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Lim YH, Park YJ, Lee J, Kim JH. Transcriptional corepressor activity of CtBP1 is regulated by ISG15 modification. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:66-74. [PMID: 38405356 PMCID: PMC10885760 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2321354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) is a critical transcriptional corepressor of many tumor suppressor genes and plays diverse roles in the progression of cancers. The transcriptional repression function of CtBP1 is mediated by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes, such as histone deacetylases and histone methyltransferases, to target genes by binding with DNA-interacting factors. Several post-translational modifications of CtBP1 have been identified, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and SUMOylation. This paper reports that CtBP1 is conjugated by ISG15. Endogenous CtBP1 was modified by ISG15 after interferon-α treatment in HeLa cells. The ISGylation process of CtBP1 was regulated by deISGylation enzyme USP18 and ISG15 E3 ligase EFP. Interestingly, CtBP1 ISGylation affected the binding affinity between CtBP1 and some components of CtBP1-associated transcriptional complexes. HDAC1 and LSD1 bound more efficiently to ISG15-conjugated CtBP1 than non-conjugated CtBP1. On the other hand, binding between CtBP1 and HDAC4 was unaffected by ISG15 modification. Furthermore, ISG15 modification enhanced the transcriptional repression activity of CtBP1 on several target genes related to EMT and apoptosis. These findings suggest that the ISG15 modification of CtBP1 modulates the function and activity of CtBP1 and that CtBP1 ISGylation may provide a new insight for CtBP1-mediated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hwan Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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2
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Teimoori A, Mirshahabi H, Khansarinejad B, Soleimanjahi H, Karimi H, Rasti M, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S. Significant alteration of IFN stimulated genes expression in MA104 cells infected with bovine rotavirus RF strain. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2023; 44:56-65. [PMID: 36052996 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2022.2118061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) trigger signaling cascades, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). Rotavirus (RV) countermeasures against innate responses and understanding of these processes will improve our knowledge regarding immunopathogenesis of RV infection. In this study, we investigated the effect of RV RF strain on the important ISG candidate genes engaging in virus infections for which little information is known in RV RF strain. To this end, MA104 cells were mock/infected with RF followed by incubation in the presence or absence of IFN-α and the expression of MX1, OAS1, STAT1, ISG15, and ISG56 mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR. All of ISGs' mRNAs showed higher expression levels in IFN I treated cells compared to virus-infected cells except for ISG56. Infecting the cells with RV and treatment with IFN type I led to overexpression of ISG56 compared to cells were either infected with the virus or only treated with IFN I. In conclusion, we showed that the RV RF strain efficiently blocks type I IFN-induced gene expression particularly ISG15, MX1, STAT, and OSA1 as antiviral proteins. Furthermore, viruses may use some ISGs such as ISG 56 to regulate IFN I signaling pathway, negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hessam Mirshahabi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behzad Khansarinejad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Karimi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rasti
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Phenotypic and Transcriptional Changes of Pulmonary Immune Responses in Dogs Following Canine Distemper Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710019. [PMID: 36077417 PMCID: PMC9456005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, is a highly contagious infectious agent causing a multisystemic, devastating disease in a broad range of host species, characterized by severe immunosuppression, encephalitis and pneumonia. The present study aimed at investigating pulmonary immune responses of CDV-infected dogs in situ using immunohistochemistry and whole transcriptome analyses by bulk RNA sequencing. Spatiotemporal analysis of phenotypic changes revealed pulmonary immune responses primarily driven by MHC-II+, Iba-1+ and CD204+ innate immune cells during acute and subacute infection phases, which paralleled pathologic lesion development and coincided with high viral loads in CDV-infected lungs. CD20+ B cell numbers initially declined, followed by lymphoid repopulation in the advanced disease phase. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated an increased expression of transcripts related to innate immunity, antiviral defense mechanisms, type I interferon responses and regulation of cell death in the lung of CDV-infected dogs. Molecular analyses also revealed disturbed cytokine responses with a pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization and impaired mucociliary defense in CDV-infected lungs. The exploratory study provides detailed data on CDV-related pulmonary immune responses, expanding the list of immunologic parameters potentially leading to viral elimination and virus-induced pulmonary immunopathology in canine distemper.
