1
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Almilaibary A. Phyto-therapeutics as anti-cancer agents in breast cancer: Pathway targeting and mechanistic elucidation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103935. [PMID: 38327657 PMCID: PMC10847379 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the breast is the mainly prevalent class of cancer in females diagnosed over the globe. It also happens to be the 2nd most prevalent reason of cancer-related deaths among females worldwide. Some of the most common type's therapies for carcinoma of the breast involve radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and resection. Many studies are being conducted to develop new therapeutic strategies for better diagnosis of breast cancer. An enormous number of anticancer medications have been developed as a result of growing understanding of the molecular pathways behind the advancement of cancer. Over the past few decades, the general survival rate has not greatly increased due to the usage of chemically manufactured medications. Therefore, in order to increase the effectiveness of current cancer treatments, new tactics and cutting-edge chemoprevention drugs are required. Phytochemicals, which are naturally occurring molecules derived from plants, are important sources for both cancer therapy and innovative medication development. These phytochemicals frequently work by controlling molecular pathways linked to the development and spread of cancer. Increasing antioxidant status, inactivating carcinogens, preventing proliferation, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and immune system control are some of the specific ways. This primary objective of this review is to provide an overview of the active ingredients found in natural goods, including information on their pharmacologic action, molecular targets, and current state of knowledge. We have given a thorough description of a number of natural substances that specifically target the pathways linked to breast carcinoma in this study. We've conducted a great deal of study on a few natural compounds that may help us identify novel targets for the detection of breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Dubinin MV, Ilzorkina AI, Salimova EV, Landage MS, Khoroshavina EI, Gudkov SV, Belosludtsev KN, Parfenova LV. Effect of Fusidic Acid and Some Nitrogen-Containing Derivatives on Liposomal and Mitochondrial Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:835. [PMID: 37888007 PMCID: PMC10608686 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The paper assesses the membranotropic action of the natural antibiotic fusidic acid (FA) and its derivatives. It was found that a FA analogue with ethylenediamine moiety (derivative 2), in contrast to native FA and 3,11-dioxime analogue (derivative 1), is able to increase the mobility of the lipid bilayer in the zone of lipid headgroups, as well as to induce permeabilization of lecithin liposome membranes. A similar effect of derivative 2 is also observed in the case of rat liver mitochondrial membranes. We noted a decrease in the microviscosity of the mitochondrial membrane and nonspecific permeabilization of organelle membranes in the presence of this agent, which was accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial Δψ and OXPHOS efficiency. This led to a reduction in mitochondrial calcium retention capacity. The derivatives also reduced the production of H2O2 by mitochondria. The paper considers the relationship between the structure of the tested compounds and the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Dubinin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Anna I. Ilzorkina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Elena V. Salimova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Manish S. Landage
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Khoroshavina
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V. Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia
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3
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Masson SWC, Madsen S, Cooke KC, Potter M, Vegas AD, Carroll L, Thillainadesan S, Cutler HB, Walder KR, Cooney GJ, Morahan G, Stöckli J, James DE. Leveraging genetic diversity to identify small molecules that reverse mouse skeletal muscle insulin resistance. eLife 2023; 12:RP86961. [PMID: 37494090 PMCID: PMC10371229 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Systems genetics has begun to tackle the complexity of insulin resistance by capitalising on computational advances to study high-diversity populations. 'Diversity Outbred in Australia (DOz)' is a population of genetically unique mice with profound metabolic heterogeneity. We leveraged this variance to explore skeletal muscle's contribution to whole-body insulin action through metabolic phenotyping and skeletal muscle proteomics of 215 DOz mice. Linear modelling identified 553 proteins that associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) including regulators of endocytosis and muscle proteostasis. To enrich for causality, we refined this network by focusing on negatively associated, genetically regulated proteins, resulting in a 76-protein fingerprint of insulin resistance. We sought to perturb this network and restore insulin action with small molecules by integrating the Broad Institute Connectivity Map platform and in vitro assays of insulin action using the Prestwick chemical library. These complementary approaches identified the antibiotic thiostrepton as an insulin resistance reversal agent. Subsequent validation in ex vivo insulin-resistant mouse muscle and palmitate-induced insulin-resistant myotubes demonstrated potent insulin action restoration, potentially via upregulation of glycolysis. This work demonstrates the value of a drug-centric framework to validate systems-level analysis by identifying potential therapeutics for insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart W C Masson
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Søren Madsen
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Meg Potter
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Alexis Diaz Vegas
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Luke Carroll
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Senthil Thillainadesan
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Harry B Cutler
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ken R Walder
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Katzenellenbogen BS, Guillen VS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Targeting the oncogenic transcription factor FOXM1 to improve outcomes in all subtypes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:76. [PMID: 37370117 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is an oncogenic transcription factor that is greatly upregulated in breast cancer and many other cancers where it promotes tumorigenesis, and cancer growth and progression. It is expressed in all subtypes of breast cancer and is the factor most associated with risk of poor patient survival, especially so in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, new approaches to inhibiting FOXM1 and its activities, and combination therapies utilizing FOXM1 inhibitors in conjunction with known cancer drugs that work together synergistically, could improve cancer treatment outcomes. Targeting FOXM1 might prove especially beneficial in TNBC where few targeted therapies currently exist, and also in suppressing recurrent advanced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and HER2-positive breast cancers for which treatments with ER or HER2 targeted therapies that were effective initially are no longer beneficial. We present these perspectives and future directions in the context of what is known about FOXM1, its regulation, and its key roles in promoting cancer aggressiveness and metastasis, while being absent or very low in most normal non-regenerating adult tissues. We discuss new inhibitors of FOXM1 and highlight FOXM1 as an attractive target for controlling drug-resistant and difficult-to-suppress breast cancers, and how blocking FOXM1 might improve outcomes for patients with all subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Valeria Sanabria Guillen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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5
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D'Achille G, Morroni G. Side effects of antibiotics and perturbations of mitochondria functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 377:121-139. [PMID: 37268348 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are one of the greatest discoveries of medicine of the past century. Despite their invaluable contribution to infectious disease, their administration could lead to side effects that in some cases are serious. The toxicity of some antibiotics is in part due to their interaction with mitochondria: these organelles derive from a bacterial ancestor and possess specific translation machinery that shares similarities with the bacterial counterpart. In other cases, the antibiotics could interfere with mitochondrial functions even if their main bacterial targets are not shared with the eukaryotic cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of antibiotics administration on mitochondrial homeostasis and the opportunity that some of these molecules could represent in cancer treatment. The importance of antimicrobial therapy is unquestionable, but the identification of interaction with eukaryotic cells and in particular with mitochondria is crucial to reduce the toxicity of these drugs and to explore other useful medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria D'Achille
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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6
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Franz T, Negele J, Bruno P, Böttcher M, Mitchell-Flack M, Reemts L, Krone A, Mougiakakos D, Müller AJ, Zautner AE, Kahlfuss S. Pleiotropic effects of antibiotics on T cell metabolism and T cell-mediated immunity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975436. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells orchestrate adaptive and innate immune responses against pathogens and transformed cells. However, T cells are also the main adaptive effector cells that mediate allergic and autoimmune reactions. Within the last few years, it has become abundantly clear that activation, differentiation, effector function, and environmental adaptation of T cells is closely linked to their energy metabolism. Beyond the provision of energy equivalents, metabolic pathways in T cells generate building blocks required for clonal expansion. Furthermore, metabolic intermediates directly serve as a source for epigenetic gene regulation by histone and DNA modification mechanisms. To date, several antibiotics were demonstrated to modulate the metabolism of T cells especially by altering mitochondrial function. Here, we set out to systematically review current evidence about how beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, nitroimidazoles, and amphenicols alter the metabolism and effector functions of CD4+ T helper cell populations and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Based on this evidence, we have developed an overview on how the use of these antibiotics may be beneficial or detrimental in T cell-mediated physiological and pathogenic immune responses, such as allergic and autoimmune diseases, by altering the metabolism of different T cell populations.
