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Zhang S, Zhao Y, Wang X, Qi C, Tian J, Zou Z. Synergistic lethality between auranofin-induced oxidative DNA damage and ATR inhibition in cancer cells. Life Sci 2023; 332:122131. [PMID: 37778414 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Studies in the past have shown that inhibition of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase sensitizes cancer cells to genotoxic anticancer treatments, however, clinical use of ATR inhibitors in combination with DNA damaging chemotherapy is limited due to toxicity in healthy tissues. In this study, we investigated the synergistic anticancer effect between ATR inhibition and oxidative DNA damage induced by the thioredoxin reductase inhibitor auranofin. MAIN METHODS Cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell viability assays. Western blot, comet assay, immunostaining and flow cytometry were performed to dissect the underlying mechanisms. In vivo efficacy was examined against tumor xenografts. KEY FINDINGS Nontoxic doses of auranofin alone increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer but not noncancerous cells, resulting in oxidative DNA damage and activation of the ATR DNA damage response pathway selectively in cancer cells. Inhibition of ATR in auranofin-treated cancer cells resulted in unscheduled firing of dormant DNA replication origins, abrogation of the S phase cell cycle checkpoint and extensive DNA breakage, leading to replication catastrophe and potent synergistic lethality. Both the antioxidant NAC and the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin reduced replication stress and synergistic cytotoxicity, implicating replication stress-driven catastrophic cell death resulted from collision between oxidative DNA damage and dysregulated DNA replication. In vivo, auranofin and VE822 coadministration enabled marked regressions of tumor xenografts, while each drug alone had no effect. SIGNIFICANCE As increased generation of ROS is a universal feature of tumors, our findings may open new routes to broaden the therapeutic potential of ATR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ce Qi
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jialiang Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihua Zou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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2
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Carpenter EL, Becker AL, Indra AK. NRF2 and Key Transcriptional Targets in Melanoma Redox Manipulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061531. [PMID: 35326683 PMCID: PMC8946769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic, pigment-producing cells located in the skin and are responsible for its protection against the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which include DNA damage and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). They do so by synthesizing photoprotective melanin pigments and distributing them to adjacent skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes). However, melanocytes encounter a large burden of oxidative stress during this process, due to both exogenous and endogenous sources. Therefore, melanocytes employ numerous antioxidant defenses to protect themselves; these are largely regulated by the master stress response transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Key effector transcriptional targets of NRF2 include the components of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems. Despite these defenses, melanocyte DNA often is subject to mutations that result in the dysregulation of the proliferative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the cell cycle. Following tumor initiation, endogenous antioxidant systems are co-opted, a consequence of elevated oxidative stress caused by metabolic reprogramming, to establish an altered redox homeostasis. This altered redox homeostasis contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, while also complicating the application of exogenous antioxidant treatments. Further understanding of melanocyte redox homeostasis, in the presence or absence of disease, would contribute to the development of novel therapies to aid in the prevention and treatment of melanomas and other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Cai H, Gong J, Abriola L, Hoyer D, NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array Team, Noggle S, Paull D, Del Priore LV, Fields MA. High-throughput screening identifies compounds that protect RPE cells from physiological stressors present in AMD. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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4
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Ralph SJ, Nozuhur S, ALHulais RA, Rodríguez‐Enríquez S, Moreno‐Sánchez R. Repurposing drugs as pro‐oxidant redox modifiers to eliminate cancer stem cells and improve the treatment of advanced stage cancers. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2397-2426. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Ralph
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Southport Australia
| | - Sam Nozuhur
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Southport Australia
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5
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de Souza LF, Pearson AG, Pace PE, Dafre AL, Hampton MB, Meotti FC, Winterbourn CC. Peroxiredoxin expression and redox status in neutrophils and HL-60 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:227-234. [PMID: 30862546 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are thiol peroxidases with a key role in antioxidant defense and redox signaling. They could be important in neutrophils for handling the large amount of oxidants that these cells produce. We investigated the redox state of Prx1 and Prx2 in HL-60 promyelocytic cells differentiated to neutrophil-like cells (dHL-60) and in human neutrophils. HL-60 cell differentiation with dimethyl sulfoxide caused a large decrease in expression of both Prxs, and all-trans retinoic acid also decreased Prx1 expression. Prx1 was mostly reduced in dHL-60 cells. NADPH oxidase activation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus induced rapid oxidation to disulfide-linked dimers, and eventually hyperoxidation. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium, prevented Prx1 dimerization in stimulated dHL-60 cells, and decreased the extent of oxidation under resting conditions. In contrast, Prx1 and Prx2 were present in neutrophils from human blood as disulfides, and PMA or S. aureus caused no further oxidation. They remained oxidized on incubation with diphenyleneiodonium in media. Although this suggests that Prx redox cycling could be deficient in neutrophils, thioredoxin expression and thioredoxin reductase activity were similar in neutrophils and dHL-60 cells. Additionally, neutrophil thioredoxin was initially reduced and underwent oxidation after PMA activation. Thus, although the Prxs respond to oxidant generation in dHL-60 cells, in neutrophils they appear "locked" as disulfides. On this basis we propose that neutrophil Prxs are inefficient antioxidants and contribute little to peroxide removal during the oxidative burst, and speculate that they might be involved in other cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Andree G Pearson
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8040, New Zealand
| | - Paul E Pace
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8040, New Zealand
| | - Alcir L Dafre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de ciências biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8040, New Zealand
| | - Flávia C Meotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8040, New Zealand.
