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Rivero-Marcos M, Lasa B, Neves T, Zamarreño ÁM, García-Mina JM, García-Olaverri C, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Cruz C, Ariz I. Plant ammonium sensitivity is associated with external pH adaptation, repertoire of nitrogen transporters, and nitrogen requirement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3557-3578. [PMID: 38465958 PMCID: PMC11358259 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Modern crops exhibit diverse sensitivities to ammonium as the primary nitrogen source, influenced by environmental factors such as external pH and nutrient availability. Despite its significance, there is currently no systematic classification of plant species based on their ammonium sensitivity. We conducted a meta-analysis of 50 plant species and present a new classification method based on the comparison of fresh biomass obtained under ammonium and nitrate nutrition. The classification uses the natural logarithm of the biomass ratio as the size effect indicator of ammonium sensitivity. This numerical parameter is associated with critical factors for nitrogen demand and form preference, such as Ellenberg indicators and the repertoire of nitrogen transporters for ammonium and nitrate uptake. Finally, a comparative analysis of the developmental and metabolic responses, including hormonal balance, is conducted in two species with divergent ammonium sensitivity values in the classification. Results indicate that nitrate has a key role in counteracting ammonium toxicity in species with a higher abundance of genes encoding NRT2-type proteins and fewer of those encoding the AMT2-type proteins. Additionally, the study demonstrates the reliability of the phytohormone balance and methylglyoxal content as indicators for anticipating ammonium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Rivero-Marcos
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Berta Lasa
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tomé Neves
- CESAM—Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ángel M Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José M García-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Olaverri
- Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics (INARBE), Statistics, Informatics and Mathematics Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro M Aparicio-Tejo
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Cruz
- cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C-2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Idoia Ariz
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Williamson G, Bizior A, Harris T, Pritchard L, Hoskisson P, Javelle A. Biological ammonium transporters from the Amt/Mep/Rh superfamily: mechanism, energetics, and technical limitations. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20211209. [PMID: 38131184 PMCID: PMC10794816 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The exchange of ammonium across cellular membranes is a fundamental process in all domains of life and is facilitated by the ubiquitous Amt/Mep/Rh transporter superfamily. Remarkably, despite a high structural conservation in all domains of life, these proteins have gained various biological functions during evolution. It is tempting to hypothesise that the physiological functions gained by these proteins may be explained at least in part by differences in the energetics of their translocation mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we will explore our current knowledge of energetics of the Amt/Mep/Rh family, discuss variations in observations between different organisms, and highlight some technical drawbacks which have hampered effects at mechanistic characterisation. Through the review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of current understanding of the mechanism of transport of this unique and extraordinary Amt/Mep/Rh superfamily of ammonium transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Williamson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Adriana Bizior
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Thomas Harris
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Leighton Pritchard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Arnaud Javelle
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
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Williamson G, Harris T, Bizior A, Hoskisson PA, Pritchard L, Javelle A. Biological ammonium transporters: evolution and diversification. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38265636 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Although ammonium is the preferred nitrogen source for microbes and plants, in animal cells it is a toxic product of nitrogen metabolism that needs to be excreted. Thus, ammonium movement across biological membranes, whether for uptake or excretion, is a fundamental and ubiquitous biological process catalysed by the superfamily of the Amt/Mep/Rh transporters. A remarkable feature of the Amt/Mep/Rh family is that they are ubiquitous and, despite sharing low amino acid sequence identity, are highly structurally conserved. Despite sharing a common structure, these proteins have become involved in a diverse range of physiological process spanning all domains of life, with reports describing their involvement in diverse biological processes being published regularly. In this context, we exhaustively present their range of biological roles across the domains of life and after explore current hypotheses concerning their evolution to help to understand how and why the conserved structure fulfils diverse physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Williamson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Harris
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Adriana Bizior
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Alan Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leighton Pritchard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arnaud Javelle
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Xia J, Wang Y, Zhang T, Pan C, Ji Y, Zhou Y, Jiang X. Genome-wide identification, expression profiling, and functional analysis of ammonium transporter 2 (AMT2) gene family in cassava ( Manihot esculenta crantz). Front Genet 2023; 14:1145735. [PMID: 36911399 PMCID: PMC9992417 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1145735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nitrogen (N), absorbed primarily as ammonium (NH4 +) from soil by plant, is a necessary macronutrient in plant growth and development. Ammonium transporter (AMT) plays a vital role in the absorption and transport of ammonium (NH4 +). Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has a strong adaptability to nitrogen deprivation. However, little is known about the functions of ammonium transporter AMT2 in cassava. Methods: The cassava AMT2-type genes were identified and their characteristics were analyzed using bioinformatic techniques. The spatial expression patterns were analyzed based on the public RNA-seq data and their expression profiles under low ammonium treatment were studied using Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. The cassava AMT2 genes were transformed into yeast mutant strain TM31019b by PEG/LiAc method to investigate their functions. Results: Seven AMT2-type genes (MeAMT2.1-2.7) were identified in cassava and they were distributed on 6 chromosomes and included two segmental duplication events (MeAMT2.2/MeAMT2.4 and MeAMT2.3/MeAMT2.5). Based on their amino acid sequences, seven MeAMT2 were further divided into four subgroups, and each subgroup contained similar motif constitution and protein structure. Synteny analysis showed that two and four MeAMT2 genes in cassava were collinear with those in the Arabidopsis and soybean genomes, respectively. Sixteen types of cis-elements were identified in the MeAMT2 promoters, and they were related to light-, hormone-, stress-, and plant growth and development-responsive elements, respectively. Most of the MeAMT2 genes displayed tissue-specific expression patterns according to the RNA-seq data, of them, three MeAMT2 (MeAMT2.3, MeAMT2.5, and MeATM2.6) expressions were up-regulated under ammonium deficiency. Complementation experiments showed that yeast mutant strain TM31019b transformed with MeAMT2.3, MeAMT2.5, or MeATM2.6 grew better than untransgenic yeast cells under ammonium deficiency, suggesting that MeAMT2.3, MeAMT2.5, and MeATM2.6 might be the main contributors in response to ammonium deficiency in cassava. Conclusion: This study provides a basis for further study of nitrogen efficient utilization in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Xia
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang, China
| | - Chengcai Pan
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiyin Ji
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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Genome-Wide Identification of AMT2-Type Ammonium Transporters Reveal That CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 Potentially Regulate NH 4+ Absorption among Three Different Cultivars of Camellia sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415661. [PMID: 36555302 PMCID: PMC9779401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+), as a major inorganic source of nitrogen (N) for tea plant growth, is transported and distributed across membranes by the proteins of ammonium transporters (AMTs). However, the AMT2-type AMTs from tea plants remain poorly understood. In this study, five CsAMT2 subfamily genes were identified in tea plant genomes, and their full-length coding sequences (CDS) were isolated from roots. Then, a NH4+ uptake kinetic comparison of Fudingdabaicha (FD), Huangdan (HD), and Maoxie (MX) showed that FD was a high N efficiency (HNE) cultivar that had a wide range of adaptability to NH4+, HD was a high N efficiency under high N conditions (HNEH) cultivar, in which it was easy to obtain higher yield in a high N environment, and MX was a high N efficiency under low N conditions (HNEL) cultivar, which had a higher affinity for NH4+ than the other two. Tissue-specific expression analysis suggested that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed in the roots, indicating that these two members may be unique in the CsAMT2 subfamily. This is further supported by our findings from the temporal expression profiles in the roots among these three different N adaptation cultivars. Expression levels of CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 in FD and HD were upregulated by a short time (2 h) under high NH4+ treatment, while under low NH4+ treatment, CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed at 0 h and 2 h in the HNEL-type cultivar-MX. Furthermore, the functional analysis illustrated that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 could make a functional complementation of NH4+-defective mutant yeast cells at low NH4+ levels, and the transport efficiency of CsAMT2.3 was higher than that of CsAMT2.2. Thus, we concluded that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 might play roles in controlling the NH4+ uptake from the soil to the roots. These results will further the understanding of the NH4+ signal networks of AMT2-type proteins in tea plants.
