1
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van der Vlis TAMB, Boeykens A, Jacobs E, Veenma DCM, Thompson DNP, Bannink N, Joor F, Renkens J, Rutges JPHJ, Harhangi BS, Spoor JKH. Incomplete spinal cord injury following minor trauma in two siblings with spondylocostal dysostis type 6. Spine Deform 2024; 12:507-511. [PMID: 38097876 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-023-00789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Biallelic pathogenic variants of the RIPPLY2 gene have been recognized to cause a subtype of autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO6), characterized by predominant cervical spine malformation with minor or absent involvement of the ribs. To date, RIPPLY2 associated SCDO6 has been described in ten patients in five studies with accompanying clinical symptoms varying from transient and recurrent torticollis to flaccid quadriplegia. Here, we describe two additional patients in one family in which the c.A238T:p.Arg80* RIPPLY2 mutation in the homozygous state, was associated with severe malformation of the posterior elements of the cervical vertebral column. In both cases neurological symptoms occurred early in life due to spinal cord compromise. These two cases, in keeping with previous reports, highlight the early and progressive natural history of cervical deformity in this rare skeletal dysplasia and the need for close neurological and radiological surveillance. Surgical decision-making needs to carefully balance the need for early intervention to protect spinal cord function on one hand, with the problem of bone malformation and skeletal immaturity on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A M Bouwens van der Vlis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annegien Boeykens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Jacobs
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Juliana Children's Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle C M Veenma
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENCORE Expertise Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic N P Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - N Bannink
- Department of Pediatrics, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam and Schiedam, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Joor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Renkens
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Biswadjiet S Harhangi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Park Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem K H Spoor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Pappas MP, Kawakami H, Corcoran D, Chen KQ, Scott EP, Wong J, Gearhart MD, Nishinakamura R, Nakagawa Y, Kawakami Y. Sall4 regulates posterior trunk mesoderm development by promoting mesodermal gene expression and repressing neural genes in the mesoderm. Development 2024; 151:dev202649. [PMID: 38345319 PMCID: PMC10946440 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The trunk axial skeleton develops from paraxial mesoderm cells. Our recent study demonstrated that conditional knockout of the stem cell factor Sall4 in mice by TCre caused tail truncation and a disorganized axial skeleton posterior to the lumbar level. Based on this phenotype, we hypothesized that, in addition to the previously reported role of Sall4 in neuromesodermal progenitors, Sall4 is involved in the development of the paraxial mesoderm tissue. Analysis of gene expression and SALL4 binding suggests that Sall4 directly or indirectly regulates genes involved in presomitic mesoderm differentiation, somite formation and somite differentiation. Furthermore, ATAC-seq in TCre; Sall4 mutant posterior trunk mesoderm shows that Sall4 knockout reduces chromatin accessibility. We found that Sall4-dependent open chromatin status drives activation and repression of WNT signaling activators and repressors, respectively, to promote WNT signaling. Moreover, footprinting analysis of ATAC-seq data suggests that Sall4-dependent chromatin accessibility facilitates CTCF binding, which contributes to the repression of neural genes within the mesoderm. This study unveils multiple mechanisms by which Sall4 regulates paraxial mesoderm development by directing activation of mesodermal genes and repression of neural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Pappas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dylan Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Q. Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Earl Parker Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julia Wong
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Micah D. Gearhart
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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Peng C, Wu DD, Ren JL, Peng ZL, Ma Z, Wu W, Lv Y, Wang Z, Deng C, Jiang K, Parkinson CL, Qi Y, Zhang ZY, Li JT. Large-scale snake genome analyses provide insights into vertebrate development. Cell 2023; 186:2959-2976.e22. [PMID: 37339633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Snakes are a remarkable squamate lineage with unique morphological adaptations, especially those related to the evolution of vertebrate skeletons, organs, and sensory systems. To clarify the genetic underpinnings of snake phenotypes, we assembled and analyzed 14 de novo genomes from 12 snake families. We also investigated the genetic basis of the morphological characteristics of snakes using functional experiments. We identified genes, regulatory elements, and structural variations that have potentially contributed to the evolution of limb loss, an elongated body plan, asymmetrical lungs, sensory systems, and digestive adaptations in snakes. We identified some of the genes and regulatory elements that might have shaped the evolution of vision, the skeletal system and diet in blind snakes, and thermoreception in infrared-sensitive snakes. Our study provides insights into the evolution and development of snakes and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin-Long Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhifei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cao Deng
- Departments of Bioinformatics, DNA Stories Bioinformatics Center, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | | | - Yin Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | - Jia-Tang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar.
