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Huertas-Abril PV, Jurado J, Prieto-Álamo MJ, García-Barrera T, Abril N. Proteomic analysis of the hepatic response to a pollutant mixture in mice. The protective action of selenium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166558. [PMID: 37633382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Metals and pharmaceuticals contaminate water and food worldwide, forming mixtures where they can interact to enhance their individual toxicity. Here we use a shotgun proteomic approach to evaluate the toxicity of a pollutant mixture (PM) of metals (As, Cd, Hg) and pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, flumequine) on mice liver proteostasis. These pollutants are abundant in the environment, accumulate in the food chain, and are toxic to humans primarily through oxidative damage. Thus, we also evaluated the putative antagonistic effect of low-dose dietary supplementation with the antioxidant trace element selenium. A total of 275 proteins were affected by PM treatment. Functional analyses revealed an increased abundance of proteins involved in the integrated stress response that promotes translation, the inflammatory response, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and the sustained expression of the antioxidative response mediated by NRF2. As a consequence, a reductive stress situation arises in the cell that inhibits the RICTOR pathway, thus activating the early stage of autophagy, impairing xenobiotic metabolism, and potentiating lipid biosynthesis and steatosis. PM exposure-induced hepato-proteostatic alterations were significantly reduced in Se supplemented mice, suggesting that the use of this trace element as a dietary supplement may at least partially ameliorate liver damage caused by exposure to environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Huertas-Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Jurado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María-José Prieto-Álamo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Research Center of Natural Resources, Health, and the Environment (RENSMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus El Carmen, University of Huelva, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Nieves Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Gastellu T, Le Bizec B, Rivière G. Characterisation of the risk associated with chronic lifetime exposure to mixture of chemical hazards: case study of trace elements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:951-970. [PMID: 37428801 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2231086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment methodology, mostly commonly used, faces the complexity of the environment. Populations are exposed to multiple sources of chemicals throughout life and the chemical mixtures they are exposed change during time (lifestyle factors, regulatory decisions, etc). The risk assessment needs to consider these dynamics and the evolution of the body with age, in order to refine the exposure assessment to chemicals and to predict the health impact of these exposures. This review highlights the latest methodologies developed to improve risk assessment, especially cor heavy metals. The methodologies aim to better describe the chemical toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic as well as the exposure assessment. Human Biomonitoring (HBM) data give great opportunities to link biomarkers of exposure with an adverse effect. Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) models are more and more used to simulate the evolution of biomarkers in organisms, considering the external exposures and the physiological evolutions. PBTK models may also be used to determine the routes of exposure or to predict the impacts of schemes of exposure. The major limit is the integration of several chemicals in mixture with common adverse effects and the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gastellu
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, France
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Gilles Rivière
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Kanduc D, Dewanjee S, Kandimalla R, Shoenfeld Y, Porter AL, Tsatsakis A. Modifiable contributing factors to COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 171:113511. [PMID: 36450305 PMCID: PMC9701571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The devastating complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) result from an individual's dysfunctional immune response following the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Multiple toxic stressors and behaviors contribute to underlying immune system dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 exploits the dysfunctional immune system to trigger a chain of events ultimately leading to COVID-19. The current study identifies eighty immune system dysfunction-enabling toxic stressors and behaviors (hereafter called modifiable contributing factors (CFs)) that also link directly to COVID-19. Each CF is assigned to one of the five categories in the CF taxonomy shown in Section 3.3.: Lifestyle (e.g., diet, substance abuse); Iatrogenic (e.g., drugs, surgery); Biotoxins (e.g., micro-organisms, mycotoxins); Occupational/Environmental (e.g., heavy metals, pesticides); Psychosocial/Socioeconomic (e.g., chronic stress, lower education). The current study shows how each modifiable factor contributes to decreased immune system capability, increased inflammation and coagulation, and increased neural damage and neurodegeneration. It is unclear how real progress can be made in combatting COVID-19 and other similar diseases caused by viral variants without addressing and eliminating these modifiable CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Neil Kostoff
