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Arya PN, Saranya I, Selvamurugan N. RUNX2 regulation in osteoblast differentiation: A possible therapeutic function of the lncRNA and miRNA-mediated network. Differentiation 2024:100803. [PMID: 39089986 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation is a crucial process in the formation of the skeleton and the remodeling of bones. It relies on a complex system of signaling pathways and transcription factors, including Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) control the bone-specific transcription factor RUNX2 through post-transcriptional mechanisms to regulate osteogenic differentiation. The most research has focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) in studying how they regulate RUNX2 for osteogenesis in both normal and pathological situations. This article provides a concise overview of the recent advancements in understanding the critical roles of lncRNA/miRNA/axes in controlling the expression of RUNX2 during bone formation. The possible application of miRNAs and lncRNAs as therapeutic agents for the treatment of disorders involving the bones and bones itself is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkath Narayanan Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Iyyappan Saranya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Dönges L, Damle A, Mainardi A, Bock T, Schönenberger M, Martin I, Barbero A. Engineered human osteoarthritic cartilage organoids. Biomaterials 2024; 308:122549. [PMID: 38554643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The availability of human cell-based models capturing molecular processes of cartilage degeneration can facilitate development of disease-modifying therapies for osteoarthritis [1], a currently unmet clinical need. Here, by imposing specific inflammatory challenges upon mesenchymal stromal cells at a defined stage of chondrogenesis, we engineered a human organotypic model which recapitulates main OA pathological traits such as chondrocyte hypertrophy, cartilage matrix mineralization, enhanced catabolism and mechanical stiffening. To exemplify the utility of the model, we exposed the engineered OA cartilage organoids to factors known to attenuate pathological features, including IL-1Ra, and carried out mass spectrometry-based proteomics. We identified that IL-1Ra strongly reduced production of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta [2] and demonstrated that inhibition of the C/EBPβ-activating kinases could revert the degradative processes. Human OA cartilage organoids thus represent a relevant tool towards the discovery of new molecular drivers of cartilage degeneration and the assessment of therapeutics targeting associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dönges
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Atharva Damle
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mainardi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bock
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monica Schönenberger
- Nano Imaging Lab, Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
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Saranya I, Akshaya R, Gomathi K, Mohanapriya R, He Z, Partridge N, Selvamurugan N. Circ_ST6GAL1-mediated competing endogenous RNA network regulates TGF-β1-stimulated matrix Metalloproteinase-13 expression via Runx2 acetylation in osteoblasts. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:153-164. [PMID: 38035043 PMCID: PMC10686813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13, a bone-remodeling gene) expression, and this effect requires p300-mediated Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2) acetylation in osteoblasts. p300 and Runx2 are transcriptional coactivator and bone transcription factor, respectively, which play key roles in the regulation of bone-remodeling genes. Non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs), such as long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been linked to both physiological and pathological bone states. In this study, we proposed that TGF-β1-mediated stimulation of MMP-13 expression is due to the downregulation of p300 targeting miRNAs in osteoblasts. We identified miR-130b-5p as one of the miRNAs downregulated by TGF-β1 in osteoblasts. Forced expression of miR-130b-5p decreased p300 expression, Runx2 acetylation, and MMP-13 expression in these cells. Furthermore, TGF-β1 upregulated circ_ST6GAL1, (a circular lncRNA) in osteoblasts; circRNA directly targeted miR-130b-5p. Antisense-mediated knockdown of circ_ST6GAL1 restored the function of miR-130b-5p, resulting in downregulation of p300, Runx2, and MMP-13 in these cells. Hence, our results suggest that TGF-β1 influences circ_ST6GAL1 to sponge and degrade miR-130b-5p, thereby promoting p300-mediated Runx2 acetylation for MMP-13 expression in osteoblasts. Thus, the circ_ST6GAL1/miR-130b-5p/p300 axis has potential significance in the treatment of bone and bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Saranya
- Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India
| | - R.L. Akshaya
- Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India
| | - K. Gomathi
- Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India
| | - R. Mohanapriya
- Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Z. He
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - N.C. Partridge
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - N. Selvamurugan
- Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India
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Li X, Zhang J, Wang B, Chen C, Zhang E, Lv Z, He Q, Hu Y, Wang X, Zhang F. USP24-dependent stabilization of Runx2 recruits a p300/NCOA3 complex to transactivate ADAMTS genes and promote degeneration of intervertebral disc in chronic inflammation mice. Biol Direct 2023; 18:37. [PMID: 37415159 PMCID: PMC10324278 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) naturally occurs during the aging process. Its occurrence is closely related to chronic inflammation; however, the causal relationship between them is controversial. This study aimed to investigate if inflammation would promote IDD incidence and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS A chronic inflammation mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine proinflammatory cytokines in serum. Histological staining was used to evaluate the degeneration of IVDs. Immunoblots and RT-qPCR analyses were performed to measure protein and mRNA expression levels. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to determine the assembly of protein complex. RESULTS We found that an inflammatory microenvironment activated p38 kinase, which phosphorylated the Runx2 transcription factor at the Ser28 site. The phosphorylated Runx2 (pRunx2) then recruited a deubiquitinase, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 24 (USP24), which stabilized pRunx2 and protected it from ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. The stabilized pRunx2 recruited histone acetyltransferase p300 and nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCOA3) to assemble a complex. This NCOA3-p300-pRunx2 complex then transactivated the expression of 13 ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif) genes, thereby promoting the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in intervertebral discs (IVDs) and causing IDD. Administration of either a p38 inhibitor (doramapimod), a NCOA3 inhibitor (bufalin), or a p300 inhibitor (EML425) significantly decreased the expression of the 13 ADAMTS genes and slowed the degeneration of IVDs. CONCLUSION In summary, our results demonstrate that USP24 protects pRunx2 from proteasomal degradation under chronic inflammation conditions, enabling pRunx2 to transactivate ADAMTS genes and degrade ECM. Our findings provide direct evidence that chronic inflammation triggers IDD and offer a therapeutic strategy for retarding IDD in patients with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Enyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Zhengpin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Qicong He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Yaoquan Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Xuenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
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Yalaev BI, Khusainova RI. Epigenetic regulation of bone remodeling and its role in the pathogenesis of primary osteoporosis. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:401-410. [PMID: 37465189 PMCID: PMC10350859 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of molecular mechanisms of primary osteoporosis development is fundamental to understand the pathogenesis of musculoskeletal diseases in general and for identifying key links in the genetic and epigenetic regulation of bone remodelling genes. The number of identified molecular genetic markers for osteoporosis is increasing but there is a need to describe their functional interactions. These interactions have been determined to be associated with the control of expression of a number of transcription factors and the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through the pathway of osteoblastogenesis or adipogenesis, and monocytic precursors through the pathway of osteoclastogenesis. The results of epigenetic studies have significantly increased the understanding of the role of post-translational modifications of histones, DNA methylation and RNA interference in the osteoporosis pathogenesis and in bone remodelling. However, the knowledge should be systematised and generalised according to the results of research on the role of epigenetic modifiers in the development of osteoporosis, and the influence of each epigenetic mechanism on the individual links of bone remodelling during ontogenesis of humans in general, including the elderly, should be described. Understanding which mechanisms and systems are involved in the development of this nosology is of interest for the development of targeted therapies, as the possibility of using microRNAs to regulate genes is now being considered. Systematisation of these data is important to investigate the differences in epigenetic marker arrays by race and ethnicity. The review article analyses references to relevant reviews and original articles, classifies information on current advances in the study of epigenetic mechanisms in osteoporosis and reviews the results of studies of epigenetic mechanisms on individual links of bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Yalaev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - R I Khusainova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia
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Xie L, Wang J, Song L, Jiang T, Yan F. Cell-cycle dependent nuclear gene delivery enhances the effects of E-cadherin against tumor invasion and metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:182. [PMID: 37150786 PMCID: PMC10164743 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery is the process by which foreign DNA is transferred to host cells, released from intracellular vesicles, and transported to the nuclei for transcription. This process is frequently inefficient and difficult to control spatiotemporally. We developed a gene delivery strategy that uses ultrasound to directly deliver plasmid DNA into nuclei via gas vesicles (GVs)-based intracellular cavitation. pDNA-binding GVs can be taken up by cells and cause intracellular cavitation when exposed to acoustic irradiation and delivering their pDNA payloads into nuclei. Importantly, GVs can remain stable in the cytoplasm in the absence of acoustic irradiation, allowing for temporally controlled nuclear gene delivery. We were able to achieve spatiotemporal control of E-cadherin nuclear gene delivery in this manner, demonstrating its efficacy in tumor invasion and metastasis inhibition. Interestingly, we discovered that nuclear gene delivery of E-cadherin during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in C6 tumor cells inhibited tumor invasion and metastasis more effectively than during the G1 and S phases. The gene delivery of E-cadherin at the G2/M phase resulted in significantly lower expression of Fam50a, which reduced Fam50a/Runx2 interaction and led to reduced transactivation of MMP13, an important factor for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as observed in a molecular mechanism assay. Thus, using remote acoustic control of intracellular cavitation of pDNA-GVs, we developed a high spatiotemporally controllable gene delivery strategy and achieved stronger tumor invasion and metastasis inhibition effects by delivering the E-cadherin gene at the G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liming Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Tianan Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Fei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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7
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Pan-cancer landscape of the RUNX protein family reveals their potential as carcinogenic biomarkers and the mechanisms underlying their action. J Transl Int Med 2022; 10:156-174. [PMID: 35959452 PMCID: PMC9328034 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The RUNX family of transcription factors plays an important regulatory role in tumor development. Although the importance of RUNX in certain cancer types is well known, the pan-cancer landscape remains unclear.
