1
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Su Y, Xia C, Zhang H, Gan W, Zhang GQ, Yang Z, Li D. Emerging biosensor probes for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) detection. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:300. [PMID: 38709399 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), originating from the non-enzymatic glycosylation of βVal1 residues in hemoglobin (Hb), is an essential biomarker indicating average blood glucose levels over a period of 2 to 3 months without external environmental disturbances, thereby serving as the gold standard in the management of diabetes instead of blood glucose testing. The emergence of HbA1c biosensors presents affordable, readily available options for glycemic monitoring, offering significant benefits to small-scale laboratories and clinics. Utilizing nanomaterials coupled with high-specificity probes as integral components for recognition, labeling, and signal transduction, these sensors demonstrate exceptional sensitivity and selectivity in HbA1c detection. This review mainly focuses on the emerging probes and strategies integral to HbA1c sensor development. We discussed the advantages and limitations of various probes in sensor construction as well as recent advances in diverse sensing strategies for HbA1c measurement and their potential clinical applications, highlighting the critical gaps in current technologies and future needs in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Key Laboratory of DrugTargeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chengen Xia
- Key Laboratory of DrugTargeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guo-Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Yang
- Key Laboratory of DrugTargeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of DrugTargeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Boteva E, Doychev K, Kirilov K, Handzhiyski Y, Tsekovska R, Gatev E, Mironova R. Deglycation activity of the Escherichia coli glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128541. [PMID: 38056730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycation is a spontaneous chemical reaction, which affects the structure and function of proteins under normal physiological conditions. Therefore, organisms have evolved diverse mechanisms to combat glycation. In this study, we show that the Escherichia coli glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) exhibits deglycation activity. We found that E. coli Pgi catalyzes the breakdown of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)-derived Amadori products (APs) in chicken lysozyme. The affinity of Pgi to the glycated lysozyme (Km, 1.1 mM) was ten times lower than the affinity to its native substrate, fructose 6-phosphate (Km, 0.1 mM). However, the high kinetic constants of the enzyme with the glycated lysozyme (kcat, 396 s-1 and kcat/Km, 3.6 × 105 M-1 s-1) indicated that the Pgi amadoriase activity may have physiological implications. Indeed, when using total E. coli protein (20 mg/mL) as a substrate in the deglycation reaction, we observed a release of G6P from the bacterial protein at a Pgi specific activity of 33 μmol/min/mg. Further, we detected 11.4 % lower APs concentration in protein extracts from Pgi-proficient vs. deficient cells (p = 0.0006) under conditions where the G6P concentration in Pgi-proficient cells was four times higher than in Pgi-deficient cells (p = 0.0001). Altogether, these data point to physiological relevance of the Pgi deglycation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitsa Boteva
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantin Doychev
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Kiril Kirilov
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Handzhiyski
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Rositsa Tsekovska
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Evan Gatev
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Roumyana Mironova
- Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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3
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Lassak J, Aveta EF, Vougioukas P, Hellwig M. Non-canonical food sources: bacterial metabolism of Maillard reaction products and its regulation. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 76:102393. [PMID: 37844449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are an important part of our regular diet. During food processing, their amino acid composition can be chemically altered by the reaction of free amino groups with sugars - a process termed glycation. The resulting Maillard reaction products (MRPs) have low bioavailability and thus predominantly end up in the colon where they encounter our gut microbiota. In the following review, we summarize bacterial strategies to efficiently metabolize these non-canonical amino acids. A particular focus will be on the complex regulatory mechanisms that allow a tightly controlled expression of metabolic genes to successfully occupy the ecological niches that result from the chemical diversity of MRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl Mikrobiologie/AG Mikrobielle Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Erica F Aveta
- Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl Mikrobiologie/AG Mikrobielle Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patroklos Vougioukas
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Professur für Spezielle Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Professur für Spezielle Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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4
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Mossine VV, Mawhinney TP. 1-Amino-1-deoxy-d-fructose ("fructosamine") and its derivatives. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2023; 83:27-132. [PMID: 37968038 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Fructosamine has long been considered as a key intermediate of the Maillard reaction, which to a large extent is responsible for specific aroma, taste, and color formation in thermally processed or dehydrated foods. Since the 1980s, however, as a product of the Amadori rearrangement reaction between glucose and biologically significant amines such as proteins, fructosamine has experienced a boom in biomedical research, mainly due to its relevance to pathologies in diabetes and aging. In this chapter, we assess the scope of the knowledge on and applications of fructosamine-related molecules in chemistry, food, and health sciences, as reflected mostly in publications within the past decade. Methods of fructosamine synthesis and analysis, its chemical, and biological properties, and degradation reactions, together with fructosamine-modifying and -recognizing proteins are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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5
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van Dongen KCW, Ioannou A, Wesseling S, Beekmann K, Belzer C. Differences in gut microbial fructoselysine degradation activity between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 99:6849965. [PMID: 36442156 PMCID: PMC9749803 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amadori product fructoselysine is formed upon heating of food products and is abundantly present in infant formula while being almost absent in breast milk. The human gut microbiota can degrade fructoselysine for which interindividual differences have been described for adults. The aim of this study is to compare functional differences in microbial fructoselysine degradation between breast-fed and formula-fed infants, in view of their different diets and resulting different fructoselysine exposures. First, a publicly available metagenomic dataset with metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from infant fecal samples was analyzed and showed that query genes involved in fructoselysine degradation (frlD/yhfQ) were abundantly present in multiple bacterial taxa in the fecal samples, with a higher prevalence in the formula-fed infants. Next, fecal samples collected from exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed infants were anaerobically incubated with fructoselysine. Both groups degraded fructoselysine, however the fructoselysine degradation activity was significantly higher by fecal samples from formula-fed infants. Overall, this study provides evidence that infant formula feeding, leading to increased dietary fructoselysine exposure, seems to result in an increased fructoselysine degradation activity in the gut microbiota of infants. This indicates that the infant gut microbiota adapts towards dietary fructoselysine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C W van Dongen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasia Ioannou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Corresponding author: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands. Tel: +31317482795; E-mail:
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6
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Thirugnanasambantham P, Kovvali S, Cool A, Gao Y, Sabag-Daigle A, Boulanger EF, Mitton-Fry M, Capua AD, Behrman EJ, Wysocki VH, Lindert S, Ahmer BMM, Gopalan V. Serendipitous Discovery of a Competitive Inhibitor of FraB, a Salmonella Deglycase and Drug Target. Pathogens 2022; 11:1102. [PMID: 36297159 PMCID: PMC9609667 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although salmonellosis, an infectious disease, is a significant global healthcare burden, there are no Salmonella-specific vaccines or therapeutics for humans. Motivated by our finding that FraB, a Salmonella deglycase responsible for fructose-asparagine catabolism, is a viable drug target, we initiated experimental and computational efforts to identify inhibitors of FraB. To this end, our recent high-throughput screening initiative yielded almost exclusively uncompetitive inhibitors of FraB. In parallel with this advance, we report here how a separate structural and computational biology investigation of FrlB, a FraB paralog, led to the serendipitous discovery that 2-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate is a competitive inhibitor of FraB (KI ~ 3 μM). However, this compound was ineffective in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella in a liquid culture. In addition to poor uptake, cellular metabolic transformations by a Salmonella dehydrogenase and different phosphatases likely undermined the efficacy of 2-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate in live-cell assays. These insights inform our ongoing efforts to synthesize non-hydrolyzable/-metabolizable analogs of 2-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate. We showcase our findings largely to (re)emphasize the role of serendipity and the importance of multi-pronged approaches in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sravya Kovvali
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Austin Cool
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anice Sabag-Daigle
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Erin F. Boulanger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Mitton-Fry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela Di Capua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward J. Behrman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steffen Lindert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian M. M. Ahmer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Venkat Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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van Dongen KCW, Belzer C, Bakker W, Rietjens IMCM, Beekmann K. Inter- and Intraindividual Differences in the Capacity of the Human Intestinal Microbiome in Fecal Slurries to Metabolize Fructoselysine and Carboxymethyllysine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11759-11768. [PMID: 36069406 PMCID: PMC9501902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The advanced glycation endproduct carboxymethyllysine and its precursor fructoselysine are present in heated, processed food products and are considered potentially hazardous for human health. Upon dietary exposure, they can be degraded by human colonic gut microbiota, reducing internal exposure. Pronounced interindividual and intraindividual differences in these metabolic degradations were found in anaerobic incubations with human fecal slurries in vitro. The average capacity to degrade fructoselysine was 27.7-fold higher than that for carboxymethyllysine, and degradation capacities for these two compounds were not correlated (R2 = 0.08). Analysis of the bacterial composition revealed that interindividual differences outweighed intraindividual differences, and multiple genera were correlated with the individuals' carboxymethyllysine and fructoselysine degradation capacities (e.g., Akkermansia, Alistipes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C. W. van Dongen
- Division
of Toxicology, Wageningen University and
Research, P.O. Box 8000, Wageningen 6700 EA, The
Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Wageningen University and
Research, P.O. Box 8033, Wageningen 6700 EH, The
Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division
of Toxicology, Wageningen University and
Research, P.O. Box 8000, Wageningen 6700 EA, The
Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
- Division
of Toxicology, Wageningen University and
Research, P.O. Box 8000, Wageningen 6700 EA, The
Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen 700 AE, The Netherlands
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8
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D’Cunha NM, Sergi D, Lane MM, Naumovski N, Gamage E, Rajendran A, Kouvari M, Gauci S, Dissanayka T, Marx W, Travica N. The Effects of Dietary Advanced Glycation End-Products on Neurocognitive and Mental Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122421. [PMID: 35745150 PMCID: PMC9227209 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins or lipids formed endogenously in the human body or consumed through diet. Ultra-processed foods and some culinary techniques, such as dry cooking methods, represent the main sources and drivers of dietary AGEs. Tissue accumulation of AGEs has been associated with cellular aging and implicated in various age-related diseases, including type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The current review summarizes the literature examining the associations between AGEs and neurocognitive and mental health disorders. Studies indicate that elevated circulating AGEs are cross-sectionally associated with poorer cognitive function and longitudinally increase the risk of developing dementia. Additionally, preliminary studies show that higher skin AGE accumulation may be associated with mental disorders, particularly depression and schizophrenia. Potential mechanisms underpinning the effects of AGEs include elevated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are both key pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and mental disorders. Decreasing dietary intake of AGEs may improve neurological and mental disorder outcomes. However, more sophisticated prospective studies and analytical approaches are required to verify directionality and the extent to which AGEs represent a mediator linking unhealthy dietary patterns with cognitive and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. D’Cunha
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (N.N.); (M.K.)
- Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Melissa M. Lane
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (N.N.); (M.K.)
- Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Gamage
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Anushri Rajendran
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Matina Kouvari
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (N.N.); (M.K.)
- Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Sarah Gauci
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Heart and Mind Research, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Thusharika Dissanayka
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (M.M.L.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (T.D.); (W.M.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Differences in kinetics and dynamics of endogenous versus exogenous advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their precursors. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:112987. [PMID: 35398182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their precursors, referred to as glycation products, are a heterogenous group of compounds being associated with adverse health effects. They are formed endogenously and in exogenous sources including food. This review investigates the roles of endogenously versus exogenously formed glycation products in the potential induction of adverse health effects, focusing on differences in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, which appeared to differ depending on the molecular mass of the glycation product. Based on the available data, exogenous low molecular mass (LMM) glycation products seem to be bioavailable and to contribute to dicarbonyl stress and protein cross-linking resulting in formation of endogenous AGEs. Bioavailability of exogenous high molecular mass (HMM) glycation products appears limited, while these bind to the AGE receptor (RAGE), initiating adverse health effects. Together, this suggests that RAGE-binding in relevant tissues will more likely result from endogenously formed glycation products. Effects on gut microbiota induced by glycation products is proposed as a third mode of action. Overall, studies which better discriminate between LMM and HMM glycation products and between endogenous and exogenous formation are needed to further elucidate the contributions of these different types and sources of glycation products to the ultimate biological effects.