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6
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Peroxiredoxins in Colorectal Cancer: Predictive Biomarkers of Radiation Response and Therapeutic Targets to Increase Radiation Sensitivity? Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7100136. [PMID: 30301137 PMCID: PMC6210826 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the Western world, with one-third of cases located in the rectum. Preoperative radiotherapy is the standard of care for many patients with rectal cancer but has a highly variable response rate. The ability to predict response would be of great clinical utility. The response of cells to ionizing radiation is known to involve immediate damage to biomolecules and more sustained disruption of redox homeostasis leading to cell death. The peroxiredoxins are an important group of thiol-dependent antioxidants involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress and regulating signaling pathways involved in cellular responses to oxidative stress. All six human peroxiredoxins have shown increased expression in CRC and may be associated with clinicopathological features and tumor response to ionizing radiation. Peroxiredoxins can act as markers of oxidative stress in various biological systems but they have not been investigated in this capacity in CRC. As such, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the role of peroxiredoxins as clinical biomarkers, but it is an area worthy of investigation. Future research should focus on the in vivo response of rectal cancer to radiotherapy and the redox status of peroxiredoxins in rectal cancer cells, in order to predict response to radiotherapy. The peroxiredoxin system is also a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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7
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Liu X, Liu K, Li C, Cai J, Huang L, Chen H, Wang H, Zou J, Liu M, Wang K, Tan S, Zhang H. Heat-shock protein B1 upholds the cytoplasm reduced state to inhibit activation of the Hippo pathway in H9c2 cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5117-5133. [PMID: 30256412 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein B1 (HSPB1) is a multifunctional protein that protects against oxidative stress; however, its function in antioxidant pathways remains largely unknown. Here, we sought to determine the roles of HSPB1 in H9c2 cells subjected to oxidative stress. Using nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we found that increased HSPB1 expression promoted the reduced states of glutathione reductase (GR), peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1), and thioredoxin 1, whereas knockdown of HSPB1 attenuated these responses following oxidative stress. Increased HSPB1 expression promoted the activation of GR and thioredoxin reductase. Conversely, knockdown of HSPB1 attenuated these responses following oxidative stress. Importantly, overexpression of HSPB1 promoted the complex formation between HSPB1 and oxidized Prx1, leading to dephosphorylation of STE-mammalian STE20-like kinase 1 (MST1) in H9c2 cells exposed to H2 O 2 , whereas downregulation of HSPB1 induced the opposite results. Mechanistically, HSPB1 regulated the Hippo pathway by enhancing the dephosphorylation of MST1, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of LATS1 and Yes-associated protein (YAP). Moreover, HSPB1 regulated YAP-dependent gene expression. Thus, HSPB1 promoted the reduced state of endogenous antioxidant pathways following oxidative stress in H9c2 cells and improved the redox state of the cytoplasm via modulation of the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiehong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Caiyan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaodi Cai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Zou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Meidong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Kangkai Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Sipin Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China
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8
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Zhang H, Rose BJ, Pyuen AA, Thamm DH. In vitro antineoplastic effects of auranofin in canine lymphoma cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:522. [PMID: 29724201 PMCID: PMC5934856 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orally available gold complex auranofin (AF) has been used in humans, primarily as an antirheumatic/immunomodulatory agent. It has been safely administered to healthy dogs to establish pharmacokinetic parameters for oral administration, and has also been used as a treatment in some dogs with immune-mediated conditions. Multiple in vitro studies have recently suggested that AF may possess antineoplastic properties. Spontaneous canine lymphoma may be a very useful translational model for the study of human lymphoma, prompting the evaluation of AF in canine lymphoma cells. METHODS We investigated the antineoplastic activity of AF in 4 canine lymphoid tumor derived cell lines through measurements of proliferation, apoptosis, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and detected the effects of AF when combined with conventional cytotoxic drugs using the Chou and Talalay method. We also evaluated the antiproliferative effects of AF in primary canine lymphoma cells using a bioreductive fluorometric assay. RESULTS At concentrations that appear clinically achievable in humans, AF demonstrated potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in canine lymphoid tumor cell lines. TrxR inhibition and increased ROS production was observed following AF treatment. Moreover, a synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed when AF was combined with lomustine or doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS Auranofin appears to inhibit the growth and initiate apoptosis in canine lymphoma cells in vitro at clinically achievable concentrations. Therefore, this agent has the potential to have near-term benefit for the treatment of canine lymphoma, as well as a translational model for human lymphoma. Decreased TrxR activity and increasing ROS production may be useful biomarkers of drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Barbara J Rose
