1
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Eberle SA, Gustavsson M. Bilayer lipids modulate ligand binding to atypical chemokine receptor 3. Structure 2024; 32:1174-1183.e5. [PMID: 38776922 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors belong to the large class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in a number of (patho)physiological processes. Previous studies highlighted the importance of membrane lipids for modulating GPCR structure and function. However, the underlying mechanisms of how lipids regulate GPCRs are often poorly understood. Here, we report that anionic lipid bilayers increase the binding affinity of the chemokine CXCL12 for the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) by modulating the CXCL12 binding kinetics. Notably, the anionic bilayer favors CXCL12 over the more positively charged chemokine CXCL11, which we explained by bilayer interactions orienting CXCL12 but not CXCL11 for productive ACKR3 binding. Furthermore, our data suggest a stabilization of active ACKR3 conformations in anionic bilayers. Taken together, the described regulation of chemokine selectivity of ACKR3 by the lipid bilayer proposes an extended version of the classical model of chemokine binding including the lipid environment of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Alexandra Eberle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Silvaroli JA, Bisunke B, Kim JY, Stayton A, Jayne LA, Martinez SA, Nguyen C, Patel PS, Vanichapol T, Verma V, Akhter J, Bolisetty S, Madhavan SM, Kuscu C, Coss CC, Zepeda-Orozco D, Parikh SV, Satoskar AA, Davidson AJ, Eason JD, Szeto HH, Pabla NS, Bajwa A. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:681-695. [PMID: 38530359 PMCID: PMC11164119 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Szeto–Schiller-31–mediated mitoprotection is phospholipid scramblase 3–dependent. Phospholipid scramblase 3 is required for recovery after AKI. Background The synthetic tetrapeptide Szeto–Schiller (SS)-31 shows promise in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with common diseases. However, the precise pharmacological basis of its mitoprotective effects remains unknown. Methods To uncover the biological targets of SS-31, we performed a genome-scale clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats screen in human kidney-2, a cell culture model where SS-31 mitigates cisplatin-associated cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. The identified hit candidate gene was functionally validated using knockout cell lines, small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation, and tubular epithelial–specific conditional knockout mice. Biochemical interaction studies were also performed to examine the interaction of SS-31 with the identified target protein. Results Our primary screen and validation studies in hexokinase 2 and primary murine tubular epithelial cells showed that phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an understudied inner mitochondrial membrane protein, was essential for the protective effects of SS-31. For in vivo validation, we generated tubular epithelial–specific knockout mice and found that Plscr3 gene ablation did not influence kidney function under normal conditions or affect the severity of cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. However, Plscr3 gene deletion completely abrogated the protective effects of SS-31 during cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. Biochemical studies showed that SS-31 directly binds to a previously uncharacterized N -terminal domain and stimulates PLSCR3 scramblase activity. Finally, PLSCR3 protein expression was found to be increased in the kidneys of patients with AKI. Conclusions PLSCR3 was identified as the essential biological target that facilitated the mitoprotective effects of SS-31 in vitro and in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A. Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Stayton
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Laura A. Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shirely A. Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prisha S. Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sethu M. Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir V. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anjali A. Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James D. Eason
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hazel H. Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Menlo Park, California
| | - Navjot S. Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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3
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Zhang G, Sharma K. Mechanisms for Mitoprotection and Amelioration of Acute Kidney Injury Risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:667-669. [PMID: 38749551 PMCID: PMC11164106 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guanshi Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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4
