1
|
Kundu S, Jaiswal M, Craig KC, Guo J, Guo Z. Labeling cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins through metabolic engineering using an azide-modified phosphatidylinositol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 645:103-109. [PMID: 36682329 PMCID: PMC9899547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage is one of the most common mechanisms to attach proteins to the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play a critical role in many biological processes but are difficult to study. Here, a new method was developed for the effective and selective metabolic engineering and labeling of cell surface GPI-APs with an azide-modified phosphatidylinositol (PI) as the biosynthetic precursor of GPIs. It was demonstrated that this azido-PI derivative was taken up by HeLa cells and incorporated into the biosynthetic pathway of GPIs to present azide-labeled GPI-APs on the live cell surface. The azido group was used as a molecular handle to install other labels through a biocompatible click reaction to enable various biological studies, e.g., fluorescent imaging and protein pull-down, which can help explore the functions of GPI-APs and discover new GPI-APs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borges AR, Link F, Engstler M, Jones NG. The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor: A Linchpin for Cell Surface Versatility of Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720536. [PMID: 34790656 PMCID: PMC8591177 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to anchor proteins to the cell surface is widespread among eukaryotes. The GPI-anchor is covalently attached to the C-terminus of a protein and mediates the protein’s attachment to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. GPI-anchored proteins have a wide range of functions, including acting as receptors, transporters, and adhesion molecules. In unicellular eukaryotic parasites, abundantly expressed GPI-anchored proteins are major virulence factors, which support infection and survival within distinct host environments. While, for example, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is the major component of the cell surface of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes, procyclin is the most abundant protein of the procyclic form which is found in the invertebrate host, the tsetse fly vector. Trypanosoma cruzi, on the other hand, expresses a variety of GPI-anchored molecules on their cell surface, such as mucins, that interact with their hosts. The latter is also true for Leishmania, which use GPI anchors to display, amongst others, lipophosphoglycans on their surface. Clearly, GPI-anchoring is a common feature in trypanosomatids and the fact that it has been maintained throughout eukaryote evolution indicates its adaptive value. Here, we explore and discuss GPI anchors as universal evolutionary building blocks that support the great variety of surface molecules of trypanosomatids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Link
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola G Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guerrero PA, Murakami Y, Malik A, Seeberger PH, Kinoshita T, Varón Silva D. Rescue of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Protein Biosynthesis Using Synthetic Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Oligosaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2297-2306. [PMID: 34618440 PMCID: PMC8609528 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of proteins to the cell membrane using a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is a ubiquitous process in eukaryotic cells. Deficiencies in the biosynthesis of GPIs and the concomitant production of GPI-anchored proteins lead to a series of rare and complicated disorders associated with inherited GPI deficiencies (IGDs) in humans. Currently, there is no treatment for patients suffering from IGDs. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and use of GPI fragments to rescue the biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) caused by mutation in genes involved in the assembly of GPI-glycolipids in cells. We demonstrated that the synthetic fragments GlcNAc-PI (1), Man-GlcN-PI (5), and GlcN-PI with two (3) and three lipid chains (4) rescue the deletion of the GPI biosynthesis in cells devoid of the PIGA, PIGL, and PIGW genes in vitro. The compounds allowed for concentration-dependent recovery of GPI biosynthesis and were highly active on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. These synthetic molecules are leads for the development of treatments for IGDs and tools to study GPI-AP biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Guerrero
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-Oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-Oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ankita Malik
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-Oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunoglycobiology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-Oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malik A, Seeberger PH, Brezesinski G, Varón Silva D. Zwitterionic Character and Lipid Composition Determine the Behaviour of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Fragments in Monolayers. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:757-763. [PMID: 33586851 PMCID: PMC8251720 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids found in free form or anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane in eukaryotes. GPIs have been associated with the formation of lipid rafts and protein sorting on membranes. The presence of a conserved glycan core with cell-specific modifications together with lipid remodelling during biosynthesis suggest that the properties of the glycolipids are being fine-tuned. We synthesized a series of GPI fragments and evaluated the interactions and arrangement of these glycolipids in monolayers as a 2-D membrane model. GIXD and IRRAS analyses showed the need of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation for the formation of hydrogen bonds to obtain highly structured domains in the monolayers and an effect of the unsaturated lipids in formation and localization of the glycolipids within or between membrane microdomains. These results contribute to understand the role of these glycolipids and their modifications in the organization of membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Malik
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Muehlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Muehlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Gerald Brezesinski
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Muehlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Muehlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu CY, Zhang HK, Wang N, Gao XQ. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins mediate the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. PLANTA 2021; 253:19. [PMID: 33394122 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen germination on the stigma and pollen tube growth in pistil tissues are critical for sexual plant reproduction, which are involved in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are located on the external surface of the plasma membrane and function in various processes of sexual plant reproduction. The evidences suggest that GPI-APs participate in endosome machinery, Ca2+ oscillations, the development of the transmitting tract, the maintenance of the integrity of pollen tube, the enhancement of interactions of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and ligand, and guidance of the growth of pollen tube, and so on. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on the roles of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues during pollination, such as pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the transmitting tract, pollen tube guidance to the ovule, and pollen tube reception in the embryo sac. We will also discuss the future outlook of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Huan Kai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Desnoyer N, Palanivelu R. Bridging the GAPs in plant reproduction: a comparison of plant and animal GPI-anchored proteins. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2020; 33:129-142. [PMID: 32945906 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GAPs) are a unique type of membrane-associated proteins in eukaryotes. GPI and GAP biogenesis and function have been well studied in non-plant models and play an important role in the fertility of mouse sperm and egg. Although GPI and GAP biogenesis and function in plants are less known, they are critical for flowering plant reproduction because of their essential roles in the fertility of the male and female gametophytes. In Eukaryotes, GPI, a glycolipid molecule, can be post-translationally attached to proteins to serve as an anchor in the plasma membrane. GPI-anchoring, compared to other modes of membrane attachment and lipidation processes, localizes proteins to the extracellular portion of the plasma membrane and confers several unique attributes including specialized sorting during secretion, molecular painting onto membranes, and enzyme-mediated release of protein through anchor cleavage. While the biosynthesis, structure, and role of GPI are mostly studied in mammals, yeast and protists, the function of GPI and GAPs in plants is being discovered, particularly in gametophyte development and function. Here, we review GPI biosynthesis, protein attachment, and remodeling in plants with insights about this process in mammals. Additionally, we summarize the reproductive phenotypes of all loss of function mutations in Arabidopsis GPI biosynthesis and GAP genes and compare these to the reproductive phenotypes seen in mice to serve as a framework to identify gaps in our understanding of plant GPI and GAPs. In addition, we present an analysis on the gametophyte expression of all Arabidopsis GAPs to assist in further research on the role of GPI and GAPs in all aspects of the gametophyte generation in the life cycle of a plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Desnoyer
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okai H, Ikema R, Nakamura H, Kato M, Araki M, Mizuno A, Ikeda A, Renbaum P, Segel R, Funato K. Cold‐sensitive phenotypes of a yeast null mutant of ARV1 support its role as a GPI flippase. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2431-2439. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Okai
- School of Applied Biological Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ryoko Ikema
