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Gui J, Zhou H, Wan H, Yang D, Liu Q, Zhu L, Mi Y. The Role of Vasodilator-stimulated Phosphoproteins in the Development of Malignant Tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:477-489. [PMID: 37962042 PMCID: PMC11092557 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096262439231023110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is an actin-binding protein that includes three structural domains: Enabled/VASP homolog1 (EVH1), EVH2, and proline-rich (PRR). VASP plays an important role in various cellular behaviors related to cytoskeletal regulation. More importantly, VASP plays a key role in the progression of several malignant tumors and is associated with malignant cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we have summarized current studies on the impact of VASP on the development of several malignant tumors and their mechanisms. This study provides a new theoretical basis for clinical molecular diagnosis and molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Gui
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihudadao, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hangsheng Zhou
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihudadao, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongyuan Wan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihudadao, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
- Huadong Sanatorium, 67 Dajishan, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Montaño-Rendón F, Walpole GF, Krause M, Hammond GR, Grinstein S, Fairn GD. PtdIns(3,4)P2, Lamellipodin, and VASP coordinate actin dynamics during phagocytosis in macrophages. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202207042. [PMID: 36165850 PMCID: PMC9521245 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are pivotal regulators of vesicular traffic and signaling during phagocytosis. Phagosome formation, the initial step of the process, is characterized by local membrane remodeling and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton that leads to formation of the pseudopods that drive particle engulfment. Using genetically encoded fluorescent probes, we found that upon particle engagement a localized pool of PtdIns(3,4)P2 is generated by the sequential activities of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases and phosphoinositide 5-phosphatases. Depletion of this locally generated pool of PtdIns(3,4)P2 blocks pseudopod progression and ultimately phagocytosis. We show that the PtdIns(3,4)P2 effector Lamellipodin (Lpd) is recruited to nascent phagosomes by PtdIns(3,4)P2. Furthermore, we show that silencing of Lpd inhibits phagocytosis and produces aberrant pseudopodia with disorganized actin filaments. Finally, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) was identified as a key actin-regulatory protein mediating phagosome formation downstream of Lpd. Mechanistically, our findings imply that a pathway involving PtdIns(3,4)P2, Lpd, and VASP mediates phagocytosis at the stage of particle engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Montaño-Rendón
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glenn F.W. Walpole
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gerald R.V. Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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3
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Kage F, Döring H, Mietkowska M, Schaks M, Grüner F, Stahnke S, Steffen A, Müsken M, Stradal TEB, Rottner K. Lamellipodia-like actin networks in cells lacking WAVE regulatory complex. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276259. [PMID: 35971979 PMCID: PMC9511706 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration frequently involves the formation of lamellipodia induced by Rac GTPases activating WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to drive Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin assembly. Previous genome editing studies in B16-F1 melanoma cells solidified the view of an essential, linear pathway employing the aforementioned components. Here, disruption of the WRC subunit Nap1 (encoded by Nckap1) and its paralog Hem1 (encoded by Nckap1l) followed by serum and growth factor stimulation, or active GTPase expression, revealed a pathway to formation of Arp2/3 complex-dependent lamellipodia-like structures (LLS) that requires both Rac and Cdc42 GTPases, but not WRC. These phenotypes were independent of the WRC subunit eliminated and coincided with the lack of recruitment of Ena/VASP family actin polymerases. Moreover, aside from Ena/VASP proteins, LLS contained all lamellipodial regulators tested, including cortactin (also known as CTTN), the Ena/VASP ligand lamellipodin (also known as RAPH1) and FMNL subfamily formins. Rac-dependent but WRC-independent actin remodeling could also be triggered in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by growth factor (HGF) treatment or by gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes usurping HGF receptor signaling for host cell invasion. Taken together, our studies thus establish the existence of a signaling axis to Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin remodeling at the cell periphery that operates without WRC and Ena/VASP. Summary: Rac-dependent actin remodeling can occur in the absence of WAVE regulatory complex, triggered by active Cdc42. WAVE regulatory complex-independent actin structures harbor Arp2/3 complex but not VASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franziska Grüner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Faix J, Rottner K. Ena/VASP proteins in cell edge protrusion, migration and adhesion. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274697. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The tightly coordinated, spatiotemporal control of actin filament remodeling provides the basis of fundamental cellular processes, such as cell migration and adhesion. Specific protein assemblies, composed of various actin-binding proteins, are thought to operate in these processes to nucleate and elongate new filaments, arrange them into complex three-dimensional (3D) arrays and recycle them to replenish the actin monomer pool. Actin filament assembly is not only necessary to generate pushing forces against the leading edge membrane or to propel pathogens through the cytoplasm, but also coincides with the generation of stress fibers (SFs) and focal adhesions (FAs) that generate, transmit and sense mechanical tension. The only protein families known to date that directly enhance the elongation of actin filaments are formins and the family of Ena/VASP proteins. Their mechanisms of action, however, in enhancing processive filament elongation are distinct. The aim of this Review is to summarize our current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of Ena/VASP-mediated actin filament assembly, and to discuss recent insights into the cell biological functions of Ena/VASP proteins in cell edge protrusion, migration and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Sari-Ak D, Torres-Gomez A, Yazicioglu YF, Christofides A, Patsoukis N, Lafuente EM, Boussiotis VA. Structural, biochemical, and functional properties of the Rap1-Interacting Adaptor Molecule (RIAM). Biomed J 2021; 45:289-298. [PMID: 34601137 PMCID: PMC9250098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes, the leading players of immune system, are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells during transmigration or to antigen presenting cells during T cell activation, requires integrin activation through a process termed inside-out integrin signaling. In hematopoietic cells, Rap1 and its downstream effector RIAM (Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule) form a cornerstone for inside-out integrin activation. The Rap1/RIAM pathway is involved in signal integration for activation, actin remodeling and cytoskeletal reorganization in T cells, as well as in myeloid cell differentiation and function. RIAM is instrumental for phagocytosis, a process requiring particle recognition, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane protrusion for engulfment and digestion. In the present review, we discuss the structural and molecular properties of RIAM and the recent discoveries regarding the functional role of the Rap1/RIAM module in hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sari-Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Alvaro Torres-Gomez
- School of Medicine, Unit of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yavuz-Furkan Yazicioglu
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Esther M Lafuente
- School of Medicine, Unit of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215.