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Dziura D, Dziura M, Marquardt D. Studying lipid flip-flop in asymmetric liposomes using 1H NMR and TR-SANS. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:295-328. [PMID: 38971604 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The specific spatial and temporal distribution of lipids in membranes play a crucial role in determining the biochemical and biophysical properties of the system. In nature, the asymmetric distribution of lipids is a dynamic process with ATP-dependent lipid transporters maintaining asymmetry, and passive transbilayer diffusion, that is, flip-flop, counteracting it. In this chapter, two probe-free techniques, 1H NMR and time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, are described in detail as methods of investigating lipid flip-flop rates in synthetic liposomes that have been generated with an asymmetric bilayer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dziura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Maksymilian Dziura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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5
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Kim E, Bang J, Sung JH, Lee J, Shin DH, Kim S, Lee BC. Generation of human TMEM16F-specific affibodies using purified TMEM16F. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1319251. [PMID: 38274091 PMCID: PMC10808743 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1319251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: TMEM16 family proteins are involved in a variety of functions, including ion transport, phospholipid scrambling, and the regulation of membrane proteins. Among them, TMEM16F has dual functions as a phospholipid scramblase and a nonselective ion channel. TMEM16F is widely expressed and functions in platelet activation during blood clotting, bone formation, and T cell activation. Despite the functional importance of TMEM16F, the modulators of TMEM16F function have not been sufficiently studied. Method: In this study, we generated TMEM16F-specific affibodies by performing phage display with brain-specific TMEM16F (hTMEM16F) variant 1 purified from GnTi- cells expressing this variant in the presence of digitonin as a detergent. Purified human TMEM16F protein, which was proficient in transporting phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner in proteoliposomes, was coated onto plates and then the phage library was added to fish out TMEM16F-binding affibodies. For the validation of interaction between affibodies and TMEM16F proteins, ELISA, bio-layer interferometry, and size exclusion chromatography were conducted. Results and Discussion: As a result, the full sequences of 38 candidates were acquired from 98 binding candidates. Then, we selected 10 candidates and purified seven of them from E. coli expressing these candidates. Using various assays, we confirmed that two affibodies bound to human TMEM16F with high affinity. These affibodies can be useful for therapeutical and diagnostic applications of TMEM16F-related cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies will be required to investigate the effects of these affibodies on TMEM16F function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Bang
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Bio-Healthcare Materials Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Sung
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Bio-Healthcare Materials Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Bio-Healthcare Materials Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheol Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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6
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Prouse T, Majumder R. TMEM16E: unscrambling our knowledge about coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3000-3004. [PMID: 37633641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teagan Prouse
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rinku Majumder
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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7
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Kreiter J, Škulj S, Brkljača Z, Bardakji S, Vazdar M, Pohl EE. FA Sliding as the Mechanism for the ANT1-Mediated Fatty Acid Anion Transport in Lipid Bilayers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13701. [PMID: 37762012 PMCID: PMC10531397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) exchanges ADP for ATP to maintain energy production in the cell. Its protonophoric function in the presence of long-chain fatty acids (FA) is also recognized. Our previous results imply that proton/FA transport can be best described with the FA cycling model, in which protonated FA transports the proton to the mitochondrial matrix. The mechanism by which ANT1 transports FA anions back to the intermembrane space remains unclear. Using a combined approach involving measurements of the current through the planar lipid bilayers reconstituted with ANT1, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the FA anion is first attracted by positively charged arginines or lysines on the matrix side of ANT1 before moving along the positively charged protein-lipid interface and binding to R79, where it is protonated. We show that R79 is also critical for the competitive binding of ANT1 substrates (ADP and ATP) and inhibitors (carboxyatractyloside and bongkrekic acid). The binding sites are well conserved in mitochondrial SLC25 members, suggesting a general mechanism for transporting FA anions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kreiter
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (S.Š.); (S.B.)
| | - Sanja Škulj
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (S.Š.); (S.B.)
| | - Zlatko Brkljača
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sarah Bardakji
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (S.Š.); (S.B.)
| | - Mario Vazdar
- Department of Mathematics, Informatics, and Cybernetics, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena E. Pohl
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (S.Š.); (S.B.)