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1620, USA
| | - Alex A Pyuen
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1620, USA.,Present Address: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1620, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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9
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Hampton MB, Vick KA, Skoko JJ, Neumann CA. Peroxiredoxin Involvement in the Initiation and Progression of Human Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:591-608. [PMID: 29237274 PMCID: PMC9836708 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE It has been proposed that cancer cells are heavily dependent on their antioxidant defenses for survival and growth. Peroxiredoxins are a family of abundant thiol-dependent peroxidases that break down hydrogen peroxide, and they have a central role in the maintenance and response of cells to alterations in redox homeostasis. As such, they are potential targets for disrupting tumor growth. Recent Advances: Genetic disruption of peroxiredoxin expression in mice leads to an increased incidence of neoplastic disease, consistent with a role for peroxiredoxins in protecting genomic integrity. In contrast, many human tumors display increased levels of peroxiredoxin expression, suggesting that strengthened antioxidant defenses provide a survival advantage for tumor progression. Peroxiredoxin inhibitors are being developed and explored as therapeutic agents in different cancer models. CRITICAL ISSUES It is important to complement peroxiredoxin knockout and expression studies with an improved understanding of the biological function of the peroxiredoxins. Although current results can be interpreted within the context that peroxiredoxins scavenge hydroperoxides, some peroxiredoxin family members appear to have more complex roles in regulating the response of cells to oxidative stress through protein interactions with constituents of other signaling pathways. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further mechanistic information is required for understanding the role of oxidative stress in cancer, the function of peroxiredoxins in normal versus cancer cells, and for the design and testing of specific peroxiredoxin inhibitors that display selectivity to malignant cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 591-608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Hampton
- 1 Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago , Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate A Vick
- 1 Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago , Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John J Skoko
- 2 Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carola A Neumann
- 2 Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Forred BJ, Daugaard DR, Titus BK, Wood RR, Floen MJ, Booze ML, Vitiello PF. Detoxification of Mitochondrial Oxidants and Apoptotic Signaling Are Facilitated by Thioredoxin-2 and Peroxiredoxin-3 during Hyperoxic Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168777. [PMID: 28045936 PMCID: PMC5207683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a fundamental role in the regulation of cell death during accumulation of oxidants. High concentrations of atmospheric oxygen (hyperoxia), used clinically to treat tissue hypoxia in premature newborns, is known to elicit oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury to pulmonary epithelial cells. A consequence of oxidative stress in mitochondria is the accumulation of peroxides which are detoxified by the dedicated mitochondrial thioredoxin system. This system is comprised of the oxidoreductase activities of peroxiredoxin-3 (Prx3), thioredoxin-2 (Trx2), and thioredoxin reductase-2 (TrxR2). The goal of this study was to understand the role of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system and mitochondrial injuries during hyperoxic exposure. Flow analysis of the redox-sensitive, mitochondrial-specific fluorophore, MitoSOX, indicated increased levels of mitochondrial oxidant formation in human adenocarcinoma cells cultured in 95% oxygen. Increased expression of Trx2 and TrxR2 in response to hyperoxia were not attributable to changes in mitochondrial mass, suggesting that hyperoxic upregulation of mitochondrial thioredoxins prevents accumulation of oxidized Prx3. Mitochondrial oxidoreductase activities were modulated through pharmacological inhibition of TrxR2 with auranofin and genetically through shRNA knockdown of Trx2 and Prx3. Diminished Trx2 and Prx3 expression was associated with accumulation of mitochondrial superoxide; however, only shRNA knockdown of Trx2 increased susceptibility to hyperoxic cell death and increased phosphorylation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1). In conclusion, the mitochondrial thioredoxin system regulates hyperoxic-mediated death of pulmonary epithelial cells through detoxification of oxidants and regulation of redox-dependent apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Forred
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Darwin R. Daugaard
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brianna K. Titus
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ryan R. Wood
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Miranda J. Floen
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Booze
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Vitiello
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
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11