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6
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Ji B, Skup M. Roles of palmitoylation in structural long-term synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2021; 14:8. [PMID: 33430908 PMCID: PMC7802216 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are important cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent LTP and LTD play especially crucial roles in these functions, and their expression depends on changes in the number and single channel conductance of the major ionotropic glutamate receptor α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) located on the postsynaptic membrane. Structural changes in dendritic spines comprise the morphological platform and support for molecular changes in the execution of synaptic plasticity and memory storage. At the molecular level, spine morphology is directly determined by actin cytoskeleton organization within the spine and indirectly stabilized and consolidated by scaffold proteins at the spine head. Palmitoylation, as a uniquely reversible lipid modification with the ability to regulate protein membrane localization and trafficking, plays significant roles in the structural and functional regulation of LTP and LTD. Altered structural plasticity of dendritic spines is also considered a hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders, while genetic evidence strongly links abnormal brain function to impaired palmitoylation. Numerous studies have indicated that palmitoylation contributes to morphological spine modifications. In this review, we have gathered data showing that the regulatory proteins that modulate the actin network and scaffold proteins related to AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission also undergo palmitoylation and play roles in modifying spine architecture during structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjun Ji
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Skup
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Dimchev G, Amiri B, Humphries AC, Schaks M, Dimchev V, Stradal TEB, Faix J, Krause M, Way M, Falcke M, Rottner K. Lamellipodin tunes cell migration by stabilizing protrusions and promoting adhesion formation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239020. [PMID: 32094266 PMCID: PMC7157940 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient migration on adhesive surfaces involves the protrusion of lamellipodial actin networks and their subsequent stabilization by nascent adhesions. The actin-binding protein lamellipodin (Lpd) is thought to play a critical role in lamellipodium protrusion, by delivering Ena/VASP proteins onto the growing plus ends of actin filaments and by interacting with the WAVE regulatory complex, an activator of the Arp2/3 complex, at the leading edge. Using B16-F1 melanoma cell lines, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of Lpd compromises protrusion efficiency and coincident cell migration without altering essential parameters of lamellipodia, including their maximal rate of forward advancement and actin polymerization. We also confirmed lamellipodia and migration phenotypes with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Lpd knockout Rat2 fibroblasts, excluding cell type-specific effects. Moreover, computer-aided analysis of cell-edge morphodynamics on B16-F1 cell lamellipodia revealed that loss of Lpd correlates with reduced temporal protrusion maintenance as a prerequisite of nascent adhesion formation. We conclude that Lpd optimizes protrusion and nascent adhesion formation by counteracting frequent, chaotic retraction and membrane ruffling.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Behnam Amiri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashley C Humphries
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dimchev
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Centre of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Martin Falcke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Patsoukis N, Bardhan K, Weaver JD, Sari D, Torres-Gomez A, Li L, Strauss L, Lafuente EM, Boussiotis VA. The adaptor molecule RIAM integrates signaling events critical for integrin-mediated control of immune function and cancer progression. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/493/eaam8298. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam8298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Soman KV, Stafford SJ, Pazdrak K, Wu Z, Luo X, White WI, Wiktorowicz JE, Calhoun WJ, Kurosky A. Activation of Human Peripheral Blood Eosinophils by Cytokines in a Comparative Time-Course Proteomic/Phosphoproteomic Study. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2663-2679. [PMID: 28679203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated eosinophils contribute to airway dysfunction and tissue remodeling in asthma and thus are considered to be important factors in asthma pathology. We report here comparative proteomic and phosphoproteomic changes upon activation of eosinophils using eight cytokines individually and in selected cytokine combinations in time-course reactions. Differential protein and phosphoprotein expressions were determined by mass spectrometry after 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) and by LC-MS/MS. We found that each cytokine-stimulation produced significantly different changes in the eosinophil proteome and phosphoproteome, with phosphoproteomic changes being more pronounced and having an earlier onset. Furthermore, we observed that IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 showed the greatest change in protein expression and phosphorylation, and this expression differed markedly from those of the other five cytokines evaluated. Comprehensive univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed to evaluate the comparative results. We also monitored eosinophil activation using flow cytometry (FC) analysis of CD69. In agreement with our proteomic studies, FC indicated that IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 were more effective than the other five cytokines studied in stimulating a cell surface CD69 increase indicative of eosinophil activation. Moreover, selected combinations of cytokines revealed proteomic patterns with many proteins in common with single cytokine expression patterns but also showed a greater effect of the two cytokines employed, indicating a more complex signaling pathway that was reflective of a more typical inflammatory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizhake V Soman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Susan J Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Konrad Pazdrak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Xuemei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Wendy I White
- MedImmune LLC , One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - John E Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Institute for Human Immunity & Infection, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - William J Calhoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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10
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Brain specific Lamellipodin knockout results in hyperactivity and increased anxiety of mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5365. [PMID: 28710397 PMCID: PMC5511208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodin (Lpd) functions as an important signalling integrator downstream of growth factor and axon guidance receptors. Mechanistically, Lpd promotes actin polymerization by interacting with F-actin and the actin effectors Ena/VASP proteins and the SCAR/WAVE complex. Thereby, Lpd supports lamellipodia protrusion, cell migration and endocytosis. In the mammalian central nervous system, Lpd contributes to neuronal morphogenesis, neuronal migration during development and its C. elegans orthologue MIG-10 also supports synaptogenesis. However, the consequences of loss of Lpd in the CNS on behaviour are unknown. In our current study, we crossed our Lpd conditional knockout mice with a mouse line expressing Cre under the CNS specific Nestin promoter to restrict the genetic ablation of Lpd to the central nervous system. Detailed behavioural analysis of the resulting Nestin-Cre-Lpd knockout mouse line revealed a specific behavioural phenotype characterised by hyperactivity and increased anxiety.