- Independent Consultant, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA,Corresponding author. Independent Consultant, 13500 Tallyrand Way, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA
| | | | - Darja Kanduc
- Dept. of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601, Israel
| | - Alan L. Porter
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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A Mixture of Endocrine Disruptors and the Pesticide Roundup ® Induce Oxidative Stress in Rabbit Liver When Administered under the Long-Term Low-Dose Regimen: Reinforcing the Notion of Real-Life Risk Simulation. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040190. [PMID: 35448451 PMCID: PMC9029199 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to xenobiotic mixtures daily through the long-term, low-dose regimen. Investigations designed to simulate this exposure profile approach the real-life risk simulation (RLRS) idea of modern toxicology. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 12-month exposure of New Zealand rabbits to a xenobiotic mixture comprising seven endocrine disruptors (EDs), which are chemical substances raising great concerns for human health, as well as the herbicide glyphosate, and its commercial formulation Roundup®, on blood and tissues redox status. It is reported herein that at the systemic level, the administration of the EDs mixture induced perturbations of blood redox homeostasis at 3 months, whereas at 6 and 12 months, it activated redox adaptations. Contrariwise, exposure to glyphosate and Roundup®, individually, caused mainly disturbances of blood redox equilibrium. At the tissue level, particularly in the liver, the administration of both the EDs mixture and Roundup® induced oxidative stress, whereas glyphosate did not affect it. The RLRS notion appears to be confirmed through these findings. Indeed, the administration of the EDs mixture and Roundup®, under the long-term, low-dose regimen, elicited detrimental effects on the redox status of the liver, a crucial tissue with a valuable biological role in the detoxification of organisms from xenobiotics.
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Updating the European Union's regulation on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP): A key opportunity for consumers, workers and stakeholders with interests in the legislation and toxicology of hazardous chemicals. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1865-1868. [PMID: 34824981 PMCID: PMC8604748 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in toxicology and the European Union's Green Deal, with its Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, have paved the way for major changes in EU legislation on the control of environmental chemicals for a cleaner and safer environment. Another substantial legislative advancement underway is the update of the "Regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)," an ambitious piece of EU legislation with exceptional scientific toxicological background in identifying a hazard, aiming at better protecting its citizens and the environment from the risk of chemical substances and products, the occupational settings included. Update of CLP legislation additionally aims at facilitating the free exchange of chemicals in the European Internal Market, provided that proper labelling and packaging processes are implemented. Participation in the ongoing online public consultation on these issues, ending on November 15, 2021, is of key relevance to ensure a transparent and effective definition of such an important piece of legislation, fully compliant with current EU priorities in terms of human and environmental protection and animal welfare.
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Fan D, Sun J, Liu C, Wang S, Han J, Agathokleous E, Zhu Y. Measurement and modeling of hormesis in soil bacteria and fungi under single and combined treatments of Cd and Pb. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147494. [PMID: 34088122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are considered major environmental pollutants. Soil microorganisms represent a predominant component of soils ecosystems, yet there is little information regarding hormetic responses of soil microorganisms to single and combined exposures to heavy metals. In the present study, to explore and predict the hormetic response of soil microorganisms, dose-response relationships of bacterial and fungal populations to single and combined treatments of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were evaluated. The results revealed hormetic responses of bacterial and fungal populations to both single and combined Cd and Pb treatments. The maximum stimulation (Mmax; relative to control treatment with no metals) of bacterial and fungal populations was 40% at 2 mg Cd/kg and 60% at 160 mg Pb/kg. An enhanced Mmax occurred in bacterial (50%) and fungal (75%) populations in the presence of the binary mixtures of 0.6 mg Cd/kg + 160 mg Pb/kg and 4.0 mg Cd/kg + 200 mg Pb/kg, suggesting positive additivity. This study showed that the hormetic effects of the mixtures were related to the independent effect of Cd and Pb, but they could not be predicted by the single effect of Cd or Pb. These new findings of the hormetic response of soil microorganisms to single treatments of Cd and Pb and their binary mixtures can facilitate the determination and minimization of ecological risks in heavy metal-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwu Fan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jinwei Sun