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Sachweh MCC, Stafford WC, Drummond CJ, McCarthy AR, Higgins M, Campbell J, Brodin B, Arnér ESJ, Laín S. Redox effects and cytotoxic profiles of MJ25 and auranofin towards malignant melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16488-506. [PMID: 26029997 PMCID: PMC4599284 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Although recent progress in treatment has been achieved, lack of response, drug resistance and relapse remain major problems. The tumor suppressor p53 is rarely mutated in melanoma, yet it is inactive in the majority of cases due to dysregulation of upstream pathways. Thus, we screened for compounds that can activate p53 in melanoma cells. Here we describe effects of the small molecule MJ25 (2-{[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)ethyl]thio}-1,3-benzoxazole), which increased the level of p53-dependent transactivation both as a single agent and in combination with nutlin-3. Furthermore, MJ25 showed potent cytotoxicity towards melanoma cell lines, whilst having weaker effects against human normal cells. MJ25 was also identified in an independent screen as an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), an important selenoenzyme in the control of oxidative stress and redox regulation. The well-characterized TrxR inhibitor auranofin, which is FDA-approved and currently in clinical trials against leukemia and a number of solid cancers, displayed effects comparable with MJ25 on cells and led to eradication of cultured melanoma cells at low micromolar concentrations. In conclusion, auranofin, MJ25 or other inhibitors of TrxR1 should be evaluated as candidate compounds or leads for targeted therapy of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke C C Sachweh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William C Stafford
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine J Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna R McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Campbell
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, United Kingdom
| | - Bertha Brodin
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Folda A, Citta A, Scalcon V, Calì T, Zonta F, Scutari G, Bindoli A, Rigobello MP. Mitochondrial Thioredoxin System as a Modulator of Cyclophilin D Redox State. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23071. [PMID: 26975474 PMCID: PMC4791683 DOI: 10.1038/srep23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial thioredoxin system (NADPH, thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin) is a major redox regulator. Here we have investigated the redox correlation between this system and the mitochondrial enzyme cyclophilin D. The peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity of cyclophilin D was stimulated by the thioredoxin system, while it was decreased by cyclosporin A and the thioredoxin reductase inhibitor auranofin. The redox state of cyclophilin D, thioredoxin 1 and 2 and peroxiredoxin 3 was measured in isolated rat heart mitochondria and in tumor cell lines (CEM-R and HeLa) by redox Western blot analysis upon inhibition of thioredoxin reductase with auranofin, arsenic trioxide, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene or after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. A concomitant oxidation of thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin and cyclophilin D was observed, suggesting a redox communication between the thioredoxin system and cyclophilin. This correlation was further confirmed by i) co-immunoprecipitation assay of cyclophilin D with thioredoxin 2 and peroxiredoxin 3, ii) molecular modeling and iii) depleting thioredoxin reductase by siRNA. We conclude that the mitochondrial thioredoxin system controls the redox state of cyclophilin D which, in turn, may act as a regulator of several processes including ROS production and pro-apoptotic factors release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Folda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Citta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Scalcon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Zonta
- Shangai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guido Scutari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Bindoli
- Institute of Neuroscience (CNR), viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
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13
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The functional role of peroxiredoxin 3 in reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and chemoresistance of cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:2071-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Citta A, Schuh E, Mohr F, Folda A, Massimino ML, Bindoli A, Casini A, Rigobello MP. Fluorescent silver(I) and gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes with cytotoxic properties: mechanistic insights. Metallomics 2014; 5:1006-15. [PMID: 23661165 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Silver(I) and gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes bearing a fluorescent anthracenyl ligand were examined for cytotoxicity in normal and tumor cells. The silver(I) complex exhibits greater cytotoxicity in tumor cells compared with normal cells. Notably, in cell extracts, this complex determines a more pronounced inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), but it is ineffective towards glutathione reductase (GR). Both gold and silver complexes lead to oxidation of the thioredoxin system, the silver(I) derivative being particularly effective. In addition, the dimerization of peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3) was also observed, demonstrating the ability of these compounds to reach the mitochondrial target. The fluorescence microscopy visualization of the subcellular distribution of the complexes shows a larger diffusion of these molecules in tumor cells with respect to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Citta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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15