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Mei Kato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Misako Araki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ayumi Mizuno
- School of Applied Biological Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Paul Renbaum
- Medical Genetics Institute Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Reeval Segel
- Medical Genetics Institute Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Kouichi Funato
- School of Applied Biological Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A defect in GPI synthesis as a suggested mechanism for the role of ARV1 in intellectual disability and seizures. Neurogenetics 2020; 21:259-267. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-020-00615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
9
|
Davids M, Menezes M, Guo Y, McLean SD, Hakonarson H, Collins F, Worgan L, Billington CJ, Maric I, Littlejohn RO, Onyekweli T, Adams DR, Tifft CJ, Gahl WA, Wolfe LA, Christodoulou J, Malicdan MCV. Homozygous splice-variants in human ARV1 cause GPI-anchor synthesis deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:49-57. [PMID: 32165008 PMCID: PMC7303973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the ARV1 Homolog, Fatty Acid Homeostasis Modulator (ARV1), have recently been described in association with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 38. Affected individuals presented with epilepsy, ataxia, profound intellectual disability, visual impairment, and central hypotonia. In S. cerevisiae, Arv1 is thought to be involved in sphingolipid metabolism and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor synthesis. The function of ARV1 in human cells, however, has not been elucidated. METHODS Mutations were discovered through whole exome sequencing and alternate splicing was validated on the cDNA level. Expression of the variants was determined by qPCR and Western blot. Expression of GPI-anchored proteins on neutrophils and fibroblasts was analyzed by FACS and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Here we describe seven patients from two unrelated families with biallelic splice mutations in ARV1. The patients presented with early onset epilepsy, global developmental delays, profound hypotonia, delayed speech development, cortical visual impairment, and severe generalized cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. The splice variants resulted in decreased ARV1 expression and significant decreases in GPI-anchored protein on the membranes of neutrophils and fibroblasts, indicating that the loss of ARV1 results in impaired GPI-anchor synthesis. CONCLUSION Loss of GPI-anchored proteins on our patients' cells confirms that the yeast Arv1 function of GPI-anchor synthesis is conserved in humans. Overlap between the phenotypes in our patients and those reported for other GPI-anchor disorders suggests that ARV1-deficiency is a GPI-anchor synthesis disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Minal Menezes
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott D McLean
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felicity Collins
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Worgan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles J Billington
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irina Maric
- Hematology Service, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tito Onyekweli
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Christodoulou
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jaiswal M, Zhu S, Jiang W, Guo Z. Synthesis and evaluation of N α,N ε-diacetyl-l-lysine-inositol conjugates as cancer-selective probes for metabolic engineering of GPIs and GPI-anchored proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2938-2948. [PMID: 32242600 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two myo-inositol derivatives having an Nα,Nε-diacetyl-l-lysine (Ac2Lys) moiety linked to the inositol 1-O-position through a self-cleavable linker and a metabolically stable 2-azidoethyl group linked to the inositol 3-O- and 4-O-positions, respectively, were designed and synthesized. The Ac2Lys moiety blocking the inositol 1-O-position required for GPI biosynthesis was expected to be removable by a combination of two enzymes, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and cathepsin L (CTSL), abundantly expressed in cancer cells, but not in normal cells, to transform these inositol derivatives into biosynthetically useful products with a free 1-O-position. As a result, it was found that these inositol derivatives could be incorporated into the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthetic pathway by cancer cells, but not by normal cells, to express azide-labeled GPIs and GPI-anchored proteins on cell surfaces. Consequently, this study has established a novel strategy and new molecular tools for selective metabolic labeling of cancer cells, which should be useful for various biological studies and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Sanyong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sah SK, Shefali S, Yadav A, Som P, Komath SS. The caspase-like Gpi8 subunit of Candida albicans GPI transamidase is a metal-dependent endopeptidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:S0006-291X(20)30268-0. [PMID: 32081427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
GPI anchored proteins (GPI-APs) act at the frontiers of cells, decoding environmental cues and determining host-pathogen interactions in several lower eukaryotes. They are also essential for viability in lower eukaryotes. The GPI biosynthetic pathway begins at the ER and follows a roughly linear pathway to generate the complete precursor (CP) glycolipid. The GPI transamidase (GPIT) transfers this glycolipid to the C-terminal end of newly translated proteins after removing their GPI attachment signal sequence (SS). The GPIT subunit that cleaves SS is Gpi8, a protein with a conserved Cys/His catalytic dyad typical of cysteine proteases. A CaGPI8 heterozygous mutant accumulates CPs and has reduced cell surface GPI-APs. Using a simple cell-free assay, we demonstrate that the heterozygous CaGPI8 strain has low endopeptidase activity as well. The revertant strain is restored in all these phenotypes. CaGpi8 is also shown to be a metalloenzyme, whose protease activity is sensitive to agents that modify Cys/His residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudisht Kumar Sah
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shailja Shefali
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anshuman Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Punnag Som
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sneha Sudha Komath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Salgado-Polo F, van Veen M, van den Broek B, Jalink K, Leyton-Puig D, Perrakis A, Moolenaar WH, Matas-Rico E. Sequence-dependent trafficking and activity of GDE2, a GPI-specific phospholipase promoting neuronal differentiation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs235044. [PMID: 31932507 PMCID: PMC7033719 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GDE2 (also known as GDPD5) is a multispanning membrane phosphodiesterase with phospholipase D-like activity that cleaves select glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and thereby promotes neuronal differentiation both in vitro and in vivo GDE2 is a prognostic marker in neuroblastoma, while loss of GDE2 leads to progressive neurodegeneration in mice; however, its regulation remains unclear. Here, we report that, in immature neuronal cells, GDE2 undergoes constitutive endocytosis and travels back along both fast and slow recycling routes. GDE2 trafficking is directed by C-terminal tail sequences that determine the ability of GDE2 to cleave GPI-anchored glypican-6 (GPC6) and induce a neuronal differentiation program. Specifically, we define a GDE2 truncation mutant that shows aberrant recycling and is dysfunctional, whereas a consecutive deletion results in cell-surface retention and gain of GDE2 function, thus uncovering distinctive regulatory sequences. Moreover, we identify a C-terminal leucine residue in a unique motif that is essential for GDE2 internalization. These findings establish a mechanistic link between GDE2 neuronal function and sequence-dependent trafficking, a crucial process gone awry in neurodegenerative diseases.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Division of Biochemistry, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Veen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Broek
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Leyton-Puig
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Matas-Rico
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kushwaha PP, Gupta S, Singh AK, Kumar S. Emerging Role of Migration and Invasion Enhancer 1 (MIEN1) in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:868. [PMID: 31552186 PMCID: PMC6738349 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a sequential event accounting for numerous cancer-related fatalities worldwide. The process of metastasis serially involves invasion, intravasation, extravasation, and tumor growth at the secondary site. Migration and invasion enhancer 1 (MIEN1) is a membrane associated protein overexpressed in various human cancers. Biological activity of MIEN1 is driven by geranylgeranyltransferase-I mediated prenylation at CAAX motif and methylation of the prenylated protein that anchors MIEN1 into the cellular membrane. Post-translationally modified MIEN1 interacts with Syk kinase and Annexin A2 protein; polymerizes G-actin and stabilizes F-actin filament; induces focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and decrease cofilin phosphorylation implicated in both invasion and metastasis of different cancer types. In the present review, we discuss the structure, function, and involvement of MIEN1 in cancer progression. We also highlight the future prospects of MIEN1 as an emerging molecule and novel target in cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash Kushwaha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Divison of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Atul Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hasegawa S, Yamada Y, Iwanami N, Nakayama Y, Nakayama H, Iwatani S, Oura T, Kajiwara S. Identification and functional characterization of Candida albicans mannose-ethanolamine phosphotransferase (Mcd4p). Curr Genet 2019; 65:1251-1261. [PMID: 31073667 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is an important compound for the growth of fungi, because GPI-anchored proteins