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Chenglei Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Shengyan Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jiangang Han
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Yongli Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
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Polvara E, Spinazzè A, Invernizzi M, Cattaneo A, Sironi S, Cavallo DM. Toxicological assessment method for evaluating the occupational risk of dynamic olfactometry assessors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105003. [PMID: 34265403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper aims to propose a new method to evaluate the occupational exposure risk for examiners involved in dynamic olfactometry. Indeed, examiners are possibly exposed to hazardous pollutants potentially present in odorous samples. A standardized method to evaluate the examiners' occupational safety is not yet available and the existing models present some critical aspect if applied to real odorous samples (no uniform reference concentrations applied and presence of compounds for which no toxicity threshold is available). A deepening of assessment procedure to evaluate the occupation exposure risk for olfactometric assessors is necessary. This paper proposes a standardized approach for risk assessment in dynamic olfactometry. The proposed approach allows the quantification synthetic and conservative risk indices. In this model, the use of the hazard index for the odorous mixture was proposed to assess the non-carcinogenic risk; the calculation of the inhalation risk was applied to estimate the carcinogenic risk. Different databases can be used to retrieve proper occupational exposure limits, according to the proposed hierarchical basis. These implementations allow obtaining the complete characterization of real samples which can be used to calculate the minimum dilution factor for protecting the panellists' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Polvara
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology DiSAT, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy.
| | - Marzio Invernizzi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology DiSAT, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Selena Sironi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Domenico Maria Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology DiSAT, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
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Parsai T, Kumar A. Setting guidelines for co-occurring nanoparticles in water medium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145175. [PMID: 33647666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a framework termed as "mixNanohealthrisk" hereafter, for the first time as per literature review, to provide exposure limit or reference dose for co-occurring nanoparticles (NPs) in water for different regions of the world. The effect of interaction of NPs on (i) NP occurrence in environment and (ii) toxic effects were incorporated for estimating NP exposure dose and associated risks (in terms of risk quotient (RQ) and hazard index (HI). Reference dose (RfD) values for SiO2, CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CNT, C60, ZnO and CuO NPs were calculated for the first time in this study based on toxicity studies. RfD values for top three risk-posing nanoparticles when co-occurring together were found to be 0.1 mg/kg/d (CuO), 0.12 mg/kg/d (ZnO) and 0.19 mg/kg/d (TiO2). Calculated maximum allowable concentration values for these nanoparticles were found to be 70.8, 84.4 and 136 mg/L for CuO, ZnO and TiO2 NPs. Exposures to nanoparticles aggregate (ZnO NP + CuO NP) in mixture suspension was found to have allowable ZnO and CuO concentration values of 24.7 mg/L and 175.2 mg/L respectively when present as aggregate. Top three regions identified with highest risk quotient were found to be USA followed by Switzerland and whole of Europe. During use of NP-interaction data for estimating risks, Ag, TiO2 and CuO NPs were found to have lowest maximum allowable concentration values. The identified top three risk-posing NPs can be used for conducting toxicity studies for mixture of NPs and long-term monitoring so that it can be used for setting up guideline concentration values for NPs in mixture for water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Parsai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
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Pikula K, Kirichenko K, Vakhniuk I, Kalantzi OI, Kholodov A, Orlova T, Markina Z, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast K. Aquatic toxicity of particulate matter emitted by five electroplating processes in two marine microalgae species. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:880-887. [PMID: 33981588 PMCID: PMC8085665 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroplating is a widely used group of industrial processes that make a metal coating on a solid substrate. Our previous research studied the concentrations, characteristics, and chemical composition of nano- and microparticles emitted during different electroplating processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental toxicity of particulate matter obtained from five different electrochemical processes. We collected airborne particle samples formed during aluminum cleaning, aluminum etching, chemical degreasing, nonferrous metals etching, and nickel plating. The toxicity of the particles was evaluated by the standard microalgae growth rate inhibition test. Additionally, we evaluated membrane potential and cell size changes in the microalgae H. akashiwo and P. purpureum