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Koltun A, Maniero RA, Vitti M, de Setta N, Giehl RFH, Lima JE, Figueira A. Functional characterization of the sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) ammonium transporter AMT2;1 suggests a role in ammonium root-to-shoot translocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1039041. [PMID: 36466275 PMCID: PMC9716016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1039041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER/METHYLAMMONIUM PERMEASE/RHESUS (AMT) family members transport ammonium across membranes in all life domains. Plant AMTs can be categorized into AMT1 and AMT2 subfamilies. Functional studies of AMTs, particularly AMT1-type, have been conducted using model plants but little is known about the function of AMTs from crops. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a major bioenergy crop that requires heavy nitrogen fertilization but depends on a low carbon-footprint for competitive sustainability. Here, we identified and functionally characterized sugarcane ScAMT2;1 by complementing ammonium uptake-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana. Reporter gene driven by the ScAMT2;1 promoter in A. thaliana revealed preferential expression in the shoot vasculature and root endodermis/pericycle according to nitrogen availability and source. Arabidopsis quadruple mutant plants expressing ScAMT2;1 driven by the CaMV35S promoter or by a sugarcane endogenous promoter produced significantly more biomass than mutant plants when grown in NH4 + and showed more 15N-ammonium uptake by roots and nitrogen translocation to shoots. In A. thaliana, ScAMT2;1 displayed a Km of 90.17 µM and Vmax of 338.99 µmoles h-1 g-1 root DW. Altogether, our results suggest that ScAMT2;1 is a functional high-affinity ammonium transporter that might contribute to ammonium uptake and presumably to root-to-shoot translocation under high NH4 + conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Koltun
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo A. Maniero
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marielle Vitti
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia de Setta
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. H. Giehl
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Joni E. Lima
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Hui J, An X, Li Z, Neuhäuser B, Ludewig U, Wu X, Schulze WX, Chen F, Feng G, Lambers H, Zhang F, Yuan L. The mycorrhiza-specific ammonium transporter ZmAMT3;1 mediates mycorrhiza-dependent nitrogen uptake in maize roots. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4066-4087. [PMID: 35880836 PMCID: PMC9516061 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most plant species can form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs), which may enhance the host plant's acquisition of soil nutrients. In contrast to phosphorus nutrition, the molecular mechanism of mycorrhizal nitrogen (N) uptake remains largely unknown, and its physiological relevance is unclear. Here, we identified a gene encoding an AMF-inducible ammonium transporter, ZmAMT3;1, in maize (Zea mays) roots. ZmAMT3;1 was specifically expressed in arbuscule-containing cortical cells and the encoded protein was localized at the peri-arbuscular membrane. Functional analysis in yeast and Xenopus oocytes indicated that ZmAMT3;1 mediated high-affinity ammonium transport, with the substrate NH4+ being accessed, but likely translocating uncharged NH3. Phosphorylation of ZmAMT3;1 at the C-terminus suppressed transport activity. Using ZmAMT3;1-RNAi transgenic maize lines grown in compartmented pot experiments, we demonstrated that substantial quantities of N were transferred from AMF to plants, and 68%-74% of this capacity was conferred by ZmAMT3;1. Under field conditions, the ZmAMT3;1-dependent mycorrhizal N pathway contributed >30% of postsilking N uptake. Furthermore, AMFs downregulated ZmAMT1;1a and ZmAMT1;3 protein abundance and transport activities expressed in the root epidermis, suggesting a trade-off between mycorrhizal and direct root N-uptake pathways. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive understanding of mycorrhiza-dependent N uptake in maize and present a promising approach to improve N-acquisition efficiency via plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia An
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Department of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Department of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Xuna Wu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Fanjun Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gu Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Science and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA6009, Australia
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Gu B, Chen Y, Xie F, Murray JD, Miller AJ. Inorganic Nitrogen Transport and Assimilation in Pea ( Pisum sativum). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:158. [PMID: 35052498 PMCID: PMC8774688 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequences of several legume species are now available allowing the comparison of the nitrogen (N) transporter inventories with non-legume species. A survey of the genes encoding inorganic N transporters and the sensing and assimilatory families in pea, revealed similar numbers of genes encoding the primary N assimilatory enzymes to those in other types of plants. Interestingly, we find that pea and Medicago truncatula have fewer members of the NRT2 nitrate transporter family. We suggest that this difference may result from a decreased dependency on soil nitrate acquisition, as legumes have the capacity to derive N from a symbiotic relationship with diazotrophs. Comparison with M. truncatula, indicates that only one of three NRT2s in pea is likely to be functional, possibly indicating less N uptake before nodule formation and N-fixation starts. Pea seeds are large, containing generous amounts of N-rich storage proteins providing a reserve that helps seedling establishment and this may also explain why fewer high affinity nitrate transporters are required. The capacity for nitrate accumulation in the vacuole is another component of assimilation, as it can provide a storage reservoir that supplies the plant when soil N is depleted. Comparing published pea tissue nitrate concentrations with other plants, we find that there is less accumulation of nitrate, even in non-nodulated plants, and that suggests a lower capacity for vacuolar storage. The long-distance transported form of organic N in the phloem is known to be specialized in legumes, with increased amounts of organic N molecules transported, like ureides, allantoin, asparagine and amides in pea. We suggest that, in general, the lower tissue and phloem nitrate levels compared with non-legumes may also result in less requirement for high affinity nitrate transporters. The pattern of N transporter and assimilatory enzyme distribution in pea is discussed and compared with non-legumes with the aim of identifying future breeding targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benguo Gu
- Biochemistry & Metabolism Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (B.G.); (Y.C.)
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Yi Chen
- Biochemistry & Metabolism Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (B.G.); (Y.C.)
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Jeremy D. Murray
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China;
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Anthony J. Miller
- Biochemistry & Metabolism Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (B.G.); (Y.C.)