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7
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Ongpipattanakul C, Desormeaux EK, DiCaprio A, van der Donk WA, Mitchell DA, Nair SK. Mechanism of Action of Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-Translationally Modified Peptides. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14722-14814. [PMID: 36049139 PMCID: PMC9897510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a natural product class that has undergone significant expansion due to the rapid growth in genome sequencing data and recognition that they are made by biosynthetic pathways that share many characteristic features. Their mode of actions cover a wide range of biological processes and include binding to membranes, receptors, enzymes, lipids, RNA, and metals as well as use as cofactors and signaling molecules. This review covers the currently known modes of action (MOA) of RiPPs. In turn, the mechanisms by which these molecules interact with their natural targets provide a rich set of molecular paradigms that can be used for the design or evolution of new or improved activities given the relative ease of engineering RiPPs. In this review, coverage is limited to RiPPs originating from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanid Ongpipattanakul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Emily K. Desormeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Adam DiCaprio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Department of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Departments of Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Corresponding authors Wilfred A. van der Donk, , 217-244-5360, Douglas A. Mitchell, , 217-333-1345, Satish K. Nair, , 217-333-0641
| | - Douglas A. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Departments of Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Corresponding authors Wilfred A. van der Donk, , 217-244-5360, Douglas A. Mitchell, , 217-333-1345, Satish K. Nair, , 217-333-0641
| | - Satish K. Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Departments of Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Corresponding authors Wilfred A. van der Donk, , 217-244-5360, Douglas A. Mitchell, , 217-333-1345, Satish K. Nair, , 217-333-0641
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8
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Sanchez-Burgos L, Navarro-González B, García-Martín S, Sirozh O, Mota-Pino J, Fueyo-Marcos E, Tejero H, Antón ME, Murga M, Al-Shahrour F, Fernandez-Capetillo O. Activation of the integrated stress response is a vulnerability for multidrug-resistant FBXW7-deficient cells. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15855. [PMID: 35861150 PMCID: PMC9449593 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXW7 is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressors, deficiency of which has been associated with resistance to some anticancer therapies. Through bioinformatics and genome‐wide CRISPR screens, we here reveal that FBXW7 deficiency leads to multidrug resistance (MDR). Proteomic analyses found an upregulation of mitochondrial factors as a hallmark of FBXW7 deficiency, which has been previously linked to chemotherapy resistance. Despite this increased expression of mitochondrial factors, functional analyses revealed that mitochondria are under stress, and genetic or chemical targeting of mitochondria is preferentially toxic for FBXW7‐deficient cells. Mechanistically, the toxicity of therapies targeting mitochondrial translation such as the antibiotic tigecycline relates to the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) in a GCN2 kinase‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the discovery of additional drugs that are toxic for FBXW7‐deficient cells showed that all of them unexpectedly activate a GCN2‐dependent ISR regardless of their accepted mechanism of action. Our study reveals that while one of the most frequent mutations in cancer reduces the sensitivity to the vast majority of available therapies, it renders cells vulnerable to ISR‐activating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanchez-Burgos
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Navarro-González
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Oleksandra Sirozh
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Mota-Pino
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fueyo-Marcos
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Tejero
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Elena Antón
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Murga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Al-Shahrour
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Ahmed S, Travis SD, Díaz-Bahamonde FV, Porter DDL, Henry SN, Mykins J, Ravipati A, Booker A, Ju J, Ding H, Ramesh AK, Pickrell AM, Wang M, LaConte S, Howell BR, Yuan L, Morton PD. Early Influences of Microbiota on White Matter Development in Germ-Free Piglets. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:807170. [PMID: 35027884 PMCID: PMC8751630 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.807170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as the underlying white matter (WM) tracts, lie at the intersection of many neurodevelopmental disorders. The influence of microorganisms on brain development has recently been brought into the clinical and research spotlight as alterations in commensal microbiota are implicated in such disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety via the gut-brain axis. In addition, gut dysbiosis is common in preterm birth patients who often display diffuse WM injury and delayed WM maturation in critical tracts including those within the PFC and corpus callosum. Microbial colonization of the gut aligns with ongoing postnatal processes of oligodendrogenesis and the peak of brain myelination in humans; however, the influence of microbiota on gyral WM development remains elusive. Here, we develop and validate a neonatal germ-free swine model to address these issues, as piglets share key similarities in WM volume, developmental trajectories, and distribution to humans. We find significant region-specific reductions, and sexually dimorphic trends, in WM volume, oligodendrogenesis, and mature oligodendrocyte numbers in germ-free piglets during a key postnatal epoch of myelination. Our findings indicate that microbiota plays a critical role in promoting WM development during early life when the brain is vulnerable to environmental insults that can result in an array of disabilities manifesting later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ahmed
- Graduate Studies in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sierrah D Travis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Francisca V Díaz-Bahamonde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Demisha D L Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Sara N Henry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Julia Mykins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Aditya Ravipati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Aryn Booker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jing Ju
- Graduate Studies in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hanzhang Ding
- Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Graduate Studies in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Alicia M Pickrell
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Maosen Wang
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion (VTC), Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Stephen LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion (VTC), Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brittany R Howell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion (VTC), Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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10
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Privalsky TM, Soohoo AM, Wang J, Walsh CT, Wright GD, Gordon EM, Gray NS, Khosla C. Prospects for Antibacterial Discovery and Development. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21127-21142. [PMID: 34860516 PMCID: PMC8855840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is an urgent health crisis that can only be countered through renewed investment in the discovery and development of antibiotics. There is no panacea for the antibacterial resistance crisis; instead, a multifaceted approach is called for. In this Perspective we make the case that, in the face of evolving clinical needs and enabling technologies, numerous validated antibacterial targets and associated lead molecules deserve a second look. At the same time, many worthy targets lack good leads despite harboring druggable active sites. Creative and inspired techniques buoy discovery efforts; while soil screening efforts frequently lead to antibiotic rediscovery, researchers have found success searching for new antibiotic leads by studying underexplored ecological niches or by leveraging the abundance of available data from genome mining efforts. The judicious use of "polypharmacology" (i.e., the ability of a drug to alter the activities of multiple targets) can also provide new opportunities, as can the continued search for inhibitors of resistance enzymes with the capacity to breathe new life into old antibiotics. We conclude by highlighting available pharmacoeconomic models for antibacterial discovery and development while making the case for new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Privalsky
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Alexander M. Soohoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 United States
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Eric M. Gordon
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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11
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Criscuolo D, Avolio R, Matassa DS, Esposito F. Targeting Mitochondrial Protein Expression as a Future Approach for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:797265. [PMID: 34888254 PMCID: PMC8650000 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.797265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive metabolic remodeling is a fundamental feature of cancer cells. Although early reports attributed such remodeling to a loss of mitochondrial functions, it is now clear that mitochondria play central roles in cancer development and progression, from energy production to synthesis of macromolecules, from redox modulation to regulation of cell death. Biosynthetic pathways are also heavily affected by the metabolic rewiring, with protein synthesis dysregulation at the hearth of cellular transformation. Accumulating evidence in multiple organisms shows that the metabolic functions of mitochondria are tightly connected to protein synthesis, being assembly and activity of respiratory complexes highly dependent on de novo synthesis of their components. In turn, protein synthesis within the organelle is tightly connected with the cytosolic process. This implies an entire network of interactions and fine-tuned regulations that build up a completely under-estimated level of complexity. We are now only preliminarily beginning to reconstitute such regulatory level in human cells, and to perceive its role in diseases. Indeed, disruption or alterations of these connections trigger conditions of proteotoxic and energetic stress that could be potentially exploited for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the coordinated regulation of mitochondrial and cytosolic mRNA translation, and their effects on the integrity of the mitochondrial proteome and functions. Finally, we highlight the potential held by this topic for future research directions and for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Criscuolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Avolio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Swann Matassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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12
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Structure-based virtual screening towards the discovery of novel FOXM1 inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2021; 14:207-219. [PMID: 34809496 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Given the importance of FOXM1 in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we aimed to identify an excellent specific inhibitor and examined its underlying therapeutic effect. Materials & methods: The binding statistics for FDI-6 with FOXM1 were calculated through computer-aided drug design (CADD). We selected XST-119 through virtual screening, performed surface plasmon resonance and in vitro cell antiproliferative activity analysis and evaluated its antitumor efficacy in a mouse model. Results: XST-119 had significantly higher affinity for FOXM1 and antiproliferative activity than FDI-6. XST-119 had a definite inhibitory activity in a xenograft mouse model. Conclusion: We identified XST-119, a FOXM1 inhibitor, with better efficacy for treatment of ovarian cancer. FOXM1 binding sites for small molecules are also highlighted, which may provide the foundation for further drug discovery.
