt downregulated the expression of Keap1 and upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the liver. In conclusion, ACP may be used as an ingredient to produce yogurt with desired properties.

Grape seed extract ameliorated Ehrlich solid tumor-induced hepatic tissue and DNA damage with reduction of PCNA and P53 protein expression in mice

This study evaluated the ameliorative potential of grape seed extract (GSE) against Ehrlich solid tumor (EST)-induced hepatic tissue alterations in mice. The control group was infused with physiological saline. The second group received GSE (50 mg/kg day by day orally) for 2 weeks. The third group was subcutaneously injected with 2.5 million of EST cells. The fourth group was injected with EST cells and treated with GSE extract simultaneously. The fifth group was injected with EST cells and kept for 2 weeks until the appearance of a solid tumor, then treated with GSE for 2 weeks. The phytochemical analysis of GSE revealed the presence of total phenols (17.442 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (6.687 mg CE/g) with antioxidant activity of 81.506 mg TE/g DPPH. The Ehrlich solid tumor significantly raised the activities of ALT, AST, and ALP; the level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in serum; and the protein expressions of hepatic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and tumor suppressor protein (P53), as well as induced DNA damage and pathological alterations in liver tissue. However, it significantly reduced serum albumin and total protein levels. In contrast, the co- or post-treatment of EST-bearing mice with GSE reduced the activities of ALT, AST, and ALP; the level AFP in serum; and hepatic P53 and PCNA protein expressions. In addition, it reduced EST-induced hepatic DNA damage and pathological alterations, while it increased serum albumin and total protein levels. This study suggested that GSE is a potent hepatoprotective agent and both co- and post-treatment of EST-bearing mice with GSE almost had the same effects.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Potential of Extracts of Urtica dioica, Apium graveolens, and Zingiber officinale in Mice, Zebrafish, and Pancreatic β-Cell

Medicinal plants are commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, particularly as they contain flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The present study aims to investigate the activities of a polyherbal formulation made from Urtica dioica, Apium graveolens, and Zingiber officinale (UAZ) against streptozotocin–nicotinamide ((STZ-NA)-induced type 2 diabetes in CD1 mice, glucose-induced type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in zebrafish, and high glucose-induced damage in RINm5F pancreatic β-cells. In fasting mice, plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and lipid profiles were significantly increased, whereas insulin, enzymatic antioxidants, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were altered significantly in diabetic mice. Zebrafish had similar glucose levels, liver enzymes, and lipid profiles compared to mice. The study investigated the effects of the extract in enhancing cell viability, insulin secretion, and reducing lipid peroxidation and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in RINm5F cells damaged by high glucose. All the above biochemical parameters were enhanced in both mice and zebrafish treated; the combined extract UAZ normalized all the biochemical parameters. The medicinal plant extracts, used either separately or in combination, ameliorated the adverse effect of glucose on cell viability and functionality of beta-RINm5F cells.

Therapeutic Impact of Costus (Saussurea lappa) Against Ehrlich Solid Tumor-Induced Cardiac Toxicity and DNA Damage in Female Mice

Breast cancer remains the most common cause of cancer deaths among women globally. Ehrlich solid tumor (EST) is a transplantable tumor model for simulating breast cancer. This study aims to describe the protective role of costus (Saussurea lappa) root against EST-induced cardiac toxicity. Forty female mice were randomly and equally divided into four groups (G1, control group; G2, costus group; G3, EST group; G4, EST + costus). The results showed that compared to the control, EST induced a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities; in potassium, chloride ion, cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein levels; in DNA damage and cardiac injury; and in p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Conversely, EST induced a significant decrease in sodium ion and high density lipoprotein levels and Ki67 expression compared to the control. Treatment of EST with costus improved cardiac toxicity, lipid profiles, electrolytes, and apoptosis, and protected against EST. This indicates the potential benefits of costus as an adjuvant in the prevention and treatment of cardiac toxicity.

Effect of Alpinia officinarum extract on reproductive damages in streptozotocin induced diabetic male rats

PURPOSE

Infertility is one of the systemic problems in diabetic men. The purpose of the present study is investigation of the effects of the Alpinia officinarum (AO) hydro-alcoholic extract on the reproductive system damages in diabetic male rats.