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China;
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Xia Y, Liu Y, Zhang T, Wang Y, Jiang X, Zhou Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of ammonium transporter 1 (AMT1) gene family in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) and functional analysis of MeAMT1;1 in transgenic Arabidopsis. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:4. [PMID: 34926117 PMCID: PMC8643394 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), a fundamental macronutrient for plant growth and development, is absorbed from the soil primarily in the form of ammonium (NH4 +) and uptaken through a plant's ammonium transporters (AMTs). While AMT proteins have been documented within diverse plant taxa, there has been no systematic analysis of their activity in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which is highly resistant to nitrogen deficiency. Here, we perform a comprehensive genome-wide analysis to identify and characterize the functional dynamics of cassava ammonium transporters 1 (MeAMT1). We identified a total of six AMT1 genes in the cassava genome (MeAMT1;1 to MeAMT1;6), the phylogenetic analysis of which fell into three distinct subgroups based on the conserved motifs and gene structures. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication events played a key role in expansion of the MeAMT1 gene family. Synteny analysis indicated that two MeAMT1 genes were orthologous to Arabidopsis and rice. MeAMT1 promoters were additionally found to include various cis-acting elements related to light responsiveness, hormones, stress, and development processes. According to the RNA-seq data, the majority of MeAMT1 genes displayed specific patterns in the tested tissues. qRT-PCR revealed that all the tested MeAMT1 genes were up-regulated by low ammonium exposure. Furthermore, Arabidopis transformed with MeAMT1;1 gene grew well than wild-type plants in response to ammonium deficiency, suggesting that MeAMT1s play important role in response to low ammonium. Overall, our work lays the groundwork for new understanding of the AMT1 gene family in cassava and provides a basis for breeding efficient nitrogen use in other plants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03070-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youquan Xia
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
- Medical College, Hexi University, Zhangye, 734000 China
| | - Yindi Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
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10
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Zhou JY, Hao DL, Yang GZ. Regulation of Cytosolic pH: The Contributions of Plant Plasma Membrane H +-ATPases and Multiple Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12998. [PMID: 34884802 PMCID: PMC8657649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic pH homeostasis is a precondition for the normal growth and stress responses in plants, and H+ flux across the plasma membrane is essential for cytoplasmic pH control. Hence, this review focuses on seven types of proteins that possess direct H+ transport activity, namely, H+-ATPase, NHX, CHX, AMT, NRT, PHT, and KT/HAK/KUP, to summarize their plasma-membrane-located family members, the effect of corresponding gene knockout and/or overexpression on cytosolic pH, the H+ transport pathway, and their functional regulation by the extracellular/cytosolic pH. In general, H+-ATPases mediate H+ extrusion, whereas most members of other six proteins mediate H+ influx, thus contributing to cytosolic pH homeostasis by directly modulating H+ flux across the plasma membrane. The fact that some AMTs/NRTs mediate H+-coupled substrate influx, whereas other intra-family members facilitate H+-uncoupled substrate transport, demonstrates that not all plasma membrane transporters possess H+-coupled substrate transport mechanisms, and using the transport mechanism of a protein to represent the case of the entire family is not suitable. The transport activity of these proteins is regulated by extracellular and/or cytosolic pH, with different structural bases for H+ transfer among these seven types of proteins. Notably, intra-family members possess distinct pH regulatory characterization and underlying residues for H+ transfer. This review is anticipated to facilitate the understanding of the molecular basis for cytosolic pH homeostasis. Despite this progress, the strategy of their cooperation for cytosolic pH homeostasis needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Zhou
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest, Jurong 212400, China;
| | - Dong-Li Hao
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guang-Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
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11
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Ammonium Accumulation Caused by Reduced Tonoplast V-ATPase Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010002. [PMID: 33374906 PMCID: PMC7792577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant vacuoles are unique compartments that play a critical role in plant growth and development. The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), together with the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase), generates the proton motive force that regulates multiple cell functions and impacts all aspects of plant life. We investigated the effect of V-ATPase activity in the vacuole on plant growth and development. We used an Arabidopsisthaliana (L.) Heynh. double mutant, vha-a2 vha-a3, which lacks two tonoplast-localized isoforms of the membrane-integral V-ATPase subunit VHA-a. The mutant is viable but exhibits impaired growth and leaf chlorosis. Nitrate assimilation led to excessive ammonium accumulation in the shoot and lower nitrogen uptake, which exacerbated growth retardation of vha-a2 vha-a3. Ion homeostasis was disturbed in plants with missing VHA-a2 and VHA-a3 genes, which might be related to limited growth. The reduced growth and excessive ammonium accumulation of the double mutant was alleviated by potassium supplementation. Our results demonstrate that plants lacking the two tonoplast-localized subunits of V-ATPase can be viable, although with defective growth caused by multiple factors, which can be alleviated by adding potassium. This study provided a new insight into the relationship between V-ATPase, growth, and ammonium accumulation, and revealed the role of potassium in mitigating ammonium toxicity.
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12
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Abstract
AbstractIt is crucial for the growth and development of an organism whether ammonium is transported across its membranes in a form of NH4+ or NH3. The transport of both molecules follows different pH-dependent gradients across membranes and transport of both substrates differentially affects the internal and external pH. As a consequence, they directly influence the physiology and organism development. CaMep2 from Candida albicans shows a dual transceptor function in ammonium transport and sensing. CaMep2 senses low ammonium availability and induces filamentous growth. CaMep1, by contrast, is only active in transport, but not involved in ammonium signaling. Here, both proteins were heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This study identified electrogenic NH4+ transport by CaMep1 and electroneutral NH3 transport by CaMep2, which might be a prerequisite for the induction of pseudohyphal growth.
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13
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Hao DL, Zhou JY, Yang SY, Qi W, Yang KJ, Su YH. Function and Regulation of Ammonium Transporters in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3557. [PMID: 32443561 PMCID: PMC7279009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium transporter (AMT)-mediated acquisition of ammonium nitrogen from soils is essential for the nitrogen demand of plants, especially for those plants growing in flooded or acidic soils where ammonium is dominant. Recent advances show that AMTs additionally participate in many other physiological processes such as transporting ammonium from symbiotic fungi to plants, transporting ammonium from roots to shoots, transferring ammonium in leaves and reproductive organs, or facilitating resistance to plant diseases via ammonium transport. Besides being a transporter, several AMTs are required for the root development upon ammonium exposure. To avoid the adverse effects of inadequate or excessive intake of ammonium nitrogen on plant growth and development, activities of AMTs are fine-tuned not only at the transcriptional level by the participation of at least four transcription factors, but also at protein level by phosphorylation, pH, endocytosis, and heterotrimerization. Despite these progresses, it is worth noting that stronger growth inhibition, not facilitation, unfortunately occurs when AMT overexpression lines are exposed to optimal or slightly excessive ammonium. This implies that a long road remains towards overcoming potential limiting factors and achieving AMT-facilitated yield increase to accomplish the goal of persistent yield increase under the present high nitrogen input mode in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (D.-L.H.); (J.-Y.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.)
| | - Jin-Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (D.-L.H.); (J.-Y.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.)
| | - Shun-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (D.-L.H.); (J.-Y.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.)
| | - Wei Qi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Ke-Jun Yang
- Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Zhucheng 262200, China;
| | - Yan-Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (D.-L.H.); (J.-Y.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.)
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14
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Ganz P, Ijato T, Porras-Murrilo R, Stührwohldt N, Ludewig U, Neuhäuser B. A twin histidine motif is the core structure for high-affinity substrate selection in plant ammonium transporters. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3362-3370. [PMID: 31988244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium transporters (AMT), methylamine permeases (Mep), and the more distantly related rhesus factors (Rh) are trimeric membrane proteins present in all domains of life. AMT/Mep/Rhs are highly selective membrane proteins required for ammonium uptake or release, and they efficiently exclude the similarly sized K+ ion. Previously reported crystal structures have revealed that each transporter subunit contains a unique hydrophobic but occluded central pore, but it is unclear whether the base (NH3) or NH3 coupled with an H+ are transported. Here, using expression of two plant AMTs (AtAMT1;2 and AMT2) in budding yeast, we found that systematic replacements in the conserved twin-histidine motif, a hallmark of most AMT/Mep/Rh, alter substrate recognition, transport capacities, N isotope selection, and selectivity against K+ AMT-specific differences were found for histidine variants. Variants that completely lost ammonium N isotope selection, a feature likely associated with NH4 + deprotonation during passage, substantially transported K+ in addition to NH4 + Of note, the twin-histidine motif was not essential for ammonium transport. However, it conferred key AMT features, such as high substrate affinity and selectivity against alkali cations via an NH4 + deprotonation mechanism. Our findings indicate that the twin-His motif is the core structure responsible for substrate deprotonation and isotopic preferences in AMT pores and that decreased deprotonation capacity is associated with reduced selectivity against K+ We conclude that optimization for ammonium transport in plant AMT represents a compromise between substrate deprotonation for optimal selectivity and high substrate affinity and transport rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Ganz