Materials and Methods
Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provides a pan-cancer overview of the RUNX genes. Hence, herein, we performed a pan-cancer analysis of abnormal RUNX expression and deciphered the potential regulatory mechanism. Specifically, we used TCGA multi-omics data combined with multiple online tools to analyze transcripts, genetic alterations, DNA methylation, clinical prognoses, miRNA networks, and potential target genes.
Results
RUNX genes are consistently overexpressed in esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and pan-renal cancers. The total protein expression of RUNX1 in lung adenocarcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is consistent with the mRNA expression results. Moreover, increased phosphorylation on the T14 and T18 residues of RUNX1 may represent potential pathogenic factors. The RUNX genes are significantly associated with survival in pan-renal cancer, brain lower-grade glioma, and uveal melanoma. Meanwhile, various mutations and posttranscriptional changes, including the RUNX1 D96 mutation in invasive breast carcinoma, the co-occurrence of RUNX gene mutations in UCEC, and methylation changes in the RUNX2 promoter in KIRC, may be associated with cancer development. Finally, analysis of epigenetic regulator co-expression, miRNA networks, and target genes revealed the carcinogenicity, abnormal expression, and direct regulation of RUNX genes.
Conclusions
We successfully analyzed the pan-cancer abnormal expression and prognostic value of RUNX genes, thereby providing potential biomarkers for various cancers. Further, mutations revealed via genetic alteration analysis may serve as a basis for personalized patient therapies.
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Smith SS, Chu D, Qu T, Aggleton JA, Schneider RA. Species-specific sensitivity to TGFβ signaling and changes to the Mmp13 promoter underlie avian jaw development and evolution. eLife 2022; 11:e66005. [PMID: 35666955 PMCID: PMC9246370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which bind Mmp13, become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser S Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tiange Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jessye A Aggleton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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9
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Yadav LR, Balagangadharan K, Lavanya K, Selvamurugan N. Orsellinic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone formation in vitro. Life Sci 2022; 299:120559. [PMID: 35447131 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Orsellinic acid (2,4-Dimethoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid) (OA) is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound with therapeutic potential, but its impact on actuating osteogenesis remains unknown. The bioavailability of OA is hampered by its hydrophobic nature. This study aimed to fabricate nano-drug delivery system-based scaffolds for OA and test its potential for osteogenesis in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS OA was loaded into chitosan nanoparticles (nCS + OA) using the ionic gelation technique at different concentrations. nCS + OA were incorporated onto the scaffolds containing gelatin (Gel) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) by the lyophilization method. Biocomposite scaffolds were examined for their physicochemical and material characteristic properties. The effect of OA in the scaffolds for osteoblast differentiation was determined by alizarin red and von Kossa staining at the cellular level and by reverse transcriptase-qPCR and western blot analysis at the molecular level. KEY FINDINGS The scaffolds showed excellent physiochemical and material characteristics and remained cyto-friendly to mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs, C3H10T1/2). The release of OA from Gel/nHAp/nCS scaffolds enhanced the differentiation of mMSCs towards osteoblasts, as observed through cellular and molecular studies. Moreover, the osteogenic potential of OA was mediated by the activation of FAK and ERK signaling pathways through integrins. SIGNIFICANCE The inclusion of OA into Gel/nHAp/nCS biocomposite scaffolds at 80 μM concentration promoted osteoblast differentiation via cell adhesion mediated signaling, compared with that shown by Gel/nHAp/nCS alone. Overall, this study identified the potential therapeutic OA containing Gel/nHAp/nCS scaffolds, accelerating its potential for clinical application towards bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roshini Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Balagangadharan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Lavanya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Gomathi K, Rohini M, Partridge NC, Selvamurugan N. Regulation of transforming growth factor-β1-stimulation of Runx2 acetylation for matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in osteoblastic cells. Biol Chem 2022; 403:305-315. [PMID: 34643076 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) functions as a coupling factor between bone development and resorption. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) is important in bone remodeling, and skeletal dysplasia is caused by a deficiency in MMP13 expre-ssion. Runx2, a transcription factor is essential for bone development, and MMP13 is one of its target genes. TGF-β1 promoted Runx2 phosphorylation, which was necessary for MMP13 production in osteoblastic cells, as we previously shown. Since the phosphorylation of some proteins causes them to be degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, we hypothesized that TGF-β1 might stabilize the phosphorylated Runx2 protein for its activity by other post-translational modification (PTM). This study demonstrated that TGF-β1-stimulated Runx2 acetylation in rat osteoblastic cells. p300, a histone acetyltransferase interacted with Runx2, and it promoted Runx2 acetylation upon TGF-β1-treatment in these cells. Knockdown of p300 decreased the TGF-β1-stimulated Runx2 acetylation and MMP13 expression in rat osteoblastic cells. TGF-β1-treatment stimulated the acetylated Runx2 bound at the MMP13 promoter, and knockdown of p300 reduced this effect in these cells. Overall, our studies identified the transcriptional regulation of MMP13 by TGF-β1 via Runx2 acetylation in rat osteoblastic cells, and these findings contribute to the knowledge of events presiding bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Gomathi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthukumar Rohini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Kumar N, Saraber P, Ding Z, Kusumbe AP. Diversity of Vascular Niches in Bones and Joints During Homeostasis, Ageing, and Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798211. [PMID: 34975909 PMCID: PMC8718446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bones and joints in the skeletal system are composed of diverse cell types, including vascular niches, bone cells, connective tissue cells and mineral deposits and regulate whole-body homeostasis. The capacity of maintaining strength and generation of blood lineages lies within the skeletal system. Bone harbours blood and immune cells and their progenitors, and vascular cells provide several immune cell type niches. Blood vessels in bone are phenotypically and functionally diverse, with distinct capillary subtypes exhibiting striking changes with age. The bone vasculature has a special impact on osteogenesis and haematopoiesis, and dysregulation of the vasculature is associated with diverse blood and bone diseases. Ageing is associated with perturbed haematopoiesis, loss of osteogenesis, increased adipogenesis and diminished immune response and immune cell production. Endothelial and perivascular cells impact immune cell production and play a crucial role during inflammation. Here, we discuss normal and maladapted vascular niches in bone during development, homeostasis, ageing and bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Further, we discuss the role of vascular niches during bone malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anjali P. Kusumbe
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Li W, Feng W, Su X, Luo D, Li Z, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Chen J, Liu B, Huang H. SIRT6 protects vascular smooth muscle cell from osteogenic transdifferentiation via Runx2 in chronic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:150051. [PMID: 34793336 PMCID: PMC8718147 DOI: 10.1172/jci150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is regarded as an important pathological change lacking effective treatment and associated with high mortality. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a member of the Sirtuin family, a class III histone deacetylase and a key epigenetic regulator. SIRT6 has a protective role in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the exact role and molecular mechanism of SIRT6 in VC in patients with CKD remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that SIRT6 was markedly downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in the radial artery tissue of patients with CKD with VC. SIRT6-transgenic (SIRT6-Tg) mice showed alleviated VC, while vascular smooth muscle cell–specific (VSMC-specific) SIRT6 knocked-down mice showed severe VC in CKD. SIRT6 suppressed the osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs via regulation of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays confirmed that SIRT6 bound to Runx2. Moreover, Runx2 was deacetylated by SIRT6 and further promoted nuclear export via exportin 1 (XPO1), which in turn caused degradation of Runx2 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These results demonstrated that SIRT6 prevented VC by suppressing the osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs, and as such targeting SIRT6 may be an appealing therapeutic target for VC in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- Department of Nephropathy, Tungwah Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Dongling Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhibing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengbi Zhang