including glycosyltransferases and adhesins are involved in cell-wall integrity, adhesion, and nutrient uptake in this organism. In this study, we examined orf19.5244 in the genome database of the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans, a homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannose-ethanolamine phosphotransferase gene, MCD4, which plays a role in GPI synthesis. Expression of this homologue, designated CaMCD4, restored cell growth in a defective conditional mcd4 mutant of S. cerevisiae, Scmcd4t, in which expression of native MCD4 was repressed in the presence of doxycycline (Dox). Analysis of radiolabeled lipids showed that the accumulation of abnormal GPI anchor precursors in Scmcd4t decreased markedly upon expression of CaMCD4. Moreover, we constructed a single mutant (Camcd4/CaMCD4) and a conditional double mutant (Camcd4/Camcd4t) at the MCD4 locus of C. albicans. Repression of CaMCD4 expression by Dox led to a decrease in growth and appearance of abnormal morphology in C. albicans, both in vitro and in a silkworm infection model. These results suggest that CaMcd4p is indispensable for growth of C. albicans both in vitro and in infected hosts and a candidate target for the development of new antifungals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hasegawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-07 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuimi Yamada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-07 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Noboru Iwanami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-07 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakayama
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-07 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nakayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Minami-Tamagakicho, 3500-3, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-07 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-07 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J3-07 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Komath SS, Singh SL, Pratyusha VA, Sah SK. Generating anchors only to lose them: The unusual story of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis and remodeling in yeast and fungi. IUBMB Life 2019; 70:355-383. [PMID: 29679465 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are present ubiquitously at the cell surface in all eukaryotes. They play a crucial role in the interaction of the cell with its external environment, allowing the cell to receive signals, respond to challenges, and mediate adhesion. In yeast and fungi, they also participate in the structural integrity of the cell wall and are often essential for survival. Roughly four decades after the discovery of the first GPI-APs, this review provides an overview of the insights gained from studies of the GPI biosynthetic pathway and the future challenges in the field. In particular, we focus on the biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has for long been studied as a model organism. Where available, we also provide information about the GPI biosynthetic steps in other yeast/ fungi. Although the core structure of the GPI anchor is conserved across organisms, several variations are built into the biosynthetic pathway. The present Review specifically highlights these variations and their implications. There is growing evidence to suggest that several phenotypes are common to GPI deficiency and should be expected in GPI biosynthetic mutants. However, it appears that several phenotypes are unique to a specific step in the pathway and may even be species-specific. These could suggest the points at which the GPI biosynthetic pathway intersects with other important cellular pathways and could be points of regulation. They could be of particular significance in the study of pathogenic fungi and in identification of new and specific antifungal drugs/ drug targets. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(5):355-383, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneh Lata Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudisht Kumar Sah
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vu KV, Jeong CY, Nguyen TT, Dinh TTH, Lee H, Hong SW. Deficiency of AtGFAT1 activity impairs growth, pollen germination and tolerance to tunicamycin in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1775-1787. [PMID: 30775776 PMCID: PMC6436160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) plays essential roles in growth and development in plants. However, insight into the biological function of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), mediating the first regulatory step of the HBP, remains unclear in plants. Here, we report the molecular characterization of Arabidopsis AtGFAT1 gene. AtGFAT1 was highly expressed in mature pollen grains, but its expression was not detectable in the rest of the organs. Pollen grains bearing the gfat1-2 knockout allele displayed defects in a polar deposition of pectin and callose in the pollen cell wall, leading to no genetic transmission of the gfat1-2 allele through the male gametophyte. AtGFAT1 overexpression increased glucosamine (GlcN) content and enhanced resistance to tunicamycin (Tm) treatment, while RNAi-mediated suppression reduced GlcN content and resistance to Tm treatment. However, the decrease in Tm resistance by RNAi suppression of AtGFAT1 was recovered by a GlcN supplement. The exogenous GlcN supplement also rescued gfat1-2/gaft1-2 mutant plants, which were otherwise not viable. The gfat1-2/gfat1-2 plants stopped growing at the germination stage on GlcN-free medium, but GlcN supplement allowed wild-type growth of gfat1-2/gfat1-2 plants. In addition, reactive oxygen species production, cell death and a decrease in protein N-glycosylation were observed in gfat1-2/gaft1-2 mutant plants grown on GlcN-free medium, whereas these aberrant defects were not detectable on GlcN-sufficient medium. Taken together, these results show that the reduction of protein N-glycosylation was at least partially responsible for many aberrant phenotypes in growth and development as well as the response to Tm treatment caused by AtGFAT1 deficiency in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kien Van Vu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Thi Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Thi Huyen Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
GPI-anchor signal sequence influences PrPC sorting, shedding and signalling, and impacts on different pathomechanistic aspects of prion disease in mice. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007520. [PMID: 30608982 PMCID: PMC6334958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a cell surface glycoprotein attached to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor and plays a critical role in transmissible, neurodegenerative and fatal prion diseases. Alterations in membrane attachment influence PrPC-associated signaling, and the development of prion disease, yet our knowledge of the role of the GPI-anchor in localization, processing, and function of PrPCin vivo is limited We exchanged the PrPC GPI-anchor signal sequence of for that of Thy-1 (PrPCGPIThy-1) in cells and mice. We show that this modifies the GPI-anchor composition, which then lacks sialic acid, and that PrPCGPIThy-1 is preferentially localized in axons and is less prone to proteolytic shedding when compared to PrPC. Interestingly, after prion infection, mice expressing PrPCGPIThy-1 show a significant delay to terminal disease, a decrease of microglia/astrocyte activation, and altered MAPK signaling when compared to wild-type mice. Our results are the first to demonstrate in vivo, that the GPI-anchor signal sequence plays a fundamental role in the GPI-anchor composition, dictating the subcellular localization of a given protein and, in the case of PrPC, influencing the development of prion disease. The prion protein (PrPC) is a glycoprotein attached to the neuronal surface via a GPI-anchor. When misfolded to PrPSc, it leads to fatal neurodegenerative diseases which propagates from host to host. PrPSc is the principal component of the infectious agent of prion diseases, the “prion”. Misfolding occurs at the plasma membrane, and when PrPC lacks the GPI-anchor, neuropathology and incubation time of prion disease are strongly modified. Moreover, the composition of the PrPC GPI-anchor impacts on the conversion process. To study the role of the GPI-anchor in the pathophysiology of prion diseases in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice where the PrPC GPI-signal sequence (GPI-SS) is replaced for the one of Thy-1, a neuronal protein with a distinct GPI-anchor and membrane localization. We found that the resulting protein, PrPCGPIThy-1, shows a different GPI-anchor composition, increased axonal localization, and reduced enzymatic shedding. After prion infection, disease progression is significantly delayed, and the neuropathology and cellular signaling are changed. The present work demonstrates that the GPI-SS per se determines the GPI-anchor composition and localization of a given protein and it stresses the importance of PrPC membrane anchorage in prion disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Biwi J, Biot C, Guerardel Y, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Lefebvre T. The Many Ways by Which O-GlcNAcylation May Orchestrate the Diversity of Complex Glycosylations. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112858. [PMID: 30400201 PMCID: PMC6278486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike complex glycosylations, O-GlcNAcylation consists of the addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine unit to serine and threonine residues of target proteins, and is confined within the nucleocytoplasmic and mitochondrial compartments. Nevertheless, a number of clues tend to show that O-GlcNAcylation is a pivotal regulatory element of its complex counterparts. In this perspective, we gather the evidence reported to date regarding this connection. We propose different levels of regulation that encompass the competition for the nucleotide sugar UDP-GlcNAc, and that control the wide class of glycosylation enzymes via their expression, catalytic activity, and trafficking. We sought to better envision that nutrient fluxes control the elaboration of glycans, not only at the level of their structure composition, but also through sweet regulating actors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Biwi
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Christophe Biot
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, 59000 Lille, France.