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4
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Proteomic Analysis of ISGylation in Immortalized Porcine Alveolar Macrophage Cell Lines Induced by Type I Interferon. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020164. [PMID: 33671165 PMCID: PMC7922875 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15), a ubiquitin-like molecule, can be conjugated to protein substrates through a reversible process known as ISGylation. ISG15 and ISGylation are both strongly upregulated by type I interferons and play putative key roles in host innate immunity against viral infection. However, the function of ISGylation and identities of ISGylation substrates are largely unknown. Here, a novel monoclonal antibody (Mab) that specifically recognizes porcine ISG15 (pISG15) was employed to capture ISG15-conjugated proteins from IFNs-stimulated porcine cell lysates. Next, Mab-captured conjugates were analyzed using proteomics-based tools to identify potential ISGylation protein targets in order to elucidate the roles of ISG15 and ISGylation in porcine cells. Subsequently, 190 putative ISGylation sites were detected within 98 identified ISGylation candidates; several candidates contained more than one ISGylation-modifiable lysine residue, including pISG15 itself. Motif enrichment analysis of confirmed ISGylation sites demonstrated a moderate bias towards certain sites with specific upstream amino acid residues. Meanwhile, results of Gene Ontology (GO)-based annotation and functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses of porcine ISG15-conjugated substrate proteins indicated that these substrates were mainly associated with the host metabolism, especially nucleotide metabolic pathways that ultimately may participate in cellular antiviral defenses. Notably, several ISGs (MX1, IFIT1, OAS1, ISG15 and putative ISG15 E3 ligase Herc6) were also identified as putative ISGylation substrates within a regulatory loop involving ISGylation of ISGs themselves. Taken together, proteomics analysis of porcine ISGylation substrates revealed putative functional roles of ISG15 and novel host ISGylation targets that may ultimately be involved in cellular antiviral responses.
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5
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Abstract
The host response to viral infection includes the induction of type I interferons and the subsequent upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is an interferon-induced protein that has been implicated as a central player in the host antiviral response. Over the past 15 years, efforts to understand how ISG15 protects the host during infection have revealed that its actions are diverse and pathogen-dependent. In this Review, we describe new insights into how ISG15 directly inhibits viral replication and discuss the recent finding that ISG15 modulates the host damage and repair response, immune response and other host signalling pathways. We also explore the viral immune-evasion strategies that counteract the actions of ISG15. These findings are integrated with a discussion of the recent identification of ISG15-deficient individuals and a cellular receptor for ISG15 that provides new insights into how ISG15 shapes the host response to viral infection. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is an interferon-induced protein that has been implicated as a central player in the host antiviral response. In this Review, Perng and Lenschow provide new insights into how ISG15 restricts and shapes the host response to viral infection and the viral immune-evasion strategies that counteract ISG15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Perng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Hollingsworth J, Lau A, Tone A, Kollara A, Allen L, Colgan TJ, Dube V, Rosen B, Murphy KJ, Greenblatt EM, Feigenberg T, Virtanen C, Brown TJ. BRCA1 Mutation Status and Follicular Fluid Exposure Alters NFκB Signaling and ISGylation in Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells. Neoplasia 2018; 20:697-709. [PMID: 29852322 PMCID: PMC6030391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (mtBRCA1 and mtBRCA2) increase risk for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the most commonly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer histotype. Other identified risk factors for this cancer, which originates primarily in the distal fallopian tube epithelium (FTE), implicate ovulation, during which the FTE cells become transiently exposed to follicular fluid (FF). To test whether mtBRCA1 or mtBRCA2 nonmalignant FTE cells respond differently to periovulatory FF exposure than control patient FTE cells, gene expression profiles from primary FTE cultures derived from BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers or control patients were compared at baseline, 24 hours after FF exposure, and 24 hours after FF replacement with culture medium. Hierarchical clustering revealed both FF exposure and BRCA mutation status affect gene expression, with BRCA1 mutation having the greatest impact. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed increased NFκB and EGFR signaling at baseline in mtBRCA1 samples, with increased interferon target gene expression, including members of the ISGylation pathway, observed after recovery from FF exposure. Gene set enrichment analysis did not identify altered pathway signaling in mtBRCA2 samples. An inverse relationship between EGFR signaling and ISGylation with BRCA1 protein levels was verified in an immortalized FTE cell line, OE-E6/E7, stably transfected with BRCA1 cDNA. Suppression of ISG15 and ISGylated protein levels by increased BRCA1 expression was found to be mediated by decreased NFκB signaling. These studies indicate that increased NFκB signaling associated with decreased BRCA1 expression results in increased ISG15 and protein ISGylation following FF exposure, which may be involved in predisposition to HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hollingsworth
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Angela Lau
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Alicia Tone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - Alexandra Kollara
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Lisa Allen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Terence J Colgan