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8
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Sakuragi T, Nagata S. Regulation of phospholipid distribution in the lipid bilayer by flippases and scramblases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z. [PMID: 37106071 PMCID: PMC10134735 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid bilayers composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, in which proteins are embedded. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids freely move laterally, whereas transverse movement between lipid bilayers is limited. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between membrane leaflets but change their location in biological processes, serving as signalling molecules or enzyme activators. Designated proteins - flippases and scramblases - mediate this lipid movement between the bilayers. Flippases mediate the confined localization of specific phospholipids (phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine) to the cytoplasmic leaflet. Scramblases randomly scramble phospholipids between leaflets and facilitate the exposure of PtdSer on the cell surface, which serves as an important signalling molecule and as an 'eat me' signal for phagocytes. Defects in flippases and scramblases cause various human diseases. We herein review the recent research on the structure of flippases and scramblases and their physiological roles. Although still poorly understood, we address the mechanisms by which they translocate phospholipids between lipid bilayers and how defects cause human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Sakuragi
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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The enemy within: lipid asymmetry in intracellular parasite-host interactions. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:67-79. [PMID: 36820809 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic pathogens with an intracellular parasitic lifestyle are shielded from extracellular threats during replication and growth. In addition to many nutrients, parasites scavenge host cell lipids to establish complex membrane structures inside their host cells. To counteract the disturbance of the host cell plasma membrane they have evolved strategies to regulate phospholipid asymmetry. In this review, the function and importance of lipid asymmetry in the interactions of intracellular protozoan parasites with the target and immune cells of the host are highlighted. The malaria parasite Plasmodium infects red blood cells and extensively refurbishes these terminally differentiated cells. Cholesterol depletion and an altered intracellular calcium ion homeostasis can lead to disruption in erythrocyte membrane asymmetry and increased exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). Binding to the PS receptor on monocytes and macrophages results in phagocytosis and destruction of infected erythrocytes. Leishmania parasites display apoptotic mimicry by actively enhancing PS exposure on their surface to trigger increased infection of macrophages. In extracellular Toxoplasma gondii a P4-type ATPase/CDC50 co-chaperone pair functions as a flippase important for exocytosis of specialised secretory organelles. Identification and functional analysis of parasite lipid-translocating proteins, i.e. flippases, floppases, and scramblases, will be central for the recognition of the molecular mechanisms of parasite/host interactions. Ultimately, a better understanding of parasitic diseases, host immunity, and immune escape by parasites require more research on the dynamics of phospholipid bilayers of parasites and the infected host cell.
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10
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Tang D, Wang Y, Dong X, Yuan Y, Kang F, Tian W, Wang K, Li H, Qi S. Scramblases and virus infection. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100261. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tang
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yichang Wang
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xiuju Dong
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yiqiong Yuan
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Fanchen Kang
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease West China Hospital of Stomatology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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11
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Kim H, Kim E, Lee BC. Investigation of Phosphatidylserine-Transporting Activity of Human TMEM16C Isoforms. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1005. [PMID: 36295764 PMCID: PMC9611045 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid scrambling is a rapid process that dissipates the asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids in the plasma membrane. It is involved in various physiological functions such as blood coagulation and apoptosis. Many TMEM16 members are recognized as Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblases, which transport phospholipids between the two leaflets of the plasma membrane nonspecifically and bidirectionally; among these, TMEM16C is abundant in the brain, especially in neuronal cells. We investigated the scrambling activity of three human TMEM16C isoforms with different N-terminus lengths. After optimizing conditions to minimize endogenous scrambling activity, an annexin V-based imaging assay was used to detect phosphatidylserine (PS) scrambling in 293T cells. Unlike previous results, our data showed that human TMEM16C isoform 1 and isoform 3 exposed PS to the cell surface. A surface biotinylation assay showed that the surface expression of isoform 2, which did not show scrambling activity, was ~5 times lower than the other isoforms. In contrast to other TMEM16 proteins, flux assays and electrophysiology recording showed TMEM16C does not possess ion-transporting activity. We conclude that the N-terminus of TMEM16C determines whether TMEM16C can translocate to the plasma membrane and facilitate scrambling activity; membrane-localized TMEM16C isoforms 1 and 3 transport PS to the outer leaflet.