METHODS

Twenty four male rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 6); i.e., control, diabetic control, and diabetic rats treated orally with AO extract (200 and 500 mg kg-1). A single dose (60 mg kg-1) of streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally (IP) to induce diabetes. After 8 weeks of treatment, blood samples, testis, and cauda epididymis were excised to evaluate specific hormonal changes, sperm parameters, and testis morphology.

RESULTS

Diabetic control rats showed remarkably lower body and testicular weights, testicular volumes, and sperm parameters compared with the control group (p <0.05). Diabetic control rats also exhibited significantly decreased serum testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Sperm parameters were considerably enhanced in diabetic animals gavaged with AO extract. Testosterone levels were significantly elevated by administrating 500 mg kg-1 AO extract to the diabetic control rats (p <0.05). The morphological assessment of testis of treatment group (500 mg kg-1) indicated remarkable differences (p <0.05) by increasing the seminiferous tubules diameter (STD) and thickness of the seminiferous epithelium (TSE) compared with diabetic control rats.

CONCLUSION

As demonstrated by the results, AO extract ameliorated sperm damage and improved sperm morphology besides improving histological damage in the testis in diabetic rats. In addition, the dose of 500 mg kg-1 worked more efficiently than 200 mg kg-1.

The impact of chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) on hemodynamic functions and oxidative stress in cardiac toxicity induced by lead oxide nanoparticles in male rats

BACKGROUND

A common environmental pollutant, lead can induce toxicity in several organ systems. A range of industrial and/or household materials and products contain lead, and food/liquid ingestion and inhalation are the mechanisms through which lead is introduced into the human body.

OBJECTIVE

Since knowledge about the cardiac toxicity of acute lead nanoparticles is limited, this work sought to shed more light on the issue by investigating the therapeutic effects of chicory extract based on rat models to elevate cardiac functions and oxidative stress.

METHODS

Four research groups were used, each consisting of ten albino rats of male sex and adult age. The groups were: control group, chicory group, lead oxide nanoparticle group, and lead oxide nanoparticle + chicory group.

RESULTS

Compared to the control and chicory groups, the lead oxide nanoparticle group displayed a notable increase in heart functions and oxidative stress markers as well as alterations in cardiac histological structure. On the other hand, cardiac function modifications were counteracted through four-week administration of lead oxide nanoparticles alongside chicory.

CONCLUSION

Heart damage caused by lead oxide nanoparticles may be attenuated by chicory through scavenging of free radicals.

The Common Cichory (Cichorium intybus L.) as a Source of Extracts with Health-Promoting Properties-A Review

Natural products are gaining more interest recently, much of which focuses on those derived from medicinal plants. The common chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), of the Astraceae family, is a prime example of this trend. It has been proven to be a feasible source of biologically relevant elements (K, Fe, Ca), vitamins (A, B1, B2, C) as well as bioactive compounds (inulin, sesquiterpene lactones, coumarin derivatives, cichoric acid, phenolic acids), which exert potent pro-health effects on the human organism. It displays choleretic and digestion-promoting, as well as appetite-increasing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action, all owing to its varied phytochemical composition. Hence, chicory is used most often to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Chicory was among the plants with potential against SARS-CoV-2, too. To this and other ends, roots, herb, flowers and leaves are used. Apart from its phytochemical applications, chicory is also used in gastronomy as a coffee substitute, food or drink additive. The aim of this paper is to present, in the light of the recent literature, the chemical composition and properties of chicory.