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Valerie Dube
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Barry Rosen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - K Joan Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - Ellen M Greenblatt
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Tomer Feigenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
| | | | - Theodore J Brown
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
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7
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Wu X, Zhang LL, Yin LB, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Ding HB, Chu ZX, Shang H, Zhang ZN. Deregulated MicroRNA-21 Expression in Monocytes from HIV-Infected Patients Contributes to Elevated IP-10 Secretion in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1122. [PMID: 28955339 PMCID: PMC5601991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent activation and inflammation impair immune response and trigger disease progression in HIV infection. Emerging evidence supports the supposition that excessive production of interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), a critical inflammatory cytokine, leads to immune dysfunction and disease progression in HIV infection. In this study, we sought to elucidate the cause of the upregulated production of IP-10 in HIV infection and explore the underlying mechanisms. Bolstering miR-21 levels using mimics resulted in the obvious suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IP-10 in monocyte leukemia cells THP-1 and vice versa. The analysis of the primary monocytes of HIV patients revealed significantly less miR-21 than in healthy controls; this was opposite to the tendency of IP-10 levels in plasma. The secretion of IP-10 due to LPS stimulation was not affected by miR-21 modulation in the differentiated THP-1 macrophages (THP-1-MA). We found a novel switch, IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), which triggers the expression of IP-10 and is significantly upregulated during the differentiation of THP-1 into THP-1-MA. The inhibition of ISG15 can restore the regulation of IP-10 by miR-21. In summary, IP-10 expression in monocytes is regulated by miR-21, whereas in macrophages, this fine-tuning is attenuated by the enhanced expression of ISG15. This study paves the way to a comprehensive understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of IP-10, a key point in immune intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Bo Yin
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Chu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Li L, Ulrich R, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Interferon-stimulated genes-essential antiviral effectors implicated in resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:242. [PMID: 26703877 PMCID: PMC4690264 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental infection of mice with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is used as an animal model of human multiple sclerosis. TMEV persists in susceptible mouse strains and causes a biphasic disease consisting of acute polioencephalomyelitis and chronic demyelinating leukomyelitis. In contrast, resistant mice eliminate the virus within 2 to 4 weeks, which seems to be based on a strong antiviral innate immune response including the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. Several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) such as IFN-stimulated protein of 15 kDa (ISG15), protein kinase R (PKR), and 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) function as antiviral effectors and might contribute to virus elimination. Nevertheless, detailed investigations of the type I IFN pathway during TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) are lacking. Methods The present study evaluated microarray data of the spinal cord obtained from susceptible SJL/J mice after TMEV infection focusing on IFN-related genes. Moreover, ISG gene and protein expression was determined in mock- and TMEV-infected SJL/J mice and compared to its expression in resistant C57BL/6 mice using real- time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Results Interestingly, despite of increased ISG gene expression during TMEV-IDD, ISG protein expression was impaired in SJL/J mice and mainly restricted to demyelinated lesions. In contrast, high ISG protein levels were found in spinal cord gray and white matter of C57BL/6 compared to SJL/J mice in the acute and chronic phase of TMEV-IDD. In both mouse strains, ISG15 was mainly found in astrocytes and endothelial cells, whereas PKR was predominantly expressed by microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Only few cells were immunopositive for OAS proteins. Conclusions High levels of antiviral ISG15 and PKR proteins in the spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice might block virus replication and play an important role in the resistance to TMEV-IDD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0462-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Schanz A, Baston-Büst DM, Heiss C, Beyer IM, Krüssel JS, Hess AP. Interferon stimulated gene 15 expression at the human embryo-maternal interface. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290:783-9. [PMID: 24996384 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In early pregnancy the dialogue between maternal endometrium and embryo is a key process in establishing a receptive decidua and placental network. Decidual ISG15 induction is thought to promote pregnancy maintenance and development. ISG15 is involved in RNA splicing, cytoskeletal organization, stress response and further intracellular processes. METHODS ISG15 expression was examined immunohistologically in paraffin-embedded human placental and decidual tissue samples of all pregnancy trimesters on adjacent sections (first trimester n = 5, second n = 5, third n = 3). Samples were processed using a protocol applying a rabbit polyclonal ISG15 antibody. A mouse monoclonal cytokeratin seven antibody was utilized to identify the different placental departments and decidual glands. Staining results and anatomical features were evaluated blindly with strict rating criteria. RESULTS ISG15 expression was identified in first and second trimester tissue samples. ISG15 localized especially to the extravillous cytotrophoblasts in the maternal wall and in maternal blood vessel. Expression was detected in cytotrophoblast progenitor cells in the placental villi and the cell column with a maximum in the first trimester. The syncytial layer stained positive in first and second trimester samples. Third trimester samples showed no expression of ISG15 at all. CONCLUSIONS ISG15 abundance in the human placenta is an interesting finding, with implications for placental development, fetal growth and potential defense mechanism against infections. The maximal expression of ISG15 in the first and second trimester of pregnancy suggests that ISG function is needed when placental and embryo development is enormous and embryo susceptibility to external influences is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schanz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty, Medical Center University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany,