- Department of Nephropathy, Tungwah Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, ShenZhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Abhinandan R, Pranav Adithya S, Saleth Sidharthan D, Balagangadharan K, Selvamurugan N. Synthesis and characterization of magnesium diboride nanosheets in alginate/polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111771. [PMID: 33894648 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Boride, which belongs to the distinct category of ceramic materials, has attracted significant attention in tissue engineering applications. Magnesium diboride (MgB2) consists of a plane of magnesium atoms sandwiched between the layers of boron. Even though MgB2 showed its role in various applications, its effect on osteogenesis has not yet been investigated. In this study, we synthesized MgB2 nanosheets (MgB2NS), a new class of 2D-nanoscale structures, by the ultrasonication exfoliation method and incorporated them into a polymeric mixture of alginate (Alg) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by the freeze-drying procedure. The synthesized scaffolds (Alg/PVA/MgB2NS) were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, protein adsorption, swelling, degradation, and biomineralization studies. These scaffolds were non-toxic to mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). MgB2NS in the scaffolds enhanced osteoblast differentiation of mMSCs at the molecular level by the expression of Runx2 and osteoblast differentiation marker genes and at the cellular level by alkaline phosphatase, alizarin Red and von Kossa staining. Overall, our results showed that MgB2NS in Alg/PVA scaffolds have osteogenic potential, suggesting their possible use in bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abhinandan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Pranav Adithya
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Saleth Sidharthan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Balagangadharan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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14
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Cryptic ligand on collagen matrix unveiled by MMP13 accelerates bone tissue regeneration via MMP13/Integrin α3/RUNX2 feedback loop. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:219-230. [PMID: 33677160 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is necessary for the development and self-healing of tissue, and the process is tissue specific. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in ECM remodeling by unwinding and cleaving ECM. We hypothesized that ECM remodeling by MMPs is involved in the differentiation of stem cells into specific lineages during self-healing. To prove the hypothesis, we investigated which MMPs are involved in the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) grown on a type I collagen (Col I) matrix, and we found that specifically high expression of MMP13 in hMSCs grown on a Col I matirx during osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, knocking down of MMP13 decreased the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs grown on a Col I matrix. In addition, pre-treatment of recombinant human MMP13 lead to remodeling of Col I matrix and increased the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and in vivo bone formation following the upregulation of the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), integrin α3 (ITGA3), and focal adhesion kinase. Furthermore, the transcription factor RUNX2 bound to the MMP13 promoter. These results suggest that growth on a remodeled Col I matrix by MMP13 stimulates osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and self-healing of bone tissue via an MMP13/ITGA3/RUNX2 positive feedback loop. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Self-healing of tissue could be the key to treating diseases that cannot be overcome by present technology. We investigated the mechanism underlying the self-healing of tissue and we found that the osteogenic differentiation was increased in hMSCs grown on a remodeled Col I matrix by the optimized concentration of MMP13 not in hMSCs grown on a Col I fragments cleaved by a high concentration of MMP13. In addition, we found the remodeled Col I matrix by MMP13 increased the osteogenic capacity through a MMP13/integrin α3/RUNX2 positive feedback loop. This result would be able to not only provide a strategy for bone tissue-specific functional materials following strong evidence about the self-healing mechanism of bone through the interaction between stem cells and the ECM matrix. As such, we strongly believe our finding will be of interest to researchers studying biomaterials, stem cell biology and matrix interaction for regenerative medicine and therapy.
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15
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Kim WJ, Shin HL, Kim BS, Kim HJ, Ryoo HM. RUNX2-modifying enzymes: therapeutic targets for bone diseases. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1178-1184. [PMID: 32788656 PMCID: PMC8080656 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX2 is a master transcription factor of osteoblast differentiation. RUNX2 expression in the bone and osteogenic front of a suture is crucial for cranial suture closure and membranous bone morphogenesis. In this manner, the regulation of RUNX2 is precisely controlled by multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) mediated by the stepwise recruitment of multiple enzymes. Genetic defects in RUNX2 itself or in its PTM regulatory pathways result in craniofacial malformations. Haploinsufficiency in RUNX2 causes cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), which is characterized by open fontanelle and hypoplastic clavicles. In contrast, gain-of-function mutations in FGFRs, which are known upstream stimulating signals of RUNX2 activity, cause craniosynostosis (CS) characterized by premature suture obliteration. The identification of these PTM cascades could suggest suitable drug targets for RUNX2 regulation. In this review, we will focus on the mechanism of RUNX2 regulation mediated by PTMs, such as phosphorylation, prolyl isomerization, acetylation, and ubiquitination, and we will summarize the therapeutics associated with each PTM enzyme for the treatment of congenital cranial suture anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Kim
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Shin
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Hong Z, Fang Z, Lei J, Shi G, Zhang Y, He Z, Li B W, Zhong S. The significance of Runx2 mediating alcohol-induced Brf1 expression and RNA Pol III gene transcription. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109057. [PMID: 32198086 PMCID: PMC7261693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2) is a key transcription factor which is associated with osteoblast differentiation and expressed in ER+ (estrogen receptor positive) human breast cancer cell lines. Runx2 also participates in mammary gland development. Deregulation of RNA Pol III genes (polymerase III-dependent genes) is tightly linked to tumor development, while Brf1 (TFIIB-related factor 1) specifically regulates these gene transcription. However, nothing is known about the effect of Runx2 on Brf1 expression and Pol III gene transcription. Expression of Runx2, Brf1 and Pol III genes from the samples of human breast cancer and cell culture model were determined by the assays of RT-qPCR, immunoblot, luciferase reporter activity, immunohistochemistry, chromatin immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence. High expression of Runx2 is observed in the cases of breast cancer. The patients of high Runx2 expression at early stages display longer survival period, whereas the cases of high Runx2 at advanced stages reveal faster recurrence. The identification of signaling pathway indicates that JNK1 and c-Jun mediate Runx2 transcription. Repression of Runx2 reduces Brf1 expression and Pol III gene transcription. Further analysis indicates that Runx2 is colocalized with Brf1 in nucleus of breast cancer tissue. Both Runx2 and Brf1 synergistically modulate Pol III gene transcription. These studies indicate that Brf1 overexpression is able to be used as an early diagnosis biomarker of breast cancer, while high Runx2 expression indicates long survival period and faster recurrence. Runx2 mediates the deregulation of Brf1 and Pol III genes and its abnormal expression predicts the worse prognosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifa Hong
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zeng Fang
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxia Lei
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, China; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, China; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiming He
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wen Li B
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Kim JM, Yang YS, Park KH, Ge X, Xu R, Li N, Song M, Chun H, Bok S, Charles JF, Filhol-Cochet O, Boldyreff B, Dinter T, Yu PB, Kon N, Gu W, Takarada T, Greenblatt MB, Shim JH. A RUNX2 stabilization pathway mediates physiologic and pathologic bone formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2289. [PMID: 32385263 PMCID: PMC7210266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteoblast differentiation capacity of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) must be tightly regulated, as inadequate bone formation results in low bone mass and skeletal fragility, and over-exuberant osteogenesis results in heterotopic ossification (HO) of soft tissues. RUNX2 is essential for tuning this balance, but the mechanisms of posttranslational control of RUNX2 remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we identify that a CK2/HAUSP pathway is a key regulator of RUNX2 stability, as Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates RUNX2, recruiting the deubiquitinase herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP), which stabilizes RUNX2 by diverting it away from ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. This pathway is important for both the commitment of SSCs to osteoprogenitors and their subsequent maturation. This CK2/HAUSP/RUNX2 pathway is also necessary for HO, as its inhibition blocked HO in multiple models. Collectively, active deubiquitination of RUNX2 is required for bone formation and this CK2/HAUSP deubiquitination pathway offers therapeutic opportunities for disorders of inappropriate mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kwang Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianpeng Ge
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of integrative biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyunho Chun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia F Charles
- Department of Orthopedics and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Odile Filhol-Cochet
- INSERM U1036, pour le Vivant/Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énerigies Alternatives Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Teresa Dinter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul B Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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18