Hepatoprotection of Lycii Fructus Polysaccharide against Oxidative Stress in Hepatocytes and Larval Zebrafish

Scavenging of oxidative stress by antioxidants may provide a therapeutic strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increasing evidence is supporting the potential application of natural resourced polysaccharides as promising prevention or treatment strategies against NAFLD. In the current study, an acidic heteropolysaccharide, LFP-a1, was isolated and purified from Lycii fructus with successively hot water refluxing extraction, alcohol precipitation, protein removal, and DEAE-52 cellulose chromatographic separation. LFP-a1 was a complicated structured polysaccharide with an average MW of 4.74 × 104 Da and composed of 6 monosaccharides and 1 uronic acid. Preexposure of LFP-a1 could increase the cell viability and reverse the abnormal oxidative stress though inhibition of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway and correction of cell cycle progression against H₂O₂ hepatoxicity in NAFLD model L02 cells. Consistently, in vivo study in thioacetamide- (TAA-) induced NAFLD model zebrafish larvae showed LFP-a1 preserved the liver integrity and alleviated TAA-induced oxidative stress through downregulation of abnormal apoptosis. These observations indicated the hepatoprotective activity of LFP-a1, which may be applied for the prevention or treatment of NAFLD or other oxidative stress-related diseases.

Development of the method for standardization of the medicinal plant raw material of Cichorium intybus L. herb by the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives

The purpose of the research is to work out a routine method for the quantitative determination of the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids in chicory herb growing in Ukraine. The presence of chlorogenic and caffeic acids was experimentally proven by comparing the TLC profiles of solutions of the chicory extract and standard substances of hydroxycinnamic acids. According to the chromatogram, the chemical composition of the ethanol extracts was qualitatively constant and did not depend on the series of plants collected in different places (7 regions of Ukraine) and in different years (2017 and 2018). The water-alcohol solutions of 8 chicory herb samples had the absorption maximum at the wavelength range from 326 to 330 nm, which was typical for phenolic acids. Chlorogenic acid was chosen as a marker substance for the quantitative determination by direct spectrophotometry. The value of the specific absorbance (556.21(λ=327 nm)) of chlorogenic acid in the concentration of 10.08 µg/ml in ethanol 50% was determined. The total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids was found to be 1.87% for the sample of 2017, for the samples of 2018 in the range of 4.00–6.61%. The method proposed is acceptable for standardization of the medicinal plant raw material.

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma as model for studying the cardiac protective effects of curcumin nanoparticles against cardiac damage in female mice

While clinical innovation has improved, cancer or malignant growth stays a genuine medical issue and has been perceived as a significant factor in mortality and morbidity. Current work aimed to define the cardiac defensive effects of curcumin nanoparticles (Cur Nps) against EAC induced cardiac toxicity, injury, and alterations in apoptosis, proliferation, and cytokines immunoreactivity. Forty female mice were aimlessly and equally divided into four groups [Gp1, Control; Gp2, Cur NPs; Gp3, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC); Gp4, Co-treatment of EAC with Cur NPs (Cur NPs + EAC)]. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphocreatine kinase (CPK), creatine kinase myoglobin (CK-MB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), cholesterol, triglycerides, potassium ions, cardiac injury, P53, vascular endothelial growth factor protein (VEGF), Bax, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) expressions were significantly elevated while sodium ions levels were significantly depleted in EAC when compared to control. Co-treatment of EAC with Cur NPs (Cur NPs + EAC) improved these parameters as compared with EAC group. So, our results indicate that; Cur NPs induced protection to the blood and heart tissue during Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Different Cichorium Species (Asteraceae): A Review

Cichorium species have been used widely in traditional medicine universally. It is reported as a treatment for various respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as diabetes and rheumatism. A range of constituents including phenolic and poly phenolic compounds, fatty and organic acids and essential oils comprise the chemical composition of Cichorium species. Furthermore, modern investigations on these species has shown different pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, anti-hyperglycemic, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects which are associated with divers molecular pathways and mechanisms. In this chapter, we have summarized comprehensive information regarding traditional and ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical analysis and pharmacological aspects of Cichorium species.

Aqueous Cichorium intybus L. seed extract may protect against acute palmitate-induced impairment in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells by adjusting the Akt/eNOS pathway, ROS: NO ratio and ET-1 concentration

BACKGROUND

Endothelial dysfunction, which is a vascular response to oxidative stress and inflammation, involves a cascade of downstream events that lead to decreased synthesis of insulin-mediated vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) and increased production of vasoconstrictor protein endothelin-1 (ET-1). NO, and ET-1 production by endothelial cells is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-eNOS axis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) axis of the insulin signaling pathway, respectively.