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10
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Lassak J, Sieber A, Hellwig M. Exceptionally versatile take II: post-translational modifications of lysine and their impact on bacterial physiology. Biol Chem 2022; 403:819-858. [PMID: 35172419 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, lysine sticks out due to its unparalleled chemical diversity of post-translational modifications. This results in a wide range of possibilities to influence protein function and hence modulate cellular physiology. Concomitantly, lysine derivatives form a metabolic reservoir that can confer selective advantages to those organisms that can utilize it. In this review, we provide examples of selected lysine modifications and describe their role in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Alina Sieber
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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van Dongen KCW, van der Zande M, Bruyneel B, Vervoort JJM, Rietjens IMCM, Belzer C, Beekmann K. An in vitro model for microbial fructoselysine degradation shows substantial interindividual differences in metabolic capacities of human fecal slurries. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105078. [PMID: 33429044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fructoselysine is formed upon heating during processing of food products, and being a key intermediate in advanced glycation end product formation considered to be potentially hazardous to human health. Human gut microbes can degrade fructoselysine to yield the short chain fatty acid butyrate. However, quantitative information on these biochemical reactions is lacking, and interindividual differences therein are not well established. Anaerobic incubations with pooled and individual human fecal slurries were optimized and applied to derive quantitative kinetic information for these biochemical reactions. Of 16 individuals tested, 11 were fructoselysine metabolizers, with Vmax, Km and kcat-values varying up to 14.6-fold, 9.5-fold, and 4.4-fold, respectively. Following fructoselysine exposure, 10 of these 11 metabolizers produced significantly increased butyrate concentrations, varying up to 8.6-fold. Bacterial taxonomic profiling of the fecal samples revealed differential abundant taxa for these reactions (e.g. families Ruminococcaceae, Christenellaceae), and Ruminococcus_1 showed the strongest correlation with fructoselysine degradation and butyrate production (ρ ≥ 0.8). This study highlights substantial interindividual differences in gut microbial degradation of fructoselysine. The presented method allows for quantification of gut microbial degradation kinetics for foodborne xenobiotics, and interindividual differences therein, which can be used to refine prediction of internal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C W van Dongen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), part of Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Bruyneel
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8033, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), part of Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Graf von Armansperg B, Koller F, Gericke N, Hellwig M, Jagtap PKA, Heermann R, Hennig J, Henle T, Lassak J. Transcriptional regulation of the N ε -fructoselysine metabolism in Escherichia coli by global and substrate-specific cues. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:175-190. [PMID: 32979851 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermally processed food is an important part of the human diet. Heat-treatment, however, promotes the formation of so-called Amadori rearrangement products, such as fructoselysine. The gut microbiota including Escherichia coli can utilize these compounds as a nutrient source. While the degradation route for fructoselysine is well described, regulation of the corresponding pathway genes frlABCD remained poorly understood. Here, we used bioinformatics combined with molecular and biochemical analyses and show that fructoselysine metabolism in E. coli is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level. The global regulator CRP (CAP) as well as the alternative sigma factor σ32 (RpoH) contribute to promoter activation at high cAMP-levels and inside warm-blooded hosts, respectively. In addition, we identified and characterized a transcriptional regulator FrlR, encoded adjacent to frlABCD, as fructoselysine-6-phosphate specific repressor. Our study provides profound evidence that the interplay of global and substrate-specific regulation is a perfect adaptation strategy to efficiently utilize unusual substrates within the human gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franziska Koller
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola Gericke
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Heermann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Janosch Hennig
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lassak
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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13
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Ogura M, Shindo K, Kanesaki Y. Bacillus subtilis Nucleoid-Associated Protein YlxR Is Involved in Bimodal Expression of the Fructoselysine Utilization Operon ( frlBONMD-yurJ) Promoter. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2024. [PMID: 32983026 PMCID: PMC7475707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria must survive harsh environmental fluctuations at times and have evolved several strategies. “Collective” behaviors have been identified due to recent progress in single-cell analysis. Since most bacteria exist as single cells, bacterial populations are often considered clonal. However, accumulated evidence suggests this is not the case. Gene expression and protein expression are often not homogeneous, resulting in phenotypic heterogeneity. In extreme cases, this leads to bistability, the existence of two stable states. In many cases, expression of key master regulators is bimodal via positive feedback loops causing bimodal expression of the target genes. We observed bimodal expression of metabolic genes for alternative carbon sources. Expression profiles of the frlBONMD-yurJ operon driven by the frlB promoter (PfrlB), which encodes degradation enzymes and a transporter for amino sugars including fructoselysine, were investigated using transcriptional lacZ and gfp, and translational fluorescence reporter mCherry fusions. Disruption effects of genes encoding CodY, FrlR, RNaseY, and nucleoid-associated protein YlxR, four known regulatory factors for PfrlB, were examined for expression of each fusion construct. Expression of PfrlB-gfp and PfrlB-mCherry, which were located at amyE and its original locus, respectively, was bimodal; and disruption of ylxR resulted in the disappearance of the clear bimodal expression pattern in flow cytometric analyses. This suggested a role for YlxR on the bimodal expression of PfrlB. The data indicated that YlxR acted on the bimodal expression of PfrlB through both transcription and translation. YlxR regulates many genes, including those related to translation, supporting the above notion. Depletion of RNaseY abolished heterogenous expression of transcriptional PfrlB-gfp but not bimodal expression of translational PfrlB-mCherry, suggesting the role of RNaseY in regulation of the operon through mRNA stability control and regulatory mechanism for PfrlB-mCherry at the translational level. Based on these results, we discuss the meaning and possible cause of bimodal PfrlB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Ogura
- Institute of Oceanic Research and Development, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Kanesaki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
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14