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11
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Phosphatidylinositol (3,4) bisphosphate-specific phosphatases and effector proteins: A distinct branch of PI3K signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Chazeau A, Mehidi A, Nair D, Gautier JJ, Leduc C, Chamma I, Kage F, Kechkar A, Thoumine O, Rottner K, Choquet D, Gautreau A, Sibarita JB, Giannone G. Nanoscale segregation of actin nucleation and elongation factors determines dendritic spine protrusion. EMBO J 2014; 33:2745-64. [PMID: 25293574 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics drive morphological remodeling of neuronal dendritic spines and changes in synaptic transmission. Yet, the spatiotemporal coordination of actin regulators in spines is unknown. Using single protein tracking and super-resolution imaging, we revealed the nanoscale organization and dynamics of branched F-actin regulators in spines. Branched F-actin nucleation occurs at the PSD vicinity, while elongation occurs at the tip of finger-like protrusions. This spatial segregation differs from lamellipodia where both branched F-actin nucleation and elongation occur at protrusion tips. The PSD is a persistent confinement zone for IRSp53 and the WAVE complex, an activator of the Arp2/3 complex. In contrast, filament elongators like VASP and formin-like protein-2 move outwards from the PSD with protrusion tips. Accordingly, Arp2/3 complexes associated with F-actin are immobile and surround the PSD. Arp2/3 and Rac1 GTPase converge to the PSD, respectively, by cytosolic and free-diffusion on the membrane. Enhanced Rac1 activation and Shank3 over-expression, both associated with spine enlargement, induce delocalization of the WAVE complex from the PSD. Thus, the specific localization of branched F-actin regulators in spines might be reorganized during spine morphological remodeling often associated with synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaël Chazeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Amine Mehidi
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Deepak Nair
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérémie J Gautier
- CNRS UPR3082, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Leduc
- University Bordeaux, LP2N, Talence, France CNRS & Institut d'Optique, LP2N, Talence, France
| | - Ingrid Chamma
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Adel Kechkar
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Choquet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis Gautreau
- CNRS UPR3082, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Grégory Giannone
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
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13
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Chen XJ, Squarr AJ, Stephan R, Chen B, Higgins TE, Barry DJ, Martin MC, Rosen MK, Bogdan S, Way M. Ena/VASP proteins cooperate with the WAVE complex to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Dev Cell 2014; 30:569-84. [PMID: 25203209 PMCID: PMC4165403 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ena/VASP proteins and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) regulate cell motility by virtue of their ability to independently promote actin polymerization. We demonstrate that Ena/VASP and the WRC control actin polymerization in a cooperative manner through the interaction of the Ena/VASP EVH1 domain with an extended proline rich motif in Abi. This interaction increases cell migration and enables VASP to cooperatively enhance WRC stimulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin assembly in vitro in the presence of Rac. Loss of this interaction in Drosophila macrophages results in defects in lamellipodia formation, cell spreading, and redistribution of Ena to the tips of filopodia-like extensions. Rescue experiments of abi mutants also reveals a physiological requirement for the Abi:Ena interaction in photoreceptor axon targeting and oogenesis. Our data demonstrate that the activities of Ena/VASP and the WRC are intimately linked to ensure optimal control of actin polymerization during cell migration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Judy Chen
- Cell Motility Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Anna Julia Squarr
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Muenster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Raiko Stephan
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Muenster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Theresa E Higgins
- Cell Motility Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - David J Barry
- Cell Motility Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Morag C Martin
- Cell Motility Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Muenster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Michael Way
- Cell Motility Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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14
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Tape CJ, Norrie IC, Worboys JD, Lim L, Lauffenburger DA, Jørgensen C. Cell-specific labeling enzymes for analysis of cell-cell communication in continuous co-culture. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1866-76. [PMID: 24820872 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o113.037119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the orthologous screening, engineering, and optimization of amino acid conversion enzymes for cell-specific proteomic labeling. Intracellular endoplasmic-reticulum-anchored Mycobacterium tuberculosis diaminopimelate decarboxylase (DDC(M.tub-KDEL)) confers cell-specific meso-2,6-diaminopimelate-dependent proliferation to multiple eukaryotic cell types. Optimized lysine racemase (Lyr(M37-KDEL)) supports D-lysine specific proliferation and efficient cell-specific isotopic labeling. When ectopically expressed in discrete cell types, these enzymes confer 90% cell-specific isotopic labeling efficiency after 10 days of co-culture. Moreover, DDC(M.tub-KDEL) and Lyr(M37-KDEL) facilitate equally high cell-specific labeling fidelity without daily media exchange. Consequently, the reported novel enzyme pairing can be used to study cell-specific signaling in uninterrupted, continuous co-cultures. Demonstrating the importance of increased labeling stability for addressing novel biological questions, we compare the cell-specific phosphoproteome of fibroblasts in direct co-culture with epithelial tumor cells in both interrupted (daily media exchange) and continuous (no media exchange) co-cultures. This analysis identified multiple cell-specific phosphorylation sites specifically regulated in the continuous co-culture. Given their applicability to multiple cell types, continuous co-culture labeling fidelity, and suitability for long-term cell-cell phospho-signaling experiments, we propose DDC(M.tub-KDEL) and Lyr(M37-KDEL) as excellent enzymes for cell-specific labeling with amino acid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tape
- From the ‡Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK; §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ida C Norrie
- From the ‡Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jonathan D Worboys
- From the ‡Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Lindsay Lim
- From the ‡Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- §Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Claus Jørgensen
- From the ‡Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK;
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15
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Coló GP, Hernández-Varas P, Lock J, Bartolomé RA, Arellano-Sánchez N, Strömblad S, Teixidó J. Focal adhesion disassembly is regulated by a RIAM to MEK-1 pathway. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5338-52. [PMID: 22946047 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion require regulated turnover of integrin-dependent adhesion complexes. Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) is an adaptor protein that mediates talin recruitment to the cell membrane, and whose depletion leads to defective melanoma cell migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of RIAM in focal adhesion (FA) dynamics. RIAM-depleted melanoma and breast carcinoma cells displayed an increased number, size and stability of FAs, which accumulated centrally at the ventral cell surface, a phenotype caused by defective FA disassembly. Impairment in FA disassembly resulting from RIAM knockdown correlated with deficient integrin-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-Erk1/2 activation and, importantly, overexpression of constitutively active MEK resulted in rescue of FA disassembly and recovery of cell invasion. Furthermore, RIAM-promoted Ras homologue gene family, member A (RhoA) activation following integrin engagement was needed for subsequent Erk1/2 activation. In addition, RhoA overexpression partially rescued the FA phenotype in RIAM-depleted cells, also suggesting a functional role for RhoA downstream of RIAM, but upstream of Erk1/2. RIAM knockdown also led to enhanced phosphorylation of paxillin Tyr118 and Tyr31. However, expression of phosphomimetic and nonphosphorylatable mutants at these paxillin residues indicated that paxillin hyperphosphorylation is a subsequent consequence of the blockade of FA disassembly, but does not cause the FA phenotype. RIAM depletion also weakened the association between FA proteins, suggesting that it has important adaptor roles in the correct assembly of adhesion complexes. Our data suggest that integrin-triggered, RIAM-dependent MEK activation represents a key feedback event required for efficient FA disassembly, which could help explain the role of RIAM in cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina P Coló