METHODS

After treating the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with either palmitate complexed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) (abbreviated as PA) or the aqueous Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) seed extract (chicory seed extract, abbreviated as CSE) alone, and simultaneously together (PA + CSE), for 3, 12, and 24 h, we evaluated the capacity of CSE to reestablish the PA-induced imbalance between PI3K/Akt/eNOS and MAPK signaling pathways. The level of oxidative stress was determined by fluorimeter. Insulin-induced levels of NO and ET-1 were measured by Griess and ELISA methods, respectively. Western blotting was used to determine the extent of Akt and eNOS phosphorylation.

RESULTS

Contrary to PA that caused an increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and attenuated NO production, CSE readjusted the NO/ROS ratio within 12 h. CSE improved the metabolic arm of the insulin signaling pathway by up-regulating the insulin-stimulated phospho-eNOS Ser1177/total eNOS and phospho-Akt Thr308/total Akt ratios and decreased ET-1 levels.

CONCLUSIONS

CSE ameliorated the PA-induced endothelial dysfunction not only by its anti-ROS property but also by selectively enhancing the protective arm and diminishing the injurious arm of insulin signaling pathways.

Effects of a Multicomponent Herbal Extract on the Course of Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows - a Blinded Placebo-controlled Field-study

A blinded placebo-controlled multi-center on-farm trial was conducted in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis to investigate effects of a multicomponent herbal extract. Blood ketone levels were measured weekly in early lactating cows from 16 Swiss herds. Cows were subclassified based on their initial blood-β-hydroxybutyrate levels (≥ 1.0 [KET-low, 84 cows] and > 1.2 mmol/L [KET-high, 39 cows]) and randomly distributed to 3 groups treated orally with herbal extract containing Camellia sinensis, Cichcorium intybus, Gentiana lutea, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Taraxacum officinale, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Zingiber officinale, sodium propionate, or placebo twice a day for 5 days. Milk yield, milk acetone, blood-β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were analyzed over 2 wk. Linear mixed effect models were used for data analysis. No effects were found for nonesterifed fatty acids, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and glucose. Significantly higher glutamate dehydrogenase (29.71 U/L) values were found in herbal extract-treated animals compared to sodium propionate on day 7 (22.33 U/L). By trend, higher blood-β-hydroxybutyrate levels (1.36 mmol/L) were found in the placebo group of KET-high-cows on day 14 compared to the sodium propionate group (0.91 mmol/L). Milk yields of all treatment groups increased. Milking time and treatment showed a significant interaction for milk acetone: sodium propionate led to an immediate decrease, whereas herbal extracts resulted in a milk acetone decrease from day 7 on, reaching significantly lower milk acetone on day 14 (3.17 mg/L) when compared to placebo (4.89 mg/L). In conclusion, herbal extracts and sodium propionate are both likely to improve subclinical ketosis in dairy cows, however, by different modes of action.

Vitamin B17 Ameliorates Methotrexate-Induced Reproductive Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Testicular Injury in Male Rats

Methotrexate (MTX; 4-amino-10-methylfolic acid) is a folic acid reductase inhibitor used to treat autoimmune diseases and certain types of cancer. Testicular toxicity resulting from MTX is a significant side effect that may cause subsequent infertility. The present study was conducted to examine the ameliorating effects of vitamin B17 (VitB17) against testicular toxicity induced by MTX in male rats. A total of 50 male albino rats were equally divided into five groups [control group; vitamin B17 group (VitB17) administered VitB17 only; methotrexate group administered MTX only; cotreated group, (VitB17+MTX) and posttreated group (MTX+VitB17)]. In methotrexate group (MTX), a significant decrease was observed in body weight and the testicular weight, as well as the levels of plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone compared with control. The sperm count, viability, morphology index, total motility, and progressive motility also decreased in MTX rats compared with control. Furthermore, the levels of reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression, in the testicular tissue decreased in MTX compared with control. In addition, MTX caused a significant increase in DNA and tissue damage compared with control. However, VitB17 ameliorated these effects, indicating that it has a preventative and curative effect against MTX-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. The protective effect of VitB17 may be associated to its antioxidant properties as it possibly acts as a free-radical scavenger and lipid peroxidation inhibitor, as well as its protective effect on the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT.