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Li P, Li K, Li X, Zhao F, Wang R, Wang J. Improving enzyme activity of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase by semi-rational design strategy and computer analysis. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2319-2332. [PMID: 32601959 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve enzyme activity of Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (Glms) of Bacillus subtilis by site saturation mutagenesis at Leu593, Ala594, Lys595, Ser596 and Val597 based on computer-aided semi-rational design. RESULTS The results indicated that L593S had the greatest effect on the activity of BsGlms and the enzyme activity increased from 5 to 48 U/mL. The mutation of L593S increased the yield of glucosamine by 1.6 times that of the original strain. The binding energy of the mutant with substrate was reduced from - 743.864 to - 768.246 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that Ser593 enhanced the flexibility of the protein, which ultimately led to increased enzyme activity. CONCLUSION We successfully improved BsGlms activity through computer simulation and site saturation mutagenesis. This combination of methodologies may fit into an efficient workflow for improving Glms and other proteins activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) (Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, QILU University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, QILU University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, QILU University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, QILU University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) (Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, QILU University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) (Qilu University of Technology), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, QILU University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Sengupta A, Wu J, Seffernick JT, Sabag-Daigle A, Thomsen N, Chen TH, Capua AD, Bell CE, Ahmer BMM, Lindert S, Wysocki VH, Gopalan V. Integrated Use of Biochemical, Native Mass Spectrometry, Computational, and Genome-Editing Methods to Elucidate the Mechanism of a Salmonella deglycase. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4497-4513. [PMID: 31493410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellais a foodborne pathogen that causes annually millions of cases of salmonellosis globally, yet Salmonella-specific antibacterials are not available. During inflammation, Salmonella utilizes the Amadori compound fructose-asparagine (F-Asn) as a nutrient through the successive action of three enzymes, including the terminal FraB deglycase. Salmonella mutants lacking FraB are highly attenuated in mouse models of inflammation due to the toxic build-up of the substrate 6-phosphofructose-aspartate (6-P-F-Asp). This toxicity makes Salmonella FraB an appealing drug target, but there is currently little experimental information about its catalytic mechanism. Therefore, we sought to test our postulated mechanism for the FraB-catalyzed deglycation of 6-P-F-Asp (via an enaminol intermediate) to glucose-6-phosphate and aspartate. A FraB homodimer model generated by RosettaCM was used to build substrate-docked structures that, coupled with sequence alignment of FraB homologs, helped map a putative active site. Five candidate active-site residues-including three expected to participate in substrate binding-were mutated individually and characterized. Native mass spectrometry and ion mobility were used to assess collision cross sections and confirm that the quaternary structure of the mutants mirrored the wild type, and that there are two active sites/homodimer. Our biochemical studies revealed that FraB Glu214Ala, Glu214Asp, and His230Ala were inactive in vitro, consistent with deprotonated-Glu214 and protonated-His230 serving as a general base and a general acid, respectively. Glu214Ala or His230Ala introduced into the Salmonella chromosome by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing abolished growth on F-Asn. Results from our computational and experimental approaches shed light on the catalytic mechanism of Salmonella FraB and of phosphosugar deglycases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jikang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Justin T Seffernick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anice Sabag-Daigle
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tien-Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela Di Capua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Charles E Bell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian M M Ahmer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steffen Lindert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Venkat Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Lassak J, Koller F, Krafczyk R, Volkwein W. Exceptionally versatile – arginine in bacterial post-translational protein modifications. Biol Chem 2019; 400:1397-1427. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) are the evolutionary solution to challenge and extend the boundaries of genetically predetermined proteomic diversity. As PTMs are highly dynamic, they also hold an enormous regulatory potential. It is therefore not surprising that out of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, 15 can be post-translationally modified. Even the relatively inert guanidino group of arginine is subject to a multitude of mostly enzyme mediated chemical changes. The resulting alterations can have a major influence on protein function. In this review, we will discuss how bacteria control their cellular processes and develop pathogenicity based on post-translational protein-arginine modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Department of Biology I, Microbiology , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4 , D-82152 Planegg , Germany
| | - Franziska Koller
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Department of Biology I, Microbiology , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4 , D-82152 Planegg , Germany
| | - Ralph Krafczyk
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Department of Biology I, Microbiology , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4 , D-82152 Planegg , Germany
| | - Wolfram Volkwein
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Department of Biology I, Microbiology , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4 , D-82152 Planegg , Germany
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17
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Wiame E, Tahay G, Tyteca D, Vertommen D, Stroobant V, Bommer GT, Van Schaftingen E. NAT6 acetylates the N-terminus of different forms of actin. FEBS J 2018; 285:3299-3316. [PMID: 30028079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
All forms of mammalian actin comprise at their N-terminus a negatively charged region consisting of an N-acetylated aspartate or glutamate followed by two or three acidic residues. This structural feature is unique to actins and important for their interaction with other proteins. The enzyme catalyzing the acetylation of the N-terminal acidic residue is thought to be NAA10, an enzyme that acetylates multiple intracellular proteins. We report here that this acetylation is essentially carried out by NAT6 (Fus2), a protein of unknown function. Tests of the activity of human recombinant NAT6 on a series of purified proteins showed that the best substrate had several acidic residues near its N-terminus. Accordingly NAT6 was particularly active on highly acidic peptides with sequences corresponding to the N-terminus of different forms of mammalian actins. Knocking out of NAT6 in two human cell lines led to absence of acetylation of the first residue of mature beta-actin (Asp2) and gamma-actin-1 (Glu2). Complete acetylation of these two actins was restored by re-expression of NAT6, or by incubation of extracts of NAT6-deficient cells with low concentrations of recombinant NAT6, while NAA10 showed much less or no activity in such assays. Alpha-actin-1 expressed in NAT6-knockout cells was not acetylated at its N-terminus, indicating that the requirement of NAT6 for acetylation of actin N-termini also applies to the skeletal muscle actin isoform. Taken together, our findings reveal that NAT6 plays a critical role in the maturation of actins by carrying out the acetylation of their N-terminal acidic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Wiame
- Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Tahay
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Danchin A. Bacteria in the ageing gut: did the taming of fire promote a long human lifespan? Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1966-1987. [PMID: 29727052 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unique among animals as they evolved towards Homo sapiens, hominins progressively cooked their food on a routine basis. Cooked products are characterized by singular chemical compounds, derived from the pervasive Maillard reaction. This same reaction is omnipresent in normal metabolism involving carbonyls and amines, and its products accumulate with age. The gut microbiota acts as a first line of defence against the toxicity of cooked Maillard compounds, that also selectively shape the microbial flora, letting specific metabolites to reach the blood stream. Positive selection of metabolic functions allowed the body of hominins who tamed fire to use and dispose of these age-related compounds. I propose here that, as a hopeful accidental consequence, this resulted in extending human lifespan far beyond that of our great ape cousins. The limited data exploring the role of taming fire on the human genetic setup and on its microbiota is discussed in relation with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Danchin