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Coló GP, Lafuente EM, Teixidó J. The MRL proteins: adapting cell adhesion, migration and growth. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:861-8. [PMID: 22555291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MIG-10, RIAM and Lamellipodin (Lpd) are the founding members of the MRL family of multi-adaptor molecules. These proteins have common domain structures but display distinct functions in cell migration and adhesion, signaling, and in cell growth. The binding of RIAM with active Rap1 and with talin provides these MRL molecules with important regulatory roles on integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, RIAM and Lpd can regulate actin dynamics through their binding to actin regulatory Ena/VASP proteins. Recent data generated with the Drosophila MRL ortholog called Pico and with RIAM in melanoma cells indicate that these proteins can also regulate cell growth. As MRL proteins represent a relatively new family, many questions on their structure-function relationships remain unanswered, including regulation of their expression, post-translational modifications, new interactions, involvement in signaling and their knockout mice phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina P Coló
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Takala H, Ylänne J. Binding properties and stability of the Ras-association domain of Rap1-GTP interacting adapter molecule (RIAM). PLoS One 2012; 7:e31955. [PMID: 22523535 PMCID: PMC3327698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rap1-GTP interacting adapter protein (RIAM) is an important protein in Rap1-mediated integrin activation. By binding to both Rap1 GTPase and talin, RIAM recruits talin to the cell membrane, thus facilitating talin-dependent integrin activation. In this article, we studied the role of the RIAM Ras-association (RA) and pleckstrin-homology (PH) domains in the interaction with Rap1. We found that the RA domain was sufficient for GTP-dependent interaction with Rap1B, and the addition of the PH domain did not change the binding affinity. We also detected GTP-independent interaction of Rap1B with the N-terminus of RIAM. In addition, we found that the PH domain stabilized the RA domain both in vitro and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Ylänne
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
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18
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CCR7-mediated LFA-1 functions in T cells are regulated by 2 independent ADAP/SKAP55 modules. Blood 2011; 119:777-85. [PMID: 22117043 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-362269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The β2-integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) plays a crucial role within the immune system. It regulates the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells and facilitates T-cell adhesion to the endothelium, a process that is important for lymphocyte extravasation and homing. Signals mediated via the T-cell receptor and the chemokine receptor CCR7 activate LFA-1 through processes known as inside-out signaling. The molecular mechanisms underlying inside-out signaling are not completely understood. Here, we have assessed the role of the ADAP/SKAP55 module for CCR7-mediated signaling. We show that loss of the module delays homing and reduces intranodal T-cell motility in vivo. This is probably because of a defect in CCR7-mediated adhesion that affects both affinity and avidity regulation of LFA-1. Further analysis of how the ADAP/SKAP55 module regulates CCR7-induced integrin activation revealed that 2 independent pools of the module are expressed in T cells. One pool interacts with a RAPL/Mst1 complex, whereas the other pool is linked to a RIAM/Mst1/Kindlin-3 complex. Importantly, both the RAPL/Mst1 and the RIAM/Mst1/Kindlin-3 complexes require ADAP/SKAP55 for binding to LFA-1 upon CCR7 stimulation. Hence, 2 independent ADAP/SKAP55 modules are essential components of the signaling machinery that regulates affinity and avidity of LFA-1 in response to CCR7.
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19
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Michael M, Vehlow A, Navarro C, Krause M. c-Abl, Lamellipodin, and Ena/VASP proteins cooperate in dorsal ruffling of fibroblasts and axonal morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2010; 20:783-91. [PMID: 20417104 PMCID: PMC2946563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Tight regulation of cell motility is essential for many physiological processes, such as formation of a functional nervous system and wound healing. Drosophila Abl negatively regulates the actin cytoskeleton effector protein Ena during neuronal development in flies, and it has been postulated that this may occur through an unknown intermediary. Lamellipodin (Lpd) regulates cell motility and recruits Ena/VASP proteins (Ena, Mena, VASP, EVL) to the leading edge of cells. However, the regulation of this recruitment has remained unsolved. Results Here we show that Lpd is a substrate of Abl kinases and binds to the Abl SH2 domain. Phosphorylation of Lpd positively regulates the interaction between Lpd and Ena/VASP proteins. Consistently, efficient recruitment of Mena and EVL to Lpd at the leading edge requires Abl kinases. Furthermore, transient Lpd phosphorylation by Abl kinases upon netrin-1 stimulation of primary cortical neurons positively correlates with an increase in Lpd-Mena coprecipitation. Lpd is also transiently phosphorylated by Abl kinases upon platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation, regulates PDGF-induced dorsal ruffling of fibroblasts and axonal morphogenesis, and cooperates with c-Abl in an Ena/VASP-dependent manner. Conclusions Our findings suggest that Abl kinases positively regulate Lpd-Ena/VASP interaction, Ena/VASP recruitment to Lpd at the leading edge, and Lpd-Ena/VASP function in axonal morphogenesis and in PDGF-induced dorsal ruffling. Our data do not support the suggested negative regulatory role of Abl for Ena. Instead, we propose that Lpd is the hitherto unknown intermediary between Abl and Ena/VASP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Michael
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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20
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Patsoukis N, Lafuente EM, Meraner P, Kim JS, Dombkowski D, Li L, Boussiotis VA. RIAM regulates the cytoskeletal distribution and activation of PLC-gamma1 in T cells. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra79. [PMID: 19952372 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rap1-guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) plays a critical role in actin reorganization and inside-out activation of integrins in lymphocytes and platelets. We investigated the role of RIAM in T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling. Although phosphorylation of the kinase ZAP-70 and formation of a signalosome recruited to the adaptor protein LAT were unaffected, elimination of endogenous RIAM by short hairpin RNA impaired generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (Ca(2+)), and translocation of the transcription factor NFAT to the nucleus. The activation of Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein 1 was also impaired, which led to the diminished expression of the gene encoding interleukin-2. These events were associated with the impaired translocation of phosphorylated phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) to the actin cytoskeleton, which was required to bring PLC-gamma1 close to its substrate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, and were reversed by reconstitution of cells with RIAM. Thus, by regulating the localization of PLC-gamma1, RIAM plays a central role in TCR signaling and the transcription of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Department of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Center for Life Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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21