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4
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Umair M, Younus M, Shafiq S, Nayab A, Alfadhel M. Clinical genetics of spondylocostal dysostosis: A mini review. Front Genet 2022; 13:996364. [PMID: 36506336 PMCID: PMC9732429 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.996364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylocostal dysostosis is a genetic defect associated with severe rib and vertebrae malformations. In recent years, extensive clinical and molecular diagnosis advancements enabled us to identify disease-causing variants in different genes for such severe conditions. The identification of novel candidate genes enabled us to understand the developmental biology and molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the etiology of these rare diseases. Here, we discuss the clinical and molecular targets associated with spondylocostal dysostosis, including clinical evaluation, genes, and pathways involved. This review might help us understand the basics of such a severe disorder, which might help in proper clinical characterization and help in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Muhammad Umair, ,
| | - Muhammad Younus
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sarfraz Shafiq
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anam Nayab
- Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomics Research Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Genetics and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Diaz-Cuadros M, Pourquié O, El-Sherif E. Patterning with clocks and genetic cascades: Segmentation and regionalization of vertebrate versus insect body plans. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009812. [PMID: 34648490 PMCID: PMC8516289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillatory and sequential processes have been implicated in the spatial patterning of many embryonic tissues. For example, molecular clocks delimit segmental boundaries in vertebrates and insects and mediate lateral root formation in plants, whereas sequential gene activities are involved in the specification of regional identities of insect neuroblasts, vertebrate neural tube, vertebrate limb, and insect and vertebrate body axes. These processes take place in various tissues and organisms, and, hence, raise the question of what common themes and strategies they share. In this article, we review 2 processes that rely on the spatial regulation of periodic and sequential gene activities: segmentation and regionalization of the anterior-posterior (AP) axis of animal body plans. We study these processes in species that belong to 2 different phyla: vertebrates and insects. By contrasting 2 different processes (segmentation and regionalization) in species that belong to 2 distantly related phyla (arthropods and vertebrates), we elucidate the deep logic of patterning by oscillatory and sequential gene activities. Furthermore, in some of these organisms (e.g., the fruit fly Drosophila), a mode of AP patterning has evolved that seems not to overtly rely on oscillations or sequential gene activities, providing an opportunity to study the evolution of pattern formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Diaz-Cuadros
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ezzat El-Sherif
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Wegler M, Roth C, Schumann E, Kogan J, Totten E, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Abou Jamra R, Hornemann F. Congenital cervical spine malformation due to bi-allelic RIPPLY2 variants in spondylocostal dysostosis type 6. Clin Genet 2021; 99:565-571. [PMID: 33410135 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RIPPLY2 is an essential part of the formation of somite patterning during embryogenesis and in establishment of rostro-caudal polarity. Here, we describe three individuals from two families with compound-heterozygous variants in RIPPLY2 (NM_001009994.2): c.238A > T, p.(Arg80*) and c.240-4 T > G, p.(?), in two 15 and 20-year-old sisters, and a homozygous nonsense variant, c.238A > T, p.(Arg80*), in an 8 year old boy. All patients had multiple vertebral body malformations in the cervical and thoracic region, small or absent rib involvement, myelopathies, and common clinical features of SCDO6 including scoliosis, mild facial asymmetry, spinal spasticity and hemivertebrae. The nonsense variant can be classified as likely pathogenic based on the ACMG criteria while the splice variants must be classified as a variant of unknown significance. With this report on two further families, we confirm RIPPLY2 as the gene for SCDO6 and broaden the phenotype by adding myelopathy with or without spinal canal stenosis and spinal spasticity to the symptom spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Wegler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Eckehard Schumann
- Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Jillene Kogan
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Advocate Medical Group, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA
| | - Ellen Totten
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Advocate Medical Group, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Frauke Hornemann
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
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7
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Hedgehog-FGF signaling axis patterns anterior mesoderm during gastrulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15712-15723. [PMID: 32561646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914167117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms used by embryos to pattern tissues across their axes has fascinated developmental biologists since the founding of embryology. Here, using single-cell technology, we interrogate complex patterning defects and define a Hedgehog (Hh)-fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling axis required for anterior mesoderm lineage development during gastrulation. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of Hh-deficient mesoderm revealed selective deficits in anterior mesoderm populations, culminating in defects to anterior embryonic structures, including the pharyngeal arches, heart, and anterior somites. Transcriptional profiling of Hh-deficient mesoderm during gastrulation revealed disruptions to both transcriptional patterning of the mesoderm and FGF signaling for mesoderm migration. Mesoderm-specific Fgf4/Fgf8 double-mutants recapitulated anterior mesoderm defects and Hh-dependent GLI transcription factors modulated enhancers at FGF gene loci. Cellular migration defects during gastrulation induced by Hh pathway antagonism were mitigated by the addition of FGF4 protein. These findings implicate a multicomponent signaling hierarchy activated by Hh ligands from the embryonic node and executed by FGF signals in nascent mesoderm to control anterior mesoderm patterning.