- Integromics, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong University, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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19
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Biswas PK, Behrman EJ, Gopalan V. Characterization of a Salmonella sugar kinase essential for the utilization of fructose-asparagine. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:304-309. [PMID: 28177776 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can utilize fructose-asparagine (F-Asn), a naturally occurring Amadori product, as its sole carbon and nitrogen source. Conversion of F-Asn to the common intermediates glucose-6-phosphate, aspartate, and ammonia was predicted to involve the sequential action of an asparaginase, a kinase, and a deglycase. Mutants lacking the deglycase are highly attenuated in mouse models of intestinal inflammation owing to the toxic build-up of the deglycase substrate. The limited distribution of this metabolic pathway in the animal gut microbiome raises the prospects for antibacterial discovery. We report the biochemical characterization of the kinase that was expected to transform fructose-aspartate to 6-phosphofructose-aspartate during F-Asn utilization. In addition to confirming its anticipated function, we determined through studies of fructose-aspartate analogues that this kinase exhibits a substrate-specificity with greater tolerance to changes to the amino acid (including the d-isomer of aspartate) than to the sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Biswas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward J Behrman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Venkat Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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20
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Kröber M, Verwaaijen B, Wibberg D, Winkler A, Pühler A, Schlüter A. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the biocontrol strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 as response to biofilm formation analyzed by RNA sequencing. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:212-223. [PMID: 27312701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) and biocontrol agent known to keep infections of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) by the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani down. Several mechanisms, including the production of secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial properties and induction of the host plant's systemic resistance (ISR), were proposed to explain the biocontrol effect of the strain. B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is able to form plaques (biofilm-like structures) on plant roots and this feature was discussed to be associated with its biocontrol properties. For this reason, formation of B. amyloliquefaciens biofilms was studied at the transcriptional level using high-throughput sequencing of whole transcriptome cDNA libraries from cells grown under biofilm-forming conditions vs. planktonic growth. Comparison of the transcriptional profiles of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 under these growth conditions revealed a common set of highly transcribed genes mostly associated with basic cellular functions. The lci gene, encoding an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), was among the most highly transcribed genes of cells under both growth conditions suggesting that AMP production may contribute to biocontrol. In contrast, gene clusters coding for synthesis of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties were only moderately transcribed and not induced in biofilm-forming cells. Differential gene expression revealed that 331 genes were significantly up-regulated and 230 genes were down-regulated in the transcriptome of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 under biofilm-forming conditions in comparison to planktonic cells. Among the most highly up-regulated genes, the yvqHI operon, coding for products involved in nisin (class I bacteriocin) resistance, was identified. In addition, an operon whose products play a role in fructosamine metabolism was enhanced in its transcription. Moreover, genes involved in the production of the extracellular biofilm matrix including exopolysaccharide genes (eps) and the yqxM-tasA-sipW operon encoding amyloid fiber synthesis were up-regulated in the B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 biofilm. On the other hand, highly down-regulated genes in biofilms are associated with synthesis, assembly and regulation of the flagellar apparatus, the degradation of aromatic compounds and the export of copper. The obtained transcriptional profile for B. amyloliquefaciens biofilm cells uncovered genes involved in its development and enabled the assessment that synthesis of secondary metabolites among other factors may contribute to the biocontrol properties of the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kröber
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bart Verwaaijen
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlüter
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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21
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Kameya M, Tsugawa W, Yamada-Tajima M, Hatada M, Suzuki K, Sakaguchi-Mikami A, Ferri S, Klonoff DC, Sode K. Electrochemical sensing system employing fructosamine 6-kinase enables glycated albumin measurement requiring no proteolytic digestion. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:797-804. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kameya
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamada-Tajima
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mika Hatada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akane Sakaguchi-Mikami
- D epartment of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Bionics, Computer and Media Sciences; Tokyo University of Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Stefano Ferri
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; Tokyo Japan
| | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute; Mills-Peninsula Health Services; San Mateo California USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
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22
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A Mannose Family Phosphotransferase System Permease and Associated Enzymes Are Required for Utilization of Fructoselysine and Glucoselysine in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2831-9. [PMID: 26100043 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00339-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium, a major cause of food-borne illness, is capable of using a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources. Fructoselysine and glucoselysine are Maillard reaction products formed by the reaction of glucose or fructose, respectively, with the ε-amine group of lysine. We report here that S. Typhimurium utilizes fructoselysine and glucoselysine as carbon and nitrogen sources via a mannose family phosphotransferase (PTS) encoded by gfrABCD (glucoselysine/fructoselysine PTS components EIIA, EIIB, EIIC, and EIID; locus numbers STM14_5449 to STM14_5454 in S. Typhimurium 14028s). Genes coding for two predicted deglycases within the gfr operon, gfrE and gfrF, were required for growth with glucoselysine and fructoselysine, respectively. GfrF demonstrated fructoselysine-6-phosphate deglycase activity in a coupled enzyme assay. The biochemical and genetic analyses were consistent with a pathway in which fructoselysine and glucoselysine are phosphorylated at the C-6 position of the sugar by the GfrABCD PTS as they are transported across the membrane. The resulting fructoselysine-6-phosphate and glucoselysine-6-phosphate subsequently are cleaved by GfrF and GfrE to form lysine and glucose-6-phosphate or fructose-6-phosphate. Interestingly, although S. Typhimurium can use lysine derived from fructoselysine or glucoselysine as a sole nitrogen source, it cannot use exogenous lysine as a nitrogen source to support growth. Expression of gfrABCDEF was dependent on the alternative sigma factor RpoN (σ(54)) and an RpoN-dependent LevR-like activator, which we designated GfrR. IMPORTANCE Salmonella physiology has been studied intensively, but there is much we do not know regarding the repertoire of nutrients these bacteria are able to use for growth. This study shows that a previously uncharacterized PTS and associated enzymes function together to transport and catabolize fructoselysine and glucoselysine. Knowledge of the range of nutrients that Salmonella utilizes is important, as it could lead to the development of new strategies for reducing the load of Salmonella in food animals, thereby mitigating its entry into the human food supply.