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Horn J, Wang X, Reichardt P, Stradal TE, Warnecke N, Simeoni L, Gunzer M, Yablonski D, Schraven B, Kliche S. Src homology 2-domain containing leukocyte-specific phosphoprotein of 76 kDa is mandatory for TCR-mediated inside-out signaling, but dispensable for CXCR4-mediated LFA-1 activation, adhesion, and migration of T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5756-67. [PMID: 19812192 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the TCR or of chemokine receptors such as CXCR4 induces adhesion and migration of T cells via so-called inside-out signaling pathways. The molecular processes underlying inside-out signaling events are as yet not completely understood. In this study, we show that TCR- and CXCR4-mediated activation of integrins critically depends on the membrane recruitment of the adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP)/Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein of 55 kDa (SKAP55)/Rap1-interacting adapter protein (RIAM)/Rap1 module. We further demonstrate that the Src homology 2 domain containing leukocyte-specific phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP76) is crucial for TCR-mediated inside-out signaling and T cell/APC interaction. Besides facilitating membrane recruitment of ADAP, SKAP55, and RIAM, SLP76 regulates TCR-mediated inside-out signaling by controlling the activation of Rap1 as well as Rac-mediated actin polymerization. Surprisingly, however, SLP76 is not mandatory for CXCR4-mediated inside-out signaling. Indeed, both CXCR4-induced T cell adhesion and migration are not affected by loss of SLP76. Moreover, after CXCR4 stimulation, the ADAP/SKAP55/RIAM/Rap1 module is recruited to the plasma membrane independently of SLP76. Collectively, our data indicate a differential requirement for SLP76 in TCR- vs CXCR4-mediated inside-out signaling pathways regulating T cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Horn
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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22
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Structural and functional studies of the Ras-associating and pleckstrin-homology domains of Grb10 and Grb14. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 16:833-9. [PMID: 19648926 PMCID: PMC2748937 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 are adapter proteins containing a Ras-associating (RA) domain, a pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain, a family-specific BPS (between PH and SH2) region, and a C-terminal Src-homology-2 domain. Previous structural studies showed that the Grb14 BPS region binds as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor in the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor to suppress insulin signaling. Here, we report the crystal structure of the RA and PH domains of Grb10 at 2.6 Å resolution. The structure reveals that these two domains, along with the intervening linker, form an integrated, dimeric structural unit. Biochemical studies demonstrated that Grb14 binds to activated Ras, which may serve as a timing mechanism for downregulation of insulin signaling. Our results illuminate not only membrane-recruitment mechanisms in Grb7-10-14, but also in MIG-10, Rap1-interacting adapter molecule, lamellipodin and Pico, proteins involved in actin-cytoskeleton rearrangement which share a structurally related RA-PH tandem unit.
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23
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The small G-proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 are essential for myoblast fusion in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8935-40. [PMID: 19443691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902501106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 and Cdc42 are small G-proteins that regulate actin dynamics and affect plasma membrane protrusion and vesicle traffic. We used conditional mutagenesis in mice to demonstrate that Rac1 and Cdc42 are essential for myoblast fusion in vivo and in vitro. The deficit in fusion of Rac1 or Cdc42 mutant myoblasts correlates with a deficit in the recruitment of actin fibers and vinculin to myoblast contact sites. Comparison of the changes observed in mutant myogenic cells indicates that Rac1 and Cdc42 function in a nonredundant and not completely overlapping manner during the fusion process. Our genetic analysis demonstrates thus that the function of Rac in myoblast fusion is evolutionarily conserved from insects to mammals and that Cdc42, a molecule hitherto not implicated in myoblast fusion, is essential for the fusion of murine myoblasts.
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24
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Reinhold A, Reimann S, Reinhold D, Schraven B, Togni M. Expression of SKAP-HOM in DCs is required for an optimal immune response in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:61-71. [PMID: 19369640 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0608344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic adaptor molecule SKAP-HOM, similar to the T cell-specific homologue SKAP55, interacts directly with ADAP, and both molecules are involved in inside-out signaling. Previous studies have shown that in the absence of SKAP-HOM, antigen receptor-triggered integrin-mediated adhesion is impaired severely in B cells but not in T cells. In addition, loss of SKAP-HOM results in a less severe clinical course of EAE. DCs are the most potent APCs and express SKAP-HOM. However, the role of SKAP-HOM in DCs remains unknown. Here, we assessed whether the reduced severity of EAE observed in SKAP-HOM-deficient mice is at least partially a result of an impaired cooperation between APCs and T cells. We demonstrate that migration of LC in vivo and the spontaneous motility of BMDCs in vitro are increased in the absence of SKAP-HOM. In contrast, triggering of the integrin results in a drastic decrease of DC motility and in enhanced actin polymerization in SKAP-HOM-deficient DCs. Furthermore, the antigen-dependent conjugate formed between wild-type T cells and SKAP-HOM(-/-) DCs is delayed in comparison with wild-type DCs. Strikingly, fewer antigen-specific T cells are induced by immunization with SKAP-HOM(-/-) BMDCs as compared with wild-type BMDCs in vivo. Thus, these findings suggest that SKAP-HOM expression in DCs is required for the induction of an optimal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Lyulcheva E, Taylor E, Michael M, Vehlow A, Tan S, Fletcher A, Krause M, Bennett D. Drosophila pico and its mammalian ortholog lamellipodin activate serum response factor and promote cell proliferation. Dev Cell 2009; 15:680-90. [PMID: 19000833 PMCID: PMC2691947 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MIG-10/RIAM/lamellipodin (MRL) proteins link activated Ras-GTPases with actin regulatory Ena/VASP proteins to induce local changes in cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility. MRL proteins alter monomeric (G):filamentous (F) actin ratios, but the impact of these changes had not been fully appreciated. We report here that the Drosophila MRL ortholog, pico, is required for tissue and organismal growth. Reduction in pico levels resulted in reduced cell division rates, growth retardation, increased G:F actin ratios and lethality. Conversely, pico overexpression reduced G:F actin ratios and promoted tissue overgrowth in an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR)-dependent manner. Consistently, in HeLa cells, lamellipodin was required for EGF-induced proliferation. We show that pico and lamellipodin share the ability to activate serum response factor (SRF), a transcription factor that responds to reduced G:F-actin ratios via its co-factor Mal. Genetics data indicate that mal/SRF levels are important for pico-mediated tissue growth. We propose that MRL proteins link EGFR activation to mitogenic SRF signaling via changes in actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lyulcheva
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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26
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Cell-cell junction formation: the role of Rap1 and Rap1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:790-6. [PMID: 19159611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rap proteins are Ras-like small GTP-binding proteins that amongst others are involved in the control of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Several Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RapGEFs) function to activate Rap. These multi-domain proteins, which include C3G, Epacs, PDZ-GEFs, RapGRPs and DOCK4, are regulated by various different stimuli and may function at different levels in junction formation. Downstream of Rap, a number of effector proteins have been implicated in junctional control, most notably the adaptor proteins AF6 and KRIT/CCM1. In this review, we will highlight the latest findings on the Rap signaling network in the control of epithelial and endothelial cell-cell junctions.