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Toyosi Ijato
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Romano Porras-Murrilo
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nils Stührwohldt
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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15
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Brito AS, Neuhäuser B, Wintjens R, Marini AM, Boeckstaens M. Yeast filamentation signaling is connected to a specific substrate translocation mechanism of the Mep2 transceptor. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008634. [PMID: 32069286 PMCID: PMC7048316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic transition from the yeast to the filamentous form of growth allows cells to explore their environment for more suitable niches and is often crucial for the virulence of pathogenic fungi. In contrast to their Mep1/3 paralogues, fungal Mep2-type ammonium transport proteins of the conserved Mep-Amt-Rh family have been assigned an additional receptor role required to trigger the filamentation signal in response to ammonium scarcity. Here, genetic, kinetic and structure-function analyses were used to shed light on the poorly characterized signaling role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mep2. We show that Mep2 variants lacking the C-terminal tail conserve the ability to induce filamentation, revealing that signaling can proceed in the absence of exclusive binding of a putative partner to the largest cytosolic domain of the protein. Our data support that filamentation signaling requires the conformational changes accompanying substrate translocation through the pore crossing the hydrophobic core of Mep2. pHluorin reporter assays show that the transport activity of Mep2 and of non-signaling Mep1 differently affect yeast cytosolic pH in vivo, and that the unique pore variant Mep2H194E, with apparent uncoupling of transport and signaling functions, acquires increased ability of acidification. Functional characterization in Xenopus oocytes reveals that Mep2 mediates electroneutral substrate translocation while Mep1 performs electrogenic transport. Our findings highlight that the Mep2-dependent filamentation induction is connected to its specific transport mechanism, suggesting a role of pH in signal mediation. Finally, we show that the signaling process is conserved for the Mep2 protein from the human pathogen Candida albicans. Fungal Mep2-type ammonium transport proteins of the conserved Mep-Amt-Rh family that includes human Rhesus factors are specifically required to allow filamentation in response to ammonium limitation. These proteins were therefore assigned a receptor role while the underlying mechanism of signal transduction remains poorly understood. The “transceptor” property has subsequently been proposed to concern transporters of all kind of micro- and macro- nutrients in eukaryotes, from fungi to human. However, bringing the firm demonstration of their existence remains challenging as variants with full uncoupling of transport and receptor functions are difficult to obtain. Our data question the involvement of the C-terminal extremity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mep2 in the signal mediation leading to filamentation. If signaling partners exist, they should also bind to cytosolic loops and/or membrane-embedded domains. The capacity of Mep2 to enable filamentation is closely intertwined to the mechanism of substrate translocation through the pore of the hydrophobic core of the protein. In Xenopus oocytes, the transport activity of non-signaling Mep1 is electrogenic while it is electroneutral for Mep2, the latter likely translocating the weak base NH3, but not the proton released after NH4+ recognition and depronotation. We propose that given consequences of a Mep2-specific transport process, such as an intracellular pH modification, could be the underlying cause of the filamentation signal ensured by Mep2-type proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Brito
- Biology of Membrane Transport Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Wintjens
- Unité Microbiologie, Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire, Département RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- Biology of Membrane Transport Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail: (AMM); (MB)
| | - Mélanie Boeckstaens
- Biology of Membrane Transport Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail: (AMM); (MB)
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16
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Hao DL, Yang SY, Liu SX, Zhou JY, Huang YN, Véry AA, Sentenac H, Su YH. Functional Characterization of the Arabidopsis Ammonium Transporter AtAMT1;3 With the Emphasis on Structural Determinants of Substrate Binding and Permeation Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571. [PMID: 32528489 PMCID: PMC7256485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AtAMT1;3 is a major contributor to high-affinity ammonium uptake in Arabidopsis roots. Using a stable electrophysiological recording strategy, we demonstrate in Xenopus laevis oocytes that AtAMT1;3 functions as a typical high-affinity NH4 + uniporter independent of protons and Ca2+. The findings that AtAMT1;3 transports methylammonium (MeA+, a chemical analog of NH4 +) with extremely low affinity (K m in the range of 2.9-6.1 mM) led to investigate the mechanisms underlying substrate binding. Homologous modeling and substrate docking analyses predicted that the deduced substrate binding motif of AtAMT1;3 facilitates the binding of NH4 + ions but loosely accommodates the binding of MeA+ to a more superficial location of the permeation pathway. Amongst point mutations tested based on this analysis, P181A resulted in both significantly increased current amplitudes and substrate binding affinity, whereas F178I led to opposite effects. Thus these 2 residues, which flank W179, a major structural component of the binding site, are also important determinants of AtAMT1;3 transport capacity by being involved in substrate binding. The Q365K mutation neighboring the histidine residue H378, which confines the substrate permeation tunnel, affected only the current amplitudes but not the binding affinities, providing evidence that Q365 mainly controls the substrate diffusion rate within the permeation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Xia Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, Beijing Computing Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Hervé Sentenac,
| | - Yan-Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Yan-Hua Su,
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17
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A pore-occluding phenylalanine gate prevents ion slippage through plant ammonium transporters. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16765. [PMID: 31727964 PMCID: PMC6856177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout all kingdoms of life, highly conserved transport proteins mediate the passage of ammonium across membranes. These transporters share a high homology and a common pore structure. Whether NH3, NH4+ or NH3 + H+ is the molecularly transported substrate, still remains unclear for distinct proteins. High-resolution protein structures of several ammonium transporters suggested two conserved pore domains, an external NH4+ recruitment site and a pore-occluding twin phenylalanine gate, to take over a crucial role in substrate determination and selectivity. Here, we show that while the external recruitment site seems essential for AtAMT1;2 function, single mutants of the double phenylalanine gate were not reduced in their ammonium transport capacity. Despite an unchanged ammonium transport rate, a single mutant of the inner phenylalanine showed reduced N-isotope selection that was proposed to be associated with ammonium deprotonation during transport. Even though ammonium might pass the mutant AMT pore in the ionic form, the transporter still excluded potassium ions from being transported. Our results, highlight the importance of the twin phenylalanine gate in blocking uncontrolled ammonium ion flux.
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18
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Wu X, Liu T, Zhang Y, Duan F, Neuhäuser B, Ludewig U, Schulze WX, Yuan L. Ammonium and nitrate regulate NH4+ uptake activity of Arabidopsis ammonium transporter AtAMT1;3 via phosphorylation at multiple C-terminal sites. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4919-4930. [PMID: 31087098 PMCID: PMC6760267 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plants, nutrient transporters require tight regulation to ensure optimal uptake in complex environments. The activities of many nutrient transporters are post-translationally regulated by reversible phosphorylation, allowing rapid adaptation to variable environmental conditions. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis root epidermis-expressed ammonium transporter AtAMT1;3 was dynamically (de-)phosphorylated at multiple sites in the cytosolic C-terminal region (CTR) responding to ammonium and nitrate signals. Under ammonium resupply rapid phosphorylation of a Thr residue (T464) in the conserved part of the CTR (CTRC) effectively inhibited AtAMT1;3-dependent NH4+ uptake. Moreover, phosphorylation of Thr (T494), one of three phosphorylation sites in the non-conserved part of the CTR (CRTNC), moderately decreased the NH4+ transport activity of AtAMT1;3, as deduced from functional analysis of phospho-mimic mutants in yeast, oocytes, and transgenic Arabidopsis. Double phospho-mutants indicated a role of T494 in fine-tuning the NH4+ transport activity when T464 was non-phosphorylated. Transient dephosphorylation of T494 with nitrate resupply closely paralleled a transient increase in ammonium uptake. These results suggest that T464 phosphorylation at the CTRC acts as a prime switch to prevent excess ammonium influx, while T494 phosphorylation at the CTRNC fine tunes ammonium uptake in response to nitrate. This provides a sophisticated regulatory mechanism for plant ammonium transporters to achieve optimal ammonium uptake in response to various nitrogen forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Key Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yongjian Zhang
- Key Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Duan
- Key Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Institute for Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lixing Yuan