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13
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Liu C, Barger CJ, Karpf AR. FOXM1: A Multifunctional Oncoprotein and Emerging Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3065. [PMID: 34205406 PMCID: PMC8235333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a member of the conserved forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor family. Over the last two decades, FOXM1 has emerged as a multifunctional oncoprotein and a robust biomarker of poor prognosis in many human malignancies. In this review article, we address the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of regulation and oncogenic functions of FOXM1, particularly in the context of ovarian cancer. FOXM1 and its associated oncogenic transcriptional signature are enriched in >85% of ovarian cancer cases and FOXM1 expression and activity can be enhanced by a plethora of genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms. As a master transcriptional regulator, FOXM1 promotes critical oncogenic phenotypes in ovarian cancer, including: (1) cell proliferation, (2) invasion and metastasis, (3) chemotherapy resistance, (4) cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, (5) genomic instability, and (6) altered cellular metabolism. We additionally discuss the evidence for FOXM1 as a cancer biomarker, describe the rationale for FOXM1 as a cancer therapeutic target, and provide an overview of therapeutic strategies used to target FOXM1 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam R. Karpf
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68918-6805, USA; (C.L.); (C.J.B.)
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14
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Sighel D, Notarangelo M, Aibara S, Re A, Ricci G, Guida M, Soldano A, Adami V, Ambrosini C, Broso F, Rosatti EF, Longhi S, Buccarelli M, D'Alessandris QG, Giannetti S, Pacioni S, Ricci-Vitiani L, Rorbach J, Pallini R, Roulland S, Amunts A, Mancini I, Modelska A, Quattrone A. Inhibition of mitochondrial translation suppresses glioblastoma stem cell growth. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109024. [PMID: 33910005 PMCID: PMC8097689 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) resist current glioblastoma (GBM) therapies. GSCs rely highly on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whose function requires mitochondrial translation. Here we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial translation and report the results of high-content screening with putative blockers of mitochondrial ribosomes. We identify the bacterial antibiotic quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) as an effective suppressor of GSC growth. Q/D also decreases the clonogenicity of GSCs in vitro, consequently dysregulating the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) reveals that Q/D binds to the large mitoribosomal subunit, inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis and functionally dysregulating OXPHOS complexes. These data suggest that targeting mitochondrial translation could be explored to therapeutically suppress GSC growth in GBM and that Q/D could potentially be repurposed for cancer treatment. Screen of putative mitoribosome inhibitors identifies Q/D as effective on GSCs Q/D selectively inhibits growth of GSCs Treatment with Q/D decreases clonogenicity, blocks cell cycle, and induces apoptosis Q/D binds to mitoribosomes and inhibits mitochondrial translation and therefore OXPHOS
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Sighel
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy.
| | | | - Shintaro Aibara
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Angela Re
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy; Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Torino 10144, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ricci
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Longhi
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Quintino G D'Alessandris
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Stefano Giannetti
- Institute of Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Simone Pacioni
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Joanna Rorbach
- Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing - Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Alexey Amunts
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Ines Mancini
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Angelika Modelska
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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15
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Gonçalves AM, Pereira-Santos AR, Esteves AR, Cardoso SM, Empadinhas N. The Mitochondrial Ribosome: A World of Opportunities for Mitochondrial Dysfunction Toward Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:694-711. [PMID: 32098485 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) are organelles that translate mitochondrial messenger RNA in the matrix and, in mammals, have evolved to translate 13 polypeptides of the pathway that performs oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Although a number of devastating diseases result from defects in this mitochondrial translation apparatus, most are associated with genetic mutations and little is known about allelopathic defects caused by antibiotics, toxins, or nonproteinogenic amino acids. Recent Advances: The levels of mitochondrial ribosomal subunits 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in cells/tissues from patients carrying mutations in these genes have been associated with alterations in mitochondrial translation efficiency and with impaired OXPHOS activities, as well as with the severity of clinical phenotypes. In recent decades, important studies revealed a prominent role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the involvement of mitoribosomes remains largely unknown. Critical Issues: Considering that mitoribosomal structure and function can determine the efficiency of OXPHOS and that an impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain is a common finding in PD, we argue that the mitoribosome may be key to disease onset and progression. With this review, we comprehensively integrate the available knowledge on the composition, assembly, and role of the mitoribosome in mitochondrial efficiency, reflecting on its possible involvement in the etiopathogenesis of this epidemic disease as an appealing research avenue. Future Directions: If a direct correlation between mitoribosome failure and PD pathology is demonstrated, these mitochondrial organelles will provide valuable early clinical markers and potentially attractive targets for the development of innovative PD-directed therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Pereira-Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Mechanisms and regulation of protein synthesis in mitochondria. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:307-325. [PMID: 33594280 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles responsible for generation of chemical energy in the process called oxidative phosphorylation. They originate from a bacterial ancestor and maintain their own genome, which is expressed by designated, mitochondrial transcription and translation machineries that differ from those operating for nuclear gene expression. In particular, the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery is structurally and functionally very different from that governing eukaryotic, cytosolic translation. Despite harbouring their own genetic information, mitochondria are far from being independent of the rest of the cell and, conversely, cellular fitness is closely linked to mitochondrial function. Mitochondria depend heavily on the import of nuclear-encoded proteins for gene expression and function, and hence engage in extensive inter-compartmental crosstalk to regulate their proteome. This connectivity allows mitochondria to adapt to changes in cellular conditions and also mediates responses to stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. With a focus on mammals and yeast, we review fundamental insights that have been made into the biogenesis, architecture and mechanisms of the mitochondrial translation apparatus in the past years owing to the emergence of numerous near-atomic structures and a considerable amount of biochemical work. Moreover, we discuss how cellular mitochondrial protein expression is regulated, including aspects of mRNA and tRNA maturation and stability, roles of auxiliary factors, such as translation regulators, that adapt mitochondrial translation rates, and the importance of inter-compartmental crosstalk with nuclear gene expression and cytosolic translation and how it enables integration of mitochondrial translation into the cellular context.