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Kim HJ, Kim WJ, Ryoo HM. Post-Translational Regulations of Transcriptional Activity of RUNX2. Mol Cells 2020; 43:160-167. [PMID: 31878768 PMCID: PMC7057842 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is a key transcription factor for bone formation and osteoblast differentiation. Various signaling pathways and mechanisms that regulate the expression and transcriptional activity of RUNX2 have been thoroughly investigated since the involvement of RUNX2 was first reported in bone formation. As the regulation of Runx2 expression by extracellular signals has recently been reviewed, this review focuses on the regulation of post-translational RUNX2 activity. Transcriptional activity of RUNX2 is regulated at the post-translational level by various enzymes including kinases, acetyl transferases, deacetylases, ubiquitin E3 ligases, and prolyl isomerases. We describe a sequential and linear causality between post-translational modifications of RUNX2 by these enzymes. RUNX2 is one of the most important osteogenic transcription factors; however, it is not a suitable drug target. Here, we suggest enzymes that directly regulate the stability and/or transcriptional activity of RUNX2 at a post-translational level as effective drug targets for treating bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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19
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Gomathi K, Akshaya N, Srinaath N, Moorthi A, Selvamurugan N. Regulation of Runx2 by post-translational modifications in osteoblast differentiation. Life Sci 2020; 245:117389. [PMID: 32007573 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis is the process of new bone formation where transcription factors play an important role in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a key transcription factor, regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which further mature into osteocytes. Runx2 acts as a modulator such that it can either stimulate or inhibit the osteoblast differentiation. A defect/alteration in the expression/activity of this gene may lead to skeletal dysplasia. Runx2 thus serves as the best therapeutic model gene for studying bone and bone-related diseases. In this review, we briefly outline the regulation of Runx2 and its activity at the post-translational levels by the virtue of phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination in controlling the bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gomathi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Akshaya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Srinaath
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Moorthi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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20
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Malavika D, Shreya S, Raj Priya V, Rohini M, He Z, Partridge NC, Selvamurugan N. miR‐873‐3p targets HDAC4 to stimulate matrix metalloproteinase‐13 expression upon parathyroid hormone exposure in rat osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7996-8009. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desai Malavika
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
| | - Srinivasan Shreya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vembar Raj Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
| | - Muthukumar Rohini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
| | - Zhiming He
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry New York University New York New York
| | - Nicola C. Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry New York University New York New York
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India
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21
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Won GW, Sung M, Lee Y, Lee YH. MST2 kinase regulates osteoblast differentiation by phosphorylating and inhibiting Runx2 in C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:591-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Matrix metalloproteinase-13: A special focus on its regulation by signaling cascades and microRNAs in bone. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:338-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Vijayan V, Gupta S, Gupta S. Bone morphogenetic protein-5, a key molecule that mediates differentiation in MC3T3E1 osteoblast cell line. Biofactors 2017; 43:558-566. [PMID: 28497879 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-5 (BMP-5) is a member of the TGF receptor-β family with osteoinductive property. However, its physiological role in osteoblast differentiation is not defined. This study highlights the importance of BMP-5 in MC3T3E1 osteoblast differentiation. Pre-osteoblasts exposed to osteogenic media (ascorbic acid, 50 µg/ml and β-glycerophosphate, 10 mM) showed high protein expression of BMP-5 in cell lysates and cell culture supernatants, which peaked during early time-points of differentiation and declined with onset of mineralization. Attenuation of endogenous BMP-5 protein expression by RNA interference downregulated the expression of type I collagen (COLIA1), an early osteoblast differentiation marker but not osteocalcin, a late osteoblast differentiation marker. Further experiments to analyze the cell signaling components revealed that BMP-5 modulates COLIA1 expression via p38-Runx2 axis involving Runx2 (Ser19) phosphorylation. These effects were also observed when recombinant BMP-5 was added to pre-osteoblast cultures reinforcing the fact that BMP-5 is a modulator of COLIA1 expression. We conclude that BMP-5 has stage-specific role to play during MC3T3E1 osteoblast differentiation in part by autocrine p38/Runx2/COLIA1 signaling. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):558-566, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viji Vijayan
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Sakshi Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
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24
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Paiva KBS, Granjeiro JM. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Bone Resorption, Remodeling, and Repair. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:203-303. [PMID: 28662823 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the major protease family responsible for the cleavage of the matrisome (global composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteome) and proteins unrelated to the ECM, generating bioactive molecules. These proteins drive ECM remodeling, in association with tissue-specific and cell-anchored inhibitors (TIMPs and RECK, respectively). In the bone, the ECM mediates cell adhesion, mechanotransduction, nucleation of mineralization, and the immobilization of growth factors to protect them from damage or degradation. Since the first description of an MMP in bone tissue, many other MMPs have been identified, as well as their inhibitors. Numerous functions have been assigned to these proteins, including osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation, bone formation, solubilization of the osteoid during bone resorption, osteoclast recruitment and migration, and as a coupling factor in bone remodeling under physiological conditions. In turn, a number of pathologies, associated with imbalanced bone remodeling, arise mainly from MMP overexpression and abnormalities of the ECM, leading to bone osteolysis or bone formation. In this review, we will discuss the functions of MMPs and their inhibitors in bone cells, during bone remodeling, pathological bone resorption (osteoporosis and bone metastasis), bone repair/regeneration, and emergent roles in bone bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiucia B S Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction (LabMec), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José M Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (InMetro), Bioengineering Laboratory, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil; Fluminense Federal University, Dental School, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Arumugam B, Vairamani M, Partridge NC, Selvamurugan N. Characterization of Runx2 phosphorylation sites required for TGF‐β1‐mediated stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐13 expression in osteoblastic cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1082-1094. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariappanadar Vairamani
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of BioengineeringSRM UniversityKattankulathurTamil NaduIndia
| | - Nicola C. Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial BiologyNew York University College of Dentistry, New York UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of BioengineeringSRM UniversityKattankulathurTamil NaduIndia
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Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Regulates MicroRNA 21 Expression to Activate TGF- β Signaling in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Enhance Osteoblast Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2450327. [PMID: 28512472 PMCID: PMC5420424 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2450327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been documented to promote bone fracture healing in nonunions and increase lumbar spinal fusion rates. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PEMF stimulates differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) into osteoblasts are not well understood. In this study the PEMF effects on hBMSCs were studied by microarray analysis. PEMF stimulation of hBMSCs' cell numbers mainly affected genes of cell cycle regulation, cell structure, and growth receptors or kinase pathways. In the differentiation and mineralization stages, PEMF regulated preosteoblast gene expression and notably, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway and microRNA 21 (miR21) were most highly regulated. PEMF stimulated activation of Smad2 and miR21-5p expression in differentiated osteoblasts, and TGF-β signaling was essential for PEMF stimulation of alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression. Smad7, an antagonist of the TGF-β signaling pathway, was found to be miR21-5p's putative target gene and PEMF caused a decrease in Smad7 expression. Expression of Runx2 was increased by PEMF treatment and the miR21-5p inhibitor prevented the PEMF stimulation of Runx2 expression in differentiating cells. Thus, PEMF could mediate its effects on bone metabolism by activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway and stimulation of expression of miR21-5p in hBMSCs.