| | | | - Tony Lefebvre
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, 59000 Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yadav U, Rai TK, Sethi SC, Chandraker A, Khan MA, Komath SS. Characterising N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase (CaGpi12), the enzyme that catalyses the second step of GPI biosynthesis in Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:5045028. [PMID: 29945236 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase (CaGpi12) recognises N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is able to complement ScGPI12 function. Both N- and C-terminal ends of CaGpi12 are important for its function. CaGpi12 was biochemically characterised using rough endoplasmic reticulum microsomes prepared from BWP17 strain of C. albicans. CaGpi12 is optimally active at 30°C and pH 7.5. It is a metal-dependent enzyme that is stimulated by divalent cations but shows no preference for Zn2+ unlike the mammalian homologue. It irreversibly loses activity upon incubation with a metal chelator. Two conserved motifs, HPDDE and HXXH, are both important for its function in the cell. CaGPI12 is essential for growth and viability of C. albicans. Its loss causes reduction of GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase activity, cell wall defects and filamentation defects. The filamentation defects could be specifically correlated to an upregulation of the HOG1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Rai
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
| | | | - Anupriya Chandraker
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
| | - Mohd Ashraf Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
| | - Sneha Sudha Komath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Delaye L, Ruiz-Ruiz S, Calderon E, Tarazona S, Conesa A, Moya A. Evidence of the Red-Queen Hypothesis from Accelerated Rates of Evolution of Genes Involved in Biotic Interactions in Pneumocystis. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1596-1606. [PMID: 29893833 PMCID: PMC6012782 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis species are ascomycete fungi adapted to live inside the lungs of mammals. These ascomycetes show extensive stenoxenism, meaning that each species of Pneumocystis infects a single species of host. Here, we study the effect exerted by natural selection on gene evolution in the genomes of three Pneumocystis species. We show that genes involved in host interaction evolve under positive selection. In the first place, we found strong evidence of episodic diversifying selection in Major surface glycoproteins (Msg). These proteins are located on the surface of Pneumocystis and are used for host attachment and probably for immune system evasion. Consistent with their function as antigens, most sites under diversifying selection in Msg code for residues with large relative surface accessibility areas. We also found evidence of positive selection in part of the cell machinery used to export Msg to the cell surface. Specifically, we found that genes participating in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis show an increased rate of nonsynonymous substitutions (dN) versus synonymous substitutions (dS). GPI is a molecule synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum that is used to anchor proteins to membranes. We interpret the aforementioned findings as evidence of selective pressure exerted by the host immune system on Pneumocystis species, shaping the evolution of Msg and several proteins involved in GPI biosynthesis. We suggest that genome evolution in Pneumocystis is well described by the Red-Queen hypothesis whereby genes relevant for biotic interactions show accelerated rates of evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Delaye
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Susana Ruiz-Ruiz
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)-Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Enrique Calderon
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla.,Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Tarazona
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, València, Spain.,Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa Aplicadas y Calidad, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Ana Conesa
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, València, Spain.,Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida
| | - Andrés Moya
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)-Salud Pública, València, Spain.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sørensen DM, Holemans T, van Veen S, Martin S, Arslan T, Haagendahl IW, Holen HW, Hamouda NN, Eggermont J, Palmgren M, Vangheluwe P. Parkinson disease related ATP13A2 evolved early in animal evolution. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193228. [PMID: 29505581 PMCID: PMC5837089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human P5-type transport ATPases are implicated in neurological disorders, but little is known about their physiological function and properties. Here, we investigated the relationship between the five mammalian P5 isoforms ATP13A1-5 in a comparative study. We demonstrated that ATP13A1-4 isoforms undergo autophosphorylation, which is a hallmark P-type ATPase property that is required for substrate transport. A phylogenetic analysis of P5 sequences revealed that ATP13A1 represents clade P5A, which is highly conserved between fungi and animals with one member in each investigated species. The ATP13A2-5 isoforms belong to clade P5B and diversified from one isoform in fungi and primitive animals to a maximum of four in mammals by successive gene duplication events in vertebrate evolution. We revealed that ATP13A1 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and experimentally demonstrate that ATP13A1 likely contains 12 transmembrane helices. Conversely, ATP13A2-5 isoforms reside in overlapping compartments of the endosomal system and likely contain 10 transmembrane helices, similar to what was demonstrated earlier for ATP13A2. ATP13A1 complemented a deletion of the yeast P5A ATPase SPF1, while none of ATP13A2-5 could complement either the loss of SPF1 or that of the single P5B ATPase YPK9 in yeast. Thus, ATP13A1 carries out a basic ER function similar to its yeast counterpart Spf1p that plays a role in ER related processes like protein folding and processing. ATP13A2-5 isoforms diversified in mammals and are expressed in the endosomal system where they may have evolved novel complementary or partially redundant functions. While most P5-type ATPases are widely expressed, some P5B-type ATPases (ATP13A4 and ATP13A5) display a more limited tissue distribution in the brain and epithelial glandular cells, where they may exert specialized functions. At least some P5B isoforms are of vital importance for the nervous system, since ATP13A2 and ATP13A4 are linked to respectively Parkinson disease and autism spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Mollerup Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tugce Arslan
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ida Winther Haagendahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Waldal Holen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Norin Nabil Hamouda
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Eggermont
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The GPI (Glycosylphosphatidylinositol) biosynthetic pathway is a multistep conserved pathway in eukaryotes that culminates in the generation of GPI glycolipid which in turn anchors many proteins (GPI-APs) to the cell surface. In spite of the overall conservation of the pathway, there still exist subtle differences in the GPI pathway of mammals and other eukaryotes which holds a great promise so far as the development of drugs/inhibitors against specific targets in the GPI pathway of pathogens is concerned. Many of the GPI structures and their anchored proteins in pathogenic protozoans and fungi act as pathogenicity factors. Notable examples include GPI-anchored variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) in Trypanosoma brucei, GPI-anchored merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and MSP2 in Plasmodium falciparum, protein-free GPI related molecules like lipophosphoglycans (LPGs) and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) in Leishmania spp., GPI-anchored Gal/GalNAc lectin and proteophosphoglycans in Entamoeba histolytica or the GPI-anchored mannoproteins in pathogenic fungi like Candida albicans. Research in this active area has already yielded encouraging results in Trypanosoma brucei by the development of parasite-specific inhibitors of GlcNCONH2-β-PI, GlcNCONH2-(2-O-octyl)-PI and salicylic hydroxamic acid (SHAM) targeting trypanosomal GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase as well as the development of antifungal inhibitors like BIQ/E1210/gepinacin/G365/G884 and YW3548/M743/M720 targeting the GPI specific fungal inositol acyltransferase (Gwt1) and the phosphoethanolamine transferase-I (Mcd4), respectively. These confirm the fact that the GPI pathway continues to be the focus of researchers, given its implications for the betterment of human life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Yadav
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohd Ashraf Khan