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17
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Dalhoff A. Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents-still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection 2021; 49:29-56. [PMID: 33367978 PMCID: PMC7851017 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective toxicity antibacteribiotics is considered to be due to interactions with targets either being unique to bacteria or being characterized by a dichotomy between pro- and eukaryotic pathways with high affinities of agents to bacterial- rather than eukaryotic targets. However, the theory of selective toxicity oversimplifies the complex modes of action of antibiotics in pro- and eukaryotes. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE This review summarizes data describing multiple modes of action of antibiotics in eukaryotes. RESULTS Aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, bedaquillin, ß-lactams inhibited mitochondrial translation either due to binding to mitosomes, inhibition of mitochondrial RNA-polymerase-, topoisomerase 2ß-, ATP-synthesis, transporter activities. Oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, vancomycin, ß-lactams, bacitracin, isoniazid, nitroxoline inhibited matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) due to chelation with zinc and calcium, whereas fluoroquinols fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol chelated with these cations, too, but increased MMP activities. MMP-inhibition supported clinical efficacies of ß-lactams and daptomycin in skin-infections, and of macrolides, tetracyclines in respiratory-diseases. Chelation may have contributed to neuroprotection by ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidins oxazolidinones, tetracyclines caused read-through of premature stop codons. Several additional targets for antibiotics in human cells have been identified like interaction of fluoroquinolones with DNA damage repair in eukaryotes, or inhibition of mucin overproduction by oxazolidinones. CONCLUSION The effects of antibiotics on eukaryotes are due to identical mechanisms as their antibacterial activities because of structural and functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic targets, so that the effects of antibiotics on mammals are integral parts of their overall mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Dalhoff
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institue for Infection Medicine, Brunswiker Str. 4, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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18
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Lee M, Matsunaga N, Akabane S, Yasuda I, Ueda T, Takeuchi-Tomita N. Reconstitution of mammalian mitochondrial translation system capable of correct initiation and long polypeptide synthesis from leaderless mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:371-382. [PMID: 33300043 PMCID: PMC7797035 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondria have their own dedicated protein synthesis system, which produces 13 essential subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. We have reconstituted an in vitro translation system from mammalian mitochondria, utilizing purified recombinant mitochondrial translation factors, 55S ribosomes from pig liver mitochondria, and a tRNA mixture from either Escherichia coli or yeast. The system is capable of translating leaderless mRNAs encoding model proteins (DHFR and nanoLuciferase) or some mtDNA-encoded proteins. We show that a leaderless mRNA, encoding nanoLuciferase, is faithfully initiated without the need for any auxiliary factors other than IF-2mt and IF-3mt. We found that the ribosome-dependent GTPase activities of both the translocase EF-G1mt and the recycling factor EF-G2mt are insensitive to fusidic acid (FA), the translation inhibitor that targets bacterial EF-G homologs, and consequently the system is resistant to FA. Moreover, we demonstrate that a polyproline sequence in the protein causes 55S mitochondrial ribosome stalling, yielding ribosome nascent chain complexes. Analyses of the effects of the Mg concentration on the polyproline-mediated ribosome stalling suggested the unique regulation of peptide elongation by the mitoribosome. This system will be useful for analyzing the mechanism of translation initiation, and the interactions between the nascent peptide chain and the mitochondrial ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhoon Lee
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Noriko Matsunaga
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shiori Akabane
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.,Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Ippei Yasuda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takuya Ueda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.,Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Shinjuku 162-8480, Japan
| | - Nono Takeuchi-Tomita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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19
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Almeida L, Dhillon-LaBrooy A, Castro CN, Adossa N, Carriche GM, Guderian M, Lippens S, Dennerlein S, Hesse C, Lambrecht BN, Berod L, Schauser L, Blazar BR, Kalesse M, Müller R, Moita LF, Sparwasser T. Ribosome-Targeting Antibiotics Impair T Cell Effector Function and Ameliorate Autoimmunity by Blocking Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis. Immunity 2020; 54:68-83.e6. [PMID: 33238133 PMCID: PMC7837214 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While antibiotics are intended to specifically target bacteria, most are known to affect host cell physiology. In addition, some antibiotic classes are reported as immunosuppressive for reasons that remain unclear. Here, we show that Linezolid, a ribosomal-targeting antibiotic (RAbo), effectively blocked the course of a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Linezolid and other RAbos were strong inhibitors of T helper-17 cell effector function in vitro, showing that this effect was independent of their antibiotic activity. Perturbing mitochondrial translation in differentiating T cells, either with RAbos or through the inhibition of mitochondrial elongation factor G1 (mEF-G1) progressively compromised the integrity of the electron transport chain. Ultimately, this led to deficient oxidative phosphorylation, diminishing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations and impairing cytokine production in differentiating T cells. In accordance, mice lacking mEF-G1 in T cells were protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, demonstrating that this pathway is crucial in maintaining T cell function and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Almeida
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Ayesha Dhillon-LaBrooy
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Carla N Castro
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nigatu Adossa
- QIAGEN, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; University of Turku, Computational Biomedicine, Turku Center for Biotechnology, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Guilhermina M Carriche
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Melanie Guderian
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | | | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Christina Hesse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover 30625, Germany
| | | | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Markus Kalesse
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Luís F Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Hannover 30625, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55131, Germany.
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20
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Gupta A, Ökesli-Armlovich A, Morgens D, Bassik MC, Khosla C. A genome-wide analysis of targets of macrolide antibiotics in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2057-2067. [PMID: 31915244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin and josamycin, are natural polyketide products harboring 14- to 16-membered macrocyclic lactone rings to which various sugars are attached. These antibiotics are used extensively in the clinic because of their ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. More recently, some macrolides have been shown to also possess anti-inflammatory and other therapeutic activities in mammalian cells. To better understand the targets and effects of this drug class in mammalian cells, we used a genome-wide shRNA screen in K562 cancer cells to identify genes that modulate cellular sensitivity to josamycin. Among the most sensitizing hits were proteins involved in mitochondrial translation and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, glycolysis, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Further analysis revealed that cells treated with josamycin or other antibacterial agents exhibited impaired oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic shifts to glycolysis. Interestingly, we observed that knockdown of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP3K4) gene, which contributes to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, sensitized cells only to josamycin but not to other antibacterial agents. There is a growing interest in better characterizing the therapeutic effects and toxicities of antibiotics in mammalian cells to guide new applications in both cellular and clinical studies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an unbiased genome-wide screen to investigate the effects of a clinically used antibiotic on human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Stanford Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Aye Ökesli-Armlovich
- Stanford Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - David Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Stanford Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Stanford Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.
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21
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Zhu Y, Weldon JE. Evaluating the influence of common antibiotics on the efficacy of a recombinant immunotoxin in tissue culture. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:293. [PMID: 31133049 PMCID: PMC6537151 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are antibody-toxin fusion proteins that can selectively eliminate populations of cells expressing specific surface receptors. They are in evaluation as therapeutic agents for cancer. RITs based on Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) are in use clinically for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, and under trial for the treatment of other cancers. In an effort to improve the efficacy of PE-based RITs, we evaluated the potential of combination therapy with several common antibiotics (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, linezolid, fusidic acid, and kanamycin) on human cell lines HEK293, OVCAR8, and CA46. Antibiotics were selected based on their potential to inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis and disrupt energy metabolism in cancer cells. RESULTS Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, linezolid, and fusidic acid alone killed cultured human cells at high concentrations. At high but nontoxic concentrations of each antibiotic, only chloramphenicol treatment of the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line CA46 showed enhanced cytotoxicity when paired with an anti-transferrin receptor/PE RIT. This result, however, could not be replicated in additional Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines Ramos and Raji. Although the six antibiotics we tested are not promising candidates for RIT combination therapy, we suggest that fusidic acid could be considered independently as a potential cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252 USA
| | - John E. Weldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252 USA
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22
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Ring A, Nguyen C, Smbatyan G, Tripathy D, Yu M, Press M, Kahn M, Lang JE. CBP/β-Catenin/FOXM1 Is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120525. [PMID: 30572639 PMCID: PMC6315782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are an aggressive BC subtype, characterized by high rates of drug resistance and a high proportion of cancer stem cells (CSC). CSCs are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation and drug resistance. cAMP-response element-binding (CREB) binding protein (CREBBP or CBP) has been implicated in CSC biology and may provide a novel therapeutic target in TNBC. Methods: RNA Seq pre- and post treatment with the CBP-binding small molecule ICG-001 was used to characterize CBP-driven gene expression in TNBC cells. In vitro and in vivo TNBC models were used to determine the therapeutic effect of CBP inhibition via ICG-001. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were used to investigate the potential of CBP and associated proteins as biomarkers in TNBC. Results: The CBP/ß-catenin/FOXM1 transcriptional complex drives gene expression in TNBC and is associated with increased CSC numbers, drug resistance and poor survival outcome. Targeting of CBP/β-catenin/FOXM1 with ICG-001 eliminated CSCs and sensitized TNBC tumors to chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry of TMAs demonstrated a significant correlation between FOXM1 expression and TNBC subtype. Conclusion: CBP/β-catenin/FOXM1 transcriptional activity plays an important role in TNBC drug resistance and CSC phenotype. CBP/β-catenin/FOXM1 provides a molecular target for precision therapy in triple negative breast cancer and could form a rationale for potential clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ring
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 0832 Zürich 1, The Netherlands.