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8
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Serey-Gaut M, Scala M, Reversade B, Ruaud L, Cabrol C, Musacchia F, Torella A, Accogli A, Escande-Beillard N, Langlais J, Piatelli G, Consales A, Nigro V, Capra V, Van Maldergem L. Congenital posterior cervical spine malformation due to biallelic c.240-4T>G RIPPLY2 variant: A discrete entity. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1466-1472. [PMID: 32212228 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The clinical and radiological spectrum of spondylocostal dysostosis syndromes encompasses distinctive costo-vertebral anomalies. RIPPLY2 biallelic pathogenic variants were described in two distinct cervical spine malformation syndromes: Klippel-Feil syndrome and posterior cervical spine malformation. RIPPLY2 is involved in the determination of rostro-caudal polarity and somite patterning during development. To date, only four cases have been reported. The current report aims at further delineating the posterior malformation in three new patients. Three patients from two unrelated families underwent clinical and radiological examination through X-ray, 3D computed tomography and brain magnetic resonance imaging. After informed consent was obtained, family-based whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed. Complex vertebral segmentation defects in the cervico-thoracic spine were observed in all patients. WES led to the identification of the homozygous splicing variant c.240-4T>G in all subjects. This variant is predicted to result in aberrant splicing of Exon 4. The current report highlights a subtype of cervical spine malformation with major atlo-axoidal malformation compromising spinal cord integrity. This distinctive mutation-specific pattern of malformation differs from Klippel-Feil syndrome and broadens the current classification, defining a sub-type of RIPPLY2-related skeletal disorder. Of note, the phenotype of one patient overlaps with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Serey-Gaut
- Centre de génétique humaine, Université de Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratory of Human Embryology and Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service de génétique clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Cabrol
- Centre de génétique humaine, Université de Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nathalie Escande-Beillard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jean Langlais
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital, Université de Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gianluca Piatelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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9
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Ban H, Yokota D, Otosaka S, Kikuchi M, Kinoshita H, Fujino Y, Yabe T, Ovara H, Izuka A, Akama K, Yamasu K, Takada S, Kawamura A. Transcriptional autoregulation of zebrafish tbx6 is required for somite segmentation. Development 2019; 146:dev.177063. [PMID: 31444219 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presumptive somite boundary in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) is defined by the anterior border of the expression domain of Tbx6 protein. During somite segmentation, the expression domain of Tbx6 is regressed by Ripply-meditated degradation of Tbx6 protein. Although the expression of zebrafish tbx6 remains restricted to the PSM, the transcriptional regulation of tbx6 remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the expression of zebrafish tbx6 is maintained by transcriptional autoregulation. We find that a proximal-located cis-regulatory module, TR1, which contains two putative T-box sites, is required for somite segmentation in the intermediate body and for proper expression of segmentation genes. Embryos with deletion of TR1 exhibit significant reduction of tbx6 expression at the 12-somite stage, although its expression is initially observed. Additionally, Tbx6 is associated with TR1 and activates its own expression in the anterior PSM. Furthermore, the anterior expansion of tbx6 expression in ripply gene mutants is suppressed in a TR1-dependent manner. The results suggest that the autoregulatory loop of zebrafish tbx6 facilitates immediate removal of Tbx6 protein through termination of its own transcription at the anterior PSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ban
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokota
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shiori Otosaka
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Morimichi Kikuchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kinoshita
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuuri Fujino
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Taijiro Yabe
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ovara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ayaka Izuka
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kagari Akama
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kyo Yamasu
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Akinori Kawamura
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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10
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Hong N, Zhang E, Wang Q, Zhang X, Li F, Fu Q, Xu R, Yu Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Sun K. A loss-of-function mutation p.T52S in RIPPLY3 is a potential predisposing genetic risk factor for Chinese Han conotruncal heart defect patients without the 22q11.2 deletion/duplication. J Transl Med 2018; 16:260. [PMID: 30241482 PMCID: PMC6151064 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conotruncal heart defect (CTD) is a complex congenital heart disease with a complex and poorly understood etiology. The transcriptional corepressor RIPPLY3 plays a pivotal role in heart development as a negative regulator of the key cardiac transcription factor TBX1. A previous study showed that RIPPLY3 contribute to cardiac outflow tract development in mice, however, the relationship between RIPPLY3 and human cardiac malformation has not been reported. Methods 615 unrelated CTD Chinese Han patients were enrolled, we excluded the 22q11.2 deletion/duplication using a modified multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method—CNVplex®, and investigated the variants of RIPPLY3 in 577 patients without the 22q11.2 deletion/duplication by target sequencing. Functional assays were performed to testify the potential pathogenicity of nonsynonymous variants found in these CTD patients. Results Four rare heterozygous nonsynonymous variants (p.P30L, p.T52S, p.D113N and p.V179D) were identified in four CTD patients, the variant NM_018962.2:c.155C>G (p.T52S) is referred as rs745539198, and the variant NM_018962.2:c.337G>A (p.D113N) is referred as rs747419773. However, variants p.P30L and p.V179D were not found in multiple online human gene variation databases. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence showed that there were no significant difference between wild type RIPPLY3 and these four variants. Luciferase assays revealed that the p.T52S variant altered the inhibition of TBX1 transcriptional activity in vitro, and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that the p.T52S variant reduced the physical interaction of RIPPLY3 with TBX1. In addition to the results from pathogenicity prediction tools and evolutionary protein conservation, the p.T52S variant was thought to be a potentially deleterious variant. Conclusion Our results provide evidence that deleterious variants in RIPPLY3 are potential molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of human CTD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1633-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanchao Hong
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Erge Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Medical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Medical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Rang Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuejuan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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11
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Functional roles of the Ripply-mediated suppression of segmentation gene expression at the anterior presomitic mesoderm in zebrafish. Mech Dev 2018; 152:21-31. [PMID: 29879477 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Somites sequentially form with a regular interval by the segmentation from the anterior region of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The expression of several genes involved in the somite segmentation is switched off at the transition from the anterior PSM to somites. Zebrafish Ripply1, which down-regulates a T-box transcription factor Tbx6, is required for the suppression of segmentation gene expression. However, the functional roles of the Ripply-mediated suppression of segmentation gene expression at the anterior PSM remain elusive. In this study, we generated ripply1 mutants and examined genetic interaction between ripply1/2 and tbx6. Zebrafish ripply1-/- embryos failed to form the somite boundaries as was observed in knockdown embryos. We found that somite segmentation defects in ripply1 mutants were suppressed by heterozygous mutation of tbx6 or partial translational inhibition of tbx6 by antisense morpholino. We further showed that somite boundaries that were recovered in tbx6+/-; ripply1-/- embryos were dependent on the function of ripply2, indicating that relative gene dosage between ripply1/2 and tbx6 plays a critical role in the somite formation. Interestingly, the expression of segmentation genes such mesp as was still not fully suppressed at the anterior PSM of tbx6+/-; ripply1-/- embryos although the somite formation and rostral-caudal polarity of somites were properly established. Furthermore, impaired myogenesis was observed in the segmented somites in tbx6+/-; ripply1-/- embryos. These results revealed that partial suppression of the segmentation gene expression by Ripply is sufficient to establish the rostral-caudal polarity of somites, and that stronger suppression of the segmentation gene expression by Ripply is required for proper myogenesis in zebrafish embryos.