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Crowley JL, Smith TC, Fang Z, Takizawa N, Luna EJ. Supervillin reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton and increases invadopodial efficiency. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:948-62. [PMID: 19109420 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells use actin-rich protrusions called invadopodia to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) and invade tissues; related structures, termed podosomes, are sites of dynamic ECM interaction. We show here that supervillin (SV), a peripheral membrane protein that binds F-actin and myosin II, reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton and potentiates invadopodial function. Overexpressed SV induces redistribution of lamellipodial cortactin and lamellipodin/RAPH1/PREL1 away from the cell periphery to internal sites and concomitantly increases the numbers of F-actin punctae. Most punctae are highly dynamic and colocalize with the podosome/invadopodial proteins, cortactin, Tks5, and cdc42. Cortactin binds SV sequences in vitro and contributes to the formation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-SV induced punctae. SV localizes to the cores of Src-generated podosomes in COS-7 cells and with invadopodia in MDA-MB-231 cells. EGFP-SV overexpression increases average numbers of ECM holes per cell; RNA interference-mediated knockdown of SV decreases these numbers. Although SV knockdown alone has no effect, simultaneous down-regulation of SV and the closely related protein gelsolin reduces invasion through ECM. Together, our results show that SV is a component of podosomes and invadopodia and that SV plays a role in invadopodial function, perhaps as a mediator of cortactin localization, activation state, and/or dynamics of metalloproteinases at the ventral cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Crowley
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Dynamics Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Breitsprecher D, Kiesewetter AK, Linkner J, Urbanke C, Resch GP, Small JV, Faix J. Clustering of VASP actively drives processive, WH2 domain-mediated actin filament elongation. EMBO J 2008; 27:2943-54. [PMID: 18923426 PMCID: PMC2585163 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is a key regulator of dynamic actin structures like filopodia and lamellipodia, but its precise function in their formation is controversial. Using in vitro TIRF microscopy, we show for the first time that both human and Dictyostelium VASP are directly involved in accelerating filament elongation by delivering monomeric actin to the growing barbed end. In solution, DdVASP markedly accelerated actin filament elongation in a concentration-dependent manner but was inhibited by low concentrations of capping protein (CP). In striking contrast, VASP clustered on functionalized beads switched to processive filament elongation that became insensitive even to very high concentrations of CP. Supplemented with the in vivo analysis of VASP mutants and an EM structure of the protein, we propose a mechanism by which membrane-associated VASP oligomers use their WH2 domains to effect both the tethering of actin filaments and their processive elongation in sites of active actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antje K Kiesewetter
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joern Linkner
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus Urbanke
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guenter P Resch
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Victor Small
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Boëda B, Briggs DC, Higgins T, Garvalov BK, Fadden AJ, McDonald NQ, Way M. Tes, a specific Mena interacting partner, breaks the rules for EVH1 binding. Mol Cell 2008; 28:1071-82. [PMID: 18158903 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular targeting of Ena/VASP family members is achieved via the interaction of their EVH1 domain with FPPPP sequence motifs found in a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including lamellipodin, vinculin, and zyxin. Here we show that the LIM3 domain of Tes, which lacks the FPPPP motif, binds to the EVH1 domain of Mena, but not to those of VASP or Evl. The structure of the LIM3:EVH1 complex reveals that Tes occludes the FPPPP-binding site and competes with FPPPP-containing proteins for EVH1 binding. Structure-based gain-of-function experiments define the molecular basis for the specificity of the Tes-Mena interaction. Consistent with in vitro observations, the LIM3 domain displaces Mena, but not VASP, from the leading edge and focal adhesions. It also regulates cell migration through a Mena-dependent mechanism. Our observations identify Tes as an atypical EVH1 binding partner and a regulator specific to a single Ena/VASP family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batiste Boëda
- Cell Motility Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK
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Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is required for many important processes during embryonic development. In later stages of life, important homeostatic processes depend on the actin cytoskeleton, such as immune response, haemostasis and blood vessel preservation. Therefore, the function of the actin cytoskeleton must be tightly regulated, and aberrant regulation may cause disease. A growing number of proteins have been described to bind and regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Amongst them, Ena/VASP proteins function as anti-capping proteins, thereby directly modulating the actin ultrastructure. Ena/VASP function is regulated by their recruitment into protein complexes downstream of plasma membrane receptors and by phosphorylation. As regulators of the actin ultrastructure, Ena/VASP proteins are involved in crucial cellular functions, such as shape change, adhesion, migration and cell-cell interaction and hence are important targets for therapeutic intervention. In this chapter, we will first describe the structure, function and regulation of Ena/VASP proteins. Then, we will review the involvement of Ena/VASP proteins in the development of human diseases. Growing evidence links Ena/VASP proteins to important human diseases, such as thrombosis, cancer, arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathy and nephritis. Finally, present and future perspectives for the development of therapeutic molecules interfering with Ena/VASP-mediated protein-protein interactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pula
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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Holtzman JH, Woronowicz K, Golemi-Kotra D, Schepartz A. Miniature protein ligands for EVH1 domains: interplay between affinity, specificity, and cell motility. Biochemistry 2007; 46:13541-53. [PMID: 17973491 PMCID: PMC2659575 DOI: 10.1021/bi700975f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton power cell motility in contexts ranging from intracellular microbial pathogenesis to axon guidance. The Ena/VASP family proteins-Mena, VASP, and Evl-are believed to control cell motility by serving as a direct link between signaling events and the actin cytoskeleton. It has previously been reported that a novel miniature protein, pGolemi, binds with high affinity to the EVH1 domain of Mena (Mena1-112) but not to those of VASP (VASP1-115) or Evl (Evl1-115) and also causes an unusual defect in actin-driven Listeria monocytogenes motility. Here, scanning mutagenesis was used to examine the effects of single amino acid changes within pGolemi on EVH1 domain affinity and specificity, miniature protein secondary structure, and L. monocytogenes motility. The data suggest that pGolemi contains the expected aPP-like fold and binds Mena1-112 in a manner highly analogous to the proline-rich repeat region of L. monocytogenes ActA protein. Residues throughout pGolemi contribute to both EVH1 domain affinity and paralog specificity. Moreover, the affinities of pGolemi variants for Mena1-112 correlate with selectivity against the EVH1 domains of VASP and Evl. In L. monocytogenes motility assays, speed and speed variability correlate strongly with EVH1 paralog specificity, suggesting that the Ena/VASP paralogs do not play equivalent roles in the process of L. monocytogenes actin tail maturation.