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Goar Smbatyan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Debu Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Michael Press
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Julie E Lang
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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23
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Renault D, Yousef H, Mohamed AA. The multilevel antibiotic-induced perturbations to biological systems: Early-life exposure induces long-lasting damages to muscle structure and mitochondrial metabolism in flies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:821-833. [PMID: 29909308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been increasingly used over the past decades for human medicine, food-animal agriculture, aquaculture, and plant production. A significant part of the active molecules of antibiotics can be released into the environment, in turn affecting ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical processes. At lower organizational scales, these substances affect bacterial symbionts of insects, with negative consequences on growth and development of juveniles, and population dynamics. Yet, the multiple alterations of cellular physiology and metabolic processes have remained insufficiently explored in insects. We evaluated the effects of five antibiotics with different mode of action, i.e. ampicillin, cefradine, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, and tetracycline, on the survival and ultrastructural organization of the flight muscles of newly emerged blow flies Chrysomya albiceps. Then, we examined the effects of different concentrations of antibiotics on mitochondrial protein content, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and activity of transaminases (Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase) and described the cellular metabolic perturbations of flies treated with antibiotics. All antibiotics affected the survival of the insects and decreased the total mitochondrial protein content in a dose-dependent manner. Ultrastructural organization of flight muscles in treated flies differs dramatically compared to the control groups and severe pathological damages/structures disorganization of mitochondria appeared. The activities of mitochondrial transaminases significantly increased with increased antibiotic concentrations. The oxidation rate of pyruvate + proline from isolated mitochondria of the flight muscles of 1-day-old flies was significantly reduced at high doses of antibiotics. In parallel, the level of several metabolites, including TCA cycle intermediates, was reduced in antibiotics-treated flies. Overall, antibiotics provoked a system-wide alteration of the structure and physiology of flight muscles of the blow fly Ch. albiceps, and may have fitness consequences at the organism level. Environmental antibiotic pollution is likely to have unwanted cascading ecological effects of insect population dynamics and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Hesham Yousef
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza - PO Box 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza - PO Box 12613, Egypt
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24
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Hasanpourghadi M, Pandurangan AK, Mustafa MR. Modulation of oncogenic transcription factors by bioactive natural products in breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:376-388. [PMID: 28923544 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis, a multi-step phenomenon, characterized by alterations at genetic level and affecting the main intracellular pathways controlling cell growth and development. There are growing number of evidences linking oncogenes to the induction of malignancies, especially breast cancer. Modulations of oncogenes lead to gain-of-function signals in the cells and contribute to the tumorigenic phenotype. These signals yield a large number of proteins that cause cell growth and inhibit apoptosis. Transcription factors such as STAT, p53, NF-κB, c-JUN and FOXM1, are proteins that are conserved among species, accumulate in the nucleus, bind to DNA and regulate the specific genes targets. Oncogenic transcription factors resulting from the mutation or overexpression following aberrant gene expression relay the signals in the nucleus and disrupt the transcription pattern. Activation of oncogenic transcription factors is associated with control of cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and cell differentiation. Among different cancer types, breast cancer is one of top ten cancers worldwide. There are different subtypes of breast cancer cell-lines such as non-aggressive MCF-7 and aggressive and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells, which are identified with distinct molecular profile and different levels of oncogenic transcription factor. For instance, MDA-MB-231 carries mutated and overexpressed p53 with its abnormal, uncontrolled downstream signalling pathway that account for resistance to several anticancer drugs compared to MCF-7 cells with wild-type p53. Appropriate enough, inhibition of oncogenic transcription factors has become a potential target in discovery and development of anti-tumour drugs against breast cancer. Plants produce diverse amount of organic metabolites. Universally, these metabolites with biological activities are known as "natural products". The chemical structure and function of natural products have been studied since 1850s. Investigating these properties leaded to recognition of their molecular effects as anticancer drugs. Numerous natural products extracted from plants, fruits, mushrooms and mycelia, show potential inhibitory effects against several oncogenic transcription factors in breast cancer. Natural compounds that target oncogenic transcription factors have increased the number of candidate therapeutic agents. This review summarizes the current findings of natural products in targeting specific oncogenic transcription factors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Hasanpourghadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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25
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Panozzo C, Laleve A, Tribouillard-Tanvier D, Ostojić J, Sellem CH, Friocourt G, Bourand-Plantefol A, Burg A, Delahodde A, Blondel M, Dujardin G. Chemicals or mutations that target mitochondrial translation can rescue the respiratory deficiency of yeast bcs1 mutants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2297-2307. [PMID: 28888990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bcs1p is a chaperone that is required for the incorporation of the Rieske subunit within complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Mutations in the human gene BCS1L (BCS1-like) are the most frequent nuclear mutations resulting in complex III-related pathologies. In yeast, the mimicking of some pathogenic mutations causes a respiratory deficiency. We have screened chemical libraries and found that two antibiotics, pentamidine and clarithromycin, can compensate two bcs1 point mutations in yeast, one of which is the equivalent of a mutation found in a human patient. As both antibiotics target the large mtrRNA of the mitoribosome, we focused our analysis on mitochondrial translation. We found that the absence of non-essential translation factors Rrf1 or Mif3, which act at the recycling/initiation steps, also compensates for the respiratory deficiency of yeast bcs1 mutations. At compensating concentrations, both antibiotics, as well as the absence of Rrf1, cause an imbalanced synthesis of respiratory subunits which impairs the assembly of the respiratory complexes and especially that of complex IV. Finally, we show that pentamidine also decreases the assembly of complex I in nematode mitochondria. It is well known that complexes III and IV exist within the mitochondrial inner membrane as supramolecular complexes III2/IV in yeast or I/III2/IV in higher eukaryotes. Therefore, we propose that the changes in mitochondrial translation caused by the drugs or by the absence of translation factors, can compensate for bcs1 mutations by modifying the equilibrium between illegitimate, and thus inactive, and active supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Panozzo
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Laleve
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Tribouillard-Tanvier
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J Ostojić
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C H Sellem
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - G Friocourt
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Bourand-Plantefol
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Burg
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Delahodde
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Blondel
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - G Dujardin
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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26
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Jung HJ. Chemical Proteomic Approaches Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: A Review of Current Literature. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 14:315-327. [PMID: 28870999 PMCID: PMC5611518 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as central drivers of tumor initiation, progression, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, identifying stem-like cells within cancers and understanding their properties is crucial for the development of effective anticancer therapies. Recently, chemical proteomics has become a powerful tool to efficiently determine protein networks responsible for CSC pathophysiology and comprehensively elucidate molecular mechanisms of drug action against CSCs. This review provides an overview of major methodologies utilized in chemical proteomic approaches. In addition, recent successful chemical proteomic applications targeting CSCs are highlighted. Future direction of potential CSC research by integrating chemical genomic and proteomic data obtained from a single biological sample of CSCs are also suggested in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jung
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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27
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Prezioso SM, Brown NE, Goldberg JB. Elfamycins: inhibitors of elongation factor-Tu. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:22-34. [PMID: 28710887 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Elfamycins are a relatively understudied group of antibiotics that target the essential process of translation through impairment of EF-Tu function. For the most part, the utility of these compounds has been as laboratory tools for the study of EF-Tu and the ribosome, as their poor pharmacokinetic profile and solubility has prevented implementation as therapeutic agents. However, due to the slowing of the antibiotic pipeline and the rapid emergence of resistance to approved antibiotics, this group is being reconsidered. Some researchers are using screens for novel naturally produced variants, while others are making directed, systematic chemical improvements on publically disclosed compounds. As an example of the latter approach, a GE2270 A derivative, LFF571, has completed phase 2 clinical trials, thus demonstrating the potential for elfamycins to become more prominent antibiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Prezioso