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Peroxiredoxins as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:906-12. [PMID: 23939310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a class of abundant thiol peroxidases that degrade hydroperoxides to water. Prxs are sensitive to oxidation, and it is hypothesized that they also act as redox sensors. The accumulation of oxidized Prxs may indicate disruption of cellular redox homeostasis. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses the biochemical properties of the Prxs that make them suitable as endogenous biomarkers of oxidative stress, and describes the methodology available for measuring Prx oxidation in biological systems. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Two Prx oxidation products accumulate in cells under increased oxidative stress: an intermolecular disulfide and a hyperoxidized form. Methodologies are available for measuring both of these redox states, and oxidation has been reported in cells and tissues under oxidative stress from external or internal sources. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Monitoring the oxidation state of Prxs provides insight into disturbances of cellular redox homeostasis, and complements the use of exogenous probes of oxidative stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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16
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Bindoli A, Rigobello MP. Principles in redox signaling: from chemistry to functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1557-93. [PMID: 23244515 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are currently considered not only harmful byproducts of aerobic respiration but also critical mediators of redox signaling. The molecules and the chemical principles sustaining the network of cellular redox regulated processes are described. Special emphasis is placed on hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), now considered as acting as a second messenger, and on sulfhydryl groups, which are the direct targets of the oxidant signal. Cysteine residues of some proteins, therefore, act as sensors of redox conditions and are oxidized in a reversible reaction. In particular, the formation of sulfenic acid and disulfide, the initial steps of thiol oxidation, are described in detail. The many cell pathways involved in reactive oxygen species formation are reported. Central to redox signaling processes are the glutathione and thioredoxin systems controlling H(2)O(2) levels and, hence, the thiol/disulfide balance. Lastly, some of the most important redox-regulated processes involving specific enzymes and organelles are described. The redox signaling area of research is rapidly expanding, and future work will examine new pathways and clarify their importance in cellular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bindoli
- Institute of Neuroscience (CNR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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17
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Sobhakumari A, Love-Homan L, Fletcher EVM, Martin SM, Parsons AD, Spitz DR, Knudson CM, Simons AL. Susceptibility of human head and neck cancer cells to combined inhibition of glutathione and thioredoxin metabolism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48175. [PMID: 23118946 PMCID: PMC3485193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Trx) metabolism are mechanisms that are widely implicated in resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. The current study determined if simultaneous inhibition of GSH and Trx metabolism enhanced cell killing of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells by a mechanism involving oxidative stress. Inhibition of GSH and Trx metabolism with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and auranofin (AUR), respectively, induced significant decreases in clonogenic survival compared to either drug alone in FaDu, Cal-27 and SCC-25 HNSCC cells in vitro and in vivo in Cal-27 xenografts. BSO+AUR significantly increased glutathione and thioredoxin oxidation and suppressed peroxiredoxin activity in vitro. Pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine completely reversed BSO+AUR-induced cell killing in FaDu and Cal-27 cells, while catalase and selenium supplementation only inhibited BSO+AUR-induced cell killing in FaDu cells. BSO+AUR decreased caspase 3/7 activity in HNSCC cells and significantly reduced the viability of both Bax/Bak double knockout (DKO) and DKO-Bax reconstituted hematopoietic cells suggesting that necrosis was involved. BSO+AUR also significantly sensitized FaDu, Cal-27, SCC-25 and SQ20B cells to cell killing induced by the EGFR inhibitor Erlotinib in vitro. These results support the conclusion that simultaneous inhibition of GSH and Trx metabolism pathways induces oxidative stress and clonogenic killing in HNSCCs and this strategy may be useful in sensitizing HNSCCs to EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Sobhakumari
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Laurie Love-Homan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elise V. M. Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Martin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arlene D. Parsons
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - C. Michael Knudson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrean L. Simons
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Madeira JM, Gibson DL, Kean WF, Klegeris A. The biological activity of auranofin: implications for novel treatment of diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20:297-306. [PMID: 22965242 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