Evaluation of the testicular protection conferred by damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd.) against amitriptyline-induced testicular toxicity, DNA damage and apoptosis in rats

Psychiatric drugs, such as antidepressants, are used to treat depression based on their ability to modify chemical imbalances of the key neurotransmitters in the brain, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Amitriptyline, a first-reference tricyclic antidepressant derived from dibenzocycloheptadine, is frequently used, especially in neuropsychiatry, to address general depression, major depressive disorders, and fibromyalgia. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the sexual dysfunction attendant on the use of Amitriptyline by investigating the protective role that can be played by damiana. To this end, this study used damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd.) as adjuvant therapy in male albino rats receiving Amitriptyline. Sixty male albino rats were randomly allocated to six groups, with 10 rats being assigned to each group; the first group was a control, the second was treated with damiana only, the third group was given Amitriptyline, the fourth group received Amitriptyline and damiana simultaneously, the fifth group was given Amitriptyline and post-treated with damiana, and the sixth group was given Amitriptyline and then allowed time for self-healing. The findings of this study suggest that oxidative stress occurs in testicular tissue in rat groups treated with Amitriptyline, as manifested by inappropriate activity of TBARS, SOD, GSH, GR, GST, and GPx. Amitriptyline also repressed reproductive hormonal activity, as confirmed by histopathological lesions, DNA damage, and p53 protein expression. The addition of damiana, however, showed aprotective role in all testicular activity indices.

Therapeutic effects of rocket seeds (Eruca sativa L.) against testicular toxicity and oxidative stress caused by silver nanoparticles injection in rats

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), one of the most well-known nanomaterials, are regularly utilized in everyday consumer products. The present study aimed to investigate the testicular toxicity and oxidative stress by AgNPs and the therapeutic role of the rocket seeds (Eruca sativa) in treatments. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four equivalent groups (group 1, control; group 2, rocket seeds extract [RS]; group 3, AgNPs; group 4, AgNPs+RS). Our results showed that AgNPs induced a significant decrease in serum total testosterone, FSH (follicle-animating hormone), prolactin and LH (luteinizing hormone), testicular glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). In contrast, a significant increase in testicular DNA, injury, testicular thiobarbituric acid, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) expressions after treatments with AgNPs when contrasted with the control group. Treatments of AgNPs with rocket seeds extract (AgNPs+RS) improved testicular functions and structure. Rocket seeds extract might offer benefits against the toxic nature of AgNPs.

Sinapic Acid Attenuates Cardiovascular Disorders in Rats by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species and Angiotensin Receptor Expression

The main avoidable risk factor for cardiovascular conditions is high blood pressure (hypertension). At global level, hypertension is believed to be responsible for a 54% stroke-related mortality rate and a 47% mortality rate associated with coronary heart disease. It is postulated that sinapic acid (SA) could help in hypertension management because it displays robust antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and peroxynitrite scavenging effects. To explore this hypothesis, this work examined the effect of SA on oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in rats with hypertension by comparison against captopril. For this purpose, 50 male rats were used and equally allocated to five groups, namely, normal control, positive control (L-NAME), L-NAME with concomitant captopril administration, L-NAME with concomitant SA administration, and L-NAME with concomitant administration of both SA and captopril. Results showed that, by contrast to control, L-NAME exhibited marked elevation in serum CK-MB, total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDL-C, Ang II, AT2R, ET-1, and angiopoietin-2; on the other hand, L-NAME exhibited marked reduction in serum HDL-C, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, joint administration of SA and captopril ameliorated hypertension, enhanced cardiovascular function, hindered hyperlipidemia, and decreased oxidative stress and myocardial hypertrophy displayed by rats with hypertension. Based on such findings, better chemopreventive or therapeutic approaches can be devised to manage hypertension and cardiovascular conditions.