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicole E Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joanna B Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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28
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Lleonart ME, Grodzicki R, Graifer DM, Lyakhovich A. Mitochondrial dysfunction and potential anticancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1275-1298. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Grodzicki
- Thomas Steitz Laboratory; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | | | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Oncology Program; Vall D'Hebron Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk; Russia
- International Clinical Research Center and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno; Czech Republic
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29
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Burkhart BJ, Schwalen CJ, Mann G, Naismith JH, Mitchell DA. YcaO-Dependent Posttranslational Amide Activation: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5389-5456. [PMID: 28256131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With advances in sequencing technology, uncharacterized proteins and domains of unknown function (DUFs) are rapidly accumulating in sequence databases and offer an opportunity to discover new protein chemistry and reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review, the formerly enigmatic YcaO superfamily (DUF181), has been found to catalyze a unique phosphorylation of a ribosomal peptide backbone amide upon attack by different nucleophiles. Established nucleophiles are the side chains of Cys, Ser, and Thr which gives rise to azoline/azole biosynthesis in ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products. However, much remains unknown about the potential for YcaO proteins to collaborate with other nucleophiles. Recent work suggests potential in forming thioamides, macroamidines, and possibly additional post-translational modifications. This review covers all knowledge through mid-2016 regarding the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), natural products, functions, mechanisms, and applications of YcaO proteins and outlines likely future research directions for this protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg Mann
- Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews , BSRC North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - James H Naismith
- Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews , BSRC North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Sichuan, China
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30
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Massart J, Begriche K, Moreau C, Fromenty B. Role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as risk factor for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Clin Transl Res 2017; 3:212-232. [PMID: 28691103 PMCID: PMC5500243 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.03.2017s1.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is often associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which refers to a large spectrum of hepatic lesions including fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Different investigations showed or suggested that obesity and NAFLD are able to increase the risk of hepatotoxicity of different drugs. Some of these drugs could induce more frequently an acute hepatitis in obese individuals whereas others could worsen pre-existing NAFLD. AIM The main objective of the present review was to collect the available information regarding the role of NAFLD as risk factor for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. For this purpose, we performed a data-mining analysis using different queries including drug-induced liver injury (or DILI), drug-induced hepatotoxicity, fatty liver, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (or NAFLD), steatosis and obesity. The main data from the collected articles are reported in this review and when available, some pathophysiological hypotheses are put forward. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Drugs that could pose a potential risk in obese patients include compounds belonging to different pharmacological classes such as acetaminophen, halothane, methotrexate, rosiglitazone, stavudine and tamoxifen. For some of these drugs, experimental investigations in obese rodents confirmed the clinical observations and unveiled different pathophysiological mechanisms which could explain why these pharmaceuticals are particularly hepatotoxic in obesity and NAFLD. Other drugs such as pentoxifylline, phenobarbital and omeprazole might also pose a risk but more investigations are required to determine whether this risk is significant or not. Because obese people often take several drugs for the treatment of different obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease, it is urgent to identify the main pharmaceuticals that can cause acute hepatitis on a fatty liver background or induce NAFLD worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Moreau
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
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31
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Fan Q, Cai Q, Xu Y. FOXM1 is a downstream target of LPA and YAP oncogenic signaling pathways in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27688-99. [PMID: 26299613 PMCID: PMC4695018 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a prototypical ligand for G protein coupled receptors, and Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1), a transcription factor that regulates expression of a wide array of genes involved in cancer initiation and progression, are two important oncogenic signaling molecules in human epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). We conducted in vitro mechanistic studies using pharmacological inhibitors, genetic forms of the signaling molecules, and RNAi-mediated gene knock-down to uncover the molecular mechanisms of how these two molecules interact in EOC cells. Additionally, in vivo mouse studies were performed to confirm the functional involvement of FOXM1 in EOC tumor formation and progression. We show for the first time that LPA up-regulates expression of active FOXM1 splice variants in a time- and dose-dependent manner in the human EOC cell lines OVCA433, CAOV3, and OVCAR5. Gi-PI3K-AKT and G12/13-Rho-YAP signaling pathways were both involved in the LPA receptor (LPA1-3) mediated up-regulation of FOXM1 at the transcriptional level. In addition, down-regulation of FOXM1 in CAOV3 xenografts significantly reduced tumor and ascites formation, metastasis, and expression of FOXM1 target genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, or invasion. Collectively, our data link the oncolipid LPA, the oncogene YAP, and the central regulator of cell proliferation/mutagenesis FOXM1 in EOC cells. Moreover, these results provide further support for the importance of these pathways as potential therapeutic targets in EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Qingchun Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Alexey Amunts
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Alan Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom;
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33
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Lamb R, Fiorillo M, Chadwick A, Ozsvari B, Reeves KJ, Smith DL, Clarke RB, Howell SJ, Cappello AR, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Peiris-Pagès M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Doxycycline down-regulates DNA-PK and radiosensitizes tumor initiating cells: Implications for more effective radiation therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14005-25. [PMID: 26087309 PMCID: PMC4546447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-PK is an enzyme that is required for proper DNA-repair and is thought to confer radio-resistance in cancer cells. As a consequence, it is a high-profile validated target for new pharmaceutical development. However, no FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitors have emerged, despite many years of drug discovery and lead optimization. This is largely because existing DNA-PK inhibitors suffer from poor pharmacokinetics. They are not well absorbed and/or are unstable, with a short plasma half-life. Here, we identified the first FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitor by "chemical proteomics". In an effort to understand how doxycycline targets cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), we serendipitously discovered that doxycycline reduces DNA-PK protein expression by nearly 15-fold (> 90%). In accordance with these observations, we show that doxycycline functionally radio-sensitizes breast CSCs, by up to 4.5-fold. Moreover, we demonstrate that DNA-PK is highly over-expressed in both MCF7- and T47D-derived mammospheres. Interestingly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK in MCF7 cells is sufficient to functionally block mammosphere formation. Thus, it appears that active DNA-repair is required for the clonal expansion of CSCs. Mechanistically, doxycycline treatment dramatically reduced the oxidative mitochondrial capacity and the glycolytic activity of cancer cells, consistent with previous studies linking DNA-PK expression to the proper maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number. Using a luciferase-based assay, we observed that doxycycline treatment quantitatively reduces the anti-oxidant response (NRF1/2) and effectively blocks signaling along multiple independent pathways normally associated with stem cells, including STAT1/3, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Notch, WNT and TGF-beta signaling. In conclusion, we propose that the efficacy of doxycycline as a DNA-PK inhibitor should be tested in Phase-II clinical trials, in combination with radio-therapy. Doxycycline has excellent pharmacokinetics, with nearly 100% oral absorption and a long serum half-life (18-22 hours), at a standard dose of 200-mg per day. In further support of this idea, we show that doxycycline effectively inhibits the mammosphere-forming activity of primary breast cancer samples, derived from metastatic disease sites (pleural effusions or ascites fluid). Our results also have possible implications for the radio-therapy of brain tumors and/or brain metastases, as doxycycline is known to effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. Further studies will be needed to determine if other tetracycline family members also confer radio-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamb
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Amy Chadwick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Bela Ozsvari
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberly J Reeves