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Kameya M, Sakaguchi-Mikami A, Ferri S, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Advancing the development of glycated protein biosensing technology: next-generation sensing molecules. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 9:183-91. [PMID: 25627465 PMCID: PMC4604589 DOI: 10.1177/1932296814565784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research advances in biochemical molecules have led to the development of convenient and reproducible biosensing molecules for glycated proteins, such as those based on the enzymes fructosyl amino acid oxidase (FAOX) or fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX). Recently, more attractive biosensing molecules with potential applications in next-generation biosensing of glycated proteins have been aggressively reported. We review 2 such molecules, fructosamine 6-kinase (FN6K) and fructosyl amino acid-binding protein, as well as their recent applications in the development of glycated protein biosensing systems. Research on FN6K and fructosyl amino acid-binding protein has been opening up new possibilities for the development of highly sensitive and proteolytic-digestion-free biosensing systems for glycated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kameya
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Sakaguchi-Mikami
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Bionics, Computer and Media Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefano Ferri
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology & Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan Ultizyme International Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Ramos PIP, Picão RC, Almeida LGPD, Lima NCB, Girardello R, Vivan ACP, Xavier DE, Barcellos FG, Pelisson M, Vespero EC, Médigue C, Vasconcelos ATRD, Gales AC, Nicolás MF. Comparative analysis of the complete genome of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Kp13 reveals remarkable genome plasticity and a wide repertoire of virulence and resistance mechanisms. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:54. [PMID: 24450656 PMCID: PMC3904158 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections. A wide repertoire of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes is present in K. pneumoniae genomes, which can constitute extra challenges in the treatment of infections caused by some strains. K. pneumoniae Kp13 is a multidrug-resistant strain responsible for causing a large nosocomial outbreak in a teaching hospital located in Southern Brazil. Kp13 produces K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC-2) but is unrelated to isolates belonging to ST 258 and ST 11, the main clusters associated with the worldwide dissemination of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae. In this report, we perform a genomic comparison between Kp13 and each of the following three K. pneumoniae genomes: MGH 78578, NTUH-K2044 and 342. Results We have completely determined the genome of K. pneumoniae Kp13, which comprises one chromosome (5.3 Mbp) and six plasmids (0.43 Mbp). Several virulence and resistance determinants were identified in strain Kp13. Specifically, we detected genes coding for six beta-lactamases (SHV-12, OXA-9, TEM-1, CTX-M-2, SHV-110 and KPC-2), eight adhesin-related gene clusters, including regions coding for types 1 (fim) and 3 (mrk) fimbrial adhesins. The rmtG plasmidial 16S rRNA methyltransferase gene was also detected, as well as efflux pumps belonging to five different families. Mutations upstream the OmpK35 porin-encoding gene were evidenced, possibly affecting its expression. SNPs analysis relative to the compared strains revealed 141 mutations falling within CDSs related to drug resistance which could also influence the Kp13 lifestyle. Finally, the genetic apparatus for synthesis of the yersiniabactin siderophore was identified within a plasticity region. Chromosomal architectural analysis allowed for the detection of 13 regions of difference in Kp13 relative to the compared strains. Conclusions Our results indicate that the plasticity occurring at many hierarchical levels (from whole genomic segments to individual nucleotide bases) may play a role on the lifestyle of K. pneumoniae Kp13 and underlie the importance of whole-genome sequencing to study bacterial pathogens. The general chromosomal structure was somewhat conserved among the compared bacteria, and recombination events with consequent gain/loss of genomic segments appears to be driving the evolution of these strains.
