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Ai D, Yin Y, Xia X, Yang S, Sun Y, Zhou J, Qin H, Xu X, Song J. Validation of a physiological type 2 diabetes model in human periodontal ligament stem cells. Oral Dis 2024; 30:3363-3375. [PMID: 37794779 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a recognized risk factor for periodontitis, is characterized by insulin resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms concerning the role of insulin resistance in linking T2DM and periodontitis remain poorly elucidated due to the absence of an appropriate T2DM cell model. We aimed to explore an appropriate model of T2DM in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and uncover the involved mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS hPDLSCs were incubated with common reagents for recapitulating insulin resistance state including high glucose (HG) (15, 25, 35, 45 mM), glucosamine (0.8, 8, 18, 28, 38 mM), or palmitic acid (PA; 100, 200, 400, 800 μM), combined with LPS for 48 h. The insulin signaling pathway, inflammation, and pyroptosis were detected by western blots and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The effects on osteogenesis were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red S staining, RT-qPCR, and western blots. RESULTS HG failed to recapitulate insulin resistance. Glucosamine was sufficient to induce insulin resistance but failed to trigger inflammation. In total, 100 and 200 μM PA exhibited the most proinflammatory, insulin resistance, and pyroptosis induced role, and inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. CONCLUSION Palmitic acid is a promising candidate for developing T2DM model in hPDLSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Ai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuyun Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sihan Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Qin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Malik S, Inamdar S, Acharya J, Goel P, Ghaskadbi S. Characterization of palmitic acid toxicity induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105802. [PMID: 38431059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An etiology of palmitic acid (PA) induced insulin resistance (IR) is complex for which two mechanisms are proposed namely ROS induced JNK activation and lipid induced protein kinase-C (PKCε) activation. However, whether these mechanisms act alone or in consortium is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we have characterized PA induced IR in liver cells. These cells were treated with different concentrations of PA for either 8 or 16 h. Insulin responsiveness of cells treated with PA for 8 h was found to be same as that of control. However, cells treated with PA for 16 h, showed increased glucose output both in the presence and in absence of insulin only at higher concentrations, indicating development of IR. In these, both JNK and PKCε were activated in response to increased ROS and lipid accumulation, respectively. Activated JNK and PKCε phosphorylated IRS1 at Ser-307 resulting in inhibition of AKT which in turn inactivated GSK3β, leading to reduced glycogen synthase activity. Inhibition of AKT also reduced insulin suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and increased expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes and their transcription factors. CONCLUSION Thus, our data clearly demonstrate that both these mechanisms work simultaneously and more importantly, identified a threshold of HepG2 cells, which when crossed led to the pathological state of IR in response to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Malik
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shrirang Inamdar
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jhankar Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Pranay Goel
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Saroj Ghaskadbi
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 prevents free fatty acid-induced oxidative stress and insulin resistance by modulating JNK pathway: In vitro and in vivo findings. Life Sci 2022; 289:120221. [PMID: 34902437 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Free fatty acid-mediated obesity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes. FFA induced JNK activation acts as a central regulator in causing hepatic insulin resistance. Similarly, Pancreastatin, a chromogranin A peptide, serves as a crucial link between FFA-induced insulin resistance. Therefore, in the present work, we sought to test Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 to ameliorate FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance in in vitro and in vivo models. MATERIAL AND METHODS To verify our objective, we exposed hepatocytes (HepG2 cells) with palmitate (0.3 mM) or palmitate + PSTi8 (200 nM). Parallelly mice were fed either HFD or HFD + PSTi8 (1 mg/kg). After 21 days animals were scanned for increased fat mass, along with GTT, ITT and PTT experiment to check glucose, and insulin tolerance. Furthermore, ROS generation and hepatic glycogen content was measured in FFA exposed hepatocytes. Gene expression and protein expression studies were further conducted to delineate the action mechanism of PSTi8. KEY FINDINGS PSTi8 exposure decreased ROS accumulation, lipid accumulation, and reduced glycogen content in FFA-induced groups. It also enhances glucose uptake and reduces gluconeogenesis to combat the FFA effect. Furthermore, gene expression studies indicate that PSTi8 treatment reduces NADPH oxidase3 (NOX3) expression and inhibits JNK signaling, a predominant source of ROS-induced insulin resistance. SIGNIFICANCE To summarize, the protective effect of PSTi8 on FFA-induced insulin resistance is mediated via inhibition of JNK signaling, which leads to decreased ROS generation and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Hence PSTi8 could be a therapeutic molecule to prevent western diet-induced insulin resistance.