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Gopisetty G, Thangarajan R. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit (MRPS) genes: A putative role in human disease. Gene 2016; 589:27-35. [PMID: 27170550 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are prominently understood as power houses producing ATP the primary energy currency of the cell. However, mitochondria are also known to play an important role in apoptosis and autophagy, and mitochondrial dysregulation can lead to pathological outcomes. Mitochondria are known to contain 1500 proteins of which only 13 are coded by mitochondrial DNA and the rest are coded by nuclear genes. Protein synthesis in mitochondria involves mitochondrial ribosomes which are 55-60S particles and are composed of small 28S and large 39S subunits. A feature of mammalian mitoribosome which differentiate it from bacterial ribosomes is the increased protein content. The human mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRP) gene family comprises of 30 genes which code for mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit and 50 genes for the large subunit. The present review focuses on the mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit genes (MRPS), presents an overview of the literature and data gleaned from publicly available gene and protein expression databases. The survey revealed aberrations in MRPS gene expression patterns in varied human diseases indicating a putative role in their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Gopisetty
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
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35
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Abstract
Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) perform protein synthesis inside mitochondria, the organelles responsible for energy conversion and adenosine triphosphate production in eukaryotic cells. Throughout evolution, mitoribosomes have become functionally specialized for synthesizing mitochondrial membrane proteins, and this has been accompanied by large changes to their structure and composition. We review recent high-resolution structural data that have provided unprecedented insight into the structure and function of mitoribosomes in mammals and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil J Greber
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland; .,*Present address: California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3220
| | - Nenad Ban
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
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36
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Hagenbuchner J, Ausserlechner MJ. Targeting transcription factors by small compounds--Current strategies and future implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 107:1-13. [PMID: 26686579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are central regulators of gene expression and critically steer development, differentiation and death. Except for ligand-activated nuclear receptors, direct modulation of transcription factor function by small molecules is still widely regarded as "impossible". This "un-druggability" of non-ligand transcription factors is due to the fact that the interacting surface between transcription factor and DNA is huge and subject to significant changes during DNA-binding. Besides some "success studies" with compounds that directly interfere with DNA binding, drug targeting approaches mostly address protein-protein interfaces with essential co-factors, transcription factor dimerization partners, chaperone proteins or proteins that regulate subcellular shuttling. An alternative strategy represent DNA-intercalating, alkylating or DNA-groove-binding compounds that either block transcription factor-binding or change the 3D-conformation of the consensus DNA-strand. Recently, much interest has been focused on chromatin reader proteins that steer the recruitment and activity of transcription factors to a gene transcription start site. Several small compounds demonstrate that these epigenetic reader proteins are exciting new drug targets for inhibiting lineage-specific transcription in cancer therapy. In this research update we will discuss recent advances in targeting transcription factors with small compounds, the challenges that are related to the complex function and regulation of these proteins and also the possible future directions and applications of transcription factor drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hagenbuchner
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael J Ausserlechner
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Sandu C, Chandramouli N, Glickman JF, Molina H, Kuo CL, Kukushkin N, Goldberg AL, Steller H. Thiostrepton interacts covalently with Rpt subunits of the 19S proteasome and proteasome substrates. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2181-92. [PMID: 26033448 PMCID: PMC4568923 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a novel mechanism of proteasome inhibition mediated by Thiostrepton (Thsp), which interacts covalently with Rpt subunits of the 19S proteasome and proteasome substrates. We identified Thsp in a cell-based high-throughput screen using a fluorescent reporter sensitive to degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Thiostrepton behaves as a proteasome inhibitor in several paradigms, including cell-based reporters, detection of global ubiquitination status, and proteasome-mediated labile protein degradation. In vitro, Thsp does not block the chymotrypsin activity of the 26S proteasome. In a cell-based IκBα degradation assay, Thsp is a slow inhibitor and 4 hrs of treatment achieves the same effects as MG-132 at 30 min. We show that Thsp forms covalent adducts with proteins in human cells and demonstrate their nature by mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the ability of Thsp to interact covalently with the cysteine residues is essential for its proteasome inhibitory function. We further show that a Thsp modified peptide cannot be degraded by proteasomes in vitro. Importantly, we demonstrate that Thsp binds covalently to Rpt subunits of the 19S regulatory particle and forms bridges with a proteasome substrate. Taken together, our results uncover an important role of Thsp in 19S proteasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristinel Sandu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joseph Fraser Glickman
- High Throughput Screening Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chueh-Ling Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Hermann Steller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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38
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Cunniff B, Newick K, Nelson KJ, Wozniak AN, Beuschel S, Leavitt B, Bhave A, Butnor K, Koenig A, Chouchani ET, James AM, Haynes AC, Lowther WT, Murphy MP, Shukla A, Heintz NH. Disabling Mitochondrial Peroxide Metabolism via Combinatorial Targeting of Peroxiredoxin 3 as an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Malignant Mesothelioma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127310. [PMID: 26011724 PMCID: PMC4444329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of signaling pathways and energy metabolism in cancer cells enhances production of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide that supports tumorigenesis through multiple mechanisms. To counteract the adverse effects of mitochondrial peroxide many solid tumor types up-regulate the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase 2 - thioredoxin 2 (TRX2) - peroxiredoxin 3 (PRX3) antioxidant network. Using malignant mesothelioma cells as a model, we show that thiostrepton (TS) irreversibly disables PRX3 via covalent crosslinking of peroxidatic and resolving cysteine residues in homodimers, and that targeting the oxidoreductase TRX2 with the triphenylmethane gentian violet (GV) potentiates adduction by increasing levels of disulfide-bonded PRX3 dimers. Due to the fact that activity of the PRX3 catalytic cycle dictates the rate of adduction by TS, immortalized and primary human mesothelial cells are significantly less sensitive to both compounds. Moreover, stable knockdown of PRX3 reduces mesothelioma cell proliferation and sensitivity to TS. Expression of catalase in shPRX3 mesothelioma cells restores defects in cell proliferation but not sensitivity to TS. In a SCID mouse xenograft model of human mesothelioma, administration of TS and GV together reduced tumor burden more effectively than either agent alone. Because increased production of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide is a common phenotype of malignant cells, and TS and GV are well tolerated in mammals, we propose that targeting PRX3 is a feasible redox-dependent strategy for managing mesothelioma and other intractable human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cunniff
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kheng Newick
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, 19147, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Nelson
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States of America
| | - Alexandra N. Wozniak
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
| | - Stacie Beuschel
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
| | - Bruce Leavitt
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
| | - Anant Bhave
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
| | - Kelly Butnor
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
| | - Andreas Koenig
- University of Vermont, Department of Immunology medicine, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
| | - Edward T. Chouchani
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. James
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Alexina C. Haynes
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States of America
| | - W. Todd Lowther
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Medical Research Council, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Arti Shukla
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
| | - Nicholas H. Heintz
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States of America
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Suppression of the FOXM1 transcriptional programme via novel small molecule inhibition. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5165. [PMID: 25387393 PMCID: PMC4258842 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXM1 binds to sequence-specific motifs on DNA (C/TAAACA) through its DNA binding domain (DBD), and activates proliferation- and differentiation-associated genes. Aberrant overexpression of FOXM1 is a key feature in oncogenesis and progression of many human cancers. Here — from a high-throughput screen applied to a library of 54,211 small molecules — we identify novel small molecule inhibitors of FOXM1 that block DNA binding. One of the identified compounds: FDI-6 (NCGC00099374) is characterized in depth and is shown to bind directly to FOXM1 protein, to displace FOXM1 from genomic targets in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and induce concomitant transcriptional down-regulation. Global transcript profiling of MCF-7 cells by RNA-seq shows that FDI-6 specifically down regulates FOXM1-activated genes with FOXM1 occupancy confirmed by ChIP-seq. This small molecule mediated effect is selective for FOXM1-controlled genes with no effect on genes regulated by homologous forkhead family factors.