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Role of Runx2 in breast cancer-mediated bone metastasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:608-614. [PMID: 28268169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in women. The currently available treatment for breast cancer is mostly curative except when it becomes metastatic. One of the major sites for metastasis of breast cancer is the bone. Homing of the circulating tumor cells is tightly regulated including a number of factors present in the cells and their microenvironment. Runx2, a transcription factor plays an important role in osteogenesis and breast cancer mediated bone metastases. One of the recent advances in molecular therapy includes the discovery of the small, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) and they target specific genes to reduce their expression at the post-transcriptional level. This review provides an outline of breast cancer mediated bone metastasis and summarizes the recent development on the regulation of Runx2 expression by miRNAs which can lead to novel molecular therapeutics for the same.
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28
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Carpio LR, Bradley EW, Westendorf JJ. Histone deacetylase 3 suppresses Erk phosphorylation and matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp)-13 activity in chondrocytes. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:27-36. [PMID: 27662443 PMCID: PMC5609188 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1236088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (Hdac3) inhibitors are emerging therapies for many diseases including cancers and neurological disorders; however, these drugs are teratogens to the developing skeleton. Hdac3 is essential for proper endochondral ossification as its deletion in chondrocytes increases cytokine signaling and the expression of matrix remodeling enzymes. Here we explored the mechanism by which Hdac3 controls matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp)-13 expression in chondrocytes. In Hdac3-depleted chondrocytes, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 as well as its downstream substrate, Runx2, were hyperphosphorylated as a result of decreased expression and activity of the Erk1/2 specific phosphatase, Dusp6. Erk1/2 kinase inhibitors and Dusp6 adenoviruses reduced Mmp13 expression and partially rescued matrix production in Hdac3-deficient chondrocytes. Postnatal chondrocyte-specific deletion of Hdac3 with an inducible Col2a1-Cre caused premature production of pErk1/2 and Mmp13 in the growth plate. Thus, Hdac3 controls the temporal and spatial expression of tissue-remodeling genes in chondrocytes to ensure proper endochondral ossification during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lomeli R. Carpio
- Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jennifer J. Westendorf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kerkhofs J, Leijten J, Bolander J, Luyten FP, Post JN, Geris L. A Qualitative Model of the Differentiation Network in Chondrocyte Maturation: A Holistic View of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162052. [PMID: 27579819 PMCID: PMC5007039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of chondrocytes towards hypertrophy is a natural process whose control is essential in endochondral bone formation. It is additionally thought to play a role in several pathophysiological processes, with osteoarthritis being a prominent example. We perform a dynamic analysis of a qualitative mathematical model of the regulatory network that directs this phenotypic switch to investigate the influence of the individual factors holistically. To estimate the stability of a SOX9 positive state (associated with resting/proliferation chondrocytes) versus a RUNX2 positive one (associated with hypertrophy) we employ two measures. The robustness of the state in canalisation (size of the attractor basin) is assessed by a Monte Carlo analysis and the sensitivity to perturbations is assessed by a perturbational analysis of the attractor. Through qualitative predictions, these measures allow for an in silico screening of the effect of the modelled factors on chondrocyte maintenance and hypertrophy. We show how discrepancies between experimental data and the model’s results can be resolved by evaluating the dynamic plausibility of alternative network topologies. The findings are further supported by a literature study of proposed therapeutic targets in the case of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janine N. Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for biomedical technology and technical medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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30
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Vimalraj S, Arumugam B, Miranda P, Selvamurugan N. Runx2: Structure, function, and phosphorylation in osteoblast differentiation. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 78:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Tandon M, Chen Z, Pratap J. Role of Runx2 in crosstalk between Mek/Erk and PI3K/Akt signaling in MCF-10A cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2208-17. [PMID: 25147082 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk among mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3' kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways integrates extracellular cues to regulate mammary epithelial cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The runt-related transcription factor, Runx2, is expressed in normal mammary epithelium and promotes differentiation, however, its function in regulation of the MAPK and PI3K signaling crosstalk is not known. We determined the function of Runx2 expression in growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt, key downstream kinases in MAPK and PI3K pathway crosstalk in MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. The Runx2-mediated alterations in cell signaling and associated changes in phenotype were determined by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry approaches. The results revealed that ectopic Runx2 expression differentially downregulates the growth factor (EGF vs. IGF or insulin)-induced pErk1/2 and pAkt levels. Additionally, the ectopic Runx2 expression increases FOXO1 levels, cell cycle G1 stage and promotes survival of MCF-10A cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Runx2 expression increases EGF-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR) and relieves Mek/Erk-mediated negative regulation of pEGFR and pAkt levels. Altogether, our results identify functions of Runx2 in MAPK and PI3K signaling crosstalk in MCF-10A cells that could be critical in understanding the mammary epithelial cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Polyzos SA, Makras P, Efstathiadou Z, Anastasilakis AD. Investigational parathyroid hormone receptor analogs for the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:145-57. [PMID: 25316089 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.973021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration, acting through multiple signaling pathways, exerts an osteoanabolic effect on the skeleton that surpasses the effect of other antiosteoporotic agents. However, its efficacy is limited by the coupling effect and relatively common adverse events. Thus, the development of more sophisticated PTH receptor analogs seems imperative. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize the role of PTH signaling pathway in bone remodeling. The authors also summarize investigational analogs targeting this pathway, which may be potential treatments for osteoporosis. EXPERT OPINION β-arrestins are multifunctional cytoplasmic molecules that are decisive for regulating intracellular PTH signaling. Recently, in preclinical studies, arrestin analogs have achieved the anabolic bone effect of PTH without an accompanying increase in bone resorption. However, it is not yet known whether these analogs have adverse effects and there are no clinical data for their efficacy to date. On the other hand, several molecules derived either from PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) molecules have been developed. Alternative routes of PTH 1 - 34 delivery (oral, transdermal), the PTH analog ostabolin and the N-terminal PTHrP analogs PTHrP 1 - 36 and abaloparatide, have recently been or are currently being tested in clinical trials and are more likely to become available for use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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33
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Nagel AK, Ball LE. O-GlcNAc modification of the runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) links osteogenesis and nutrient metabolism in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3381-95. [PMID: 25187572 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2 is the master switch controlling osteoblast differentiation and formation of the mineralized skeleton. The post-translational modification of Runx2 by phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, and acetylation modulates its activity, stability, and interactions with transcriptional co-regulators and chromatin remodeling proteins downstream of osteogenic signals. Characterization of Runx2 by electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry revealed sites of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, a nutrient-responsive post-translational modification that modulates the action of numerous transcriptional effectors. O-GlcNAc modification occurs in close proximity to phosphorylated residues and novel sites of arginine methylation within regions known to regulate Runx2 transactivation. An interaction between Runx2 and the O-GlcNAcylated, O-GlcNAc transferase enzyme was also detected. Pharmacological inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the enzyme responsible for the removal of O-GlcNAc from Ser/Thr residues, enhanced basal (39.9%) and BMP2/7-induced (43.3%) Runx2 transcriptional activity in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. In bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiated for 6 days in osteogenic media, inhibition of OGA resulted in elevated expression (24.3%) and activity (65.8%) of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) an early marker of bone formation and a transcriptional target of Runx2. Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of BMP2/7 for 8 days culminated in decreased OGA activity (39.0%) and an increase in the abundance of O-GlcNAcylated Runx2, as compared with unstimulated cells. Furthermore, BMP2/7-induced ALP activity was enhanced by 35.6% in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiated in the presence of the OGA inhibitor, demonstrating that direct or BMP2/7-induced inhibition of OGA is associated with increased ALP activity. Altogether, these findings link O-GlcNAc cycling to the Runx2-dependent regulation of the early ALP marker under osteoblast differentiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis K Nagel
- From the ‡Department of Oral Health Sciences; Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
| | - Lauren E Ball
- From the ‡Department of Oral Health Sciences; Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425
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34
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Shimizu E, Nakatani T, He Z, Partridge NC. Parathyroid hormone regulates histone deacetylase (HDAC) 4 through protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in osteoblastic cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21340-50. [PMID: 24904057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial regulators of gene expression in transcriptional co-repressor complexes. Previously, we reported that HDAC4 was a basal repressor of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) transcription and parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates HDAC4 to control MMP-13 promoter activity through dissociation from Runx2. Here, we show that PTH induces the protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of HDAC4 in the nucleus of the rat osteoblastic cell line, UMR 106-01. We demonstrate that PKA-dependent phosphorylated HDAC4 is released from Runx2 bound to the MMP-13 promoter in these cells. Point mutation of Ser-740 in rHDAC4 prevents the release of HDAC4 from Runx2 on the MMP-13 promoter and also prevents the PTH stimulation of MMP-13 transcription. Thus, PTH-induced phosphorylation of rHDAC4 at Ser-740 is crucial for regulating MMP-13 transcription in osteoblasts. PTH causes degradation of HDAC4, and this product appears in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic degradation of HDAC4 is blocked by PKA and lysosomal inhibitors, but is not affected by proteasome, caspase-3, or serine and aspartic protease inhibitors. In addition, the phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, prevents degradation indicating that dephosphorylation is associated with degradation. These mechanisms regulating HDAC4 and their roles in such processes are crucial for bone and chondrocyte development. Our data support a link between PTH regulating HDAC4 phosphorylation by PKA, trafficking, partial degradation, and the control of MMP-13 transcription through association with Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Shimizu