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Ménasché G, Kliche S, Bezman N, Schraven B. Regulation of T-cell antigen receptor-mediated inside-out signaling by cytosolic adapter proteins and Rap1 effector molecules. Immunol Rev 2007; 218:82-91. [PMID: 17624945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are critical for the migration of T cells to lymphoid organs and to sites of inflammation and are also necessary for productive interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Integrin activation is enhanced following T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, as signals initiated by the TCR increase affinity and avidity of integrins for their ligands. This process, known as inside-out signaling, has been shown to require several molecular components including the cytosolic adapter proteins adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein and Src homology 2 domain-containing adapter protein of 55 kDa, the low molecular weight guanosine triphosphatase Rap1, and the Rap1 effector proteins Rap1 guanosine triphosphate-interacting adapter molecule, regulator of adhesion and cell polarization enriched in lymphoid tissues, and protein kinase D1. Herein, we review recent findings about how the TCR is linked to integrin activation through inside-out signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Ménasché
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ménasché G, Kliche S, Chen EJH, Stradal TEB, Schraven B, Koretzky G. RIAM links the ADAP/SKAP-55 signaling module to Rap1, facilitating T-cell-receptor-mediated integrin activation. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4070-81. [PMID: 17403904 PMCID: PMC1900018 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02011-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One outcome of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is increased affinity and avidity of integrins for their ligands. This occurs through a process known as inside-out signaling, which has been shown to require several molecular components including the adapter proteins ADAP (adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein) and SKAP-55 (55-kDa src kinase-associated phosphoprotein) and the small GTPase Rap1. Herein, we provide evidence linking ADAP and SKAP-55 to RIAM, a recently described adapter protein that binds selectively to active Rap1. We identified RIAM as a key component linking the ADAP/SKAP-55 module to the small GTPase Rap1, facilitating TCR-mediated integrin activation. We show that RIAM constitutively interacts with SKAP-55 in both a heterologous transfection system and primary T cells and map the region essential for this interaction. Additionally, we find that the SKAP-55/RIAM complex is essential both for TCR-mediated adhesion and for efficient conjugate formation between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that the ADAP/SKAP-55 module relocalized RIAM and Rap1 to the plasma membrane following TCR activation to facilitate integrin activation. These results describe for the first time a link between ADAP/SKAP-55 and the Rap1/RIAM complex and provide a potential new mechanism for TCR-mediated integrin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Ménasché
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Kinashi T. Integrin Regulation of Lymphocyte Trafficking: Lessons from Structural and Signaling Studies. Adv Immunol 2007; 93:185-227. [PMID: 17383542 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(06)93005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High trafficking capability of lymphocytes is crucial in immune surveillance and antigen responses. Central to this regulatory process is a dynamic control of lymphocyte adhesion behavior regulated by chemokines and adhesion receptors such as integrins. Modulation of lymphocyte adhesive responses occurs in a wide range of time window from less than a second to hours, enabling rolling lymphocyte to attach to and migrate through endothelium and interact with antigen-presenting cells. While there has been a rapid progress in the understanding of integrin structure, elucidation of signaling events to relay extracellular signaling to integrins in physiological contexts has recently emerged from studies using gene-targeting and gene-silencing technique. Regulatory molecules critical for integrin activity control distribution of integrins, polarized cell morphology and motility, suggesting a signaling network that coordinates integrin function with lymphocyte migration. Here, I review recent studies of integrin structural changes and intracellular signal molecules that trigger integrin activation (inside-out signals), and discuss molecular mechanisms that control lymphocyte integrins and how inside-out signals coordinately modulate adhesive reactions and cell shape and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Kyoto 606, Japan
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36
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Billadeau DD, Burkhardt JK. Regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics at the immune synapse: new stars join the actin troupe. Traffic 2006; 7:1451-60. [PMID: 16984404 PMCID: PMC1779662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of actin cytoskeletal dynamics plays a critical role in controlling T-lymphocyte activation and effector functions. Interaction of T-cell receptors (TCR) with appropriate major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes on antigen-presenting cells results in the activation of signaling cascades, leading to the accumulation of F-actin at the cell-cell contact site. This event is required for the formation and stabilization of the immune synapse (IS), a cellular structure essential for the modulation of T-cell responses. Analysis of actin cytoskeletal dynamics following engagement of the TCR has largely focused on the Arp2/3 regulator, WASp, because of its early identification and its association with human disease. However, recent studies have shown equally important roles for several additional actin regulatory proteins. In this review, we turn the spotlight on the expanding cast of actin regulatory proteins, which co-ordinate actin dynamics at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Billadeau
- Department of Immunology and Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- *Corresponding author: Janis K. Burkhardt,
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Park SY, Schinkmann KA, Avraham S. RAFTK/Pyk2 mediates LPA-induced PC12 cell migration. Cell Signal 2006; 18:1063-71. [PMID: 16199135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a normal constituent of serum that functions as a lipid growth factor and intracellular signaling molecule. In this report, we have investigated the signaling mechanism and function of the tyrosine kinase RAFTK/Pyk2 in LPA-induced cell migration. Analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation upon LPA stimulation in neuroendocrine PC12 cells revealed 6 major tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins with estimated sizes of 180, 120, 115, 68, 44, and 42 kDa. These proteins were identified as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), focal adhesion kinase, RAFTK/Pyk2, paxillin, Erk 1, and Erk 2, respectively. Using specific pharmacological inhibitors, we found that the tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK/Pyk2 was intracellular Ca2+-dependent, but not EGFR-dependent, during LPA stimulation of these cells. Moreover, the cytoskeletal and signal scaffolding protein, paxillin, associated with and was regulated by RAFTK/Pyk2 in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Characterization of LPA receptors showed that LPA1 (Edg2) and LPA2 (Edg4) are major receptors for LPA, while LPA3 receptor (Edg7) expression was limited. Upon using the LPA1/LPA3 receptor-specific antagonist VPC 32179, we observed that inhibition of the LPA1/LPA3 receptors had no effect on the LPA-induced phosphorylation of RAFTK, strongly suggesting that the LPA2 receptor is a key mediator of RAFTK phosphorylation. Furthermore, LPA induced PC12 cell migration, which was subsequently blocked by the dominant-negative form of FAK, FRNK. Expression of a dominant-negative form of the small GTPase Ras also blocked LPA-induced cell migration and RAFTK phosphorylation. Taken together, these results indicate that RAFTK is a key signaling molecule that mediates LPA-induced PC12 cell migration in a Ras-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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38