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40
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Greber BJ, Boehringer D, Leibundgut M, Bieri P, Leitner A, Schmitz N, Aebersold R, Ban N. The complete structure of the large subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome. Nature 2014; 515:283-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Zug R, Hammerstein P. Bad guys turned nice? A critical assessment of Wolbachia mutualisms in arthropod hosts. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:89-111. [PMID: 24618033 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are the most abundant bacterial endosymbionts among arthropods. Although maternally inherited, they do not conform to the widespread view that vertical transmission inevitably selects for beneficial symbionts. Instead, Wolbachia are notorious for their reproductive parasitism which, although lowering host fitness, ensures their spread. However, even for reproductive parasites it can pay to enhance host fitness. Indeed, there is a recent upsurge of reports on Wolbachia-associated fitness benefits. Therefore, the question arises how such instances of mutualism are related to the phenotypes of reproductive parasitism. Here, we review the evidence of Wolbachia mutualisms in arthropods, including both facultative and obligate relationships, and critically assess their biological relevance. Although many studies report anti-pathogenic effects of Wolbachia, few actually prove these effects to be relevant to field conditions. We further show that Wolbachia frequently have beneficial and detrimental effects at the same time, and that reproductive manipulations and obligate mutualisms may share common mechanisms. These findings undermine the idea of a clear-cut distinction between Wolbachia mutualism and parasitism. In general, both facultative and obligate mutualisms can have a strong, and sometimes unforeseen, impact on the ecology and evolution of Wolbachia and their arthropod hosts. Acknowledging this mutualistic potential might be the key to a better understanding of some unresolved issues in the study of Wolbachia-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zug
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Suematsu T, Watanabe O, Kita K, Yokobori SI, Watanabe YI. Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial EF-G1 functions in two different translation steps. J Biochem 2013; 155:107-14. [PMID: 24272752 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation elongation factor G (EF-G) in bacteria catalyses the translocation of transfer RNA on ribosomes in the elongation step as well as dissociation of post-termination state ribosomes into two subunits in the recycling step. In contrast, the dual functions of EF-G are exclusively divided into two different paralogues in human mitochondria, named EF-G1mt for translocation and EF-G2mt for ribosomal dissociation. Many of the two eukaryotic EF-G paralogues are phylogenetically associated with EF-G1mt and EF-G2mt groups. However, plant paralogues are associated with EF-G1mt and plastid EF-G, not with EF-G2mt. In this study, we phylogenetically and biochemically characterized Arabidopsis thaliana EF-G1mt (AtEF-G1mt) to clarify the factor responsible for the dissociation of ribosomes in plant mitochondria. We showed that eukaryotic EF-G1mts form one monophyletic group separated from bacterial EF-G and are classified into five sister groups. AtEF-G1mt is classified into a different group from its human counterpart. We also demonstrated that AtEF-G1mt catalyses both translocation and ribosomal dissociation, unlike in humans. Meanwhile, AtEF-G1mt is resistant to fusidic acid, an inhibitor of bacterial EF-G. Here, we propose that the functional division is not necessarily conserved among mitochondriate eukaryotes and also that EF-G1mt in organisms lacking EF-G2mt functions in two steps, similar to conventional bacterial EF-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Suematsu
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, and Department of Applied Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of fusidic acid on Babesia and Theileria parasites. Vet Parasitol 2012; 191:1-10. [PMID: 22985928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusidic acid known to has antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial activities. Fusidic acid blocks translation elongation factor G gene in Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of fusidic acid on the in vitro growth of bovine and equine Babesia parasites were evaluated. The inhibitory effect of fusidic acid on the in vivo growth of Babesia microti was also assessed. The in vitro growth of four Babesia species that were tested was significantly inhibited (P<0.05) by micromolar concentrations of fusidic acid (IC(50) values=144.8, 17.3, 33.3, and 56.25 μM for Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia caballi, and Theileria equi, respectively). Combinations of fusidic acid with diminazene aceturate synergistically potentiated its inhibitory effects in vitro on B. bovis and B. caballi. In B. microti-infected mice, fusidic acid caused significant (P<0.05) inhibition of the growth of B. microti at the dose of 500 mg/kg BW relative to control group. These results indicate that fusidic acid might be incorporated in treatment of babesiosis.
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44
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From father to son: transgenerational effect of tetracycline on sperm viability. Sci Rep 2012; 2:375. [PMID: 22540028 PMCID: PMC3337657 DOI: 10.1038/srep00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum antibiotic tetracycline is used in animal production, antimicrobial therapy, and for curing arthropods infected with bacterial endosymbionts such as Wolbachia. Tetracycline inhibits mitochondrial translation, and recent evidence indicates that male reproductive traits may be particularly sensitive to this antibiotic. Here, we report the first multi-generation investigation of tetracycline's effects on ejaculate traits. In a study of the pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes scorpioides, in which siblings were randomly assigned to control and tetracycline treatments across replicate full-sibling families, tetracycline did not affect body size in either sex, female reproduction or sperm number. However, tetracycline-treated males exhibited significantly reduced sperm viability compared to control males, and transmitted this toxic effect of tetracycline on sperm to their untreated sons but not to their F2 grandsons. These results are consistent with tetracycline-induced epigenetic changes in the male germline, and suggest the need for further investigation of transgenerational effects of tetracycline on male reproductive function.
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45
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Bowers AA. Biochemical and biosynthetic preparation of natural product-like cyclic peptide libraries. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural product gene clusters are increasingly being used to compliment biochemical methods for production of cyclic peptide libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A. Bowers
- Purdue University
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- West Lafayette
- USA
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46
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Suzuki T, Nagao A, Suzuki T. Human Mitochondrial tRNAs: Biogenesis, Function, Structural Aspects, and Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2011; 45:299-329. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are eukaryotic organelles that generate most of the energy in the cell by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Each mitochondrion contains multiple copies of a closed circular double-stranded DNA genome (mtDNA). Human (mammalian) mtDNA encodes 13 essential subunits of the inner membrane complex responsible for OXPHOS. These mRNAs are translated by the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery, which uses the 22 species of mitochondrial tRNAs (mt tRNAs) encoded by mtDNA. The unique structural features of mt tRNAs distinguish them from cytoplasmic tRNAs bearing the canonical cloverleaf structure. The genes encoding mt tRNAs are highly susceptible to point mutations, which are a primary cause of mitochondrial dysfunction and are associated with a wide range of pathologies. A large number of nuclear factors involved in the biogenesis and function of mt tRNAs have been identified and characterized, including processing endonucleases, tRNA-modifying enzymes, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These nuclear factors are also targets of pathogenic mutations linked to various diseases, indicating the functional importance of mt tRNAs for mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asuteka Nagao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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47
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The transcription factor FOXM1 is a cellular target of the natural product thiostrepton. Nat Chem 2011; 3:725-31. [PMID: 21860463 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are proteins that bind specifically to defined DNA sequences to promote gene expression. Targeting transcription factors with small molecules to modulate the expression of certain genes has been notoriously difficult to achieve. The natural product thiostrepton is known to reduce the transcriptional activity of FOXM1, a transcription factor involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Herein we demonstrate that thiostrepton interacts directly with FOXM1 protein in the human breast cancer cells MCF-7. Biophysical analyses of the thiostrepton-FOXM1 interaction provide additional insights on the molecular mode of action of thiostrepton. In cellular experiments, we show that thiostrepton can inhibit the binding of FOXM1 to genomic target sites. These findings illustrate the potential druggability of transcription factors and provide a molecular basis for targeting the FOXM1 family with small molecules.
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48
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Schoof S, Pradel G, Aminake MN, Ellinger B, Baumann S, Potowski M, Najajreh Y, Kirschner M, Arndt HD. Antiplasmodial thiostrepton derivatives: proteasome inhibitors with a dual mode of action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3317-21. [PMID: 20358566 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schoof
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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49
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Koc E, Haque M, Spremulli L. Current Views of the Structure of the Mammalian Mitochondrial Ribosome. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Panepinto JC, Misener AL, Oliver BG, Hu G, Park YD, Shin S, White TC, Williamson PR. Overexpression of TUF1 restores respiratory growth and fluconazole sensitivity to a Cryptococcus neoformans vad1Delta mutant. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:2558-2565. [PMID: 20430817 PMCID: PMC3068674 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.035923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans favours respiration as a mechanism of energy production, and thus depends heavily on mitochondrial function. Previous studies of a C. neoformansvad1Δ mutant revealed reduced expression of the mitochondrial elongation factor TUF1 and defects in glycerol utilization, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we found that in trans expression of TUF1 in the vad1Δ mutant suppressed the mitochondrial defects, including growth on respiration-dependent carbon sources and fluconazole resistance, associated with VAD1 deletion. Tetracycline, an inhibitor of mitochondrial translation, was found to confer resistance to fluconazole in the wild-type and vad1Δ mutant, whereas the fluconazole susceptibility of the TUF1-overexpressing strain was unaffected by tetracycline treatment. In the presence of fluconazole, the vad1Δ mutant exhibited increased activation of the global transcriptional regulator Sre1. TUF1 overexpression failed to alter cleavage of Sre1 in response to fluconazole in the vad1Δ mutant, suggesting that TUF1 repression in the vad1Δ mutant is distal to Sre1, or that it occurs through an independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Panepinto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Amanda L Misener
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Guowu Hu
- Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yoon Dong Park
- Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Soowan Shin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Peter R Williamson
- Section of Translational Mycology, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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