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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Jung SH, Lee W, Park SH, Lee KY, Choi YJ, Choi S, Kang D, Kim S, Chang TS, Hong SS, Lee BH. Diclofenac impairs autophagic flux via oxidative stress and lysosomal dysfunction: Implications for hepatotoxicity. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101751. [PMID: 33080439 PMCID: PMC7575798 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with various side effects, including cardiovascular and hepatic disorders. Studies suggest that mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress are important mediators of toxicity, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identified that some NSAIDs, including diclofenac, inhibit autophagic flux in hepatocytes. Further detailed studies demonstrated that diclofenac induced a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent increase in lysosomal pH, attenuated cathepsin activity and blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion. The reactivation of lysosomal function by treatment with clioquinol or transfection with the transcription factor EB restored lysosomal pH and thus autophagic flux. The production of mitochondrial ROS is critical for this process since scavenging ROS reversed lysosomal dysfunction and activated autophagic flux. The compromised lysosomal activity induced by diclofenac also inhibited the fusion with and degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy. Diclofenac-induced cell death and hepatotoxicity were effectively protected by rapamycin. Thus, we demonstrated that diclofenac induces the intracellular ROS production and lysosomal dysfunction that lead to the suppression of autophagy. Impaired autophagy fails to maintain mitochondrial integrity and aggravates the cellular ROS burden, which leads to diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Yo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohee Choi
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinri Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Shin Chang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Gupta AP, Syed AA, Garg R, Goand UK, Singh P, Riyazuddin M, Valicherla GR, Husain A, Gayen JR. Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 attenuates hyperinsulinemia induced obesity and inflammation mediated insulin resistance via MAPK/NOX3-JNK pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172723. [PMID: 31586632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreastatin (PST), a chromogranin A derived peptide has anti-insulin effects and plays a significant role in obesity-induced insulin resistance. In obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, both insulin and PST level are elevated, but it is not clearly understood how anti-insulin effect of PST get regulated in hyperinsulinemic state. Simultaneously we have explored pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 against the native PST in the same hyperinsulinemic state. In in-vitro studies, we found that PST treatment increases lipid droplets and reactive oxygen species production in 3T3L1 adipocyte cells and theses effects of PST was found synergistic with chronic-insulin treatment. Treatment of PSTi8 in 3T3L1 adipocytes attenuates PST effect on lipid droplet formation and reactive oxygen species production. We further validated these findings in epididymal white adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice, implanted with mini-osmotic insulin pump with and without PSTi8 for 4 weeks. We found that chronic hyperinsulinemia enhanced PST levels in circulation which in turn induces expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. In addition, it also stimulated the expression of lipogenic genes, fat mass and body weight gain through the regulation of circulating adiponectin level. The change in PST mediated inflammatory and lipogenic parameters were attenuated by PSTi8 treatment, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis. PSTi8 rescue from PST mediated insulin resistance in adipose via inhibition of MAPK and NOX3-JNK stress signalling pathway which stimulates GLUT4 expression through activation of AKT-AS160 pathway. Thus PSTi8 may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of hyperinsulinemia induced obesity and inflammation mediated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand P Gupta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Anees A Syed
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Garg
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Umesh K Goand
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Pragati Singh
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Mohammed Riyazuddin
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Guru R Valicherla
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Athar Husain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932. [PMID: 31363792 PMCID: PMC6813288 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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9
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Yang Q, Zhu Z, Wang L, Xia H, Mao J, Wu J, Kato K, Li H, Zhang J, Yamanaka K, An Y. The protective effect of silk fibroin on high glucose induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 69:66-71. [PMID: 30959417 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of silk-derived materials such as fibroin in biomedicine is well-established in Southeast Asian countries. Studies indicated that silk fibroin (SF) peptide enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism phenomena associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) suggesting this peptide may be beneficial to treat this disease. However, the mechanisms underlying protective effect of SF in insulin-mediated hepatic metabolic dysfunction remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of SF on insulin resistant HepG2 cells which were used a model of T2DM. Treatment of cells with 30 mmol/L of glucose and 10-6 mol/L insulin for 48 h significantly reduced glucose consumptions and intracellular glycogen levels but increased triglyceride (TG) levels. SF or metformin alone elevated glucose consumptions and glycogen accumulation accompanied by lower TG content. Greater effects in these metabolic parameters were found when SF and metformin were combined. Treatment of insulin resistant cells with SF or metformin alone decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6); whereas antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) ability increased. The combination of SF and metformin produced greater changes in these parameters compared to metformin alone. Data indicated that the protective effect of SF or metformin in insulin resistant HepG2 cells involves inhibition of oxidant processes and that the combination of agents may prove more effective therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlei Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luna Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixuan Xia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Mao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Heran Li
- Microwants International Biotechnology LTD, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kenzo Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Yan An