- From the Departments of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology and Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Teruyo Nakatani
- From the Departments of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology and
| | - Zhiming He
- From the Departments of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology and
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35
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Zhang M, Manchanda PK, Wu D, Wang Q, Kirschner LS. Knockdown of PRKAR1A, the gene responsible for Carney complex, interferes with differentiation in osteoblastic cells. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:295-307. [PMID: 24506536 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PRKAR1A is the gene encoding the type 1A regulatory subunit of protein kinase A, and it is the cause of the inherited human tumor syndrome Carney complex. Data from our laboratory has demonstrated that Prkar1a loss causes tumors in multiple cell lineages, including neural crest cells and osteoblasts. We have proposed that one mechanism by which tumorigenesis occurs is through the failure of terminal differentiation. In the present study, we directly test the effects of Prkar1a reduction on osteogenic differentiation in mouse and human cells in vitro. We found that Prkar1a levels noticeably increased during osteoblastic differentiation, indicating a positive correlation between the expression of Prkar1a and osteogenic potential. To validate this hypothesis, we generated stable Prkar1a knockdown in both mouse and human cells. These cells displayed significantly suppressed bone nodule formation and decreased expression of osteoblast markers such as osteocalcin and osteopontin. These observations imply that the antiosteogenic effect of Prkar1a ablation is not species or cell line specific. Furthermore, because Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) is a key mediator of osteoblast differentiation, we reasoned that the function of this transcription factor may be inhibited by Prkar1a knockdown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays demonstrated that Prkar1a ablation repressed DNA binding and function of Runx2 at its target genes. Additionally, we determined that this effect is likely due to reductions in the Runx2-cooperating transcription factors forkhead box O1 and activating transcription factor 4. Taken together, this study provides direct evidence that ablation of Prkar1a interferes with signaling pathways necessary for osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Departments of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (M.Z., P.K.M., L.S.K.) and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (D.W., Q.W.) and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (L.S.K.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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36
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Lee HR, Kim HJ, Ko JS, Choi YS, Ahn MW, Kim S, Do SH. Comparative characteristics of porous bioceramics for an osteogenic response in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84272. [PMID: 24391927 PMCID: PMC3877265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous calcium phosphate ceramics are used in orthopedic and craniofacial applications to treat bone loss, or in dental applications to replace missing teeth. The implantation of these materials, however, does not induce stem cell differentiation, so suitable additional materials such as porous calcium phosphate discs are needed to influence physicochemical responses or structural changes. Rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) and mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) were evaluated in vitro by the MTT assay, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and immunoblotting using cells cultured in medium supplemented with extracts from bioceramics, including calcium metaphosphate (CMP), hydroxyapatite (HA) and collagen-grafted HA (HA-col). In vivo evaluation of the bone forming capacity of these bioceramics in rat models using femur defects and intramuscular implants for 12 weeks was performed. Histological analysis showed that newly formed stromal-rich tissues were observed in all the implanted regions and that the implants showed positive immunoreaction against type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The intramuscular implant region, in particular, showed strong positive immunoreactivity for both type I collagen and ALP, which was further confirmed by mRNA expression and immunoblotting results, indicating that each bioceramic material enhanced osteogenesis stimulation. These results support our hypothesis that smart bioceramics can induce osteoconduction and osteoinduction in vivo, although mature bone formation, including lacunae, osteocytes, and mineralization, was not prominent until 12 weeks after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Lee
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Seung Ko
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myun-Whan Ahn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sukyoung Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (SD)
| | - Sun Hee Do
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (SD)
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37
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Suram S, Silveira LJ, Mahaffey S, Brown GD, Bonventre JV, Williams DL, Gow NAR, Bratton DL, Murphy RC, Leslie CC. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α and eicosanoids regulate expression of genes in macrophages involved in host defense and inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69002. [PMID: 23950842 PMCID: PMC3742295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α)
activation in regulating macrophage transcriptional responses to
Candida
albicans infection was investigated.
cPLA2α releases arachidonic acid for the production of
eicosanoids. In mouse resident peritoneal macrophages, prostacyclin,
prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 were produced within
minutes of C.
albicans addition before cyclooxygenase 2
expression. The production of TNFα was lower in C.
albicans-stimulated cPLA2α+/+
than cPLA2α-/- macrophages due to an autocrine effect of
prostaglandins that increased cAMP to a greater extent in
cPLA2α+/+ than cPLA2α-/-
macrophages. For global insight, differential gene expression in
C.
albicans-stimulated
cPLA2α+/+ and cPLA2α-/-
macrophages (3 h) was compared by microarray. cPLA2α+/+
macrophages expressed 86 genes at lower levels and 181 genes at higher levels
than cPLA2α-/- macrophages (≥2-fold, p<0.05). Several
pro-inflammatory genes were expressed at lower levels (Tnfα,
Cx3cl1, Cd40, Ccl5,
Csf1, Edn1, CxCr7, Irf1,
Irf4, Akna, Ifnγ, several IFNγ-inducible
GTPases). Genes that dampen inflammation (Socs3,
Il10, Crem, Stat3,
Thbd, Thbs1, Abca1) and
genes involved in host defense (Gja1, Csf3,
Trem1, Hdc) were expressed at higher
levels in cPLA2α+/+ macrophages. Representative genes
expressed lower in cPLA2α+/+ macrophages (Tnfα,
Csf1) were increased by treatment with a prostacyclin receptor
antagonist and protein kinase A inhibitor, whereas genes expressed at higher
levels (Crem, Nr4a2, Il10,
Csf3) were suppressed. The results suggest that
C.
albicans stimulates an autocrine loop in
macrophages involving cPLA2α, cyclooxygenase 1-derived prostaglandins
and increased cAMP that globally effects expression of genes involved in host
defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Suram
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
| | - Lori J. Silveira
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health,
Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Spencer Mahaffey
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom
| | - Joseph V. Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,
United States of America
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson
City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom
| | - Donna L. Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora,
Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christina C. Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora,
Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado,
United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cao C, Yudin Y, Bikard Y, Chen W, Liu T, Li H, Jendrossek D, Cohen A, Pavlov E, Rohacs T, Zakharian E. Polyester modification of the mammalian TRPM8 channel protein: implications for structure and function. Cell Rep 2013; 4:302-315. [PMID: 23850286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The TRPM8 ion channel is expressed in sensory neurons and is responsible for sensing environmental cues, such as cold temperatures and chemical compounds, including menthol and icilin. The channel functional activity is regulated by various physical and chemical factors and is likely to be preconditioned by its molecular composition. Our studies indicate that the TRPM8 channel forms a structural-functional complex with the polyester poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). We identified by mass spectrometry a number of PHB-modified peptides in the N terminus of the TRPM8 protein and in its extracellular S3-S4 linker. Removal of PHB by enzymatic hydrolysis and site-directed mutagenesis of both the serine residues that serve as covalent anchors for PHB and adjacent hydrophobic residues that interact with the methyl groups of the polymer resulted in significant inhibition of TRPM8 channel activity. We conclude that the TRPM8 channel undergoes posttranslational modification by PHB and that this modification is required for its normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike Cao
- New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H626, Newark NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yevgen Yudin
- New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H626, Newark NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yann Bikard
- New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H626, Newark NJ 07103, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center - UMDNJ, Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Building F1105, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Tong Liu
- New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center - UMDNJ, Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Building F1105, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Hong Li
- New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center - UMDNJ, Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Building F1105, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Dieter Jendrossek
- Universität Stuttgart Zentrum für Bioverfahrenstechnik Institut für Mikrobiologie, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cohen
- Dalhousie University, Proteomics Core Facility, Clinical Research Centre, Room C-304 5849 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- Dalhousie University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Faculty of Medicine, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, Room 5G, 5850 College St., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H626, Newark NJ 07103, USA
| | - Eleonora Zakharian
- New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H626, Newark NJ 07103, USA
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and chondrocytes: a focus on adenosine receptors. Expert Rev Mol Med 2013; 15:e1. [PMID: 23406574 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2013.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletogenesis, either during development, post-injury or for maintenance, is a carefully coordinated process reliant on the appropriate differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Some well described, as well as a new regulator of this process (adenosine receptors), are alike in that they signal via cyclic-AMP (cAMP). This review highlights the known contribution of cAMP signalling to mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and to chondrocytes. Focus has been given to how these regulators influence the commitment of the osteochondroprogenitor to these separate lineages.