- b Department of Biotechnology , Government Degree College , Anantnag , India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. From peroxisomal disorders to common neurodegenerative diseases - the role of ether phospholipids in the nervous system. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2761-2788. [PMID: 28796901 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerging diverse roles of ether (phospho)lipids in nervous system development and function in health and disease are currently attracting growing interest. Plasmalogens, a subgroup of ether lipids, are important membrane components involved in vesicle fusion and membrane raft composition. They store polyunsaturated fatty acids and may serve as antioxidants. Ether lipid metabolites act as precursors for the formation of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchors; others, like platelet-activating factor, are implicated in signaling functions. Consolidating the available information, we attempt to provide molecular explanations for the dramatic neurological phenotype in ether lipid-deficient human patients and mice by linking individual functional properties of ether lipids with pathological features. Furthermore, recent publications have identified altered ether lipid levels in the context of many acquired neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism. Finally, current efforts to restore ether lipids in peroxisomal disorders as well as AD are critically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ethanolamine and Phosphatidylethanolamine: Partners in Health and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4829180. [PMID: 28785375 PMCID: PMC5529665 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4829180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant phospholipid in mammalian cells. PE comprises about 15–25% of the total lipid in mammalian cells; it is enriched in the inner leaflet of membranes, and it is especially abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane. PE has quite remarkable activities: it is a lipid chaperone that assists in the folding of certain membrane proteins, it is required for the activity of several of the respiratory complexes, and it plays a key role in the initiation of autophagy. In this review, we focus on PE's roles in lipid-induced stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Parkinson's disease (PD), ferroptosis, and cancer.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen JJ, Boehning D. Protein Lipidation As a Regulator of Apoptotic Calcium Release: Relevance to Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:138. [PMID: 28706877 PMCID: PMC5489567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a critical regulator of cell death pathways. One of the most proximal events leading to cell death is activation of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium channels. A large body of evidence indicates that defects in this pathway contribute to cancer development. Although we have a thorough understanding of how downstream elevations in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium contribute to cell death, it is much less clear how calcium channels are activated upstream of the apoptotic stimulus. Recently, it has been shown that protein lipidation is a potent regulator of apoptotic signaling. Although classically thought of as a static modification, rapid and reversible protein acylation has emerged as a new signaling paradigm relevant to many pathways, including calcium release and cell death. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein lipidation in regulating apoptotic calcium signaling with direct therapeutic relevance to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Matabaro E, He Z, Liu YS, Zhang HJ, Gao XD, Fujita M. Molecular switching system using glycosylphosphatidylinositol to select cells highly expressing recombinant proteins. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642584 PMCID: PMC5481379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many pharmaceutical proteins are produced in mammalian cells, there remains a challenge to select cell lines that express recombinant proteins with high productivity. Since most biopharmaceutical proteins are secreted by cells into the medium, it is difficult to select cell lines that produce large amounts of the target protein. To address this issue, a new protein expression system using the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor was developed. PGAP2 is involved in processing GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) during transport. In PGAP2 mutant cells, most GPI-APs are secreted into the medium. Here, we established a HEK293 cell line where endogenous PGAP2 was knocked out and exogenous PGAP2 was inserted with a piggyBac transposon in the genome. Using these cells, human lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) and α-galactosidase A (GLA) were expressed as GPI-anchored forms (LIPA-GPI and GLA-GPI) and cells expressing high levels of LIPA-GPI or GLA-GPI on the cell surface were enriched. Removal of the PGAP2 gene by piggyBac transposase or FLP recombinase converted LIPA-GPI and GLA-GPI from membrane-bound to the secreted forms. Thus, cells expressing LIPA or GLA in large amounts could be enriched using this approach. The GPI-based molecular switching system is an efficient approach to isolate cells expressing recombinant proteins with high productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Matabaro
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zeng'an He
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yi-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hui-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu XL, Feng XL, Wang GM, Gong BB, Ahmad W, Liu NN, Zhang YY, Yang L, Ren HL, Cui SS. Exploration of the Main Sites for the Transformation of Normal Prion Protein (PrP C) into Pathogenic Prion Protein (PrP sc). J Vet Res 2017; 61:11-22. [PMID: 29978050 PMCID: PMC5894410 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The functions and mechanisms of prion proteins (PrPC) are currently unknown, but most experts believe that deformed or pathogenic prion proteins (PrPSc) originate from PrPC, and that there may be plural main sites for the conversion of normal PrPC into PrPSc. In order to better understand the mechanism of PrPC transformation to PrPSc, the most important step is to determine the replacement or substitution site. Material and Methods BALB/c mice were challenged with prion RML strain and from 90 days post-challenge (dpc) mice were sacrificed weekly until all of them had been at 160 dpc. The ultra-structure and pathological changes of the brain of experimental mice were observed and recorded by transmission electron microscopy. Results There were a large number of pathogen-like particles aggregated in the myelin sheath of the brain nerves, followed by delamination, hyperplasia, swelling, disintegration, phagocytic vacuolation, and other pathological lesions in the myelin sheath. The aggregated particles did not overflow from the myelin in unstained samples. The phenomenon of particle aggregation persisted all through the disease course, and was the earliest observed pathological change. Conclusion It was deduced that the myelin sheath and lipid rafts in brain nerves, including axons and dendrites, were the main sites for the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, and the PrPSc should be formed directly by the conversion of protein conformation without the involvement of nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lin Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Biological safety protection third-level laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Guang-Ming Wang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bin-Bin Gong
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Nan-Nan Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Li Yang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hong-Lin Ren
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shu-Sen Cui
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ladevèze S, Laville E, Despres J, Mosoni P, Potocki-Véronèse G. Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1969-1990. [PMID: 27995767 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannosides constitute a vast group of glycans widely distributed in nature. Produced by almost all organisms, these carbohydrates are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as cell structuration, protein maturation and signalling, mediation of protein-protein interactions and cell recognition. The ubiquitous presence of mannosides in the environment means they are a reliable source of carbon and energy for bacteria, which have developed complex strategies to harvest them. This review focuses on the various mannosides that can be found in nature and details their structure. It underlines their involvement in cellular interactions and finally describes the latest discoveries regarding the catalytic machinery and metabolic pathways that bacteria have developed to metabolize them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ladevèze
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jordane Despres
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Pascale Mosoni
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang X, Wang Y. Glycosylation Quality Control by the Golgi Structure. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3183-3193. [PMID: 26956395 PMCID: PMC4983240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous modification that occurs on proteins and lipids in all living cells. Consistent with their high complexity, glycans play crucial biological roles in protein quality control and recognition events. Asparagine-linked protein N-glycosylation, the most complex glycosylation, initiates in the endoplasmic reticulum and matures in the Golgi apparatus. This process not only requires an accurate distribution of processing machineries, such as glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, and nucleotide sugar transporters, but also needs an efficient and well-organized factory that is responsible for the fidelity and quality control of sugar chain processing. In addition, accurate glycosylation must occur in coordination with protein trafficking and sorting. These activities are carried out by the Golgi apparatus, a membrane organelle in the center of the secretory pathway. To accomplish these tasks, the Golgi has developed into a unique stacked structure of closely aligned, flattened cisternae in which Golgi enzymes reside; in mammalian cells, dozens of Golgi stacks are often laterally linked into a ribbon-like structure. Here, we review our current knowledge of how the Golgi structure is formed and why its formation is required for accurate glycosylation, with the focus on how the Golgi stacking factors GRASP55 and GRASP65 generate the Golgi structure and how the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex maintains Golgi enzymes in different Golgi subcompartments by retrograde protein trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Masuishi Y, Kimura Y, Arakawa N, Hirano H. Identification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and ω-sites using TiO2-based affinity purification followed by hydrogen fluoride treatment. J Proteomics 2016; 139:77-83. [PMID: 26972028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in the outer leaflet of the membrane microdomains, commonly referred to as lipid rafts, play important roles in many biological processes such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, protein trafficking, and antigen presentation. From a topological viewpoint, elucidating the presence and localization of GPI-anchor modification sites (ω-sites) is important for the study of the biophysical properties and anchoring mechanisms of these proteins. However, very few reports have actually identified ω-sites of GPI-APs. To enable large-scale site-specific analysis of GPI anchoring, we developed a method for identification of ω-sites by mass spectrometry by combining titanium dioxide-based affinity purification and hydrogen fluoride treatment. This method was able to identify ~3-fold more GPI-APs than our previous method: the new technique identified a total of 73 ω-sites derived from 49 GPI-APs. In 13 of the 49 GPI-APs identified, the GPI-anchor attached to multiple amino acids in the C-terminal site, yielding a variety of different protein species. This method allows us to simultaneously identify many GPI-AP protein species with different ω-sites. We also demonstrated the C-terminal GPI anchor attachment signal peptide, based on information about the GPI anchor binding sites of 49 GPI-APs. Thus, our results provide evidence for new insight into the GPI-anchored proteome and the role of GPI anchoring. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are localized to the outer leaflet of the plasma membranes. Because the GPI anchor is a complex structure, the identification of GPI-anchored peptides by mass spectrometry has always been considered difficult. To improve the feasibility of large-scale site-specific analysis of GPI anchoring, we developed a method for identification of GPI-anchored peptides by combining titanium dioxide-based affinity purification with hydrogen fluoride treatment. Using this novel technique, we identified a total of 73 ω-sites derived from 49 GPI-APs. These data may help us to develop a comprehensive understanding of the GPI-anchored proteome and the role of GPI anchoring. Moreover, this method could be used to discover GPI-APs as candidate biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Masuishi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriaki Arakawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, 8 Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang L, Gao Z, Hu L, Wu G, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Wong BS, Xin W, Sy MS, Li C. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Modification Machinery Deficiency Is Responsible for the Formation of Pro-Prion Protein (PrP) in BxPC-3 Protein and Increases Cancer Cell Motility. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3905-17. [PMID: 26683373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. However, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines, such as BxPC-3, PrP exists as a pro-PrP retaining its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) peptide signaling sequence. Here, we report the identification of another pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, AsPC-1, which expresses a mature GPI-anchored PrP. Comparison of the 24 genes involved in the GPI anchor modification pathway between AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 revealed 15 of the 24 genes, including PGAP1 and PIG-F, were down-regulated in the latter cells. We also identified six missense mutations in DPM2, PIG-C, PIG-N, and PIG-P alongside eight silent mutations. When BxPC-3 cells were fused with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack endogenous PrP, pro-PrP was successfully converted into mature GPI-anchored PrP. Expression of the individual gene, such as PGAP1, PIG-F, or PIG-C, into BxPC-3 cells does not result in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C sensitivity of PrP. However, when PIG-F but not PIG-P is expressed in PGAP1-expressing BxPC-3 cells, PrP on the surface of the cells becomes phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-sensitive. Thus, low expression of PIG-F and PGAP1 is the major factor contributing to the accumulation of pro-PrP. More importantly, BxPC-3 cells expressing GPI-anchored PrP migrate much slower than BxPC-3 cells bearing pro-PrP. In addition, GPI-anchored PrP-bearing AsPC-1 cells also migrate slower than pro-PrP bearing BxPC-3 cells, although both cells express filamin A. "Knocking out" PRNP in BxPC-3 cell drastically reduces its migration. Collectively, these results show that multiple gene irregularity in BxPC-3 cells is responsible for the formation of pro-PrP, and binding of pro-PrP to filamin A contributes to enhanced tumor cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Yang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guiru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- the Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- the Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boon-Seng Wong
- the Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Xin
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Chaoyang Li
- the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ikeda A, Kajiwara K, Iwamoto K, Makino A, Kobayashi T, Mizuta K, Funato K. Complementation analysis reveals a potential role of human ARV1 in GPI anchor biosynthesis. Yeast 2015; 33:37-42. [PMID: 26460143 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ARV1 is involved in regulating lipid homeostasis but also in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we examined whether human ARV1 can complement the role of yeast ARV1 in GPI biosynthesis. Overexpression of human ARV1 could rescue the phenotypes associated with GPI anchor synthesis defect in the yeast arv1Δ mutant. The results suggest that Arv1 function in GPI biosynthesis may be conserved in all eukaryotes, from yeast to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ikeda
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kajiwara
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | | | - Asami Makino
- Lipid Biology Laboratory and RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Mizuta
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Calzada E, Onguka O, Claypool SM. Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism in Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 321:29-88. [PMID: 26811286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant glycerophospholipid in eukaryotic cells. The existence of four only partially redundant biochemical pathways that produce PE, highlights the importance of this essential phospholipid. The CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathways occur in different subcellular compartments and are the main sources of PE in cells. Mammalian development fails upon ablation of either pathway. Once made, PE has diverse cellular functions that include serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine and a substrate for important posttranslational modifications, influencing membrane topology, and promoting cell and organelle membrane fusion, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. The importance of PE metabolism in mammalian health has recently emerged following its association with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, nonalcoholic liver disease, and the virulence of certain pathogenic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Trafficking and degradation pathways in pathogenic conversion of prions and prion-like proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Virus Res 2015; 207:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
Protein S-acylation, the only fully reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, is emerging as a ubiquitous mechanism to control the properties and function of a diverse array of proteins and consequently physiological processes. S-acylation results from the enzymatic addition of long-chain lipids, most typically palmitate, onto intracellular cysteine residues of soluble and transmembrane proteins via a labile thioester linkage. Addition of lipid results in increases in protein hydrophobicity that can impact on protein structure, assembly, maturation, trafficking, and function. The recent explosion in global S-acylation (palmitoyl) proteomic profiling as a result of improved biochemical tools to assay S-acylation, in conjunction with the recent identification of enzymes that control protein S-acylation and de-acylation, has opened a new vista into the physiological function of S-acylation. This review introduces key features of S-acylation and tools to interrogate this process, and highlights the eclectic array of proteins regulated including membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, enzymes and kinases, signaling adapters and chaperones, cell adhesion, and structural proteins. We highlight recent findings correlating disruption of S-acylation to pathophysiology and disease and discuss some of the major challenges and opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Shipston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Paladino S, Lebreton S, Zurzolo C. Trafficking and Membrane Organization of GPI-Anchored Proteins in Health and Diseases. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:269-303. [PMID: 26015286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are a class of lipid-anchored proteins attached to the membranes by a glycolipid anchor that is added, as posttranslation modification, in the endoplasmic reticulum. GPI-APs are expressed at the cell surface of eukaryotes where they play diverse vital functions. Like all plasma membrane proteins, GPI-APs must be correctly sorted along the different steps of the secretory pathway to their final destination. The presence of both a glycolipid anchor and a protein portion confers special trafficking features to GPI-APs. Here, we discuss the recent advances in the field of GPI-AP trafficking, focusing on the mechanisms regulating their biosynthetic pathway and plasma membrane organization. We also discuss how alterations of these mechanisms can result in different diseases. Finally, we will examine the strict relationship between the trafficking and function of GPI-APs in epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Paladino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Lebreton
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy; Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Puig B, Altmeppen H, Glatzel M. The GPI-anchoring of PrP: implications in sorting and pathogenesis. Prion 2015; 8:11-8. [PMID: 24509692 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an N-glycosylated GPI-anchored protein usually present in lipid rafts with numerous putative functions. When it changes its conformation to a pathological isoform (then referred to as PrP(Sc)), it is an essential part of the prion, the agent causing fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative prion diseases. There is growing evidence that toxicity and neuronal damage on the one hand and propagation/infectivity on the other hand are two distinct processes of the disease and that the GPI-anchor attachment of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) plays an important role in protein localization and in neurotoxicity. Here we review how the signal sequence of the GPI-anchor matters in PrP(C) localization, how an altered cellular localization of PrP(C) or differences in GPI-anchor composition can affect prion infection, and we discuss through which mechanisms changes on the anchorage of PrP(C) can modify the disease process.