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10
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Huang YF, Wee S, Gunaratne J, Lane DP, Bulavin DV. Isg15 controls p53 stability and functions. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2200-10. [PMID: 24844324 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of p53 is a cornerstone in the control of its functions as a tumor suppressor. This process is attributed to ubiquitin-dependent modification of p53. In addition to polyubiquitination, we found that p53 is targeted for degradation through ISGylation. Isg15, a ubiquitin-like protein, covalently modifies p53 at 2 sites in the N and C terminus, and ISGylated p53 can be degraded by the 20S proteasome. ISGylation primarily targets a misfolded, dominant-negative p53, and Isg15 deletion in normal cells results in suppression of p53 activity and functions. We propose that Isg15-dependent degradation of p53 represents an alternative mechanism of controlling p53 protein levels, and, thus, it is an attractive pathway for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fu Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; A*STAR; Singapore
| | - Sheena Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; A*STAR; Singapore
| | | | | | - Dmitry V Bulavin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; A*STAR; Singapore; Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN); INSERM; U1081-UMR CNRS 7284; University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis; Centre Antoine Lacassagne; Nice, France
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11
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Boasso A. Type I Interferon at the Interface of Antiviral Immunity and Immune Regulation: The Curious Case of HIV-1. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:580968. [PMID: 24455433 PMCID: PMC3885208 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) play a critical role in the innate immune response against viral infections. They actively participate in antiviral immunity by inducing molecular mechanisms of viral restriction and by limiting the spread of the infection, but they also orchestrate the initial phases of the adaptive immune response and influence the quality of T cell immunity. During infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the production of and response to IFN-I may be severely altered by the lymphotropic nature of the virus. In this review I consider the different aspects of virus sensing, IFN-I production, signalling, and effects on target cells, with a particular focus on the alterations observed following HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Boasso
- Immunology Section, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
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12
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Campbell JA, Lenschow DJ. Emerging roles for immunomodulatory functions of free ISG15. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:728-38. [PMID: 24010825 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) exert their effects through the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of which function by inhibiting viral replication and modulating immune responses. ISG15, a di-ubiquitin-like protein, is one of the most abundantly induced ISGs and is critical for control of certain viral and bacterial infections. Like ubiquitin, ISG15 is covalently conjugated to target proteins. In addition, free unconjugated ISG15 is present both intra- and extracellularly. Although much remains to be learned about conjugated ISG15, even less is known about the 2 free forms of ISG15. This article focuses on the role that ISG15 plays during the host response to pathogen challenge, in particular on the recent observations describing the immunomodulatory properties of free ISG15 and its potential implication in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Strobl B, Leitner NR, Müller M. Multifaceted Antiviral Actions of Interferon-stimulated Gene Products. JAK-STAT SIGNALING : FROM BASICS TO DISEASE 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121797 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0891-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are extremely powerful cytokines for the host defence against viral infections. Binding of IFNs to their receptors activates the JAK/STAT signalling pathway with the Janus kinases JAK1, 2 and TYK2 and the signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. Depending on the cellular setting, additional STATs (STAT3-6) and additional signalling pathways are activated. The actions of IFNs on infected cells and the surrounding tissue are mediated by the induction of several hundred IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Since the cloning of the first ISGs, considerable progress has been made in describing antiviral effector proteins and their many modes of action. Effector proteins individually target distinct steps in the viral life cycle, including blocking virus entry, inhibition of viral transcription and translation, modification of viral nucleic acids and proteins and, interference with virus assembly and budding. Novel pathways of viral inhibition are constantly being elucidated and, additionally, unanticipated functions of known antiviral effector proteins are discovered. Herein, we outline IFN-induced antiviral pathways and review recent developments in this fascinating area of research.