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12
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Le TH, Christensen OF, Nielsen B, Sahana G. Genome-wide association study for conformation traits in three Danish pig breeds. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:12. [PMID: 28118822 PMCID: PMC5259967 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Selection for sound conformation has been widely used as a primary approach to reduce lameness and leg weakness in pigs. Identification of genomic regions that affect conformation traits would help to improve selection accuracy for these lowly to moderately heritable traits. Our objective was to identify genetic factors that underlie leg and back conformation traits in three Danish pig breeds by performing a genome-wide association study followed by meta-analyses. Methods Data on four conformation traits (front leg, back, hind leg and overall conformation) for three Danish pig breeds (23,898 Landrace, 24,130 Yorkshire and 16,524 Duroc pigs) were used for association analyses. Estimated effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from single-trait association analyses were combined in two meta-analyses: (1) a within-breed meta-analysis for multiple traits to examine if there are pleiotropic genetic variants within a breed; and (2) an across-breed meta-analysis for a single trait to examine if the same quantitative trait loci (QTL) segregate across breeds. SNP annotation was implemented through Sus scrofa Build 10.2 on Ensembl to search for candidate genes. Results Among the 14, 12 and 13 QTL that were detected in the single-trait association analyses for the three breeds, the most significant SNPs explained 2, 2.3 and 11.4% of genetic variance for back quality in Landrace, overall conformation in Yorkshire and back quality in Duroc, respectively. Several candidate genes for these QTL were also identified, i.e. LRPPRC, WRAP73, VRTN and PPARD likely control conformation traits through the regulation of bone and muscle development, and IGF2BP2, GH1, CCND2 and MSH2 can have an influence through growth-related processes. Meta-analyses not only confirmed many significant SNPs from single-trait analyses with higher significance levels, but also detected several additional associated SNPs and suggested QTL with possible pleiotropic effects. Conclusions Our results imply that conformation traits are complex and may be partly controlled by genes that are involved in bone and skeleton development, muscle and fat metabolism, and growth processes. A reliable list of QTL and candidate genes was provided that can be used in fine-mapping and marker assisted selection to improve conformation traits in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-017-0289-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Le
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark. .,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ole F Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Nielsen
- SEGES Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Goutam Sahana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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13
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Yabe T, Takada S. Molecular mechanism for cyclic generation of somites: Lessons from mice and zebrafish. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:31-42. [PMID: 26676827 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The somite is the most prominent metameric structure observed during vertebrate embryogenesis, and its metamerism preserves the characteristic structures of the vertebrae and muscles in the adult body. During vertebrate somitogenesis, sequential formation of epithelialized cell boundaries generates the somites. According to the "clock and wavefront model," the periodical and sequential generation of somites is achieved by the integration of spatiotemporal information provided by the segmentation clock and wavefront. In the anterior region of the presomitic mesoderm, which is the somite precursor, the orchestration between the segmentation clock and the wavefront achieves morphogenesis of somites through multiple processes such as determination of somite boundary position, generation of morophological boundary, and establishment of the rostrocaudal polarity within a somite. Recently, numerous studies using various model animals including mouse, zebrafish, and chick have gradually revealed the molecular aspect of the "clock and wavefront" model and the molecular mechanism connecting the segmentation clock and the wavefront to the multiple processes of somite morphogenesis. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the clock and the wavefront and then describe those of the three processes of somite morphogenesis. Especially, we will discuss the conservation and diversification in the molecular network of the somitigenesis among vertebrates, focusing on two typical model animals used for genetic analyses, i.e., the mouse and zebrafish. In this review, we described molecular mechanism for the generation of somites based on the spatiotemporal information provided by "segmentation clock" and "wavefront" focusing on the evidences obtained from mouse and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijiro Yabe
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
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14
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Karaca E, Yuregir OO, Bozdogan ST, Aslan H, Pehlivan D, Jhangiani SN, Akdemir ZC, Gambin T, Bayram Y, Atik MM, Erdin S, Muzny D, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR. Rare variants in the notch signaling pathway describe a novel type of autosomal recessive Klippel-Feil syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2795-9. [PMID: 26238661 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a rare disorder represented by a subgroup of segmentation defects of the vertebrae and characterized by fusion of the cervical vertebrae, low posterior hairline, and short neck with limited motion. Both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns were reported in families with Klippel-Feil. Mutated genes for both dominant (GDF6 and GDF3) and recessive (MEOX1) forms of Klippel-Feil syndrome have been shown to be involved in somite development via transcription regulation and signaling pathways. Heterotaxy arises from defects in proteins that function in the development of left-right asymmetry of the developing embryo. We describe a consanguineous family with a male proband who presents with classical Klippel-Feil syndrome together with heterotaxy (situs inversus totalis). The present patient also had Sprengel's deformity, deformity of the sternum, and a solitary kidney. Using exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous frameshift mutation (c.299delT; p.L100fs) in RIPPLY2, a gene shown to play a crucial role in somitogenesis and participate in the Notch signaling pathway via negatively regulating Tbx6. Our data confirm RIPPLY2 as a novel gene for autosomal recessive Klippel-Feil syndrome, and in addition-from a mechanistic standpoint-suggest the possibility that mutations in RIPPLY2 could also lead to heterotaxy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Karaca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ozge O Yuregir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Huseyin Aslan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zeynep C Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tomasz Gambin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yavuz Bayram