Collapse
|
39
|
Membrane rafts in the erythrocyte membrane: a novel role of MPP1p55. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 842:61-78. [PMID: 25408337 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
40
|
Tokunaga M, Kokubu C, Maeda Y, Sese J, Horie K, Sugimoto N, Kinoshita T, Yusa K, Takeda J. Simulation and estimation of gene number in a biological pathway using almost complete saturation mutagenesis screening of haploid mouse cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1016. [PMID: 25418962 PMCID: PMC4301880 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide saturation mutagenesis and subsequent phenotype-driven screening has been central to a comprehensive understanding of complex biological processes in classical model organisms such as flies, nematodes, and plants. The degree of “saturation” (i.e., the fraction of possible target genes identified) has been shown to be a critical parameter in determining all relevant genes involved in a biological function, without prior knowledge of their products. In mammalian model systems, however, the relatively large scale and labor intensity of experiments have hampered the achievement of actual saturation mutagenesis, especially for recessive traits that require biallelic mutations to manifest detectable phenotypes. Results By exploiting the recently established haploid mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we present an implementation of almost complete saturation mutagenesis in a mammalian system. The haploid ESCs were mutagenized with the chemical mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and processed for the screening of mutants defective in various steps of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthetic pathway. The resulting 114 independent mutant clones were characterized by a functional complementation assay, and were shown to be defective in any of 20 genes among all 22 known genes essential for this well-characterized pathway. Ten mutants were further validated by whole-exome sequencing. The predominant generation of single-nucleotide substitutions by ENU resulted in a gene mutation rate proportional to the length of the coding sequence, which facilitated the experimental design of saturation mutagenesis screening with the aid of computational simulation. Conclusions Our study enables mammalian saturation mutagenesis to become a realistic proposition. Computational simulation, combined with a pilot mutagenesis experiment, could serve as a tool for the estimation of the number of genes essential for biological processes such as drug target pathways when a positive selection of mutants is available. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1016) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kosuke Yusa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Götze S, Azzouz N, Tsai YH, Groß U, Reinhardt A, Anish C, Seeberger PH, Varón Silva D. Toxoplasmose-Diagnose mithilfe eines synthetisch hergestellten Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Götze S, Azzouz N, Tsai YH, Groß U, Reinhardt A, Anish C, Seeberger PH, Varón Silva D. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis using a synthetic glycosylphosphatidylinositol glycan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13701-5. [PMID: 25323101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Around 2 billion people worldwide are infected with the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii which induces a variety of medical conditions. For example, primary infection during pregnancy can result in fetal death or mental retardation of the child. Diagnosis of acute infections in pregnant women is challenging but crucially important as the drugs used to treat T. gondii infections are potentially harmful to the unborn child. Better, faster, more reliable, and cheaper means of diagnosis by using defined antigens for accurate serological tests are highly desirable. Synthetic pathogen-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycan antigens are diagnostic markers and have been used to distinguish between toxoplasmosis disease states using human sera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Götze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam (Germany); Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jaensch N, Corrêa IR, Watanabe R. Stable cell surface expression of GPI-anchored proteins, but not intracellular transport, depends on their fatty acid structure. Traffic 2014; 15:1305-29. [PMID: 25196094 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are a class of lipid anchored proteins expressed on the cell surface of eukaryotes. The potential interaction of GPI-APs with ordered lipid domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids has been proposed to function in the intracellular transport of these lipid anchored proteins. Here, we examined the biological importance of two saturated fatty acids present in the phosphatidylinositol moiety of GPI-APs. These fatty acids are introduced by the action of lipid remodeling enzymes and required for the GPI-AP association within ordered lipid domains. We found that the fatty acid remodeling is not required for either efficient Golgi-to-plasma membrane transport or selective endocytosis via GPI-enriched early endosomal compartment (GEEC)/ clathrin-independent carrier (CLIC) pathway, whereas cholesterol depletion significantly affects both pathways independent of their fatty acid structure. Therefore, the mechanism of cholesterol dependence does not appear to be related to the interaction with ordered lipid domains mediated by two saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, cholesterol extraction drastically releases the unremodeled GPI-APs carrying an unsaturated fatty acid from the cell surface, but not remodeled GPI-APs carrying two saturated fatty acids. This underscores the essential role of lipid remodeling to ensure a stable membrane association of GPI-APs particularly under potential membrane lipid perturbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jaensch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva Sciences II, CH1-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Taroh Kinoshita
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sørensen DM, Holen HW, Holemans T, Vangheluwe P, Palmgren MG. Towards defining the substrate of orphan P5A-ATPases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:524-35. [PMID: 24836520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-type ATPases are ubiquitous ion and lipid pumps found in cellular membranes. P5A-ATPases constitute a poorly characterized subfamily of P-type ATPases present in all eukaryotic organisms but for which a transported substrate remains to be identified. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review aims to discuss the available evidence which could lead to identification of possible substrates of P5A-ATPases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The complex phenotypes resulting from the loss of P5A-ATPases in model organisms can be explained by a role of the P5A-ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where loss of function leads to broad and unspecific phenotypes related to the impairment of basic ER functions such as protein folding and processing. Genetic interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae point to a role of the endogenous P5A-ATPase Spf1p in separation of charges in the ER, in sterol metabolism, and in insertion of tail-anchored proteins in the ER membrane. A role for P5A-ATPases in vesicle formation would explain why sterol transport and distribution are affected in knock out cells, which in turn has a negative impact on the spontaneous insertion of tail-anchored proteins. It would also explain why secretory proteins destined for the Golgi and the cell wall have difficulties in reaching their final destination. Cations and phospholipids could both be transported substrates of P5A-ATPases and as each carry charges, transport of either might explain why a charge difference arises across the ER membrane. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of the substrate of P5A-ATPases would throw light on an important general process in the ER that is still not fully understood. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Structural biochemistry and biophysics of membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Mollerup Sørensen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPkin, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Waldal Holen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPkin, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tine Holemans
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, ON1 Campus Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, ON1 Campus Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael G Palmgren
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPkin, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The inhibition of functional expression of calcium channels by prion protein demonstrates competition with α2δ for GPI-anchoring pathways. Biochem J 2014; 458:365-74. [PMID: 24329154 PMCID: PMC3924758 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown recently that PrP (prion protein) and the calcium channel auxiliary α2δ subunits interact in neurons and expression systems [Senatore, Colleoni, Verderio, Restelli, Morini, Condliffe, Bertani, Mantovani, Canovi, Micotti, Forloni, Dolphin, Matteoli, Gobbi and Chiesa (2012) Neuron 74, 300-313]. In the present study we examined whether there was an effect of PrP on calcium currents. We have shown that when PrP is co-expressed with calcium channels formed from CaV2.1/β and α2δ-1 or α2δ-2, there is a consistent decrease in calcium current density. This reduction was absent when a PrP construct was used lacking its GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor. We have reported previously that α2δ subunits are able to form GPI-anchored proteins [Davies, Kadurin, Alvarez-Laviada, Douglas, Nieto-Rostro, Bauer, Pratt and Dolphin (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 1654-1659] and show further evidence in the present paper. We have characterized recently a C-terminally truncated α2δ-1 construct, α2δ-1ΔC, and found that, despite loss of its membrane anchor, it still shows a partial ability to increase calcium currents [Kadurin, Alvarez-Laviada, Ng, Walker-Gray, D'Arco, Fadel, Pratt and Dolphin (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 1287, 33554-33566]. We now find that PrP does not inhibit CaV2.1/β currents formed with α2δ-1ΔC, rather than α2δ-1. It is possible that PrP and α2δ-1 compete for GPI-anchor intermediates or trafficking pathways, or that interaction between PrP and α2δ-1 requires association in cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. Our additional finding that CaV2.1/β1b/α2δ-1 currents were inhibited by GPI-GFP, but not cytosolic GFP, indicates that competition for limited GPI-anchor intermediates or trafficking pathways may be involved in PrP suppression of α2δ subunit function.