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Holzer B, Bakshi S, Bridgen A, Baron MD. Inhibition of interferon induction and action by the nairovirus Nairobi sheep disease virus/Ganjam virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28594. [PMID: 22163042 PMCID: PMC3230622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nairoviruses are an important group of tick-borne viruses that includes pathogens of man (Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus) and livestock animals (Dugbe virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV)). NSDV is found in large parts of East Africa and the Indian subcontinent (where it is known as Ganjam virus). We have investigated the ability of NSDV to antagonise the induction and actions of interferon. Both pathogenic and apathogenic isolates could actively inhibit the induction of type 1 interferon, and also blocked the signalling pathways of both type 1 and type 2 interferons. Using transient expression of viral proteins or sections of viral proteins, these activities all mapped to the ovarian tumour-like protease domain (OTU) found in the viral RNA polymerase. Virus infection, or expression of this OTU domain in transfected cells, led to a great reduction in the incorporation of ubiquitin or ISG15 protein into host cell proteins. Point mutations in the OTU that inhibited the protease activity also prevented it from antagonising interferon induction and action. Interestingly, a mutation at a peripheral site, which had little apparent effect on the ability of the OTU to inhibit ubiquitination and ISG15ylation, removed the ability of the OTU to block the induction of type 1 and the action of type 2 interferons, but had a lesser effect on the ability to block type 1 interferon action, suggesting that targets other than ubiquitin and ISG15 may be involved in the actions of the viral OTU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holzer
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bridgen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Baron
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Modulation of the host interferon response and ISGylation pathway by B. pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27535. [PMID: 22140447 PMCID: PMC3227562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a surface-associated and secreted protein that serves as a crucial adherence factor, and displays immunomodulatory activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In order to appreciate more fully the role of secreted FHA in pathogenesis, we analyzed FHA-induced changes in genome-wide transcript abundance in human PBMCs. Among the 683 known unique genes with greater than 3-fold change in transcript abundance following FHA treatment, 125 (18.3%) were identified as interferon (IFN)-regulated. Among the latter group were genes encoding several members of the IFN type I response, as well as 3 key components of the ISGylation pathway. Using real-time RT-PCR, we confirmed FHA-associated increases in transcript abundance for the genes encoding ubiquitin-like protein, ISG15, and its specific protease USP18. Western-blot analysis demonstrated the presence of both, free ISG15 and several ISGylated conjugates in FHA-stimulated PBMC lysates, but not in unstimulated cells. Intracellular FACS analysis provided evidence that monocytes and a natural killer-enriched cell population were the primary producers of ISG15 in PBMCs after FHA stimulation. Our data reveal previously-unrecognized effects of B. pertussis FHA on host IFN and ISGylation responses, and suggest previously-unsuspected mechanisms by which FHA may alter the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction.
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Gaajetaan GR, Bruggeman CA, Stassen FR. The type I interferon response during viral infections: a "SWOT" analysis. Rev Med Virol 2011; 22:122-37. [PMID: 21971992 PMCID: PMC7169250 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is a strong and crucial moderator for the control of viral infections. The strength of this system is illustrated by the fact that, despite some temporary discomfort like a common cold or diarrhea, most viral infections will not cause major harm to the healthy immunocompetent host. To achieve this, the immune system is equipped with a wide array of pattern recognition receptors and the subsequent coordinated type I IFN response orchestrated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). The production of type I IFN subtypes by dendritic cells (DCs), but also other cells is crucial for the execution of many antiviral processes. Despite this coordinated response, morbidity and mortality are still common in viral disease due to the ability of viruses to exploit the weaknesses of the immune system. Viruses successfully evade immunity and infection can result in aberrant immune responses. However, these weaknesses also open opportunities for improvement via clinical interventions as can be seen in current vaccination and antiviral treatment programs. The application of IFNs, Toll-like receptor ligands, DCs, and antiviral proteins is now being investigated to further limit viral infections. Unfortunately, a common threat during stimulation of immunity is the possible initiation or aggravation of autoimmunity. Also the translation from animal models to the human situation remains difficult. With a Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats ("SWOT") analysis, we discuss the interaction between host and virus as well as (future) therapeutic options, related to the type I IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel R Gaajetaan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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17
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Chen L, Li S, McGilvray I. The ISG15/USP18 ubiquitin-like pathway (ISGylation system) in hepatitis C virus infection and resistance to interferon therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1427-31. [PMID: 21704181 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ISG15/USP18 pathway modulates cellular functions and is important for the host innate immune response to chronic viral infections such as Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) was the first ubiquitin-like protein modifier identified. As in ubiquitination, ISG15 conjugates to target proteins (ISGylation) through the sequential enzymatic action of activating E1, conjugating E2, and ligating E3 enzymes. ISGylation modulates signal transduction pathways and host anti-viral response. The ISGylation process is reversible through the action of an ISG15 protease, USP18. Ubiquitin-like specific protease 18 (USP18) has functions that are both ISG15-dependent and ISG15-independent; the importance of the ISG15/USP18 pathway to chronic HCV infection is illustrated by the consistent finding of increased levels of ISG15 and USP18 in the liver tissue of patients who do not respond to interferon-based treatments. Mechanistically, HCV seems to exploit the ISG15/USP18 pathway to promote viral replication and evade innate anti-viral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, PR China.