exposed to the obtained suspensions of electroplating particles. The findings of this research demonstrate that the aquatic toxicity of electroplating emissions significantly varies between different industrial processes and mostly depends on particle chemical composition and solubility rather than the number of insoluble particles. The sample from an aluminum cleaning workshop was significantly more toxic for both microalgae species compared to the other samples and demonstrated dose and time-dependent toxicity. The samples obtained during chemical degreasing and nonferrous metals etching processes induced depolarization of microalgal cell membranes, demonstrated the potential of chronic toxicity, and stimulated the growth rate of microalgae after 72 h of exposure. Moreover, the sample from a nonferrous metals etching workshop revealed hormetic dose-response toxicity in H. akashiwo, which can lead to harmful algal blooms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, 190000, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Konstantin Kirichenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Igor Vakhniuk
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | | | - Aleksei Kholodov
- Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Tatiana Orlova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Zhanna Markina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, 190000, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
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Alam MM, Haque MM. Presence of antibacterial substances, nitrofuran metabolites and other chemicals in farmed pangasius and tilapia in Bangladesh: Probabilistic health risk assessment. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:248-257. [PMID: 33552923 PMCID: PMC7844123 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ANCs in pangasius and tilapia, fish feed, pond sediments and water were analysed comprehensively. Residual ANCs except heavy metals were not found in farmed pangasius and tilapia flesh. Residual toxic heavy metals lead and chromium in fish were above the permissible limit. Heavy metals sourced primarily from fish feed with secondary sources such as groundwater. Lead and chromium concentrations in fish flesh pose potential carcinogenic risks to human health.
Intensive feeding and the use of drugs and other chemicals for enhancing yield characterised commercial pangasius and tilapia aquaculture in Bangladesh. The residual presence of prohibited antibacterial substances, nitrofuran metabolites and other chemicals (ANCs) in fish, and their effect on public health are a concern for consumers. This study collected samples from 15 pangasius and 15 tilapia ponds to assess the contamination of ANCs, including pesticides, dyes and heavy metals in fish flesh, and heavy metals in feed, sediments and water. Antibacterial substances, nitrofuran metabolites and dyes in fish flesh were detected using LC–MS/MS. Organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals were detected applying GC–MS and AAS, respectively. We found very low residue of the most ANCs in pangasius and tilapia flesh, however, both species contained heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). The level of metal contamination was affected by the age of the pond; the highest concentration of Pb was in pangasius from old ponds (> 10 years), and the highest concentration of Cr was found in pangasius from new ponds (< 10 years), and tilapia from old ponds. The feed sampled in this study, particularly the commercial pellet and farm-made feed, were highly contaminated with heavy metals. Pond water and sediments were contaminated by heavy metals; fish, water and sediment samples from older ponds had higher concentrations of heavy metals. The concentration of these heavy metals in fish flesh above regulatory limits poses potential risks to human health. To ensure the production of safe fish for human consumption, commercial aquaculture in Bangladesh requires a functional regulatory framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Alam
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.,Department of Fishery Resources Conservation and Management, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Porter AL. Toxicology issues related to the COVID–19 outbreak. TOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND MULTI-SYSTEM HEALTH IMPACTS FROM EXPOSURE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8342276 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85215-9.00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In viral pandemics, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19), the impact of real-life exposures to multiple toxic stressors that increase immune system dysfunction is followed by the main pandemic-associated virus (SARS–CoV–2, for COVID–19) exploiting the dysfunctional immune system to trigger a chain of events ultimately leading to the pandemic (COVID–19). Thus pandemics have two main components: virology (focused on the virus) and toxicology (focused on the toxic stressors). The present chapter will focus mainly on the immune system toxicology component. It identifies the factors shown most frequently to increase immune system dysfunction, and then addresses vaccine toxicology in detail. The chapter concludes by reviewing two types of treatments: immune-augmenting and immune-strengthening. The immune-augmenting approaches are virology-centric (e.g., quarantine, face masks, repurposed antiviral treatments, vaccines, etc.), and the immune-strengthening approaches are toxicology-centric (e.g., eliminating the factors that contribute to immune system dysfunction, and adding factors that increase immune system health).