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Fan X, Tao J, Zhou Y, Hou Y, Wang Y, Gu D, Su Y, Jang Y, Li S. Investigations on the effects of ginsenoside-Rg1 on glucose uptake and metabolism in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 843:277-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Protective Role of Polyphenols against Vascular Inflammation, Aging and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010053. [PMID: 30597847 PMCID: PMC6357531 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor in the development of chronic diseases affecting various tissues including the cardiovascular system, muscle and bones. Age-related diseases are a consequence of the accumulation of cellular damage and reduced activity of protective stress response pathways leading to low-grade systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Both inflammation and oxidative stress are major contributors to cellular senescence, a process in which cells stop proliferating and become dysfunctional by secreting inflammatory molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and extracellular matrix components that cause inflammation and senescence in the surrounding tissue. This process is known as the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Thus, accumulation of senescent cells over time promotes the development of age-related diseases, in part through the SASP. Polyphenols, rich in fruits and vegetables, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities associated with protective effects against major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms by which polyphenols improve anti-oxidant capacity, mitochondrial function and autophagy, while reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). We also discuss the therapeutic potential of polyphenols in reducing the effects of the SASP and the incidence of CVD.
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Issa N, Lachance G, Bellmann K, Laplante M, Stadler K, Marette A. Cytokines promote lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through induction of NADPH oxidase 3 expression and superoxide production. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2321-2328. [PMID: 30317185 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m086504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes are one of the major superoxide-generating systems in cells. NOX-generated superoxide has been suggested to promote insulin resistance in the liver. However, the role of NOX enzymes in mediating metabolic dysfunction in other insulin target tissues remains unclear. Here, we show that NOX3 expression is induced in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes upon treatment with proinflammatory cytokines. Superoxide production increased concurrently with NOX3 protein expression in cytokine-treated adipocytes, which was inhibited by the NOX inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). Treatment of adipocytes with cytokines increased lipolysis and decreased PPARγ activity. Interestingly, treatment with DPI blunted lipolysis activation by cytokines but failed to restore PPARγ activity. siRNA-mediated NOX3 downregulation also prevented cytokine-induced superoxide generation and lipolysis. In line with increasing lipolysis, cytokines increased the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which was reversed by treatment with DPI and silencing of NOX3 expression. We conclude that NOX3 is a cytokine-inducible superoxide-generating enzyme in adipocytes, which promotes lipolysis through increasing phosphorylation of HSL. This suggests a key role for NOX3-mediated superoxide production in the increased adipocyte lipolysis in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Issa
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Lachance
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Kerstin Bellmann
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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13
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Bravo D, Hoare A, Soto C, Valenzuela MA, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori in human health and disease: Mechanisms for local gastric and systemic effects. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3071-3089. [PMID: 30065554 PMCID: PMC6064966 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i28.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is present in roughly 50% of the human population worldwide and infection levels reach over 70% in developing countries. The infection has classically been associated with different gastro-intestinal diseases, but also with extra gastric diseases. Despite such associations, the bacterium frequently persists in the human host without inducing disease, and it has been suggested that H. pylori may also play a beneficial role in health. To understand how H. pylori can produce such diverse effects in the human host, several studies have focused on understanding the local and systemic effects triggered by this bacterium. One of the main mechanisms by which H. pylori is thought to damage the host is by inducing local and systemic inflammation. However, more recently, studies are beginning to focus on the effects of H. pylori and its metabolism on the gastric and intestinal microbiome. The objective of this review is to discuss how H. pylori has co-evolved with humans, how H. pylori presence is associated with positive and negative effects in human health and how inflammation and/or changes in the microbiome are associated with the observed outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Bravo
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Cristopher Soto
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Manuel A Valenzuela
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute for Health-Related Research and Innovation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8380447, Chile
| | - Andrew FG Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380447, Chile
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14
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P53 modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity through NF-κB and p38/ERK MAPK pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2139-2144. [PMID: 29258820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Besides its well-established oncosuppressor activity, the role of p53 in regulating metabolic pathways has been recently identified. Nevertheless, the function of p53 with respect to insulin resistance appears highly controversial. To address this issue, we investigated the expression of p53 in experimental model of insulin resistance. Then we used activator (nutlin-3α) and inhibitor (pifithrin-α, PFT-α) of p53 in HepG2 cell. Here we showed that p53 protein level was decreased in the hepatic tissue of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance mice, genetically diabetic ob/ob mice and palmitate (PA) treated HepG2 cells. And high expression of phosphor-p38, ERK1/2 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 accompanied with low expression of p53. But activation of p53 with nutlin-3α prevented PA-induced reduction of glucose consumption and suppression of insulin signaling pathways. At the same time, nutlin-3α downregulated the activation of NF-κB, p38 and ERK1/2 pathways upon stimulation with PA. In contrast, inhibition of p53 with PFT-α decreased glucose consumption and suppressed insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, PFT-α activated NF-κB, p38 and ERK1/2 pathways in HepG2 cells. Overall, these results suggest that p53 is involved in improving insulin sensitivity of hepatic cells via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB pathways.