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18
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Ashley RL, Henkes LE, Bouma GJ, Pru JK, Hansen TR. Deletion of the Isg15 gene results in up-regulation of decidual cell survival genes and down-regulation of adhesion genes: implication for regulation by IL-1beta. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4527-36. [PMID: 20660068 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin homolog interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is up-regulated in the endometrium in response to pregnancy in primates, ruminants, pigs, and mice. ISG15 covalently attaches to intracellular proteins (isgylation) and regulates numerous intracellular responses. We hypothesized that ISG15 depletion (Isg15(-/-)) alters decidual tissue gene expression and that IL-1beta induces ISG15 expression and isgylation in cultured murine decidual explants and human uterine fibroblasts (HuFs). After studying the reproductive phenotype, contrary to earlier reports, up to 50% of the fetuses die between 7.5 and 12.5 d post coitum (dpc) in Isg15(-/-) mothers when mated to Isg15(-/-) fathers. Using microarray analysis, over 500 genes are differentially regulated in 7.5 dpc deciduas from Isg15(-/-) compared with Isg15(+/+) mice. The gene for interferon-inducible protein 202b, which functions in cell-survival mechanisms, was up-regulated (mRNA and protein) in deciduas from Isg15(-/-) mice. Culture of Isg15(+/+) mouse decidual explants (7.5 dpc) with IL-1beta decreased Isg15 mRNA but increased free and conjugated ISG15. In predecidual HuF cells, IL-1beta treatment increased ISG15 mRNA and isgylation. Additionally, IL-1beta up-regulated expression of enzymes (HERC5, UBCH8) that coordinate the covalent conjugation of ISG15 to target proteins, as well as the gene that encodes the deisglyation enzyme UBP43 in HuF cells. In conclusion, deletion of Isg15 gene results in 50% fetal loss after 7.5 dpc, which can be explained through differential decidual gene expression that is functionally tied to cell survival and adhesion pathways. This fetal death also might relate to impaired IL-1beta signaling, because ISG15 and isgylation are induced by IL-1beta in human and murine endometrial stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Ashley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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19
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Jeon YJ, Yoo HM, Chung CH. ISG15 and immune diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:485-96. [PMID: 20153823 PMCID: PMC7127291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ISG15, the product of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15, is the first identified ubiquitin-like protein, consisting of two ubiquitin-like domains. ISG15 is synthesized as a precursor in certain mammals and, therefore, needs to be processed to expose the C-terminal glycine residue before conjugation to target proteins. A set of three-step cascade enzymes, an E1 enzyme (UBE1L), an E2 enzyme (UbcH8), and one of several E3 ligases (e.g., EFP and HERC5), catalyzes ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation) of a specific protein. These enzymes are unique among the cascade enzymes for ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins in that all of them are induced by type I IFNs or other stimuli, such as exposure to viruses and lipopolysaccharide. Mass spectrometric analysis has led to the identification of several hundreds of candidate proteins that can be conjugated by ISG15. Some of them are type I IFN-induced proteins, such as PKR and RIG-I, and some are the key regulators that are involved in IFN signaling, such as JAK1 and STAT1, implicating the role of ISG15 and its conjugates in type I IFN-mediated innate immune responses. However, relatively little is known about the functional significance of ISG15 induction due to the lack of information on the consequences of its conjugation to target proteins. Here, we describe the recent progress made in exploring the biological function of ISG15 and its reversible modification of target proteins and thus in their implication in immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chin Ha Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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20
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Abstract
ISG15 is an interferon-induced ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) that has antiviral properties. The core E1, E2 and E3 enzymes for conjugation of human ISG15 are Ube1L, UbcH8 and Herc5, all of which are induced at the transcriptional level by Type 1 interferon signaling. Several proteomics studies have, together, identified over 300 cellular proteins as ISG15 targets. These targets include a broad range of constitutively expressed proteins and approximately 15 interferon-induced proteins. This chapter provides an overview of the target identification process and the validation of these targets. We also discuss the limited number of examples where the biochemical effect of ISG15 conjugation on target proteins has been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon M. Huibregtse
- Corresponding Author: Jon M. Huibregtse—Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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21