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Sakaguchi-Mikami A, Kameya M, Ferri S, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Cloning and characterization of fructosamine-6-kinase from Arthrobacter aurescens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:710-7. [PMID: 23609907 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fructosamine-6-kinases (FN6Ks) that catalyze phosphorylation of glycated amino acids, i.e., fructosyl amino acids (FAs), have been shown as a potential recognition element for glycated protein detection. However, there are only two available FN6Ks: those from Escherichia coli which is specific for ε-fructosyl lysine (ε-FK) and Bacillus subtilis which recognizes both ε-FK and α-FA as substrates. In this study, we characterized an FN6K homologue isolated from Arthrobacter, some of whose species are reported to assimilate FA. The BLAST searches of Arthrobacter genomic database, using the bacterial FN6K primary structure information, revealed the presence of an FN6K homologue in Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 strain. Indeed, enzymatic assays confirmed that the putative FN6K from A. aurescens is an FN6K that is specific for ε-FK, although the primary sequence alignments showed similarity of A. aurescens FN6Ks with FN6Ks from B. subtilis and E. coli at the same level. In this study, we describe for the first time the presence of FN6K in Arthrobacter spp. and ε-FK-specific degradation pathway from Gram-positive bacteria, providing important information for the development of FA-recognizing molecules as well as for the FA assimilation system in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Sakaguchi-Mikami
- Graduate School of Bionics, Computer and Media Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
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26
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Kojima K, Mikami-Sakaguchi A, Kameya M, Miyamoto Y, Ferri S, Tsugawa W, Sode K. Substrate specificity engineering of Escherichia coli derived fructosamine 6-kinase. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:253-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Atanasova A, Handzhiyski Y, Sredovska-Bozhinov A, Popova E, Odjakova M, Datsenko K, Wanner BL, Ivanov I, Mironova R. Substrate Specificity of the Escherichia ColiF RLB Amadoriase. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2012. [DOI: 10.5504/50yrtimb.2011.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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28
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Genetic control of amadori product degradation in Bacillus subtilis via regulation of frlBONMD expression by FrlR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2839-46. [PMID: 21398478 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02515-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is capable of degrading fructosamines. The phosphorylation and the cleavage of the resulting fructosamine 6-phosphates is catalyzed by the frlD and frlB gene products, respectively. This study addresses the physiological importance of the frlBONMD genes (formerly yurPONML), revealing the necessity of their expression for growth on fructosamines and focusing on the complex regulation of the corresponding transcription unit. In addition to the known regulation by the global transcriptional regulator CodY, the frl genes are repressed by the convergently transcribed FrlR (formerly YurK). The latter causes repression during growth on substrates other than fructosamines. Additionally, we identified in the first intergenic region of the operon an FrlR binding site which is centrally located within a 38-bp perfect palindromic sequence. There is genetic evidence that this sequence, in combination with FrlR, contributes to the remarkable decrease in the transcription downstream of the first gene of the frl operon.
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29
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Enzymatic deglycation of Amadori products in bacteria: mechanisms, occurrence and physiological functions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:399-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Van Schaftingen E, Collard F, Wiame E, Veiga-da-Cunha M. Enzymatic repair of Amadori products. Amino Acids 2010; 42:1143-50. [PMID: 20967558 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein deglycation, a new form of protein repair, involves several enzymes. Fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K), an enzyme found in mammals and birds, phosphorylates fructosamines on the third carbon of their sugar moiety, making them unstable and causing them to detach from proteins. This enzyme acts particularly well on fructose-epsilon-lysine, both in free form and in the accessible regions of proteins. Mice deficient in FN3K accumulate protein-bound fructosamines and free fructoselysine, indicating that the deglycation mechanism initiated by FN3K is operative in vivo. Mammals and birds also have an enzyme designated 'FN3K-related protein' (FN3KRP), which shares ≈ 65% sequence identity with FN3K. Unlike FN3K, FN3KRP does not phosphorylate fructosamines, but acts on ribulosamines and erythrulosamines. As with FN3K, the third carbon is phosphorylated and this leads to destabilization of the ketoamines. Experiments with intact erythrocytes indicate that FN3KRP is also a protein-repair enzyme. Its physiological substrates are most likely formed from ribose 5-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate, which give rise to ketoamine 5- or 4-phosphates. The latter are dephosphorylated by 'low-molecular-weight protein-tyrosine-phosphatase-A' (LMW-PTP-A) before FN3KRP transfers a phosphate on the third carbon. The specificity of FN3K homologues present in plants and bacteria is similar to that of mammalian FN3KRP, suggesting that deglycation of ribulosamines and/or erythrulosamines is an ancient mechanism. Mammalian cells contain also a phosphatase acting on fructosamine 6-phosphates, which result from the reaction of proteins with glucose 6-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Van Schaftingen
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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31
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32
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Genetic and biochemical analysis of CodY-binding sites in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:1224-36. [PMID: 18083814 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01780-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CodY is a global transcriptional regulator that is known to control directly the expression of at least two dozen operons in Bacillus subtilis, but the rules that govern the binding of CodY to its target DNA have been unclear. Using DNase I footprinting experiments, we identified CodY-binding sites upstream of the B. subtilis ylmA and yurP genes. The protected regions overlapped versions of a previously proposed CodY-binding consensus motif, AATTTTCWGAAAATT. Multiple single mutations were introduced into the CodY-binding sites of the ylmA, yurP, dppA, and ilvB genes. The mutations affected both the affinity of CodY for its binding sites in vitro and the expression in vivo of lacZ fusions that carry these mutations in their promoter regions. Our results show that versions of the AATTTTCWGAAAATT motif, first identified for Lactococcus lactis CodY, with up to five mismatches play an important role in the interaction of B. subtilis CodY with DNA.
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33
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Clp-dependent proteolysis down-regulates central metabolic pathways in glucose-starved Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:321-31. [PMID: 17981983 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01233-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry into stationary phase in Bacillus subtilis is linked not only to a redirection of the gene expression program but also to posttranslational events such as protein degradation. Using 35S-labeled methionine pulse-chase labeling and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis we monitored the intracellular proteolysis pattern during glucose starvation. Approximately 200 protein spots diminished in the wild-type cells during an 8-h time course. The degradation rate of at least 80 proteins was significantly reduced in clpP, clpC, and clpX mutant strains. Enzymes of amino acid and nucleotide metabolism were overrepresented among these Clp substrate candidates. Notably, several first-committed-step enzymes for biosynthesis of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, cell wall precursors, purines, and pyrimidines appeared as putative Clp substrates. Radioimmunoprecipitation demonstrated GlmS, IlvB, PurF, and PyrB to be novel ClpCP targets. Our data imply that Clp proteases down-regulate central metabolic pathways upon entry into a nongrowing state and thus contribute to the adaptation to nutrient starvation. Proteins that are obviously nonfunctional, unprotected, or even "unemployed" seem to be recognized and proteolyzed by Clp proteases when the resources for growth become limited.