Hepatic ameliorative role of vitamin B17 against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-induced liver toxicity

Vitamin B17 (VB17), also known as amygdalin and laetrile, is a type of carbohydrate occurring naturally in many plants, such as apricot kernels which have obtained a great interest in cancer therapy. This study aimed to investigate the hepatic protective potential of VB17 against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice-induced liver injury, DNA damage, apoptotic P53, and PCNA alterations. A total of 100 female mice were divided into 5 groups (1st group, control group; 2nd group, VB17 group; 3rd group, EAC group; 4th group, pre-treated EAC with VB17; 5th group, co-treated EAC with VB17). Results showed that the presence of VB17 in pre-treated and co-treated groups lead to decreased DNA damage, microsomal protein, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), AST, ALT, and ALP while showed increased cytochrome b5, cytochrome P450 amidopyrine N-demethylase, and aniline 4-hydroxylase compared with the EAC group. Many histopathological changes were observed in liver sections in EAC as moderate fibrosis and marked diffuse necrosis of hepatic tissue, marked inflammatory cells, and congested blood sinusoids. On the other hand, there was a moderate degree of improvement in hepatocytes in liver sections in pre-treated VB17+EAC, while a mild degree of improvement in hepatocytes, moderate cellular infiltrations, and moderate cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes in liver sections in co-treated EAC+VB17. In addition, there was a depletion in hepatic P53 and PCNA protein expression compared with the EAC group. It could be concluded that VB17 has a potential hepatoprotective effect against EAC cell-induced liver toxicity.

Evaluation of the Cardiac Protection Conferred by Proanthocyanidins in Grape Seeds against Development of Ehrlich Solid Tumors in Mice

Examination of the antineoplastic effects of a range of chemical compounds is often undertaken via the transplantable tumor model of Ehrlich solid tumor (EST), which is a simulation of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore how cardiac toxicity, damage, oxidative stress, and changes in the expressions of TNFα and apoptotic P53 triggered by EST could be countered with grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPE). To that end, 50 female mice were used, with arbitrary and equal distribution into five groups, namely, the control group (G1), GSPE group (G2), EST group (G3), GSPE + EST (G4; cotreatment consisted of mice that received GSPE treatment at the beginning of EST induction over a period of 14 days), and EST + GSPE (G5; posttreatment consisted of mice with EST that received GSPE treatment for 14 days following the 14 days since the induction of EST). By comparison with the control group, the EST group had significantly higher levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), myoglobin, cardiac TBARS, nitric oxide (NO), total thiol and hydrogen peroxide, cardiac damage, and expression of P53 and TNFα. On the other hand, the EST group had significantly lower levels of cardiac catalase and total antioxidant (TAC) than the control group. Furthermore, better improvement in cardiac toxicity, oxidative stress, damage, apoptosis, and TNFα expressions was displayed by the cotreated (GSPE + EST) group than by the posttreated (EST + GSPE) group. This led to the conclusion that GSPE conferred cardiac protective and antioxidant effects against EST. This finding calls for more investigation on the benefits of grape seeds as adjuvant agents to prevent and treat cardiac toxicity.

In vitro differentiation induction of embryonal carcinoma stem cells into insulin-producing cells by Cichorium intybus L. leaf extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medicinal herb Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes. One of the promising therapeutic options to treat diabetes is replacing the degenerative pancreatic β cells by stem cell-derived IPCs (insulin-producing cells).

AIM OF THE STUDY

By the combination of cell therapy as a modern approach and traditional medicine, the current study was designed to evaluate the effects of chicory leaf extract (LE) on the differentiation potential of P19 EC cells (an embryonal carcinoma stem cell line) into IPCs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The plant (voucher no. 4567) were collected and deposited in the herbarium of Shahrekord University. In vitro experiments were designed to compare the effects of various concentrations of LE on the differentiation potential of P19 EC cells.

RESULTS

The differentiated cells showed morphological characteristics of pancreatic β cells. They could also synthesized and secreted insulin when exposed to glucose. Moreover, the cells expressed specific proteins and genes of mature pancreatic β cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, LE as a natural herbal extract was efficiently able to induce the differentiation of P19 EC cells into the clusters similar to pancreatic islets with the molecular, cellular and functional characteristics of mature β cells.