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Chua PK, McCown MF, Rajyaguru S, Kular S, Varma R, Symons J, Chiu SS, Cammack N, Nájera I. Modulation of alpha interferon anti-hepatitis C virus activity by ISG15. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2929-2939. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.013128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15 has recently been reported to possess antiviral properties against viruses, both in vivo and in vitro. Knock-down of ISG15 gene expression by small interfering RNA followed by alpha interferon (IFN-α) treatment in Huh-7 cells resulted in an increased phenotypic sensitivity to IFN-α, as determined by measuring hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication inhibition in stably transfected HCV replicon cells and in cells infected with genotype 1a HCVcc (infectious HCV). This IFN-α-specific effect, which was not observed with IFN-γ, correlated with an increase in expression of the IFN-α-inducible genes IFI6, IFITM3, OAS1 and MX1, whereas the expression of the non-IFN-α-inducible genes PTBP-1 and JAK1 remained unchanged. It has previously been reported that, unlike ISG15 knock-down, increased sensitivity to IFN-α after knock-down of USP18 occurs through the prolonged phosphorylation of STAT-1. Combination knock-down of ISG15 and USP18 resulted in a moderate increase in IFN-α-inducible gene expression compared with single ISG15 or USP18 knock-down. Furthermore, the phenotype of increased gene expression after ISG15 knock-down and IFN-α treatment was also observed in non-hepatic cell lines A549 and HeLa. Taken together, these results reveal a novel function for ISG15 in the regulation of the IFN-α pathway and its antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pong Kian Chua
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Sonal Rajyaguru
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Simran Kular
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ram Varma
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Julian Symons
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sophie S. Chiu
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nick Cammack
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Isabel Nájera
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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22
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Jia F, Gampala SS, Mittal A, Luo Q, Rock CD. Cre-lox univector acceptor vectors for functional screening in protoplasts: analysis of Arabidopsis donor cDNAs encoding ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1-like protein phosphatases. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:693-708. [PMID: 19499346 PMCID: PMC2755202 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The 14,200 available full length Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs in the universal plasmid system (UPS) donor vector pUNI51 should be applied broadly and efficiently to leverage a "functional map-space" of homologous plant genes. We have engineered Cre-lox UPS host acceptor vectors (pCR701- 705) with N-terminal epitope tags in frame with the loxH site and downstream from the maize Ubiquitin promoter for use in transient protoplast expression assays and particle bombardment transformation of monocots. As an example of the utility of these vectors, we recombined them with several Arabidopsis cDNAs encoding Ser/Thr protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2Cs) known from genetic studies or predicted by hierarchical clustering meta-analysis to be involved in ABA and stress responses. Our functional results in Zea mays mesophyll protoplasts on ABA-inducible expression effects on the Late Embryogenesis Abundant promoter ProEm:GUS reporter were consistent with predictions and resulted in identification of novel activities of some PP2Cs. Deployment of these vectors can facilitate functional genomics and proteomics and identification of novel gene activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University. Lubbock TX, U. S. A. 79409-3131
| | | | - Amandeep Mittal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University. Lubbock TX, U. S. A. 79409-3131
| | - Qingjun Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University. Lubbock TX, U. S. A. 79409-3131
| | - Christopher D. Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University. Lubbock TX, U. S. A. 79409-3131
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role in the modulation of prostate cell proliferation and is involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). An understanding of the complex regulation of AR provides novel treatment options for PCa. Here, we show (i) that the ubiquitin-like modifier, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), and most enzymes involved in ISG15 conjugation were upregulated in tumor samples versus in non-malignant tissues of PCa patients and (ii) that the expression of these components significantly differed between tumors in patients treated with and without androgen ablation. Using PCa cell lines as in vitro models, the specific androgen-mediated, AR-dependent regulation of the ISGylation components was confirmed. In addition, the ISGylation system controls AR mRNA and protein expressions, as overexpression of Ube1L as a limiting ISGylation factor in the AR(+) androgen-sensitive PCa cell line, LNCaP, results in significant AR upregulation, accompanied by an increased proliferation even under androgen deprivation. Accordingly, Ube1L knockdown decreased the AR expression. Thus, this study describes for the first time the modulation of AR expression by ISGylation components, which affects the proliferation of PCa cells, thereby providing evidence for a novel function of the ISGylation system in malignant transformation.