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Zaharik ML, Lamb SS, Baker KE, Krogan NJ, Neuhard J, Kelln RA. Mutations in yhiT enable utilization of exogenous pyrimidine intermediates in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:2472-2482. [PMID: 17660412 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/007583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutants capable of utilizing the pyrimidine biosynthetic intermediates carbamoylaspartate and dihydroorotate for growth were derived from pyrimidine auxotrophs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. The gain-of-function phenotypes both resulted from mutations in a single gene, yhiT, the third gene of a putative four-gene operon, yhiVUTS, for which there is no homologous region in Escherichia coli. Notably, when a mutant yhiT allele was transferred to a pyrimidine-requiring E. coli strain, the transformant was then capable of using carbamoylaspartate or dihydrorotate as a pyrimidine source. The operon arrangement of the yhiVUTS genes was supported by genetic analyses and studies employing RT-PCR, coupled to the determination of the transcriptional start site using 5'-random amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Computer-generated predictions indicated that YhiT is an integral membrane protein with 12 putative transmembrane domains typical of bacterial transport proteins. Competition experiments showed that mutant YhiT interacts with the C4-dicarboxylates succinate and malate, as well as the amino acids aspartate and asparagine. The native function of wild-type YhiT remains undetermined, but the collective results are consistent with a role as a general transporter of C4-dicarboxylates and other compounds with a similar basic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Zaharik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Sherry S Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Kristian E Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Jan Neuhard
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK1307, Denmark
| | - Rod A Kelln
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
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Fortpied J, Maliekal P, Vertommen D, Van Schaftingen E. Magnesium-dependent Phosphatase-1 Is a Protein-Fructosamine-6-phosphatase Potentially Involved in Glycation Repair. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18378-85. [PMID: 16670083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513208200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) is a recently described protein-repair enzyme responsible for the removal of fructosamines, which are the products of a spontaneous reaction of glucose with amines. We show here that, compared with glucose, glucose 6-phosphate (Glu-6-P) reacted 3-6-fold more rapidly with proteins and 8-fold more rapidly with N-alpha-t-Boc-lysine, being therefore a more significant intracellular glycating agent than glucose in skeletal muscle and heart. Fructosamine 6-phosphates, which result from the reaction of amines with Glu-6-P, were not substrates for FN3K. However, a phosphatase that dephosphorylates protein-bound fructosamine 6-phosphates was found to be present in rat tissues. This enzyme was purified to near homogeneity from skeletal muscle and was identified as magnesium-dependent phosphatase-1 (MDP-1), an enzyme of the haloacid dehalogenase family with a putative protein-tyrosine phosphatase function. Human recombinant MDP-1 acted on protein-bound fructosamine 6-phosphates with a catalytic efficiency >10-fold higher than those observed with its next best substrates (arabinose 5-phosphate and free fructoselysine 6-phosphate) and >100-fold higher than with protein-phosphotyrosine. It had no detectable activity on fructosamine 3-phosphates. MDP-1 dephosphorylated up to approximately 75% of the fructosamine 6-phosphates that are present on lysozyme after incubation of this protein with Glu-6-P. Furthermore, lysozyme glycated with Glu-6-P was converted by MDP-1 to a substrate for FN3K. We conclude that MDP-1 may act physiologically in conjunction with FN3K to free proteins from the glycation products derived from Glu-6-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Fortpied
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Kardon T, Noël G, Vertommen D, Schaftingen EV. Identification of the gene encoding hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, an enzyme that metabolizes 4-hydroxybutyrate. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2347-50. [PMID: 16616524 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To identify the sequence of hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (HOT), responsible for the oxidation of 4-hydroxybutyrate in mammalian tissues, we have purified this enzyme from rat liver and obtained partial sequences of proteins coeluting with the enzymatic activity in the last purification step. One of the identified proteins was 'iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase', an enzyme encoded by a gene present on human chromosome 8q 13.1 and distantly related to bacterial 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. The identification of this protein as HOT was confirmed by showing that overexpression of the mouse homologue in HEK cells resulted in the appearance of an enzyme catalyzing the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent oxidation of 4-hydroxybutyrate to succinate semialdehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kardon
- Université catholique de Louvain and ICP, UCL 7539, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Wiame E, Lamosa P, Santos H, Van Schaftingen E. Identification of glucoselysine-6-phosphate deglycase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the fructation product glucoselysine. Biochem J 2006; 392:263-9. [PMID: 16153181 PMCID: PMC1316261 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of the glycation product fructose-epsilon-lysine in Escherichia coli involves its ATP-dependent phosphorylation by a specific kinase (FrlD), followed by the conversion of fructoselysine 6-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate and lysine by fructoselysine-6-phosphate deglycase (FrlB), which is distantly related to the isomerase domain of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase. As shown in the present work, several bacterial operons comprise: (1) a homologue of fructoselysine-6-phosphate deglycase; (2) a second homologue of the isomerase domain of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, more closely related to it; and (3) components of a novel phosphotransferase system, but no FrlD homologue. The FrlB homologue (GfrF) and the closer glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase homologue (GfrE) encoded by an Enterococcus faecium operon were expressed in E. coli and purified. Similar to FrlB, GfrF catalysed the reversible conversion of fructoselysine 6-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate and lysine. When incubated with fructose 6-phosphate and elevated concentrations of lysine, GfrE catalysed the formation of a compound identified as 2-epsilon-lysino-2-deoxy-6-phospho-glucose (glucoselysine 6-phosphate) by NMR. GfrE also catalysed the reciprocal conversion, i.e. the formation of fructose 6-phosphate (but not glucose 6-phosphate) from glucoselysine 6-phosphate. The equilibrium constant of this reaction (0.8 M) suggests that the enzyme serves to degrade glucoselysine 6-phosphate. In conclusion, GfrF and GfrE serve to metabolize glycation products formed from lysine and glucose (fructoselysine) or fructose (glucoselysine), via their 6-phospho derivatives. The latter are presumably formed by the putative phosphotransferase system encoded by gfrA-gfrD. The designation gfr (glycation and fructation product degradation) is proposed for this operon. This is the first description of an enzyme participating in the metabolism of fructation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Wiame
- *Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and the Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro Lamosa
- †Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Apartado 127, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena Santos
- †Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Apartado 127, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- *Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and the Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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