- Key Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, College Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Duan F, Giehl RFH, Geldner N, Salt DE, von Wirén N. Root zone-specific localization of AMTs determines ammonium transport pathways and nitrogen allocation to shoots. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006024. [PMID: 30356235 PMCID: PMC6218093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, nutrient provision of shoots depends on the uptake and transport of nutrients across the root tissue to the vascular system. Nutrient delivery to the vasculature is mediated via the apoplastic transport pathway (ATP), which uses the free space in the cell walls and is controlled by apoplastic barriers and nutrient transporters at the endodermis, or via the symplastic transport pathway (STP). However, the relative importance of these transport routes remains elusive. Here, we show that the STP, mediated by the epidermal ammonium transporter 1;3 (AMT1;3), dominates the radial movement of ammonium across the root tissue when external ammonium is low, whereas apoplastic transport controlled by AMT1;2 at the endodermis prevails at high external ammonium. Then, AMT1;2 favors nitrogen (N) allocation to the shoot, revealing a major importance of the ATP for nutrient partitioning to shoots. When an endodermal bypass was introduced by abolishing Casparian strip (CS) formation, apoplastic ammonium transport decreased. By contrast, symplastic transport was increased, indicating synergism between the STP and the endodermal bypass. We further establish that the formation of apoplastic barriers alters the cell type–specific localization of AMTs and determines STP and ATP contributions. These results show how radial transport pathways vary along the longitudinal gradient of the root axis and contribute to nutrient partitioning between roots and shoots. Radial transport of nutrients from the soil to the vascular system of plant roots occurs via the symplastic transport pathway (STP) and apoplastic transport pathway (ATP). Nutrients move along the STP when crossing the plasma membrane of outer cells and moving to xylem through the cytoplasmic continuum formed by plasmodesmata. Nutrients following the ATP, in turn, initially move passively through the extracellular space but are eventually taken up by endodermal cells, in which Casparian strips (CSs) prevent further apoplastic movement. We assessed the contribution of these transport pathways to radial transport in roots and nutrient provision to shoots by expressing cell type–specific ammonium transporters in a CS-defective mutant. Our study reveals that i) symplastic transport is more efficient at low external ammonium supply; ii) when endodermal cells become sealed by the deposition of suberin lamellae, the expression of ammonium transporters shifts to cortical cells; and iii) apoplastic transport depends on a functional apoplastic barrier at the endodermis, favoring nitrogen (N) partitioning to shoots at high external ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Duan
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo F. H. Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David E. Salt
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr, Gatersleben, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ariz I, Boeckstaens M, Gouveia C, Martins AP, Sanz-Luque E, Fernández E, Soveral G, von Wirén N, Marini AM, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Cruz C. Nitrogen isotope signature evidences ammonium deprotonation as a common transport mechanism for the AMT-Mep-Rh protein superfamily. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar3599. [PMID: 30214933 PMCID: PMC6135547 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is an important nitrogen (N) source for living organisms, a key metabolite for pH control, and a potent cytotoxic compound. Ammonium is transported by the widespread AMT-Mep-Rh membrane proteins, and despite their significance in physiological processes, the nature of substrate translocation (NH3/NH4+) by the distinct members of this family is still a matter of controversy. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing representative AMT-Mep-Rh ammonium carriers and taking advantage of the natural chemical-physical property of the N isotopic signature linked to NH4+/NH3 conversion, this study shows that only cells expressing AMT-Mep-Rh proteins were depleted in 15N relative to 14N when compared to the external ammonium source. We observed 15N depletion over a wide range of external pH, indicating its independence of NH3 formation in solution. On the basis of inhibitor studies, ammonium transport by nonspecific cation channels did not show isotope fractionation but competition with K+. We propose that kinetic N isotope fractionation is a common feature of AMT-Mep-Rh-type proteins, which favor 14N over 15N, owing to the dissociation of NH4+ into NH3 + H+ in the protein, leading to 15N depletion in the cell and allowing NH3 passage or NH3/H+ cotransport. This deprotonation mechanism explains these proteins' essential functions in environments under a low NH4+/K+ ratio, allowing organisms to specifically scavenge NH4+. We show that 15N isotope fractionation may be used in vivo not only to determine the molecular species being transported by ammonium transport proteins, but also to track ammonium toxicity and associated amino acids excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Ariz
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Boeckstaens
- Biology of Membrane Transport, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Catarina Gouveia
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Martins
- iMed.ULisboa–Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Univeristy of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Univeristy of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Graça Soveral
- iMed.ULisboa–Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, 06466 OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anna M. Marini
- Biology of Membrane Transport, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Cristina Cruz
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Guo H, Wang N, McDonald TR, Reinders A, Ward JM. MpAMT1;2 from Marchantia polymorpha is a High-Affinity, Plasma Membrane Ammonium Transporter. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:997-1005. [PMID: 29444306 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant ammonium transporters in the AMT/MEP/Rh (ammonium transporter/methylammonium and ammonium permease/Rhesus factor) superfamily have only been previously characterized in flowering plants (angiosperms). Plant AMT1s are electrogenic, while plant AMT2s are electroneutral, and MEP and Rh transporters in other organisms are electroneutral. We analyzed the transport function of MpAMT1;2 from the basal land plant Marchantia polymorpha, a liverwort. MpAMT1;2 was shown to localize to the plasma membrane in Marchantia gametophyte thallus by stable transformation using a C-terminal citrine fusion. MpAMT1;2 expression was studied using quantitative real-time PCR and shown to be higher when plants were N deficient and lower when plants were grown on media containing ammonium, nitrate or the amino acid glutamine. Expression in Xenopus oocytes and analysis by electrophysiology revealed that MpAMT1;2 is an electrogenic ammonium transporter with a very high affinity for ammonium (7 µM at pH 5.6 and a membrane potential of -137 mV). A conserved inhibitory phosphorylation site identified in angiosperm AMT1s is also present in all AMT1s in Marchantia. Here we show that a phosphomimetic mutation T475D in MpAMT1;2 completely inhibits ammonium transport activity. The results indicate that MpAMT1;2 may be important for ammonium uptake into cells in the Marchantia thallus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Guo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nu Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tami R McDonald
- Biology Department, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anke Reinders
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Zhu Y, Hao Y, Liu H, Sun G, Chen R, Song S. Identification and characterization of two ammonium transporter genes in flowering Chinese cabbage ( Brassica campestris). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:59-70. [PMID: 31275038 PMCID: PMC6543737 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium transporters (AMTs), which include AMT1 and AMT2 subfamilies, have been identified and partially characterized in many plants. In this study, two AMT2-type genes from Brassica campestris, namely BcAMT2 and BcAMT2like, were identified and characterized. BcAMT2 and BcAMT2like are 2666 bp and 2952 bp, encode proteins of 490 and 489 amino acids, respectively, and contain five exons and four introns. Transient expression of these proteins labelled with green fluorescence protein in onion epidermal cells indicated that both are located on the plasma membrane. When expressing BcAMT2 or BcAMT2like, the mutant yeast strain 31019b could grow on medium containing 2 mM ammonium as the only nitrogen source when expressing BcAMT2 or BcAMT2like, indicating that both are functional AMT genes. Quantitative PCR results showed that BcAMT2 and BcAMT2like were expressed in all tissues, but they displayed different expression patterns in the reproductive stages. BcAMT2s transcript levels in leaves were positively correlated with ammonium concentration and external pH. Moreover, the expression BcAMT2s responded to diurnal change. Furthermore, the uncharged form of ammonium, i.e., ammonia, might also be transported by BcAMT2s. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ammonium absorption and transportation by the AMT2 subfamily in B. campestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Zhu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Hao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Houcheng Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangwen Sun
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Riyuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Song
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Xia Z, Zhang S, Wen M, Lu C, Sun Y, Zou M, Wang W. Construction of an ultrahigh-density genetic linkage map for Jatropha curcas L. and identification of QTL for fruit yield. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29321812 PMCID: PMC5759280 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-1004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important biofuel plant, the demand for higher yield Jatropha curcas L. is rapidly increasing. However, genetic analysis of Jatropha and molecular breeding for higher yield have been hampered by the limited number of molecular markers available. RESULTS An ultrahigh-density linkage map for a Jatropha mapping population of 153 individuals was constructed and covered 1380.58 cM of the Jatropha genome, with average marker density of 0.403 cM. The genetic linkage map consisted of 3422 SNP and indel markers, which clustered into 11 linkage groups. With this map, 13 repeatable QTLs (reQTLs) for fruit yield traits were identified. Ten reQTLs, qNF-1, qNF-2a, qNF-2b, qNF-2c, qNF-3, qNF-4, qNF-6, qNF-7a, qNF-7b and qNF-8, that control the number of fruits (NF) mapped to LGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8, whereas three reQTLs, qTWF-1, qTWF-2 and qTWF-3, that control the total weight of fruits (TWF) mapped to LGs 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It is interesting that there are two candidate critical genes, which may regulate Jatropha fruit yield. We also identified three pleiotropic reQTL pairs associated with both the NF and TWF traits. CONCLUSION This study is the first to report an ultrahigh-density Jatropha genetic linkage map construction, and the markers used in this study showed great potential for QTL mapping. Thirteen fruit-yield reQTLs and two important candidate genes were identified based on this linkage map. This genetic linkage map will be a useful tool for the localization of other economically important QTLs and candidate genes for Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengkui Zhang
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfu Wen
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yufang Sun
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Meiling Zou
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
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24