Environmental Water Pollution, Endocrine Interference and Ecotoxicity of 4-tert-Octylphenol: A Review

4-tert-Octylphenol is a degradation product of non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol polyethoxylates as well as raw material for a number of industrial applications. It is a multimedia compound having been detected in all environmental compartments such as indoor air and surface waters. The pollutant is biodegradable, but certain degradation products are more toxic than the parent compound. Newer removal techniques from environmental waters have been presented, but they still require development for large-scale applications. Wastewater treatment by plant enzymes such as peroxidases offers promise in total removal of 4-tert-octylphenol leaving less toxic degradation products. The pollutant's endocrine interference has been well reported but more in oestrogens than in any other signalling pathways through which it is believed to exert toxicity on human and wildlife. In this paper we carried out a review of the activities of this pollutant in environmental waters, endocrine interference and relevance to its toxicities and concluded that inadequate knowledge of its endocrine activities impedes understanding of its toxicity which may frustrate current efforts at ridding the compound from the environment.

Modulatory effects of Saussurea lappa root aqueous extract against ethephon-induced kidney toxicity in male rats

Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) is a plant growth promoter used to control the plant growth process by liberating ethylene and stimulating the production of endogenous ethylene. Medicinal plants are sources of novel drug discovery targets. Costus (Saussurea lappa) has been used as traditional Chinese medicine. The current study was conducted to examine the possible modifying effects of costus (S. lappa) root aqueous extract against kidney toxicity induced by ethephon in male rats. A total of 50 adult male rats were divided into five groups (first, control; second, costus; third, ethephon; fourth, posttreated ethephon with costus; fifth, ethephon self-healing). There is a significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, potassium ions, chloride ions, kidney injury, DNA damage, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expressions in treated rats with ethephon when compared to the control group. In contrast, the treated rats with ethephon revealed a significant decrease in the levels of sodium ions and an insignificant decrease in the calcium ions. Saussurea lappa extract modified these alterations when compared to the control group. As a result, costus root extract significantly reduced rat kidney toxicity after ethephon administration. We recommend costus to be included in diet for its valuable effects, and also producers and consumers should become more aware about the toxic effects of ethephon.

Mechanistic evaluation of AMPK/SIRT1/FXR signaling axis, inflammation, and redox status in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis: The role of Cichorium intybus linn (chicory)-supplemented diet

Liver cirrhosis is a scene profitable to the advance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current work was engrossed to weigh the potential role of Cichorium intybus linn against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis and their probable underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms. farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity, and activated AMP protein kinase (pAMPK), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), and interleukin-6 (IL6) levels were estimated in hepatic tissue by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunoassay, respectively. C. intybus linn supplementation caused a significant improvement in serum liver enzymes, albumin, bilirubin levels, tissues redox status and hepatic histological features in addition to decreased IL6 level, hydroxylproline content, and PCNA immunoreactivity. On contrary, increased pAMPK/SIRT1 levels and upregulated FXR gene expression were observed. C. intybus linn could feasibly protect against TAA-induced hepatic damage, fibrosis, and cirrhosis by relieving oxidative stress and by interruption of the inflammatory pathway via AMPK/SIRT1/FXR signaling. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: No specific therapies are available until now to target the underlying mechanisms for protection against liver diseases. Herbal protection is widely available and cheap with no side effect. Cichorium intybus linn, a natural supplement, is proved in this current work to have the potential of being hepatoprotectant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents, thus reducing the risk of hepatic cirrhosis.

Grape seeds proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates Ehrlich solid tumor induced renal tissue and DNA damage in mice