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15
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Cheng DD, He C, Ai HH, Huang Y, Lu NH. The Possible Role of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:743. [PMID: 28539915 PMCID: PMC5423951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) which colonizes the stomach can cause a wide array of gastric disorders, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Recently, accumulating evidence has implicated H. pylori infection in extragastrointestinal diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases. At the same time, many scholars have noted the relationship between H. pylori infection and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despite the positive association between H. pylori and NAFLD reported in some researches, there are opposite perspectives denying their relationship. Due to high prevalence, unclear etiology and difficult treatment of NAFLD, confirming the pathogenicity of H. pylori infection in NAFLD will undoubtedly provide insights for novel treatment strategies for NAFLD. This paper will review the relationship between H. pylori infection and NAFLD and the possible pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Cong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Hong-Hui Ai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Yugan County People's HospitalYugan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang, China
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16
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Geng S, Wang S, Zhu W, Xie C, Li X, Wu J, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Yang X, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Meng Y, Zhu M, Wu R, Huang C, Zhong C. Curcumin attenuates BPA-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells through suppression of JNK/p38 pathways. Toxicol Lett 2017; 272:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Li YY, Shi ZM, Yu XY, Feng P, Wang XJ. Urotensin II-induced insulin resistance is mediated by NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5769-5779. [PMID: 27433090 PMCID: PMC4932212 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigated the effects of urotensin II (UII) on hepatic insulin resistance in HepG2 cells and the potential mechanisms involved.
METHODS: Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were cultured with or without exogenous UII for 24 h, in the presence or absence of 100 nmol/L insulin for the last 30 min. Glucose levels were detected by the glucose-oxidase method and glycogen synthesis was analyzed by glycogen colorimetric/fluorometric assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected with a multimode reader using a 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe. The protein expression and phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), insulin signal essential molecules such as insulin receptor substrate -1 (IRS-1), protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and glucose transporter-2 (Glut 2), and NADPH oxidase subunits such as gp91phox, p67phox, p47phox, p40phox, and p22phox were evaluated by Western blot.
RESULTS: Exposure to 100 nmol/L UII reduced the insulin-induced glucose consumption (P < 0.05) and glycogen content (P < 0.01) in HepG2 cells compared with cells without UII. UII also abolished insulin-stimulated protein expression (P < 0.01) and phosphorylation of IRS-1 (P < 0.05), associated with down-regulation of Akt (P < 0.05) and GSK-3β (P < 0.05) phosphorylation levels, and the expression of Glut 2 (P < 0.001), indicating an insulin-resistance state in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, UII enhanced the phosphorylation of JNK (P < 0.05), while the activity of JNK, insulin signaling, such as total protein of IRS-1 (P < 0.001), phosphorylation of IRS-1 (P < 0.001) and GSK-3β (P < 0.05), and glycogen synthesis (P < 0.001) could be reversed by pretreatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Besides, UII markedly improved ROS generation (P < 0.05) and NADPH oxidase subunit expression (P < 0.05). However, the antioxidant/NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin could decrease UII-induced ROS production (P < 0.05), JNK phosphorylation (P < 0.05), and insulin resistance (P < 0.05) in HepG2 cells.
CONCLUSION: UII induces insulin resistance, and this can be reversed by JNK inhibitor SP600125 and antioxidant/NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin targeting the insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells.