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40
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Gupta A, Cao W, Chellaiah MA. Integrin αvβ3 and CD44 pathways in metastatic prostate cancer cells support osteoclastogenesis via a Runx2/Smad 5/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand signaling axis. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:66. [PMID: 22966907 PMCID: PMC3499378 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone loss and pathological fractures are common skeletal complications associated with androgen deprivation therapy and bone metastases in prostate cancer patients. We have previously demonstrated that prostate cancer cells secrete receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), a protein essential for osteoclast differentiation and activation. However, the mechanism(s) by which RANKL is produced remains to be determined. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling RANKL expression in metastatic prostate cancer cells. RESULTS We show here that phosphorylation of Smad 5 by integrin αvβ3 and RUNX2 by CD44 signaling, respectively, regulates RANKL expression in human-derived PC3 prostate cancer cells isolated from bone metastasis. We found that RUNX2 intranuclear targeting is mediated by phosphorylation of Smad 5. Indeed, Smad5 knock-down via RNA interference and inhibition of Smad 5 phosphorylation by an αv inhibitor reduced RUNX2 nuclear localization and RANKL expression. Similarly, knockdown of CD44 or RUNX2 attenuated the expression of RANKL. As a result, conditioned media from these cells failed to support osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Immunohistochemistry analysis of tissue microarray sections containing primary prostatic tumor (grade2-4) detected predominant localization of RUNX2 and phosphorylated Smad 5 in the nuclei. Immunoblotting analyses of nuclear lysates from prostate tumor tissue corroborate these observations. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we show that CD44 signaling regulates phosphorylation of RUNX2. Localization of RUNX2 in the nucleus requires phosphorylation of Smad-5 by integrin αvβ3 signaling. Our results suggest possible integration of two different pathways in the expression of RANKL. These observations imply a novel mechanistic insight into the role of these proteins in bone loss associated with bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People’s hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Meenakshi A Chellaiah
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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41
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Nagata M, Nuckolls GH, Wang X, Shum L, Seki Y, Kawase T, Takahashi K, Nonaka K, Takahashi I, Noman AA, Suzuki K, Slavkin HC. The primary site of the acrocephalic feature in Apert Syndrome is a dwarf cranial base with accelerated chondrocytic differentiation due to aberrant activation of the FGFR2 signaling. Bone 2011; 48:847-56. [PMID: 21129456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation of osteoblastic bone anabolism in the calvarial sutures is considered to be the essential pathologic condition underlying mutant FGFR2-related craniofacial dysostosis. However, early clinical investigations indicated that abnormal cartilage development in the cranial base was rather a primary site of abnormal feature in Apert Syndrome (AS). To examine the significance of cartilaginous growth of the cranial base in AS, we generated a transgenic mouse bearing AS-type mutant Fgfr2IIIc under the control of the Col2a1 promoter-enhancer (Fgfr2IIIc(P253R) mouse). Despite the lacking expression of Fgfr2IIIc(P253R) in osteoblasts, exclusive disruption of chondrocytic differentiation and growth reproduced AS-like acrocephaly accompanied by short anterior cranial base with fusion of the cranial base synchondroses, maxillary hypoplasia and synostosis of the calvarial sutures with no significant abnormalities in the trunk and extremities. Gene expression analyses demonstrated upregulation of p21, Ihh and Mmp-13 accompanied by modest increase in expression of Sox9 and Runx2, indicating acceleration of chondrocytic maturation and hypertrophy in the cranial base of the Fgfr2IIIc(P253R) mice. Furthermore, an acquired affinity and specificity of mutant FGFR2IIIc(P253R) receptor with FGF2 and FGF10 is suggested as a mechanism of activation of FGFR2 signaling selectively in the cranial base. In this report, we strongly suggest that the acrocephalic feature of AS is not alone a result of the coronal suture synostosis, but is a result of the primary disturbance in growth of the cranial base with precocious endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori 2-5274, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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42
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Susperregui ARG, Gamell C, Rodríguez-Carballo E, Ortuño MJ, Bartrons R, Rosa JL, Ventura F. Noncanonical BMP signaling regulates cyclooxygenase-2 transcription. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1006-17. [PMID: 21436263 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of p38 MAPK has been shown to be relevant for a number of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) physiological effects. We report here the involvement of noncanonical phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling in the transcriptional induction of Cox2 (Ptgs2) by BMP-2 in mesenchymal cells and organotypic calvarial cultures. We demonstrate that different regulatory elements are required for regulation of Cox2 expression by BMP-2: Runt-related transcription factor-2 and cAMP response element sites are essential, whereas a GC-rich Smad binding element is important for full responsiveness. Efficient transcriptional activation requires cooperation between transcription factors because mutation of any element results in a strong decrease of BMP-2 responsiveness. BMP-2 activation of p38 leads to increased recruitment of activating transcription factor-2, Runx2, Smad, and coactivators such as p300 at the responsive sites in the Cox2 proximal promoter. We demonstrate, by either pharmacological or genetic analysis, that maximal BMP-2 effects on Cox2 and JunB expression require the function of p38 and its downstream effector mitogen/stress-activated kinase 1. Altogether our results strongly suggest that cooperative effects between canonical and noncanonical BMP signaling allow the fine-tuning of BMP transcriptional responses on specific target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R G Susperregui
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n., L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Hellingman CA, Davidson ENB, Koevoet W, Vitters EL, van den Berg WB, van Osch GJVM, van der Kraan PM. Smad signaling determines chondrogenic differentiation of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: inhibition of Smad1/5/8P prevents terminal differentiation and calcification. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1157-67. [PMID: 21142619 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation in transforming growth factor-beta-induced chondrogenic differentiation of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to assess whether specific targeting of different Smad signaling pathways offers possibilities to prevent terminal differentiation and mineralization of chondrogenically differentiated BMSCs. Terminally differentiated chondrocytes produced in vitro by chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs or studied ex vivo during murine embryonic limb formation stained positive for both Smad2/3P and Smad1/5/8P. Hyaline-like cartilage produced in vitro by articular chondrocytes or studied in ex vivo articular cartilage samples that lacked expression for matrix metalloproteinase 13 and collagen X only expressed Smad2/3P. When either Smad2/3 or Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation was blocked in BMSC culture by addition of SB-505124 or dorsomorphin throughout culture, no collagen II expression was observed, indicating that both pathways are involved in early chondrogenesis. Distinct functions for these pathways were demonstrated when Smad signaling was blocked after the onset of chondrogenesis. Blocking Smad2/3P after the onset of chondrogenesis resulted in a halt in collagen II production. On the other hand, blocking Smad1/5/8P during this time period resulted in decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13, collagen X, and alkaline phosphatase while allowing collagen II production. Moreover, blocking Smad1/5/8P prevented mineralization. This indicates that while Smad2/3P is important for continuation of collagen II deposition, Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation is associated with terminal differentiation and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine A Hellingman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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MPA-induced gene expression and stromal and parenchymal gene expression profiles in luminal murine mammary carcinomas with different hormonal requirements. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 129:49-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Lee M, Partridge NC. Parathyroid hormone activation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 transcription requires the histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 and PCAF and p300-dependent acetylation of PCAF. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38014-22. [PMID: 20870727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.142141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the transcription of many genes involved in bone remodeling in osteoblasts. One of these genes is matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), which is involved in bone remodeling and early stages of endochondral bone formation. We have previously shown that Mmp-13 gene expression is highly induced by PTH treatment in osteoblastic UMR 106-01 cells, as well as primary osteoblasts. Here, we show that p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), in addition to p300 and Runx2, is required for PTH activation of Mmp-13 transcription. PCAF was increasingly recruited to the MMP-13 proximal promoter region after PTH treatment, and this was associated with an increase in RNA polymerase II recruitment and histone acetylation. In addition, PTH treatment increased the acetylation of PCAF, a process that required p300. Knockdown of PCAF, p300, or Runx2 by siRNA decreased Mmp-13 mRNA expression after PTH treatment in both UMR 106-01 cells and primary osteoblasts. We found that there is a mutual dependence between p300 and PCAF to be recruited to the Mmp-13 promoter after PTH treatment. In promoter-reporter assays, p300 and PCAF had an additive effect on PTH stimulation of MMP-13 promoter activity, and this required their histone acetyltransferase activity. Our findings demonstrate that PCAF acts downstream of PTH signaling as a transcriptional coactivator that is required for PTH stimulation of MMP-13 transcription. PCAF cooperates with p300 and Runx2 to mediate PTH activation of MMP-13 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnkyong Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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46