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Giehl RFH, Laginha AM, Duan F, Rentsch D, Yuan L, von Wirén N. A Critical Role of AMT2;1 in Root-To-Shoot Translocation of Ammonium in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1449-1460. [PMID: 29032248 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium uptake in plant roots is mediated by AMT/MEP/Rh-type ammonium transporters. Out of five AMTs being expressed in Arabidopsis roots, four AMT1-type transporters contribute to ammonium uptake, whereas no physiological function has so far been assigned to the only homolog belonging to the MEP subfamily, AMT2;1. Based on the observation that under ammonium supply, the transcript levels of AMT2;1 increased and its promoter activity shifted preferentially to the pericycle, we assessed the contribution of AMT2;1 to xylem loading. When exposed to 15N-labeled ammonium, amt2;1 mutant lines translocated less tracer to the shoots and contained less ammonium in the xylem sap. Moreover, in an amt1;1 amt1;2 amt1;3 amt2;1 quadruple mutant (qko), co-expression of AMT2;1 with either AMT1;2 or AMT1;3 significantly enhanced 15N translocation to shoots, indicating a cooperative action between AMT2;1 and AMT1 transporters. Under N deficiency, proAMT2;1-GFP lines showed enhanced promoter activity predominantly in cortical root cells, which coincided with elevated ammonium influx conferred by AMT2;1 at millimolar substrate concentrations. Our results indicate that in addition to contributing moderately to root uptake in the low-affinity range, AMT2;1 functions mainly in root-to-shoot translocation of ammonium, depending on its cell-type-specific expression in response to the plant nutritional status and to local ammonium gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F H Giehl
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Alberto M Laginha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Fengying Duan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Doris Rentsch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lixing Yuan
- Key Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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New insights into the impacts of elevated CO 2, nitrogen, and temperature levels on the regulation of C and N metabolism in durum wheat using network analysis. N Biotechnol 2017; 40:192-199. [PMID: 28827159 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of correlation networks and hierarchical cluster analysis provides a framework to organize and study the coordination of parameters such as genes, metabolites, proteins and physiological parameters. We have analyzed 142 traits from primary C and N metabolism, including biochemical and gene expression analyses, in a range of 32 different growth conditions (various [CO2] levels, temperatures, N supplies, growth stages and experimental methods). To test the integration of primary metabolism, particularly under climate change, we investigated which C and N metabolic traits and transcript levels are correlated in durum wheat flag leaves using a correlation network and a hierarchical cluster analysis. There was a high amount of positive correlation between traits involved in a wide range of biological processes, suggesting a close and intricate coordination between C-N metabolisms at the biochemical and transcriptional levels. Transcript levels for genes related to N uptake and assimilation were especially coexpressed with genes belonging to the respiratory pathway, highlighting the coordination between the synthesis of organic N compounds and provision of energy and C skeletons. Also involved in this coordination were Rubisco and nitrate reductase activities, which play a key role in the regulation of plant metabolism. Carbohydrate accumulation was linked with a down-regulation of photosynthetic and N metabolism genes and nitrate reductase activity. Based on the degree of connectivity between nodes, network exploration facilitated the identification of some traits that may be biologically relevant during plant abiotic stress tolerance, as most of them are involved in limiting steps of plant metabolism.
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dos Santos TB, Lima JE, Felicio MS, Soares JDM, Domingues DS. Genome-wide identification, classification and transcriptional analysis of nitrate and ammonium transporters in Coffea. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:346-359. [PMID: 28399192 PMCID: PMC5452133 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is quantitatively the main nutrient required by coffee plants, with acquisition mainly by the roots and mostly exported to coffee beans. Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the most important inorganic sources for N uptake. Several N transporters encoded by different gene families mediate the uptake of these compounds. They have an important role in source preference for N uptake in the root system. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis, including in silico expression and phylogenetic analyses of AMT1, AMT2, NRT1/PTR, and NRT2 transporters in the recently sequenced Coffea canephora genome. We analyzed the expression of six selected transporters in Coffea arabica roots submitted to N deficiency. N source preference was also analyzed in C. arabica using isotopes. C. canephora N transporters follow the patterns observed for most eudicots, where each member of the AMT and NRT families has a particular role in N mobilization, and where some of these are modulated by N deficiency. Despite the prevalence of putative nitrate transporters in the Coffea genome, ammonium was the preferential inorganic N source for N-starved C. arabica roots. This data provides an important basis for fundamental and applied studies to depict molecular mechanisms involved in N uptake in coffee trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Benedito dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná,
Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Agronomia, Universidade do Oeste
Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Joni Esrom Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Escola Superior de
Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba.
SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane Silva Felicio
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná,
Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Silva Domingues
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná,
Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro,
Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP,
Brazil
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27
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Brouwer P, Bräutigam A, Buijs VA, Tazelaar AOE, van der Werf A, Schlüter U, Reichart GJ, Bolger A, Usadel B, Weber APM, Schluepmann H. Metabolic Adaptation, a Specialized Leaf Organ Structure and Vascular Responses to Diurnal N 2 Fixation by Nostoc azollae Sustain the Astonishing Productivity of Azolla Ferns without Nitrogen Fertilizer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:442. [PMID: 28408911 PMCID: PMC5374210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture demands reduced input of man-made nitrogen (N) fertilizer, yet N2 fixation limits the productivity of crops with heterotrophic diazotrophic bacterial symbionts. We investigated floating ferns from the genus Azolla that host phototrophic diazotrophic Nostoc azollae in leaf pockets and belong to the fastest growing plants. Experimental production reported here demonstrated N-fertilizer independent production of nitrogen-rich biomass with an annual yield potential per ha of 1200 kg-1 N fixed and 35 t dry biomass. 15N2 fixation peaked at noon, reaching 0.4 mg N g-1 dry weight h-1. Azolla ferns therefore merit consideration as protein crops in spite of the fact that little is known about the fern's physiology to enable domestication. To gain an understanding of their nitrogen physiology, analyses of fern diel transcript profiles under differing nitrogen fertilizer regimes were combined with microscopic observations. Results established that the ferns adapted to the phototrophic N2-fixing symbionts N. azollae by (1) adjusting metabolically to nightly absence of N supply using responses ancestral to ferns and seed plants; (2) developing a specialized xylem-rich vasculature surrounding the leaf-pocket organ; (3) responding to N-supply by controlling transcripts of genes mediating nutrient transport, allocation and vasculature development. Unlike other non-seed plants, the Azolla fern clock is shown to contain both the morning and evening loops; the evening loop is known to control rhythmic gene expression in the vasculature of seed plants and therefore may have evolved along with the vasculature in the ancestor of ferns and seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brouwer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Valerie A. Buijs
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne O. E. Tazelaar
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Urte Schlüter
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Anthony Bolger
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, Bioeconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, Bioeconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henriette Schluepmann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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McDonald TR, Ward JM. Evolution of Electrogenic Ammonium Transporters (AMTs). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:352. [PMID: 27066024 PMCID: PMC4814505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ammonium transporter gene family consists of three main clades, AMT, MEP, and Rh. The evolutionary history of the AMT/MEP/Rh gene family is characterized by multiple horizontal gene transfer events, gene family expansion and contraction, and gene loss; thus the gene tree for this family of transporters is unlike the organismal tree. The genomes of angiosperms contain genes for both electrogenic and electroneutral ammonium transporters, but it is not clear how far back in the land plant lineage electrogenic ammonium transporters occur. Here, we place Marchantia polymorpha ammonium transporters in the AMT/MEP/Rh phylogeny and we show that AMTs from the liverwort M. polymorpha are electrogenic. This information suggests that electrogenic ammonium transport evolved at least as early as the divergence of bryophytes in the land plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Plant Biology, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
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Transcriptome Analysis of Gelatin Seed Treatment as a Biostimulant of Cucumber Plant Growth. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:391234. [PMID: 26558288 PMCID: PMC4617879 DOI: 10.1155/2015/391234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of gelatin capsule seed treatment on enhanced plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stress have been reported in a number of crops, but the molecular mechanisms underlying such effects are poorly understood. Using mRNA sequencing based approach, transcriptomes of one- and two-week-old cucumber plants from gelatin capsule treated and nontreated seeds were characterized. The gelatin treated plants had greater total leaf area, fresh weight, frozen weight, and nitrogen content. Pairwise comparisons of the RNA-seq data identified 620 differentially expressed genes between treated and control two-week-old plants, consistent with the timing when the growth related measurements also showed the largest differences. Using weighted gene coexpression network analysis, significant coexpression gene network module of 208 of the 620 differentially expressed genes was identified, which included 16 hub genes in the blue module, a NAC transcription factor, a MYB transcription factor, an amino acid transporter, an ammonium transporter, a xenobiotic detoxifier-glutathione S-transferase, and others. Based on the putative functions of these genes, the identification of the significant WGCNA module and the hub genes provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms of gelatin seed treatment as a biostimulant to enhance plant growth.