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mehmed M Atik
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Donna Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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15
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Quintela I, Fernandez-Prieto M, Gomez-Guerrero L, Resches M, Eiris J, Barros F, Carracedo A. A 6q14.1-q15 microdeletion in a male patient with severe autistic disorder, lack of oral language, and dysmorphic features with concomitant presence of a maternally inherited Xp22.31 copy number gain. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:415-23. [PMID: 26185640 PMCID: PMC4498854 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a male patient with severe autistic disorder, lack of oral language, and dysmorphic features who carries a rare interstitial microdeletion of 4.96 Mb at chromosome 6q14.1-q15. The patient also harbors a maternally inherited copy number gain of 1.69 Mb at chromosome Xp22.31, whose pathogenicity is under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Quintela
- Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado - Plataforma de Recursos Biomoleculares y Bioinformaticos - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CeGen-PRB2-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montse Fernandez-Prieto
- Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, CIBERER, Fundacion Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica - SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lorena Gomez-Guerrero
- Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, CIBERER, Fundacion Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica - SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mariela Resches
- Departamento de Psicologia Evolutiva y de la Educacion, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesus Eiris
- Unidad de Neurologia Pediatrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Barros
- Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, CIBERER, Fundacion Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica - SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, Centro Nacional de Genotipado - Plataforma de Recursos Biomoleculares y Bioinformaticos - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CeGen-PRB2-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Grupo de Medicina Xenomica, CIBERER, Fundacion Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica - SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Zhao W, Ajima R, Ninomiya Y, Saga Y. Segmental border is defined by Ripply2-mediated Tbx6 repression independent of Mesp2. Dev Biol 2015; 400:105-17. [PMID: 25641698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The precise border of somites formed during mouse somitogenesis is defined by a Tbx6 expression domain, which is established by Mesp2-mediated Tbx6 suppression in the anterior part of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Ripply2, a target of Mesp2, is proposed to be involved in this down-regulation because Ripply2 deficiency causes an anterior expansion of the Tbx6 domain, resembling the Mesp2-null phenotype. However, it is unclear whether Ripply2 acts on Tbx6 independently or in association with Mesp2. To address this question, we generated three sets of transgenic mice with the following Ripply2 expression patterns: (1) overexpression in the endogenous expression domain, (2) expression instead of Mesp2 (Ripply2-knockin), and (3) ectopic expression in the entire PSM. We found accelerated Tbx6 degradation in the embryos showing Ripply2 overexpression. In the Ripply2-knockin embryos, the anterior limit of Tbx6 domain was generated by Ripply2 even in the absence of Mesp2. Ectopic Ripply2 expression along the entire PSM suppressed Tbx6 and induced Sox2-positive neural tube formation at the bilateral domain, resembling the Tbx6-null phenotype. This phenotype resulted from Tbx6 protein and not mRNA elimination, suggesting the post-translational down-regulation of Tbx6 by Ripply2. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Ripply2 represses Tbx6 in a Mesp2-independent manner, which contributes to the accurate segmental border formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rieko Ajima
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Japan; National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Youichirou Ninomiya
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Japan; National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
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17
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McInerney-Leo AM, Sparrow DB, Harris JE, Gardiner BB, Marshall MS, O'Reilly VC, Shi H, Brown MA, Leo PJ, Zankl A, Dunwoodie SL, Duncan EL. Compound heterozygous mutations in RIPPLY2 associated with vertebral segmentation defects. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1234-42. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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18
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Wanglar C, Takahashi J, Yabe T, Takada S. Tbx protein level critical for clock-mediated somite positioning is regulated through interaction between Tbx and Ripply. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107928. [PMID: 25259583 PMCID: PMC4178057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somitogenesis in vertebrates is a complex and dynamic process involving many sequences of events generated from the segmentation clock. Previous studies with mouse embryos revealed that the presumptive somite boundary is periodically created at the anterior border of the expression domain of Tbx6 protein. Ripply1 and Ripply2 are required for the determination of the Tbx6 protein border, but the mechanism by which this Tbx6 domain is regulated remains unclear. Furthermore, since zebrafish and frog Ripplys are known to be able to suppress Tbx6 function at the transcription level, it is also unclear whether Ripply-mediated mechanism of Tbx6 regulation is conserved among different species. Here, we tested the generality of Tbx6 protein-mediated process in somite segmentation by using zebrafish and further examined the mechanism of regulation of Tbx6 protein. By utilizing an antibody against zebrafish Tbx6/Fss, previously referred to as Tbx24, we found that the anterior border of Tbx6 domain coincided with the presumptive intersomitic boundary even in the zebrafish and it shifted dynamically during 1 cycle of segmentation. Consistent with the findings in mice, the tbx6 mRNA domain was located far anterior to its protein domain, indicating the possibility of posttranscriptional regulation. When both ripply1/2 were knockdown, the Tbx6 domain was anteriorly expanded. We further directly demonstrated that Ripply could reduce the expression level of Tbx6 protein depending on physical interaction between Ripply and Tbx6. Moreover, the onset of ripply1 and ripply2 expression occurred after reduction of FGF signaling at the anterior PSM, but this expression initiated much earlier on treatment with SU5402, a chemical inhibitor of FGF signaling. These results strongly suggest that Ripply is a direct regulator of the Tbx6 protein level for the establishment of intersomitic boundaries and mediates a reduction in FGF signaling for the positioning of the presumptive intersomitic boundary in the PSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimwar Wanglar