Collapse
|
47
|
Huang GL, Anderson TD, Clubb RT. Engineering microbial surfaces to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. Bioengineered 2013; 5:96-106. [PMID: 24430239 PMCID: PMC4049913 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.27461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewable lignocellulosic plant biomass is a promising feedstock from which to produce biofuels, chemicals, and materials. One approach to cost-effectively exploit this resource is to use consolidating bioprocessing (CBP) microbes that directly convert lignocellulose into valuable end products. Because many promising CBP-enabling microbes are non-cellulolytic, recent work has sought to engineer them to display multi-cellulase containing minicellulosomes that hydrolyze biomass more efficiently than isolated enzymes. In this review, we discuss progress in engineering the surfaces of the model microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We compare the distinct approaches used to display cellulases and minicellulosomes, as well as their surface enzyme densities and cellulolytic activities. Thus far, minicellulosomes have only been grafted onto the surfaces of B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae, suggesting that the absence of an outer membrane in fungi and Gram-positive bacteria may make their surfaces better suited for displaying the elaborate multi-enzyme complexes needed to efficiently degrade lignocellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA; UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Timothy D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA; UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Robert T Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA; UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA; Molecular Biology Institute; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Masuishi Y, Nomura A, Okayama A, Kimura Y, Arakawa N, Hirano H. Mass spectrometric identification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored peptides. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4617-26. [PMID: 24001144 DOI: 10.1021/pr4004807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring is a post-translational modification widely observed among eukaryotic membrane proteins. GPI anchors are attached to proteins via the carboxy-terminus in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, where GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) perform important functions as coreceptors and enzymes. Precursors of GPI-APs (Pre-GPI-APs) contain a C-terminal hydrophobic sequence that is involved in cleavage of the signal sequence from the protein and addition of the GPI anchor by the transamidase complex. In order to confirm that a given protein contains a GPI anchor, it is essential to identify the C-terminal peptide containing the GPI-anchor modification site (ω-site). Previously, efficient identification of GPI-anchored C-terminal peptides by mass spectrometry has been difficult, in part because of complex structure of the GPI-anchor moiety. We developed a method to experimentally identify GPI-APs and their ω-sites. In this method, a part of GPI-anchor moieties are removed from GPI-anchored peptides using phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and aqueous hydrogen fluoride (HF), and peptide sequence is then determined by mass spectrometry. Using this method, we successfully identified 10 GPI-APs and 12 ω-sites in the cultured ovarian adenocarcinoma cells, demonstrating that this method is useful for identifying efficiently GPI-APs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Masuishi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science and ‡Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University , Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gamage DG, Hendrickson TL. GPI Transamidase and GPI anchored proteins: Oncogenes and biomarkers for cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:446-64. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.831024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
50
|
Identification and functional analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi genes that encode proteins of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2369. [PMID: 23951384 PMCID: PMC3738449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi is a protist parasite that causes Chagas disease. Several proteins that are essential for parasite virulence and involved in host immune responses are anchored to the membrane through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) molecules. In addition, T. cruzi GPI anchors have immunostimulatory activities, including the ability to stimulate the synthesis of cytokines by innate immune cells. Therefore, T. cruzi genes related to GPI anchor biosynthesis constitute potential new targets for the development of better therapies against Chagas disease. Methodology/Principal Findings In silico analysis of the T. cruzi genome resulted in the identification of 18 genes encoding proteins of the GPI biosynthetic pathway as well as the inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase gene. Expression of GFP fusions of some of these proteins in T. cruzi epimastigotes showed that they localize in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Expression analyses of two genes indicated that they are constitutively expressed in all stages of the parasite life cycle. T. cruzi genes TcDPM1, TcGPI10 and TcGPI12 complement conditional yeast mutants in GPI biosynthesis. Attempts to generate T. cruzi knockouts for three genes were unsuccessful, suggesting that GPI may be an essential component of the parasite. Regarding TcGPI8, which encodes the catalytic subunit of the transamidase complex, although we were able to generate single allele knockout mutants, attempts to disrupt both alleles failed, resulting instead in parasites that have undergone genomic recombination and maintained at least one active copy of the gene. Conclusions/Significance Analyses of T. cruzi sequences encoding components of the GPI biosynthetic pathway indicated that they are essential genes involved in key aspects of host-parasite interactions. Complementation assays of yeast mutants with these T. cruzi genes resulted in yeast cell lines that can now be employed in high throughput screenings of drugs against this parasite. Chagas disease, considered one of the most neglected tropical diseases, is caused by the blood-borne parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and currently affects about 8 million people in Latin America. T. cruzi can be transmitted by insect vectors, blood transfusion, organ transplantation and mother-to-baby as well as through ingestion of contaminated food. Although T. cruzi causes life-long infections that can result in serious damage to the heart, the two drugs currently available to treat Chagas disease, benznidazole and nifurtimox, which have been used for more than 40 years, have proven efficacy only during the acute phase of the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs that are more targeted, less toxic, and more effective against this parasite. Here we described the characterization of T. cruzi genes involved in the biosynthesis of GPI anchors, a molecule responsible for holding different types of glycoproteins on the parasite membrane. Since GPI anchored proteins are essential molecules T. cruzi uses during infection, besides helping understand how this parasite interacts with its host, this work may contribute to the development of better therapies against Chagas disease.
Collapse
|