The current study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) against Ehrlich solid tumor (EST) induced renal injury, with the respect to DNA fragmentation and P53 and PCNA proteins expression in renal tissue. A total of 50 female mice were randomly assigned into five groups. Control mice were injected with physiological saline solution. Mice of the 2^nd group were administered with GSPE (50 mg/kg bw/every 2day/per OS) for 2 weeks and injected with physiological saline solution. Mice of the 3^rd group were injected subcutaneously with 2.5 million cells of EAC/mouse. Mice of the 4^th group were injected with EAC as the 3^rd group and administered with GSPE as the 2^nd group simultaneously for 2 weeks. Mice of the 5^th group were injected with EAC as the 3^rd group and left for 2 weeks (till development of solid tumor), then treated with GSPE for another 2 weeks. EST significantly increased serum levels of urea, creatinine, potassium and chloride. In addition, it induced renal tissue and DNA injuries and increased P53, PCNA and ki67 proteins expression in renal tissues. On the other hand, it decreased serum levels of sodium and calcium ions. However, treatment of EST bearing mice with GSPE normalized serum levels of the above-mentioned parameters and improved renal tissue structure and reduced renal tissue DNA damage and P53, PCNA and ki67 proteins expression. These results indicated that GSPE is a promising nephron protective agent against EST induced renal injury.

Sesquiterpenoids with diverse carbon skeletons from the roots of Cichorium glandulosum and their anti-inflammatory activities

A total of thirteen sesquiterpenoids with diverse skeletons including four new sesquiterpenoids, glandulosines A - D (1-4), a new natural product, glandulosine E (5), and eight known sesquiterpene lactones (6-13) were isolated from the roots of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet (Asteraceae). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic experiments including NMR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), calculated ECD, Rh₂(OCOCF₃)₄-induced ECD, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, as well as chemical methods. This is the first report of the crystal structure of 11β,13-dihydrolactucin (11). Thirteen isolated sesquiterpenoids (1-13) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, and three guaiane sesquiterpene lactones, glandulosine E (5), scorzoside (9), and lactucin (10) showed moderate inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Red Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Extract Rich in Anthocyanins: Chemical Stability, Antioxidant Activity, and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro

Red chicory leaves are appreciated sensorially and their constituents contain bioactive properties. The objectives of this study were as follows: to use an experimental design to extract anthocyanins from red chicory in aqueous solution at pH 2.5; to determine the stability of the extracts in relation to temperature and pH; and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxic effect of the lyophilized and purified extracts. The best extraction conditions for the bioactive compounds from red chicory were a temperature of 64.2 °C for 25 min; the anthocyanin content was 73.53 ± 0.13 mg per 100 g fresh weight basis sample. The EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) value for the antioxidant activity assay in relation to DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with optimized extract was 0.363, which corresponds to a concentration of 39.171 µmol/L of anthocyanins. The activation energy for the degradation reaction of the anthocyanins from the red chicory extract was 84.88 kJ/mol. The optimized extract, which was rich in anthocyanins, showed chemical and biological antioxidant activity (protection against erythrocyte hemolysis) and inhibited lipid peroxidation in vitro. The Cichorium intybus L. extracts interfered on the levels of reactive oxygen species generation and the crude extract did not present procarcinogenic effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Red chicory is basically consumed as a part of traditional dishes worldwide. Here, we developed a process to extract and purify the anthocyanins from Cichorium intybus leaves and test the extracts in terms of the chemical composition, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects. The anthocyanin-rich extract presented antioxidant activity in chemical and biological assays and low cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects in relation to HepG2, HCT8, and Caco-2 cell lines. Additionally, the red chicory extract protected human erythrocytes against hemolysis. This extract may be used as a natural colorant/antioxidant in foods.

Ameliorative effects of Saussurea lappa root aqueous extract against Ethephon-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

This study was designed to evaluate protective effect of Saussurea lappa root aqueous extract against Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid)-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Control group received distilled water. Second group was given S. lappa extract at a dose 50 mg/kg bw. Third group was given Ethephon at a dose 200 mg/kg bw. Fourth, fifth, and sixth groups were given S. lappa extract before, with or after Ethephon administration, respectively. Ethephon intoxication significantly decreased serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and prolactin. Also, it significantly decreased sperms count, vitality, morphology index, total motility, progressive motility, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expressions in spermatogonia. However, it significantly increased sperms abnormalities, testicular tissue and DNA damages, P53 protein expressions, noprogressive motility, and immotile sperms. In contrast, S. lappa extract ameliorated these alterations. These results indicated that S. lappa had potential preventive and curative effects against Ethephon-induced reproductive toxicity in rats.