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Minakawa M, Sone T, Takeuchi T, Yokosawa H. Regulation of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway by ISGylation. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 31:2223-7. [PMID: 19043203 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification with ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15 kDa) (ISGylation) is mediated by a sequential reaction similar to ubiquitination, and various target proteins for ISGylation have been identified. We previously reported that ISGylation of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13 suppresses its E2 activity. Ubc13 forms a heterodimer with Uev1A, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant, and the Ubc13-Uev1A complex catalyzes the assembly of a Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chain, which plays a non-proteolytic role in the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway. In this study, we examined the effect of ISGylation on tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-6/transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase (TAK)-1-dependent NF-kappaB activation. We found that expression of the ISGylation system suppresses NF-kappaB activation via TRAF6 and TAK1 and that the level of polyubiquitinated TRAF6 is reduced by expression of the ISGylation system. Taken together, the results suggest that the NF-kappaB pathway is negatively regulated by ISGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Minakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Since the discovery of interferons (IFNs), considerable progress has been made in describing the nature of the cytokines themselves, the signalling components that direct the cell response and their antiviral activities. Gene targeting studies have distinguished four main effector pathways of the IFN-mediated antiviral response: the Mx GTPase pathway, the 2',5'-oligoadenylate-synthetase-directed ribonuclease L pathway, the protein kinase R pathway and the ISG15 ubiquitin-like pathway. As discussed in this Review, these effector pathways individually block viral transcription, degrade viral RNA, inhibit translation and modify protein function to control all steps of viral replication. Ongoing research continues to expose additional activities for these effector proteins and has revealed unanticipated functions of the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Sadler
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, 3168 Victoria Australia
| | - Bryan R. G. Williams
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, 3168 Victoria Australia
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26
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Chang YG, Yan XZ, Xie YY, Gao XC, Song AX, Zhang DE, Hu HY. Different roles for two ubiquitin-like domains of ISG15 in protein modification. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13370-7. [PMID: 18356159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800162200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15) is a novel ubiquitin-like (UbL) modifier with two UbL domains in its architecture. We investigated different roles for the two UbL domains in protein modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) and the impact of Influenza B virus NS1 protein (NS1B) on regulation of the pathway. The results show that, although the C-terminal domain is sufficient to link ISG15 to UBE1L and UbcH8, the N-terminal domain is dispensable in the activation and transthiolation steps but required for efficient E3-mediated transfer of ISG15 from UbcH8 to its substrates. NS1B specifically binds to the N-terminal domain of ISG15 but does not affect ISG15 linkage via a thioester bond to its activating and conjugating enzymes. However, it does inhibit the formation of cellular ISG15 conjugates upon interferon treatment. We propose that the N-terminal UbL domain of ISG15 mainly functions in the ligation step and NS1B inhibits ISGylation by competing with E3 ligases for binding to the N-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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27
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Freemantle SJ, Liu X, Feng Q, Galimberti F, Blumen S, Sekula D, Kitareewan S, Dragnev KH, Dmitrovsky E. Cyclin degradation for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. J Cell Biochem 2008; 102:869-77. [PMID: 17868090 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division resulting from multiple mutagenic events. Cancer chemoprevention strategies aim to inhibit or reverse these events using natural or synthetic pharmacologic agents. Ideally, this restores normal growth control mechanisms. Diverse classes of compounds have been identified with chemopreventive activity. What unites many of them is an ability to inhibit the cell cycle by specifically modulating key components. This delays division long enough for cells to respond to mutagenic damage. In some cases, damage is repaired and in others cellular damage is sufficient to trigger apoptosis. It is now known that pathways responsible for targeting G1 cyclins for proteasomal degradation can be engaged pharmacologically. Emergence of induced cyclin degradation as a target for cancer therapy and chemoprevention in pre-clinical models is discussed in this article. Evidence for cyclin D1 as a molecular pharmacologic target and biological marker for clinical response is based on experience of proof of principle trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Freemantle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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28
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Zou W, Wang J, Zhang DE. Negative regulation of ISG15 E3 ligase EFP through its autoISGylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:321-7. [PMID: 17222803 PMCID: PMC1858649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The function of ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 and protein modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) has been an enigma for many years. Recently, the research of ISGylation has been accelerated by the identification of the enzymes involved in the ISG15 conjugation process. Our previous study identified the interferon inducible protein EFP as an ISG15 isopeptide ligase (E3) for 14-3-3sigma. In this study, we show that ISG15 E3 ligase EFP can be modified by ISG15. Two ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzymes, UbcH6 and UbcH8, can support ISGylation of EFP. The Ring-finger domain of EFP is important for its ISGylation. Full-length EFP can enhance the ISGylation of Ring domain deleted EFP, indicating EFP can function as an ISG15 E3 ligase for itself. We also determined the ISGylation site of EFP and created its ISGylation resistant mutant EFP-K117R. Compared to the wild-type EFP, this mutant further increases the ISGylation of 14-3-3sigma. Thus we propose that autoISGylation of EFP negatively regulates its ISG15 E3 ligase activity for 14-3-3sigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Zou
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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