More than 30 years ago, auranofin was developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as a substitution for the injectable gold compounds aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose. Both the ease of oral administration over intramuscular injections and more potent anti-inflammatory effects in vitro made auranofin seem like an excellent substitute for the traditional injectable gold compounds. Despite efficacy in the treatment of both rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, currently, auranofin is seldom used as a treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis as more novel anti-rheumatic medications have become available. Despite the decline in its clinical applications, research on auranofin has continued as it shows promise in the treatment of several different diseases. In recent years, advances in technology have allowed researchers to use molecular techniques to identify novel mechanisms of action of auranofin. Additionally, researchers are discovering potential new applications of auranofin. Dual inhibition of inflammatory pathways and thiol redox enzymes by auranofin makes it a new candidate for cancer therapy and treating microbial infections. This review will summarize recently obtained data on the mechanisms of action of auranofin, and potential new applications of auranofin in the treatment of various diseases, including several types of leukaemia, carcinomas, and parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Madeira
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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19
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Mitocans, Mitochondria-Targeting Anticancer Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b12308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Arockiaraj J, Easwvaran S, Vanaraja P, Singh A, Othman RY, Bhassu S. Immunological role of thiol-dependent peroxiredoxin gene in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:121-129. [PMID: 22565019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have reported a full length of peroxiredoxin (designated MrPrdx) gene, identified from the transcriptome of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The complete gene sequence of the MrPrdx is 940 base pairs in length, and encodes 186 amino acids. MrPrdx contains a long thioredoxin domain in the amino acid sequence between 34 and 186. The gene expressions of MrPrdx in healthy and the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) challenged M. rosenbergii were examined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. MrPrdx is highly expressed in all the other tissues of M. rosenbergii considered for analysis and the highest in gills. The expression is strongly up-regulated in gills after IHHNV infection. To understand MrPrdx functional properties, the recombinant MrPrdx protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified. A peroxidise activity assay was conducted using recombinant MrPrdx protein at different concentrations. This peroxidises activity showed that the recombinant MrPrdx is a thiol-dependant protein. Additionally, this result showed that recombinant MrPrdx protein, as a secretory protein can remove H₂O₂ and protect DNA damage. This finding leads a possible way to propose the recombinant MrPrdx protein as an effective medicine for reactive oxygen species (ROS) related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Centre for Biotechnology in Agriculture Research, Division of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Beillerot A, Battaglia E, Bennasroune A, Bagrel D. Protection of CDC25 phosphatases against oxidative stress in breast cancer cells: Evaluation of the implication of the thioredoxin system. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:674-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.669039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Liu CC, Gebicki JM. Intracellular GSH and ascorbate inhibit radical-induced protein chain peroxidation in HL-60 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:420-6. [PMID: 22080646 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The results of this study suggest that the well-documented loss of GSH and ascorbate in organisms under oxidative stress may be mainly due to their reactions with protein radicals and/or peroxides. Protein hydroperoxides were generated in HL-60 cells exposed to radiation-generated hydroxyl radicals. We found for the first time evidence of chain peroxidation of the proteins in cells, with each hydroxyl radical leading to the formation of about 10 hydroperoxides. Protein peroxidation showed a lag, probably due to the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, with simultaneous loss of the intracellular GSH. Enhancement of the GSH levels by N-acetylcysteine decreased the formation of hydroperoxides, while treatment with l-buthionine sulfoximine had the opposite effect. The effect of variation of GSH levels on the formation of the peroxidized proteins is explained primarily by reduction of the protein hydroperoxides by GSH. Loading of the cells with ascorbate resulted in reduction of the amounts of protein hydroperoxides generated by the radiation, which was proportional to the intracellular ascorbate concentration. In contrast to the GSH, inhibition of protein hydroperoxide formation in the presence of the high (mM) intracellular ascorbate levels achieved was mainly due to the direct scavenging of hydroxyl radicals by the vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
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23