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taijiro Yabe
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lopez TP, Fan CM. Dynamic CREB family activity drives segmentation and posterior polarity specification in mammalian somitogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2019-27. [PMID: 23671110 PMCID: PMC3670316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmented body plan of vertebrates is prefigured by reiterated embryonic mesodermal structures called somites. In the mouse embryo, timely somite formation from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) is controlled by the "segmentation clock," a molecular oscillator that triggers progressive waves of Notch activity throughout the PSM. Notch clock activity is suppressed in the posterior PSM by FGF signaling until it crosses a determination front at which its net activity is sufficiently high to effect segmentation. Here, Notch and Wnt signaling directs somite anterior/posterior (A/P) polarity specification and boundary formation via regulation of the segmentation effector gene Mesoderm posterior 2. How Notch and Wnt signaling becomes coordinated at this front is incompletely defined. Here we show that the activity of the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors exhibits Wnt3a-dependent oscillatory behavior near the determination front and is in unison with Notch activity. Inhibition of CREB family in the mesoderm causes defects in somite segmentation and a loss in somite posterior polarity leading to fusions of vertebrae and ribs. Among the CREB family downstream genes, several are known to be regulated by Wnt3a. Of those, we show that the CREB family occupies a conserved binding site in the promoter region of Delta-like 1, encoding a Notch ligand, in the anterior PSM as a mechanism to specify posterior identity of somites. Together, these data support that the CREB family acts at the determination front to modulate Wnt signaling and strengthen Notch signaling as a means to orchestrate cells for somite segmentation and anterior/posterior patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Peter Lopez
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; and
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; and
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218
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20
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Copy number analysis of 413 isolated talipes equinovarus patients suggests role for transcriptional regulators of early limb development. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:373-80. [PMID: 22892537 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Talipes equinovarus is one of the most common congenital musculoskeletal anomalies and has a worldwide incidence of 1 in 1000 births. A genetic predisposition to talipes equinovarus is evidenced by the high concordance rate in twin studies and the increased risk to first-degree relatives. Despite the frequency of isolated talipes equinovarus and the strong evidence of a genetic basis for the disorder, few causative genes have been identified. To identify rare and/or recurrent copy number variants, we performed a genome-wide screen for deletions and duplications in 413 isolated talipes equinovarus patients using the Affymetrix 6.0 array. Segregation analysis within families and gene expression in mouse E12.5 limb buds were used to determine the significance of copy number variants. We identified 74 rare, gene-containing copy number variants that were present in talipes equinovarus probands and not present in 759 controls or in the Database of Genomic Variants. The overall frequency of copy number variants was similar between talipes equinovarus patients compared with controls. Twelve rare copy number variants segregate with talipes equinovarus in multiplex pedigrees, and contain the developmentally expressed transcription factors and transcriptional regulators PITX1, TBX4, HOXC13, UTX, CHD (chromodomain protein)1, and RIPPLY2. Although our results do not support a major role for recurrent copy number variations in the etiology of isolated talipes equinovarus, they do suggest a role for genes involved in early embryonic patterning in some families that can now be tested with large-scale sequencing methods.
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Tiedemann HB, Schneltzer E, Zeiser S, Hoesel B, Beckers J, Przemeck GKH, de Angelis MH. From dynamic expression patterns to boundary formation in the presomitic mesoderm. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002586. [PMID: 22761566 PMCID: PMC3386180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmentation of the vertebrate body is laid down during early embryogenesis. The formation of signaling gradients, the periodic expression of genes of the Notch-, Fgf- and Wnt-pathways and their interplay in the unsegmented presomitic mesoderm (PSM) precedes the rhythmic budding of nascent somites at its anterior end, which later develops into epithelialized structures, the somites. Although many in silico models describing partial aspects of somitogenesis already exist, simulations of a complete causal chain from gene expression in the growth zone via the interaction of multiple cells to segmentation are rare. Here, we present an enhanced gene regulatory network (GRN) for mice in a simulation program that models the growing PSM by many virtual cells and integrates WNT3A and FGF8 gradient formation, periodic gene expression and Delta/Notch signaling. Assuming Hes7 as core of the somitogenesis clock and LFNG as modulator, we postulate a negative feedback of HES7 on Dll1 leading to an oscillating Dll1 expression as seen in vivo. Furthermore, we are able to simulate the experimentally observed wave of activated NOTCH (NICD) as a result of the interactions in the GRN. We esteem our model as robust for a wide range of parameter values with the Hes7 mRNA and protein decays exerting a strong influence on the core oscillator. Moreover, our model predicts interference between Hes1 and HES7 oscillators when their intrinsic frequencies differ. In conclusion, we have built a comprehensive model of somitogenesis with HES7 as core oscillator that is able to reproduce many experimentally observed data in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik B. Tiedemann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elida Schneltzer