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18
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Zhao H, Huang X, Jiao J, Zhang H, Liu J, Qin W, Meng X, Shen T, Lin Y, Chu J, Li J. Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) functions as a critical regulator in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18093. [PMID: 26666849 PMCID: PMC4678300 DOI: 10.1038/srep18093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) was shown to participate in multiple cellular processes, including DNA damage response, cell cycle and embryo development. Recent studies demonstrated a looming role of PP4 in glucose metabolism. However, whether PP4 is involved in hepatic insulin resistance remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to estimate the role of PP4 in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced hepatic insulin resistance. db/db mice and TNF-α-treated C57BL/6J mice were used as hepatic insulin resistance animal models. In vitro models were established in both HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes by TNF-α treatment. We found that increased expression and activity of PP4 occurred in the livers of db/db mice and TNF-α-induced hepatic insulin resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Actually, PP4 silencing and suppression of PP4 activity ameliorated TNF-α-induced hepatic insulin resistance, whereas over-expression of PP4 caused insulin resistance. We then further investigated the prodiabetic mechanism of PP4 in TNF-α-induced insulin resistance. We found that PP4 formed a complex with IRS-1 to promote phosphorylation of IRS-1 on serine 307 via JNK activation and reduce the expression of IRS-1. Thus, PP4 is an important regulator in inflammatory related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zhao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Juan Jiao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hangxiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yajun Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian Li
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital &Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
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19
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Cammarota F, Fiscardi F, Esposito T, de Vita G, Salvatore M, Laukkanen MO. Clinical relevance of thyroid cell models in redox research. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:113. [PMID: 26664298 PMCID: PMC4673788 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid-derived cell models are commonly used to investigate the characteristics of thyroid cancers. It is noteworthy that each in vitro single cell model system imitates only a few characteristics of thyroid cancer depending on e.g. source of cells or oncogene used to transform the cells. Methods In the current work we utilized rat thyroid cancer cell models
to determine their clinical relevance in redox gene studies by comparing in vitro expression data to thyroid Oncomine microarray database. To survey the cell lines we analyzed mRNA expression of genes that produce superoxide anion (nox family), genes that catalyze destruction of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide (sod family), and genes that remove hydrogen peroxide from cellular environment (catalase, gpx family and prdx family). Results Based on the current results, rat thyroid PC Cl3, PC PTC1, PC E1A, or FRLT5 cell models can be used to study NOX2, NOX4, SOD2, SOD3, CATALASE, GPX1, GPX2, GPX5, PRDX2, and PRDX3 gene expression and function. Conclusions Redox gene expression in rat originated single cell model systems used to study human thyroid carcinogenesis corresponds only partly with human redox gene expression, which may be caused by differences in redox gene activation stimulus. The data suggest careful estimation of the data observed in rat thyroid in vitro models. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-015-0264-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriella de Vita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80014 Naples, Italy
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20
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Reis SRDL, Feres NH, Ignacio-Souza LM, Veloso RV, Arantes VC, Kawashita NH, Colodel EM, Botosso BL, Reis MADB, Latorraca MQ. Nutritional recovery with a soybean diet after weaning reduces lipogenesis but induces inflammation in the liver in adult rats exposed to protein restriction during intrauterine life and lactation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:781703. [PMID: 25892856 PMCID: PMC4393912 DOI: 10.1155/2015/781703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of postweaning nutritional recovery with a soybean flour diet on de novo hepatic lipogenesis and inflammation in adult rats exposed to protein restriction during intrauterine life and lactation. Rats from mothers fed with protein (casein) in a percentage of 17% (control, C) or 6% (low, L) during pregnancy and lactation were fed with diet that contained 17% casein (CC and LC groups, resp.) or soybean (CS and LS groups, resp.) after weaning until 90 days of age. LS and CS rats had low body weight, normal basal serum triglyceride levels, increased ALT concentrations, and high HOMA-IR indices compared with LC and CC rats. The soybean diet reduced PPARγ as well as malic enzyme and citrate lyase contents and activities. The lipogenesis rate and liver fat content were lower in LS and CS rats relative to LC and CC rats. TNFα mRNA and protein levels were higher in LS and CS rats than in LC and CC rats. NF-κB mRNA levels were lower in the LC and LS groups compared with the CC and LC groups. Thus, the soybean diet prevented hepatic steatosis at least in part through reduced lipogenesis but resulted in TNFα-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Regina de Lima Reis
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Naoel Hassan Feres
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Leticia Martins Ignacio-Souza
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Roberto Vilela Veloso
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Arantes
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Nair Honda Kawashita
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Edson Moleta Colodel
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Laet Botosso
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Marise Auxiliadora de Barros Reis
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Márcia Queiroz Latorraca