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12
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Heavy metal and pesticide levels in dairy products: Evaluation of human health risk. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111844. [PMID: 33152470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cattle milk's health benefits can be compromised by the presence of contaminants. The levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, and residues of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were determined in soil, milk and cheese samples collected from cow farms from 3 Romanian areas with industrial and agriculture tradition. A new methodology was applied for the determination of the corrected estimated daily intake (cEDI) corresponding to the aggregate dietary exposure. For the risk assessment, we calculated the source hazard quotient (HQs) for each contaminant and the adversity specific hazard index (HIA). Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, and the sum of DDT levels in soil samples were below maximum residue levels (MRLs). The MRLs of lead and DDD were exceeded in milk and cheese samples from all the 3 areas. The MRLs of copper and zinc were exceeded in cheese samples from area 2 and 3. HQs >10 for lead indicates increased risk, while HQ > 1 for copper and sum of DDT indicates moderate risk for both milk and cheese. By calculating the HIA, we identified a moderate and increase risk for nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, hematotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and reproduction toxicity after consumption of the dairy products from the 3 areas.
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Kostoff RN, Kanduc D, Porter AL, Shoenfeld Y, Calina D, Briggs MB, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Vaccine- and natural infection-induced mechanisms that could modulate vaccine safety. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1448-1458. [PMID: 33110761 PMCID: PMC7581376 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A degraded/dysfunctional immune system appears to be the main determinant of serious/fatal reaction to viral infection (for COVID-19, SARS, and influenza alike). There are four major approaches being employed or considered presently to augment or strengthen the immune system, in order to reduce adverse effects of viral exposure. The three approaches that are focused mainly on augmenting the immune system are based on the concept that pandemics/outbreaks can be controlled/prevented while maintaining the immune-degrading lifestyles followed by much of the global population. The fourth approach is based on identifying and introducing measures aimed at strengthening the immune system intrinsically in order to minimize future pandemics/outbreaks. Specifically, the four measures are: 1) restricting exposure to virus; 2) providing reactive/tactical treatments to reduce viral load; 3) developing vaccines to prevent, or at least attenuate, the infection; 4) strengthening the immune system intrinsically, by a) identifying those factors that contribute to degrading the immune system, then eliminating/reducing them as comprehensively, thoroughly, and rapidly as possible, and b) replacing the eliminated factors with immune-strengthening factors. This paper focuses on vaccine safety. A future COVID-19 vaccine appears to be the treatment of choice at the national/international level. Vaccine development has been accelerated to achieve this goal in the relatively near-term, and questions have arisen whether vaccine safety has been/is being/will be compromised in pursuit of a shortened vaccine development time. There are myriad mechanisms related to vaccine-induced, and natural infection-induced, infections that could adversely impact vaccine effectiveness and safety. This paper summarizes many of those mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N. Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alan L. Porter
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Search Technology, Inc., Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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14
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Javorac D, Grahovac L, Manić L, Stojilković N, Anđelković M, Bulat Z, Đukić-Ćosić D, Curcic M, Djordjevic AB. An overview of the safety assessment of medicines currently used in the COVID-19 disease treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111639. [PMID: 32707160 PMCID: PMC7372271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
On 11th March 2020, the pandemic of the new coronavirus was declared by the World Health Organization. At the moment, there are no new registered medicines that can effectively treat the coronavirus infection. However, a number of ongoing clinical trials are investigating the efficacy and safety of the medicines which have already been registered and used for the treatment of other diseases, in the treatment of the coronavirus infection. The proposed combinations of these medicines could potentially present a safety risk, since most of these medicines have the potential to cause numerous side or toxic effects, even when used in monotherapy. Thus, the aim of this study was to review and evaluate the literature data on the toxicity of the selected individual drugs (ritonavir, lopinavir, remdesivir, chloroquine, and umifenovir) and the available clinical data concerning the possible adverse effects of the selected drug combinations (lopinavir/ritonavir + umifenovir, lopinavir/ritonavir + interferon β, chloroquine + remdesivir, and chloroquine + azithromycin). The most often reported toxic effects of these medicines such as hepatotoxicity, retinal damage, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity, together with the fact that the health status of the patients with COVID-19 disease is often complicated by co-existing illnesses and therapy implicate that the decision on the therapeutic strategy should be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Javorac