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Hoesel
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard K. H. Przemeck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Janesick A, Shiotsugu J, Taketani M, Blumberg B. RIPPLY3 is a retinoic acid-inducible repressor required for setting the borders of the pre-placodal ectoderm. Development 2012; 139:1213-24. [PMID: 22354841 DOI: 10.1242/dev.071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid signaling is a major component of the neural posteriorizing process in vertebrate development. Here, we identify a new role for the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in the anterior of the embryo, where RAR regulates Fgf8 expression and formation of the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE). RARα2 signaling induces key pre-placodal genes and establishes the posterolateral borders of the PPE. RAR signaling upregulates two important genes, Tbx1 and Ripply3, during early PPE development. In the absence of RIPPLY3, TBX1 is required for the expression of Fgf8 and hence, PPE formation. In the presence of RIPPLY3, TBX1 acts as a transcriptional repressor, and functions to restrict the positional expression of Fgf8, a key regulator of PPE gene expression. These results establish a novel role for RAR as a regulator of spatial patterning of the PPE through Tbx1 and RIPPLY3. Moreover, we demonstrate that Ripply3, acting downstream of RAR signaling, is a key player in establishing boundaries in the PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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23
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Willems B, Büttner A, Huysseune A, Renn J, Witten PE, Winkler C. Conditional ablation of osteoblasts in medaka. Dev Biol 2012; 364:128-37. [PMID: 22326228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Different from tetrapods, teleost vertebral centra form without prior establishment of a cartilaginous scaffold, in two steps: First, mineralization of the notochord sheath establishes the vertebral centra. Second, sclerotome derived mesenchymal cells migrate around the notochord sheath. These cells differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit bone onto the mineralized notochord sheath in a process of intramembranous bone formation. In contrast, most skeletal elements of the cranial skeleton arise by chondral bone formation, with remarkably similar mechanisms in fish and tetrapods. To further investigate the role of osteoblasts during formation of the cranial and axial skeleton, we generated a transgenic osx:CFP-NTR medaka line which enables conditional ablation of osterix expressing osteoblasts. By expressing a bacterial nitroreductase (NTR) fused to Cyan Fluorescent Protein (CFP) under control of the osterix promoter these cells become sensitive towards Metronidazole (Mtz). Mtz treatment of stable osx:CFP-NTR transgenic medaka for several consecutive days led to significant loss of osteoblasts by apoptosis. Live staining of mineralized bone matrix revealed reduced ossification in head skeletal elements such as cleithrum and operculum, as well as in the vertebral arches. Interestingly in Mtz treated larvae, intervertebral spaces were missing and the notochord sheath was often continuously mineralized resulting in the fusion of centra. We therefore propose a dual role for osx-positive osteoblasts in fish. Besides a role in bone deposition, we suggest an additional border function during mineralization of the chordal centra. After termination of Mtz treatment, osteoblasts gradually reappeared, indicating regenerative properties in this cell lineage. Taken together, the osx:CFP-NTR medaka line represents a valuable tool to study osteoblast function and regeneration at different stages of development in whole vertebrate specimens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Willems
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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24
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The mouse notches up another success: understanding the causes of human vertebral malformation. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:362-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Okubo T, Kawamura A, Takahashi J, Yagi H, Morishima M, Matsuoka R, Takada S. Ripply3, a Tbx1 repressor, is required for development of the pharyngeal apparatus and its derivatives in mice. Development 2011; 138:339-48. [PMID: 21177346 DOI: 10.1242/dev.054056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal apparatus is a transient structure that gives rise to the thymus and the parathyroid glands and also contributes to the development of arteries and the cardiac outflow tract. A typical developmental disorder of the pharyngeal apparatus is the 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), for which Tbx1 is responsible. Here, we show that Ripply3 can modulate Tbx1 activity and plays a role in the development of the pharyngeal apparatus. Ripply3 expression is observed in the pharyngeal ectoderm and endoderm and overlaps with strong expression of Tbx1 in the caudal pharyngeal endoderm. Ripply3 suppresses transcriptional activation by Tbx1 in luciferase assays in vitro. Ripply3-deficient mice exhibit abnormal development of pharyngeal derivatives, including ectopic formation of the thymus and the parathyroid gland, as well as cardiovascular malformation. Corresponding with these defects, Ripply3-deficient embryos show hypotrophy of the caudal pharyngeal apparatus. Ripply3 represses Tbx1-induced expression of Pax9 in luciferase assays in vitro, and Ripply3-deficient embryos exhibit upregulated Pax9 expression. Together, our results show that Ripply3 plays a role in pharyngeal development, probably by regulating Tbx1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Okubo
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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26
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The role of Notch in patterning the human vertebral column. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:329-37. [PMID: 19608404 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The components of the Notch signaling pathway and the mechanics of signal transduction have largely been established in Drosophila. Although essential for many developmental processes in invertebrates and vertebrates, this review focuses on Notch signaling in the vertebrate-specific process of somitogenesis. More specifically it describes that mutations in genes encoding Notch pathway components (DLL3, MESP2, LFNG and HES7) cause severe congenital vertebral defects in humans. Importantly, this review highlights studies demonstrating that Dll3 is unique amongst DSL ligands acting as an inhibitor and not an activator of Notch signaling.