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30
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Neuhäuser B, Dynowski M, Ludewig U. Switching substrate specificity of AMT/MEP/ Rh proteins. Channels (Austin) 2015; 8:496-502. [PMID: 25483282 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.967618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In organisms from all kingdoms of life, ammonia and its conjugated ion ammonium are transported across membranes by proteins of the AMT/Rh family. Efficient and successful growth often depends on sufficient ammonium nutrition. The proteins mediating this transport, the so called Ammonium Transporter (AMT) or Rhesus like (Rh) proteins, share a very similar trimeric overall structure and a high sequence similarity even throughout the kingdoms. Even though structural components of the transport mechanism, like an external substrate recruitment site, an essential twin histidine pore motif, a phenylalanine gate and the hydrophobic pore are strongly conserved and have been analyzed in detail by molecular dynamic simulations and mutational studies, the substrate(s), which pass the central pores of the AMT/Rh subunits, NH4(+), NH3 + H(+), NH4(+) + H(+) or NH3, are still a matter of debate for most proteins, including the best characterized AmtB protein from Escherichia coli. The lack of a robust expression system for functional analysis has hampered proof of structural and mutational studies, although the NH3 transport function for Rh-like proteins is rarely disputed. In plant transporters belonging to the subfamily AMT1, transport is associated with electrical currents, while some plant transporters, notably of the AMT2 type, were suggested to transport NH3 across the membrane, without associated ionic currents. Here we summarize data in favor of each substrate for the distinct AMT/Rh classes, discuss mutants and how they differ in structure and functionality. A common mechanism with deprotonation and subsequent NH3 transport through the central subunit pore is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neuhäuser
- a Institute of Crop Science; Nutritional Crop Physiology ; University of Hohenheim ; Stuttgart , Germany
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31
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Straub D, Ludewig U, Neuhäuser B. A nitrogen-dependent switch in the high affinity ammonium transport in Medicago truncatula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:485-94. [PMID: 25164101 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium transporters (AMTs) are crucial for the high affinity primary uptake and translocation of ammonium in plants. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, the genomic set of AMT-type ammonium transporters comprises eight members. Only four genes were abundantly expressed in young seedlings, both in roots and shoots. While the expression of all AMTs in the shoot was not affected by the nitrogen availability, the dominating MtAMT1;1 gene was repressed by nitrogen in roots, despite that cellular nitrogen concentrations were far above deficiency levels. A contrasting de-repression by nitrogen was observed for MtAMT1;4 and MtAMT2;1, which were both expressed at intermediate level. Weak expression was found for MtAMT1;2 and MtAMT2;3, while the other AMTs were not detected in young seedlings. When expressed from their endogenous promoters, translational fusion proteins of MtAMT1;1 and MtAMT2;1 with green fluorescent protein were co-localized in the plasma membrane of rhizodermal cells, but also detected in cortical root layers. Both transporter proteins similarly functionally complemented a yeast strain that is deficient in high affinity ammonium transport, both at acidic and neutral pH. The uptake into yeast mediated by these transporters saturated with Km AMT1;1 = 89 µM and Km AMT2;1 = 123 µM, respectively. When expressed in oocytes, MtAMT1;1 mediated much larger (15)N-ammonium uptake than MtAMT2;1, but NH4 (+) currents were only recorded for MtAMT1;1. These currents saturated with a voltage-dependent Km = 90 µM at -80 mV. The cellular localization and regulation of the AMTs suggests that MtAMT1;1 encodes the major high affinity ammonium transporter gene in low nitrogen grown young M. truncatula roots and despite the similar localization and substrate affinity, MtAMT2;1 appears functionally distinct and more important at higher nitrogen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Straub
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 20, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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32
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Pitts RJ, Derryberry SL, Pulous FE, Zwiebel LJ. Antennal-expressed ammonium transporters in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111858. [PMID: 25360676 PMCID: PMC4216128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae remains a significant threat to human health. In this anthropophagic species, females detect and respond to a range of human-derived volatile kairomones such as ammonia, lactic acid, and other carboxylic acids in their quest for blood meals. While the molecular underpinnings of mosquito olfaction and host seeking are becoming better understood, many questions remain unanswered. In this study, we have identified and characterized two candidate ammonium transporter genes, AgAmt and AgRh50 that are expressed in the mosquito antenna and may contribute to physiological and behavioral responses to ammonia, which is an important host kairomone for vector mosquitoes. AgAmt transcripts are highly enhanced in female antennae while a splice variant of AgRh50 appears to be antennal-specific. Functional expression of AgAmt in Xenopus laevis oocytes facilitates inward currents in response to both ammonium and methylammonium, while AgRh50 is able to partially complement a yeast ammonium transporter mutant strain, validating their conserved roles as ammonium transporters. We present evidence to suggest that both AgAmt and AgRh50 are in vivo ammonium transporters that are important for ammonia sensitivity in An. gambiae antennae, either by clearing ammonia from the sensillar lymph or by facilitating sensory neuron responses to environmental exposure. Accordingly, AgAmt and AgRh50 represent new and potentially important targets for the development of novel vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jason Pitts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Derryberry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Fadi E. Pulous
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Laurence J. Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Program in Developmental Biology and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Neuhäuser B, Ludewig U. Uncoupling of ionic currents from substrate transport in the plant ammonium transporter AtAMT1;2. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11650-11655. [PMID: 24634212 PMCID: PMC4002075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.552802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ammonium flux across prokaryotic, plant, and animal membranes is regulated by structurally related ammonium transporters (AMT) and/or related Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins. Several plant AMT homologs, such as AtAMT1;2 from Arabidopsis, elicit ionic, ammonium-dependent currents when expressed in oocytes. By contrast, functional evidence for the transport of NH3 and the lack of coupled ionic currents has been provided for many Rh proteins. Furthermore, despite high resolution structures the transported substrate in many bacterial homologs, such as AmtB from Escherichia coli, is still unclear. In a heterologous genetic screen in yeast, AtAMT1;2 mutants with reduced transport activity were identified based on the resistance of yeast to the toxic transport analog methylamine. When expressed in oocytes, the reduced transport capacity was confirmed for either of the mutants Q67K, M72I,and W145S. Structural alignments suggest that these mutations were dispersed at subunit contact sites of trimeric AMTs, without direct contact to the pore lumen. Surprisingly, and in contrast to the wild type AtAMT1;2 transporter, ionic currents were not associated with the substrate transport in these mutants. Whether these data suggest that the wild type AtAMT1;2 functions as H(+)/NH3 co-transporter, as well as how the strict substrate coupling with protons is lost by the mutations, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 20, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 20, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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von Wittgenstein NJJB, Le CH, Hawkins BJ, Ehlting J. Evolutionary classification of ammonium, nitrate, and peptide transporters in land plants. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:11. [PMID: 24438197 PMCID: PMC3922906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrogen uptake, reallocation within the plant, and between subcellular compartments involves ammonium, nitrate and peptide transporters. Ammonium transporters are separated into two distinct families (AMT1 and AMT2), each comprised of five members on average in angiosperms. Nitrate transporters also form two discrete families (NRT1 and NRT2), with angiosperms having four NRT2s, on average. NRT1s share an evolutionary history with peptide transporters (PTRs). The NRT1/PTR family in land plants usually has more than 50 members and contains also members with distinct activities, such as glucosinolate and abscisic acid transport. Results Phylogenetic reconstructions of each family across 20 land plant species with available genome sequences were supplemented with subcellular localization and transmembrane topology predictions. This revealed that both AMT families diverged prior to the separation of bryophytes and vascular plants forming two distinct clans, designated as supergroups, each. Ten supergroups were identified for the NRT1/PTR family. It is apparent that nitrate and peptide transport within the NRT1/PTR family is polyphyletic, that is, nitrate and/or peptide transport likely evolved multiple times within land plants. The NRT2 family separated into two distinct clans early in vascular plant evolution. Subsequent duplications occurring prior to the eudicot/monocot separation led to the existence of two AMT1, six AMT2, 31 NRT1/PTR, and two NRT2 clans, designated as groups. Conclusion Phylogenetic separation of groups suggests functional divergence within the angiosperms for each family. Distinct groups within the NRT1/PTR family appear to separate peptide and nitrate transport activities as well as other activities contained within the family, for example nitrite transport. Conversely, distinct activities, such as abscisic acid and glucosinolate transport, appear to have recently evolved from nitrate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Hall JA, Yan D. The molecular basis of K+ exclusion by the Escherichia coli ammonium channel AmtB. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14080-14086. [PMID: 23546877 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Amt family of channels mediate the transport of ammonium. The form of ammonium, NH3 or NH4(+), carried by these proteins remains controversial, and the mechanism by which they select against K(+) ions is unclear. We describe here a set of Escherichia coli AmtB proteins carrying mutations at the conserved twin-histidine site within the conduction pore that have altered substrate specificity and now transport K(+). Subsequent work established that AmtB-mediated K(+) uptake occurred against a concentration gradient and was membrane potential-dependent. These findings indicate that the twin-histidine element serves as a filter to prevent K(+) conduction and strongly support the notion that Amt proteins transport cations (NH4(+) or, in mutant proteins, K(+)) rather than NH3 gas molecules through their conduction pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Hall
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0374.