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Grahovac
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Manić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Stojilković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Anđelković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Curcic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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15
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Porter AL, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. [Comment] COVID‑19 vaccine safety. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1599-1602. [PMID: 33000193 PMCID: PMC7521561 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic, a global competition to develop an anti-COVID-19 vaccine has ensued. The targeted time frame for initial vaccine deployment is late 2020. The present article examines whether short-term, mid-term, and long-term vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the myriad vaccine-induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based on previous clinical trials and laboratory research. It presents scientific evidence of potential pitfalls associated with eliminating critical phase II and III clinical trials, and concludes that there is no substitute currently available for long-term human clinical trials to ensure long-term human safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA 20155, USA
| | | | - Alan L Porter
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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16
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Identification of component-based approach for prediction of joint chemical mixture toxicity risk assessment with respect to human health: A critical review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Sisto R, Capone P, Cerini L, Paci E, Pigini D, Gherardi M, Gordiani A, L'Episcopo N, Tranfo G, Chiarella P. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds affects microRNA profiling: Towards the identification of novel biomarkers. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:700-710. [PMID: 32551232 PMCID: PMC7287141 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds represents a threat for workers' health and safety, even using protective equipment. Spray-painting exposure is at higher risk than roller-painting. Exposure to organic solvents may induce DNA and RNA oxidation, urine metabolite excretion and miRNA up- or down-regulation. miR-589-5p and miR-941, miR-146b-3p and miR-27a-3p have been identified as potential biomarkers of effect in exposed workers. KEGG pathway analysis showed that miRNA-1, related to lung cancer, is significantly downregulated in exposed workers.
In the framework of a project aimed at finding novel predictive biomarkers of VOCs exposure-related diseases, the effect of exposure to ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene has been analyzed in a group of painters (spray- and roller-painters) working in the shipyard industry. Airborne levels of solvents were higher in spray- than in roller-painters, and comparable to the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs), particularly for toluene and xylene. The urinary concentration of each volatile organic compound (VOC) and of the corresponding metabolites were also concurrently measured. A set of oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., the products of DNA and RNA oxidation, RNA methylation, and protein nitration, were measured, and found significantly higher at the end of the work shift. MicroRNA (MiRNA) expression was analyzed in the VOC-exposed workers and in a control group, finding 56 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs at a statistically significant level (adjusted p ≤ 0.01). The Receiver-Operating Characteristic curves, computed for each identified miRNA, showed high sensitivity and specificity. A pathway analysis in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) showed that miRNA-1, which was found downregulated in exposed workers, is involved in the lung cancer oncogenesis. A subset of 10 miRNAs (out of the 56 DE) was selected, including those with the highest correlation to the urinary dose biomarkers measured at the end of work-shift. Multivariate ANOVA analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between the urinary dose biomarkers (both the VOCs urinary concentration and the VOCs’ metabolite concentration), and the identified miRNA subset, indicating that the exposure to low VOC doses may be sufficient to activate the miRNA response. Four miRNAs belonging to the subset strongly related to the VOCs and VOCs’ metabolites concentration were individuated, miR-589-5p, miR-941, miR-146b-3p and miR-27a-3p, with well-known implications in oxidative stress and inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Capone
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cerini
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunziata L'Episcopo
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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