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27
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Asashima M, Ito Y, Chan T, Michiue T, Nakanishi M, Suzuki K, Hitachi K, Okabayashi K, Kondow A, Ariizumi T. In vitro organogenesis from undifferentiated cells inXenopus. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1309-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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28
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Hughes DST, Keynes RJ, Tannahill D. Extensive molecular differences between anterior- and posterior-half-sclerotomes underlie somite polarity and spinal nerve segmentation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:30. [PMID: 19463158 PMCID: PMC2693541 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The polarization of somite-derived sclerotomes into anterior and posterior halves underlies vertebral morphogenesis and spinal nerve segmentation. To characterize the full extent of molecular differences that underlie this polarity, we have undertaken a systematic comparison of gene expression between the two sclerotome halves in the mouse embryo. Results Several hundred genes are differentially-expressed between the two sclerotome halves, showing that a marked degree of molecular heterogeneity underpins the development of somite polarity. Conclusion We have identified a set of genes that warrant further investigation as regulators of somite polarity and vertebral morphogenesis, as well as repellents of spinal axon growth. Moreover the results indicate that, unlike the posterior half-sclerotome, the central region of the anterior-half-sclerotome does not contribute bone and cartilage to the vertebral column, being associated instead with the development of the segmented spinal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S T Hughes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB3 2DY, UK.
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29
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Physical interaction between Tbx6 and mespb is indispensable for the activation of bowline expression during Xenopus somitogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Oginuma M, Niwa Y, Chapman DL, Saga Y. Mesp2 and Tbx6 cooperatively create periodic patterns coupled with the clock machinery during mouse somitogenesis. Development 2008; 135:2555-62. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.019877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The metameric structures in vertebrates are based on the periodicity of the somites that are formed one by one from the anterior end of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The timing and spacing of somitogenesis are regulated by the segmentation clock, which is characterized by the oscillation of several signaling pathways in mice. The temporal information needs to be translated into a spatial pattern in the so-called determination front, at which cells become responsive to the clock signal. The transcription factor Mesp2 plays a crucial role in this process, regulating segmental border formation and rostro-caudal patterning. However, the mechanisms regulating the spatially restricted and periodic expression of Mesp2 have remained elusive. Using high-resolution fluorescent in situ hybridization in conjunction with immunohistochemical analyses, we have found a clear link between Mesp2 transcription and the periodic waves of Notch activity. We also find that Mesp2 transcription is spatially defined by Tbx6: Mesp2 transcription and Tbx6 protein initially share an identical anterior border in the PSM, but once translated, Mesp2 protein leads to the suppression of Tbx6 protein expression post-translationally via rapid degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This reciprocal regulation is the spatial mechanism that successively defines the position of the next anterior border of Mesp2. We further show that FGF signaling provides a spatial cue to position the expression domain of Mesp2. Taken together, we conclude that Mesp2 is the final output signal by which the temporal information from the segmentation clock is translated into segmental patterning during mouse somitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Oginuma
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540,Japan
| | - Yasutaka Niwa
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Deborah L. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, PA 15260, USA
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540,Japan
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111,Mishima 411-8540, Japan
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31
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Biris KK, Dunty WC, Yamaguchi TP. Mouse Ripply2 is downstream of Wnt3a and is dynamically expressed during somitogenesis. Dev Dyn 2008; 236:3167-72. [PMID: 17937396 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are blocks of mesoderm that form when segment boundaries are periodically generated in the anterior presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Periodicity is thought to be driven by an oscillating Notch-centered segmentation clock, whereas boundaries are spatially positioned by the secreted signaling molecules Wnt3a and Fgf8. We identified the putative transcriptional corepressor Ripply2 as a differentially expressed gene in wild-type and Wnt3a(-/-) embryos. Here, we show that Ripply2 is expressed in the anterior PSM and that it indeed lies downstream of Wnt3a. Dynamic Ripply2 expression in prospective somites S0 and S-I overlaps with the rostral expression of cycling genes in the Notch pathway, suggesting that Ripply2 may be controlled by the segmentation clock. Continued expression of Ripply2 in embryos lacking Hes7, a molecular oscillator in the Notch clock, indicates that Hes7 is not a major regulator of Ripply2. Our data are consistent with Ripply2 functioning as a segment boundary determination gene during mammalian embryogenesis. Developmental
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Biris
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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32
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Hitachi K, Kondow A, Danno H, Inui M, Uchiyama H, Asashima M. Tbx6, Thylacine1, and E47 synergistically activate bowline expression in Xenopus somitogenesis. Dev Biol 2008; 313:816-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Kondow A, Hitachi K, Okabayashi K, Hayashi N, Asashima M. Bowline mediates association of the transcriptional corepressor XGrg-4 with Tbx6 during somitogenesis in Xenopus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:959-64. [PMID: 17577580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the somite segmentation, the cells in the anterior presomitic mesoderm (PSM) express a set of genes that is required for defining the segmental border and polarity of the prospective somite. However, little is known how the expression of these genes is repressed upon segmentation. Here we report that Bowline, an associate protein of the transcriptional corepressor XGrg-4, repressed Tbx6 dependent transcription of Thylacine1 by mediating interaction of Tbx6 with XGrg-4 in Xenopus laevis. In bowline-deficient embryos, segmental border formation was disturbed, and expression of Thylacine1, X-Delta-2, and bowline expanded anteriorly. Tbx6-dependent transcription of Thylacine1 was suppressed by Bowline, together with XGrg-4. We also found that Bowline mediated the interaction of Tbx6 and XGrg-4. Based on our findings, we conclude that a part of the transcriptional repression at the anterior end of the PSM is caused by Bowline mediated transcriptional repression of Tbx6-dependent gene expression in X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kondow
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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