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Jeong HM, Han EH, Jin YH, Hwang YP, Kim HG, Park BH, Kim JY, Chung YC, Lee KY, Jeong HG. Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum stimulate osteoblast differentiation via p38 MAPK- and ERK-dependent RUNX2 activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3362-8. [PMID: 20828597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Changkil (CK), the aqueous extract of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, has been used as a traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of chronic adult diseases. Although a saponin fraction derived from CK (CKS) has been suggested to have a variety of functional effects, its effect on bone is unknown. In the present study, the effects of CKS on osteoblast differentiation and function were determined by analyzing the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an osteoblast marker, and the regulation of RUNX2, a master gene of osteoblast differentiation, in a mesenchymal stem cell line. CKS upregulated ALP activity and the expression of osteogenic marker genes in C2C12 cells. In addition, CKS increased the expression and transcriptional activity of RUNX2. To determine which signaling pathways are involved in the osteogenic effects of CKS, we tested the effect of inhibitors of kinases known to regulate RUNX2. CKS-induced enhancement of RUNX2 and ALP was inhibited by treatment with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and an ERK inhibitor (U0126). These findings suggest that CKS stimulates osteoblast differentiation by activation of RUNX2 via mechanisms related to the p38 MAPK and ERK signaling pathways. The regulation of RUNX2 activation by CKS may be an important therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Min Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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47
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Lim M, Zhong C, Yang S, Bell AM, Cohen MB, Roy-Burman P. Runx2 regulates survivin expression in prostate cancer cells. J Transl Med 2010; 90:222-33. [PMID: 19949374 PMCID: PMC2815261 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we described that bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) could protect prostate cancer C4-2B cells from serum starvation-induced apoptosis via survivin induction. Here, for the first time, we identify Runx2 as a key regulator of survivin transcription. In C4-2B cells grown normally, suppression of Runx2 reduced survivin expression. Using ChIP assays, two regions of the survivin promoter, -1953 to -1812 (I) and -1485 to -1119 (II) encompassing consensus Runx-binding sites were examined. Runx2 was found to be associated with both regions, with a stronger affinity to region-I. In serum-starved cells neither region was occupied, but BMP7 restored association to region-II and not region-I. In reporter assays, transcription activity by BMP7 was significantly reduced when sequences including binding sites of region-II were deleted. Additionally, Runx2 expression was enhanced by BMP7 in these cells. Along with a strong survivin expression, a trend in increased Runx2 expression in human prostate cancer cells and tissues was noted. In the conditional Pten-knockout mouse, Runx2 level increased with growth of prostate tumor. The data define a novel role of Runx2 in regulating survivin expression in malignant epithelial cells and identify it as a critical factor in BMP signaling that protects cancer cells against apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lim
- Programs in Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Research Center for Structural Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangxin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adam M Bell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael B Cohen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Pradip Roy-Burman
- Programs in Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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48
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parathyroid hormone (PTH) maintains a physiological balance of calcium and phosphate concentrations by binding to its receptor on the plasma membrane of cells in bone and kidney. It signals through multiple pathways, including protein kinase A and protein kinase C, although a preference for certain pathways is apparent in each organ and function. Here, we will review the recent advancements regarding PTH signaling in bone and kidney. RECENT FINDINGS Wnt proteins have been reported as important regulators of bone metabolism in both PTH-dependent and independent pathways. Recent studies emphasize its role as a mediator of PTH signaling, as PTH treatment increased the expression of wnt4 and sfrp4 and decreased the expression of Wnt inhibitors such as Sost and sclerostin, leading to an increase in Wnt signaling. In kidney, sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor 1, originally known for its role in the retention of NaPi-IIa at the apical membrane, was shown to have multiple roles in PTH signaling, both as a mediator and regulator. SUMMARY PTH activates a number of different signaling pathways by binding to a single receptor in bone and kidney. Recent studies demonstrate the involvement of novel factors as well as additional roles for previously identified downstream factors of PTH.
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49
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Mak IWY, Cowan RW, Popovic S, Colterjohn N, Singh G, Ghert M. Upregulation of MMP-13 via Runx2 in the stromal cell of Giant Cell Tumor of bone. Bone 2009; 45:377-86. [PMID: 19422937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.04.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Giant Cell Tumor of bone (GCT) is an aggressively osteolytic and cytokine-rich bone tumor. Previous work in our lab has shown that matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is the principal proteinase expressed by the mesenchymal stromal cells of GCT. The Runx2 transcription factor is known to have a binding site in the MMP-13 promoter region, and we have previously found this transcription factor to be constitutively expressed in GCT stromal cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Runx2 in MMP-13 regulation in GCT stromal cells. Following in vitro stimulation of GCT stromal cells with incremental concentrations of cytokine IL-1beta or TNF-alpha, the level of MMP-13 mRNA expression increased dramatically over 100-fold with a concomitant increase in MMP-13 protein expression. Inhibition of the ERK and JNK signaling pathways inhibited the upregulation of MMP-13 in these cells. Runx2 siRNA knockdown resulted in MMP-13 knockdown, and this effect was amplified following cytokine stimulation. Our study provides the first evidence that Runx2 may play a crucial role in cytokine-mediated MMP-13 expression in GCT stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella W Y Mak
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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50
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Boumah CE, Lee M, Selvamurugan N, Shimizu E, Partridge NC. Runx2 recruits p300 to mediate parathyroid hormone's effects on histone acetylation and transcriptional activation of the matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1255-63. [PMID: 19423655 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PTH regulates transcription of a number of genes involved in bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis. We have previously shown that the matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) gene is induced by PTH in osteoblastic cells as a secondary response through the protein kinase A pathway requiring the runt domain and activator protein 1 binding sites of the proximal promoter. Here, we investigated the changes PTH causes in histone acetylation in this region (which contains the only deoxyribonuclease-hypersensitive sites in the promoter) leading to MMP-13 gene activation in these cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that PTH rapidly increased histone H4 acetylation followed by histone H3 acetylation associated with the different regions of the MMP-13 proximal promoter. The hormone also stimulated p300 histone acetyl transferase activity and increased p300 bound to the MMP-13 proximal promoter, and this required protein synthesis. Upon PTH treatment, Runx2, already bound to the runt domain site of the MMP-13 promoter, interacted with p300, which then acetylated histones H4 and H3. The knockdown of either Runx2 or p300 by RNA interference reduced PTH-induced acetylation of histones H3 and H4, association of p300 with the MMP-13 promoter, and resultant MMP-13 gene transcription. Overall, our studies suggest that without altering the gross chromatin structure, PTH stimulates acetylation of histones H3 and H4 via recruitment of p300 to Runx2 bound to the MMP-13 promoter, resulting in gene activation. This work establishes the molecular basis of transcriptional regulation in osteoblasts by PTH, a hormone acting through a G-protein coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Boumah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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