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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21
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Bertram K, Valcu CM, Weitnauer M, Linne U, Görlach A. NOX1 supports the metabolic remodeling of HepG2 cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122002. [PMID: 25806803 PMCID: PMC4373763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which act as signaling molecules in the regulation of protein expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell death. The NOX1 subunit is over-expressed in several cancers and NOX1 derived ROS have been repeatedly linked with tumorigenesis and tumor progression although underlying pathways are ill defined. We engineered NOX1-depleted HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells and employed differential display 2DE experiments in order to investigate changes in NOX1-dependent protein expression profiles. A total of 17 protein functions were identified to be dysregulated in NOX1-depleted cells. The proteomic results support a connection between NOX1 and the Warburg effect and a role for NOX in the regulation of glucose and glutamine metabolism as well as of lipid, protein and nucleotide synthesis in hepatic tumor cells. Metabolic remodeling is a common feature of tumor cells and understanding the underlying mechanisms is essential for the development of new cancer treatments. Our results reveal a manifold involvement of NOX1 in the metabolic remodeling of hepatoblastoma cells towards a sustained production of building blocks required to maintain a high proliferative rate, thus rendering NOX1 a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bertram
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina-Maria Valcu
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMV), (AG)
| | - Michael Weitnauer
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Linne
- Chemistry Department—Mass Spectrometry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMV), (AG)
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22
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Short-term changes in intracellular ROS localisation after the silver nanoparticles exposure depending on particle size. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:574-579. [PMID: 28962392 PMCID: PMC5598391 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposing cells to nanosilver particles (AgNPs) immediately induces ROS. Smaller AgNPs induce mitochondrial ROS production. AgNP-induced mitochondrial ROS are independent of particle internalisation.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. These effects are enhanced by smaller particles. Using live-cell imaging, we show that AgNPs induced ROS production rapidly in a size-dependent manner after exposure of cells to 70-nm and 1-nm AgNPs (AgNPs-70, AgNPs-1), but not AgNO3. Exposure of cells to 5 μg/mL each of AgNPs-70, AgNPs-1 or AgNO3 for 1 h decreased the cell viability by approximately 40%, 100% and 20%, respectively. ROS were rapidly induced after 5 and 60 min by AgNPs-1 and AgNPs-70, respectively, whereas AgNO3 had no detectable effect. ROS production detected using the reporter dichlorodihydrofluorescein was observed in whole cells and mitochondria 5 and 60 min after exposure to AgNPs-1. The present study is the first, to our knowledge, to report the temporal expression and intracellular localisation of ROS induced by AgNPs.
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23
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Hwang YJ, Wi HR, Kim HR, Park KW, Hwang KA. Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. alleviates lipogenesis and oxidative stress during oleic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells. Nutrients 2014; 6:2956-72. [PMID: 25057104 PMCID: PMC4113772 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess accumulation of lipids and oxidative stress in the liver contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (PSZ) can protect against NAFLD by regulating lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in the liver. To investigate the effect of PSZ upon NAFLD, we used an established cellular model: HepG2 cells treated with oleic acid. Then, the extent of hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress was assessed and levels of inflammatory markers measured. Oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells, compared with controls, had greater lipid accumulation. PSZ decreased lipid accumulation by 63% in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Additionally, PSZ decreased the target gene expression of lipogenesis such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-1, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 by 1.75, 6.0, 2.32, 1.93 and 1.81 fold, respectively. In addition, Oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells elicited extensive accumulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) by 4.53 fold, whereas PSZ-treated cells decreased the expression of TNFα mRNA by 1.76 fold. PSZ significantly inhibited oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that PSZ has effects on steatosis in vitro and further studies are needed in vivo to verify the current observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
| | - Hae-Ri Wi
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
| | - Haeng-Ran Kim
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
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24
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Polettini J, Silva MG, Kacerovsky M, Syed TA, Saade G, Menon R. Expression profiles of fetal membrane nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) 2 and 3 differentiates spontaneous preterm birth and pPROM pathophysiologies. Placenta 2014; 35:188-94. [PMID: 24439294 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX 1-5) are enzymes that generate cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) besides mitochondria and might be important ROS sources associated with pregnancy complications, particularly preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), that has been related to ROS. OBJECTIVE To characterize NOX enzymes expression in human fetal membranes. METHODS Differential expression and localization of NOX isoforms in human fetal membranes collected from women with uncomplicated pregnancies at term, preterm birth (PTB) or pPROM and in vitro in normal term membranes maintained in an organ explant system stimulated with water-soluble cigarette smoke extract (wsCSE) were documented by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fetal membranes from term deliveries, PTB and pPROM expressed NOX 2, 3 and 4 mRNAs whereas NOX 1 and 5 were not detected. NOX 2 expression was 2.3-fold higher in PTB than pPROM (p = 0.005) whereas NOX 3 was 2.2-fold higher in pPROM compared to PTB (p = 0.04). NOX 2 and 3 expressions at term mimicked pPROM and PTB, respectively. No difference in NOX 4 expression was observed among the studied groups. NOX 2, 3 and 4 were localized to both amniotic and chorionic cells. Expression of NOX 2, 3 and 4 were not significant in wsCSE-stimulated membranes compared to untreated controls. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS NOX enzymes are present in the fetal membranes and are differentially expressed in PTB and pPROM. Absence of any changes in NOXs expression after wsCSE stimulation suggests ROS generation in the membranes does not always correlate with NOX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polettini
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M G Silva
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Kacerovsky
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - T A Syed
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - G Saade
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - R Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Chu J, Zhang H, Huang X, Lin Y, Shen T, Chen B, Man Y, Wang S, Li J. Apelin ameliorates TNF-α-induced reduction of glycogen synthesis in the hepatocytes through G protein-coupled receptor APJ. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57231. [PMID: 23437347 PMCID: PMC3578810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin, a novel adipokine, is the specific endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Consistent with its putative role as an adipokine, apelin has been linked to states of insulin resistance. However, the function of apelin in hepatic insulin resistance, a vital part of insulin resistance, and its underlying mechanisms still remains unclear. Here we define the impacts of apelin on TNF-α-induced reduction of glycogen synthesis in the hepatocytes. Our studies indicate that apelin reversed TNF-α-induced reduction of glycogen synthesis in HepG2 cells, mouse primary hepatocytes and liver tissues of C57BL/6J mice by improving JNK-IRS1-AKT-GSK pathway. Moreover, Western blot revealed that APJ, but not apelin, expressed in the hepatocytes and liver tissues of mice. We found that F13A, a competitive antagonist for G protein-coupled receptor APJ, suppressed the effects of apelin on TNF-α-induced reduction of glycogen synthesis in the hepatocytes, suggesting APJ is involved in the function of apelin. In conclusion, we show novel evidence suggesting that apelin ameliorates TNF-α-induced reduction of glycogen synthesis in the hepatocytes through G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin appears as a beneficial adipokine with anti-insulin resistance properties, and thus as a promising therapeutic target in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Chu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hangxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Gerontology, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Beidong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Man
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (JL)
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics & Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (JL)
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Diaz-Cruz A, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Guinzberg R, Villalobos-Molina R, Piña E. NOX2 activated by α1-adrenoceptors modulates hepatic metabolic routes stimulated by β-adrenoceptors. Free Radic Res 2012; 45:1366-78. [PMID: 21958220 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.627920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes oxidase catalyzes the transport of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen and generates O(2)(•-), which is rapidly converted into H(2)O(2). We aimed to identify in hepatocytes the protein NOX complex responsible for H(2)O(2) synthesis after α(1)-adrenoceptor (α(1)-AR) stimulation, its activation mechanism, and to explore H(2)O(2) as a potential modulator of hepatic metabolic routes, gluconeogenesis, and ureagenesis, stimulated by the ARs. The dormant NOX2 complex present in hepatocyte plasma membrane (HPM) contains gp91(phox), p22(phox), p40(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox) and Rac 1 proteins. In HPM incubated with NADPH and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), α(1)-AR-mediated H(2)O(2) synthesis required all of these proteins except for p40(phox). A functional link between α(1)-AR and NOX was identified as the Gα(13) protein. Alpha(1)-AR stimulation in hepatocytes promotes Rac1-GTP generation, a necessary step for H(2)O(2) synthesis. Negative cross talk between α(1)-/β-ARs for H(2)O(2) synthesis was observed in HPM. In addition, negative cross talk of α(1)-AR via H(2)O(2) to β-AR-mediated stimulation was recorded in hepatocyte gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis, probably involving aquaporine activity. Based on previous work we suggest that H(2)O(2), generated after NOX2 activation by α(1)-AR lightening in hepatocytes, reacts with cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) subunits to form an oxidized PKA, insensitive to cAMP activation that prevented any rise in the rate of gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Necroptosis: an emerging form of programmed cell death. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 82:249-58. [PMID: 21962882 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis plays an important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Recently, a relatively new form of necrosis has been characterized as "necroptosis". Morphologically, necroptosis exhibits the features of necrosis; however, necroptosis exhibits a unique signaling pathway that requires the involvement of receptor interaction protein kinase 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3) and can be specifically inhibited by necrostatins. Necroptosis has been found to contribute to the regulation of immune system, cancer development as well as cellular responses to multiple stresses. In this review, we will summarize the signaling pathway, biological effects and pathological significance of this specific form of programmed cell death.