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Cai W, Zhang L, Song Y, Wang B, Zhang B, Cui X, Hu G, Liu Y, Wu J, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:257-65. [PMID: 22064364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of NADPH-dependent flavoproteins with a penultimate selenocysteine residue at the carboxy-terminus. Besides their native substrate thioredoxins (Trx), the enzymes show a broad substrate specificity, at least partially, because of the C-terminal redox-active site that is easily accessible in the reduced form. TrxRs are ubiquitous in all kinds of cells and have a critical role in regulating intracellular redox signaling. In recent years, a wealth of evidence has revealed that overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs is closely related to various diseases, especially in tumor development, and thus the past decades have witnessed an expanding interest in finding TrxRs inhibitors, which might be promising agents for cancer chemotherapy. Herein we reviewed the small molecule inhibitors of mammalian TrxRs, with an emphasis on those that have potential anticancer activity. This review includes the nonpatent references up to 2010 that deal with mammalian TrxR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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24
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Rohlena J, Dong LF, Ralph SJ, Neuzil J. Anticancer drugs targeting the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2951-74. [PMID: 21777145 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are emerging as highly intriguing organelles showing promise but that are yet to be fully exploited as targets for anticancer drugs. RECENT ADVANCES A group of compounds that induce mitochondrial destabilization, thereby affecting the physiology of cancer cells, has been defined and termed 'mitocans.' Based on their mode of action of targeting in and around mitochondria, we have placed these agents into several groups including hexokinase inhibitors, compounds targeting Bcl-2 family proteins, thiol redox inhibitors, VDAC/ANT targeting drugs, electron transport chain-targeting drugs, lipophilic cations targeting the inner membrane, agents affecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle, drugs targeting mtDNA, and agents targeting other presently unknown sites. CRITICAL ISSUES Mitocans have a potential to prove highly efficient in suppressing various malignant diseases in a selective manner. They include compounds that are currently in clinical trial and offer substantial promise to become clinically applied drugs. Here we update and redefine the individual classes of mitocans, providing examples of the various members of these groups with a particular focus on agents targeting the electron transport chain, and indicate their potential application in clinical practice. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Even though reactive oxygen species induction is important for the anticancer activity of many mitocans, the precise sequence of events preceding and following this pivotal event are not yet fully clarified, and warrant further investigation. This is imperative for effective deployment of these compounds in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Mi L, Di Pasqua AJ, Chung FL. Proteins as binding targets of isothiocyanates in cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1405-13. [PMID: 21665889 PMCID: PMC3179418 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are versatile cancer-preventive compounds. Evidence from animal studies indicates that the anticarcinogenic activities of ITCs involve all the major stages of tumor growth: initiation, promotion and progression. Epidemiological studies have also shown that dietary intake of ITCs is associated with reduced risk of certain human cancers. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for the chemopreventive activities of ITCs. To identify the molecular targets of ITCs is a first step to understand the molecular mechanisms of ITCs. Studies in recent years have shown that the covalent binding to certain protein targets by ITCs seems to play an important role in ITC-induced apoptosis and cell growth inhibition and other cellular effects. The knowledge gained from these studies may be used to guide future design and screen of better and more efficacious compounds. In this review, we intend to cover all potential protein targets of ITCs so far studied and summarize what are known about their binding sites and the potential biological consequences. In the end, we also offer discussions to shed light onto the relationship between protein binding and reactive oxygen species generation by ITCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Mi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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26
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Brown KK, Hampton MB. Biological targets of isothiocyanates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:888-94. [PMID: 21704127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isothiocyanates are phytochemicals with a broad array of effects in biological systems. Bioactivity includes the stimulation of cellular antioxidant systems, induction of apoptosis and interference with cytokine production and activity. Epidemiological evidence and experimental studies indicate that naturally occurring isothiocyanates and synthetic derivatives have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the molecular targets of isothiocyanates, and how target modification translates into a biological response. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Isothiocyanates may mediate their effects via direct protein modification or indirectly by disruption of redox homeostasis and increased thiol oxidation. Some target proteins have been identified, but in-depth searches with new techniques are needed to reveal novel targets. Site-directed mutagenesis and isothiocyanate structure-activity relationships will assist in determining the biological significance of specific modifications. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Target identification is important for rational drug design and exploiting the therapeutic potential of isothiocyanates. It also provides insight into the diverse pathways that these compounds regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Brown
- Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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