| | - Dalai Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120
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Pantoja O. High affinity ammonium transporters: molecular mechanism of action. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:34. [PMID: 22645581 PMCID: PMC3355798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the family of high affinity ammonium transporters is demonstrated by the presence of these proteins in all domains of life, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and humans. The majority of the proteins that have been studied from this family show high affinity and selectivity for ammonium, are impermeable to alkaline cations, saturate rapidly at low millimolar concentrations and most of them, are also permeable to methylammonium. Crystallization of homologue proteins from bacteria and archaea has demonstrated that the functional entity corresponds to a trimer, with each monomer maintaining a conductive pore. Through molecular modeling, it has been demonstrated that even though the identity of the proteins between bacteria/archaea with those from plants is below 25%, the latter seem to maintain similar tertiary and quaternary structures, an observation that has helped to address the functionality of conserved residues by means of mutational analysis. Results have shown that changes in the extracellular binding site of some plant transporters may result in their inhibition or reduction in transport activity, while in Escherichia coli, dissimilar replacements like Phe/Ala or Ser/Leu that eliminate possible π-interactions or H-bonds with ammonium, respectively, lead to more active transporters. Active mutants with changes in the pair of conserved His in the center of the transporter suggest these residues are dispensable. Additional mutations have identified other important amino acids, both in the entrance of the pore and in cytoplasmic loops. Regulation of this family of transporters can be achieved by interactions of the C-terminal with cytoplasmic loops within the same monomer, or with a neighbor in the trimer. Depending on the interacting residues, these contacts may lead to the activation or inhibition of the protein. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the newest findings on the role of the proposed amino acids that structure the ammonium pathway, as well as highlight the importance of additional residues that have been identified through mutational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Pantoja
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavaca, México
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Ariz I, Cruz C, Moran JF, González-Moro MB, García-Olaverri C, González-Murua C, Martins-Loução MA, Aparicio-Tejo PM. Depletion of the heaviest stable N isotope is associated with NH4+/NH3 toxicity in NH4+-fed plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:83. [PMID: 21575190 PMCID: PMC3224212 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, nitrate (NO3-) nutrition gives rise to a natural N isotopic signature (δ15N), which correlates with the δ15N of the N source. However, little is known about the relationship between the δ15N of the N source and the 14N/15N fractionation in plants under ammonium (NH4+) nutrition. When NH4+ is the major N source, the two forms, NH4+ and NH3, are present in the nutrient solution. There is a 1.025 thermodynamic isotope effect between NH3 (g) and NH4+ (aq) which drives to a different δ15N. Nine plant species with different NH4+-sensitivities were cultured hydroponically with NO3- or NH4+ as the sole N sources, and plant growth and δ15N were determined. Short-term NH4+/NH3 uptake experiments at pH 6.0 and 9.0 (which favours NH3 form) were carried out in order to support and substantiate our hypothesis. N source fractionation throughout the whole plant was interpreted on the basis of the relative transport of NH4+ and NH3. RESULTS Several NO3--fed plants were consistently enriched in 15N, whereas plants under NH4+ nutrition were depleted of 15N. It was shown that more sensitive plants to NH4+ toxicity were the most depleted in 15N. In parallel, N-deficient pea and spinach plants fed with 15NH4+ showed an increased level of NH3 uptake at alkaline pH that was related to the 15N depletion of the plant. Tolerant to NH4+ pea plants or sensitive spinach plants showed similar trend on 15N depletion while slight differences in the time kinetics were observed during the initial stages. The use of RbNO3 as control discarded that the differences observed arise from pH detrimental effects. CONCLUSIONS This article proposes that the negative values of δ15N in NH4+-fed plants are originated from NH3 uptake by plants. Moreover, this depletion of the heavier N isotope is proportional to the NH4+/NH3 toxicity in plants species. Therefore, we hypothesise that the low affinity transport system for NH4+ may have two components: one that transports N in the molecular form and is associated with fractionation and another that transports N in the ionic form and is not associated with fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Ariz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, IdAB – CSIC - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía s/n, E-31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biologia Ambiental - CBA, Campo Grande, Bloco C-4, Piso 1, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jose F Moran
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, IdAB – CSIC - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía s/n, E-31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - María B González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Apdo. 644; E-48080 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Olaverri
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Public University of Navarre, Campus de Arrosadía s/n, E-31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Apdo. 644; E-48080 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Maria A Martins-Loução
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biologia Ambiental - CBA, Campo Grande, Bloco C-4, Piso 1, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Aparicio-Tejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, IdAB – CSIC - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía s/n, E-31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Uchikawa T, Yamamoto A, Inouye K. Origin and function of the stalk-cell vacuole in Dictyostelium. Dev Biol 2011; 352:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Hub JS, Winkler FK, Merrick M, de Groot BL. Potentials of mean force and permeabilities for carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water flux across a Rhesus protein channel and lipid membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13251-63. [PMID: 20815391 DOI: 10.1021/ja102133x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the ubiquitous ammonium transporter/methylamine permease/Rhesus (Amt/MEP/Rh) family of membrane protein channels, the 50 kDa Rhesus channel (Rh50) has been implicated in ammonia (NH(3)) and, more recently, also in carbon dioxide (CO(2)) transport. Here we present molecular dynamics simulations of spontaneous full permeation events of ammonia and carbon dioxide across Rh50 from Nitrosomonas europaea. The simulations show that Rh50 is functional in its crystallographic conformation, without the requirement for a major conformational change or the action of a protein partner. To assess the physiological relevance of NH(3) and CO(2) permeation across Rh50, we have computed potentials of mean force (PMFs) and permeabilities for NH(3) and CO(2) flux across Rh50 and compare them to permeation through a wide range of lipid membranes, either composed of pure lipids or composed of lipids plus an increasing cholesterol content. According to the PMFs, Rh50 is expected to enhance NH(3) flux across dense membranes, such as membranes with a substantial cholesterol content. Although cholesterol reduces the intrinsic CO(2) permeability of lipid membranes, the CO(2) permeabilities of all membranes studied here are too high to allow significant Rh50-mediated CO(2) flux. The increased barrier in the PMF for water permeation across Rh50 shows that Rh50 discriminates 40-fold between water and NH(3). Thus, Rh50 channels complement aquaporins, allowing the cell to regulate water and NH(3) flux independently. The PMFs for methylamine and NH(3) are virtually identical, suggesting that methylamine provides an excellent model for NH(3) in functional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen S Hub
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Boogerd FC, Ma H, Bruggeman FJ, van Heeswijk WC, García-Contreras R, Molenaar D, Krab K, Westerhoff HV. AmtB-mediated NH3
transport in prokaryotes must be active and as a consequence regulation of transport by GlnK is mandatory to limit futile cycling of NH4+/NH3. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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