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Stradal T. Featuring... Theresia Stradal. Interview by Tine Walma. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2810. [PMID: 16684528 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tanaka S, Pero SC, Taguchi K, Shimada M, Mori M, Krag DN, Arii S. Specific Peptide Ligand for Grb7 Signal Transduction Protein and Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 98:491-8. [PMID: 16595785 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with high rates of invasion and metastasis and with generally poor prognosis. We previously found that metastasis was strongly associated with the expression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 7 (Grb7), which contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. In this study, we evaluated Grb7 protein as a molecular target of therapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer. METHODS Grb7 protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry in 36 human pancreatic cancer specimens and adjacent normal pancreatic tissue. We synthesized a nonphosphorylated peptide inhibitor that binds specifically to the SH2 domain of Grb7. Intracellular signaling was assessed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays in cultured human pancreatic cancer cells. Cell migration was measured with a modified Boyden chamber method. Peritoneal metastasis of the pancreatic cancer cells was measured with a mouse model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We found that 22 (61%) of 36 pancreatic cancer specimens had higher levels of Grb7 protein than their corresponding normal pancreatic tissue specimens. Grb7 expression was statistically significantly different between specimens from patients without lymph node metastasis (stage N0; two of the 10 patients) and patients with lymph node metastasis (stages N1 + N2; 20 of the 26 patients) (P = .006). The Grb7 peptide inhibitor selectively blocked the interaction between Grb7 and focal adhesion kinase and blocked the phosphorylation of Grb7 protein. In vivo Grb7 peptide inhibitor statistically significantly attenuated cell migration (for control peptide, 87.5 cells migrated, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.6 to 92.4 cells; for Grb7 peptide, 5.7 cells migrated, 95% CI = 2.3 to 9.0 cells; P < .001) and peritoneal metastasis of the pancreatic cancer cells in a mouse model, as assessed by the number of nodules (control = 72.6 nodules, 95% CI = 55.8 to 89.4 nodules; and for Grb7 peptide = 3.2 nodules, 95% CI = 1.6 to 4.8 nodules; P < .001, t test) and their weight (control = 4.13 g, 95% CI = 3.40 to 4.86 g; Grb7 peptide = 0.19 g, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.32 g; P < .001, t test). CONCLUSIONS The Grb7 peptide inhibitor appears to be a promising molecularly targeted therapeutic agent against metastatic pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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40
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Quinn CC, Pfeil DS, Chen E, Stovall EL, Harden MV, Gavin MK, Forrester WC, Ryder EF, Soto MC, Wadsworth WG. UNC-6/netrin and SLT-1/slit guidance cues orient axon outgrowth mediated by MIG-10/RIAM/lamellipodin. Curr Biol 2006; 16:845-53. [PMID: 16563765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axon migrations are guided by extracellular cues that can act as repellants or attractants. However, the logic underlying the manner through which attractive and repulsive responses are determined is unclear. Many extracellular guidance cues, and the cellular components that mediate their signals, have been implicated in both types of responses. RESULTS Genetic analyses indicate that MIG-10/RIAM/lamellipodin, a cytoplasmic adaptor protein, functions downstream of the attractive guidance cue UNC-6/netrin and the repulsive guidance cue SLT-1/slit to direct the ventral migration of the AVM and PVM axons in C. elegans. Furthermore, overexpression of MIG-10 in the absence of UNC-6 and SLT-1 induces a multipolar phenotype with undirected outgrowths. Addition of either UNC-6 or SLT-1 causes the neurons to become monopolar. Moreover, the ability of UNC-6 or SLT-1 to direct the axon ventrally is enhanced by the MIG-10 overexpression. We also demonstrate that an interaction between MIG-10 and UNC-34, a protein that promotes actin-filament extension, is important in the response to guidance cues and that MIG-10 colocalizes with actin in cultured cells, where it can induce the formation of lamellipodia. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that MIG-10 mediates the guidance of AVM and PVM axons in response to the extracellular UNC-6 and SLT-1 guidance cues. The attractive and repulsive guidance cues orient MIG-10-dependant axon outgrowth to cause a directional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Quinn
- Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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Tscharntke M, Pofahl R, Krieg T, Haase I. Ras-induced spreading and wound closure in human epidermal keratinocytes. FASEB J 2005; 19:1836-8. [PMID: 16170018 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3327fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that growth factor signaling cascades are active during epithelial wound healing, signals that regulate reepithelialization after wounding are not very well characterized. The small GTP binding protein Ras is a molecular switch involved in the regulation of signals originating from different growth factor receptors. We have investigated consequences of its activation in primary human keratinocytes. We provide evidence that activation of Ras can lead to shape changes of keratinocytes caused by rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton that result in membrane protrusion and ruffling. Similar shape changes were found in the migrating tip of newly formed epithelium in mouse wounds. These cytoskeletal changes occur independently of keratinocyte terminal differentiation, and they can determine the speed of wound epithelialization in vitro. Using various mutant constructs and specific pharmacological inhibitors, we found that the effects of activated Ras on the cytoskeleton of keratinocytes are mediated by a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-independent activation of Rac. Our results suggest that growth factor-induced, Ras-mediated changes of keratinocyte shape may be an important mechanism that determines the speed of wound epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tscharntke
- Department Dermatology, University of Cologne and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowenna J Holt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Cancer Research Program, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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43
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Abstract
Since the discovery that integrins at the surface of lymphocytes undergo dynamic changes in their adhesive activity after stimulation through the T-cell receptor or stimulation with chemokines, intensive research has been carried out in an attempt to clarify the signalling events that lead to the activation of integrins. Whereas structural studies have provided us with a vivid picture of the conformational flexibility of integrins, the signalling pathways that regulate these conformational changes (known as inside-out signalling) have been elusive. However, as I discuss here, recent studies have provided new insight into the pathways that control the regulation of integrin activity and the coordination of complex cellular functions, such as the homing of lymphocytes and the formation of an immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute of Liver Research, Kansai Medical School, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan.
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Abstract
The human brain assembles an incredible network of over a billion neurons. Understanding how these connections form during development in order for the brain to function properly is a fundamental question in biology. Much of this wiring takes place during embryonic development. Neurons are generated in the ventricular zone, migrate out, and begin to differentiate. However, neurons are often born in locations some distance from the target cells with which they will ultimately form connections. To form connections, neurons project long axons tipped with a specialized sensing device called a growth cone. The growing axons interact directly with molecules within the environment through which they grow. In order to find their targets, axonal growth cones use guidance molecules that can either attract or repel them. Understanding what these guidance cues are, where they are expressed, and how the growth cone is able to transduce their signal in a directionally specific manner is essential to understanding how the functional brain is constructed. In this chapter, we review what is known about the mechanisms involved in axonal guidance. We discuss how the growth cone is able to sense and respond to its environment and how it is guided by pioneering cells and axons. As examples, we discuss current models for the development of the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex, and the visual and olfactory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Plachez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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