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Li L, Li F, Li F, Mao X, Yang L, Huang H, Guo Y, Chen L, Li J. NOX4-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Apelin-13-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation via the ERK Pathway. Int J Pept Res Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Singh S, Swarnkar S, Goswami P, Nath C. Astrocytes and microglia: responses to neuropathological conditions. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:589-97. [PMID: 21827229 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.598981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activated astrocytes and microglia, hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases release different factors like array of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, anti-oxidants, and neurotrophic factors during neurodegeneration which further contribute to neuronal death as well as in survival mechanisms. Astrocytes act as double-edged sword exerting both detrimental and neuroprotective effects while microglial cells are attributed more in neurodegenerative mechanisms. The dual and insufficient knowledge about the precise role of glia in neurodegeneration showed the need for further investigations and thorough review of the function of glia in neurodegeneration. In this review, we consolidate and categorize the glia-released factors which contribute in degenerative and protective mechanisms during neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Toxicology Division, Central Drug Research Institute-CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India.
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Katsuyama M, Matsuno K, Yabe-Nishimura C. Physiological roles of NOX/NADPH oxidase, the superoxide-generating enzyme. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 50:9-22. [PMID: 22247596 PMCID: PMC3246189 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-06sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a superoxide (O2•−)-generating enzyme first identified in phagocytes, essential for their bactericidal activities. Later, in non-phagocytes, production of O2•− was also demonstrated in an NADPH-dependent manner. In the last decade, several non-phagocyte-type NADPH oxidases have been identified. The catalytic subunit of these oxidases, NOX, constitutes the NOX family. There are five homologs in the family, NOX1 to NOX5, and two related enzymes, DUOX1 and DUOX2. Transgenic or gene-disrupted mice of the NOX family have also been established. NOX/DUOX proteins possess distinct features in the dependency on other components for their enzymatic activities, tissue distributions, and physiological functions. This review summarized the characteristics of the NOX family proteins, especially focused on their functions clarified through studies using gene-modified mice.
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Gao D, Nong S, Huang X, Lu Y, Zhao H, Lin Y, Man Y, Wang S, Yang J, Li J. The effects of palmitate on hepatic insulin resistance are mediated by NADPH Oxidase 3-derived reactive oxygen species through JNK and p38MAPK pathways. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29965-73. [PMID: 20647313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.128694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels in obesity may play a pathogenic role in the development of insulin resistance. However, molecular mechanisms linking FFA to insulin resistance remain poorly understood. Oxidative stress acts as a link between FFA and hepatic insulin resistance. NADPH oxidase 3 (NOX3)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) may mediate the effect of TNF-α on hepatocytes, in particular the drop in cellular glycogen content. In the present study, we define the critical role of NOX3-derived ROS in insulin resistance in db/db mice and HepG2 cells treated with palmitate. The db/db mice displayed increased serum FFA levels, excess generation of ROS, and up-regulation of NOX3 expression, accompanied by increased lipid accumulation and impaired glycogen content in the liver. Similar results were obtained from palmitate-treated HepG2 cells. The exposure of palmitate elevated ROS production and NOX3 expression and, in turn, increased gluconeogenesis and reduced glycogen content in HepG2 cells. We found that palmitate induced hepatic insulin resistance through JNK and p38(MAPK) pathways, which are rescued by siRNA-mediated NOX3 reduction. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a critical role of NOX3-derived ROS in palmitate-induced insulin resistance in hepatocytes, indicating that NOX3 is the predominant source of palmitate-induced ROS generation and that NOX3-derived ROS may drive palmitate-induced hepatic insulin resistance through JNK and p38(MAPK) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Morgan MJ, Liu ZG. Reactive oxygen species in TNFalpha-induced signaling and cell death. Mol Cells 2010; 30:1-12. [PMID: 20652490 PMCID: PMC6608586 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFalpha is a pleotropic cytokine that initiates many downstream signaling pathways, including NF-kappaB activation, MAP kinase activation and the induction of both apoptosis and necrosis. TNFalpha has shown to lead to reactive oxygen species generation through activation of NADPH oxidase, through mitochondrial pathways, or other enzymes. As discussed, ROS play a role in potentiation or inhibition of many of these signaling pathways. We particularly discuss the role of sustained JNK activation potentiated by ROS, which generally is supportive of apoptosis and "necrotic cell death" through various mechanisms, while ROS could have inhibitory or stimulatory roles in NF-kappaB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Morgan
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zheng-gang Liu
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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