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12
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Jia Z, Huang J, Chen J. Activation of TMEM16F by inner gate charged mutations and possible lipid/ion permeation mechanisms. Biophys J 2022; 121:3445-3457. [PMID: 35978550 PMCID: PMC9515230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 16F (TMEM16F) is a ubiquitously expressed Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblase that also functions as a largely non-selective ion channel. Though recent structural studies have revealed the closed and intermediate conformations of mammalian TMEM16F (mTMEM16F), the open and conductive state remains elusive. Instead, it has been proposed that an open hydrophilic pathway may not be required for lipid scrambling. We previously identified an inner activation gate, consisting of F518, Y563, and I612, and showed that charged mutations of the inner gate residues led to constitutively active mTMEM16F scrambling. Herein, atomistic simulations show that lysine substitution of F518 and Y563 can indeed lead to spontaneous opening of the permeation pore in the Ca2+-bound state of mTMEM16F. Dilation of the pore exposes hydrophilic patches in the upper pore region, greatly increases the pore hydration level, and enables lipid scrambling. The putative open state of mTMEM16F resembles the active state of fungal scramblases and is a meta-stable state for the wild-type protein in the Ca2+-bound state. Therefore, mTMEM16F may be capable of supporting the canonical in-groove scrambling mechanism in addition to the out-of-groove one. Further analysis reveals that the in-groove phospholipid and ion transduction pathways of mTMEM16F overlap from the intracellular side up to the inner gate but diverge from each other with different exits to the extracellular side of membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jianhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
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13
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Malingen SA, Rangamani P. Modelling membrane curvature generation using mechanics and machine learning. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, INTERFACE 2022; 19:20220448. [PMID: 36128706 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The deformation of cellular membranes regulates trafficking processes, such as exocytosis and endocytosis. Classically, the Helfrich continuum model is used to characterize the forces and mechanical parameters that cells tune to accomplish membrane shape changes. While this classical model effectively captures curvature generation, one of the core challenges in using it to approximate a biological process is selecting a set of mechanical parameters (including bending modulus and membrane tension) from a large set of reasonable values. We used the Helfrich model to generate a large synthetic dataset from a random sampling of realistic mechanical parameters and used this dataset to train machine-learning models. These models produced promising results, accurately classifying model behaviour and predicting membrane shape from mechanical parameters. We also note emerging methods in machine learning that can leverage the physical insight of the Helfrich model to improve performance and draw greater insight into how cells control membrane shape change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Malingen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - P Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Ryoden Y, Nagata S. The XK plasma membrane scramblase and the VPS13A cytosolic lipid transporter for ATP-induced cell death. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200106. [PMID: 35996795 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP released from necrotic cells in inflamed tissues activates the P2X7 receptor, stimulates the exposure of phosphatidylserine, and causes cell lysis. Recent findings indicated that XK, a paralogue of XKR8 lipid scramblase, forms a complex with VPS13A at the plasma membrane of T cells. Upon engagement by ATP, an unidentified signal(s) from the P2X7 receptor activates the XK-VPS13A complex to scramble phospholipids, followed by necrotic cell death. P2X7 is expressed highly in CD25+ CD4+ T cells but weakly in CD8+ T cells, suggesting a role of this system in the activation of the immune system to prevent infection. On the other hand, a loss-of-function mutation in XK or VPS13A causes neuroacanthocytosis, indicating the crucial involvement of XK-VPS13A-mediated phospholipid scrambling at plasma membranes in the maintenance of homeostasis in the nervous and red blood cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ryoden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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15
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In silico insight of cell-death-related proteins in photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:511. [PMID: 35864385 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a large group of ubiquitously found photosynthetic prokaryotes that are constantly exposed to different kinds of stressors of varying intensities and seem to overcome these in a precise and regulated manner. However, a high dose and duration of given stress induce cell death in a few select cyanobacteria, mainly to protect other cells (altruism). Despite the recent findings for the presence of biochemical and molecular hallmarks of cell death in cyanobacteria, it is yet a sketchily understood phenomenon. Regulation of metacaspase-like genes during Programmed Cell Death suggests it to be a genetically controlled mechanism like other eukaryotes. In addition to providing a comprehensive understanding of the current status of cell death in cyanobacteria, this review has used in silico analyses to directly compare the existence of some important molecular players operating in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Phylogenetic trees for all sequences indicate a cluster with a common ancestry and also a divergence from sequences of eukaryotic origin. To the best of our knowledge, such a comparison (except for orthocaspases) has not been attempted earlier and hopes to encourage workers in the field to investigate this altruistic phenomenon in detail.
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16
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Kawamoto S, Liu H, Miyazaki Y, Seo S, Dixit M, DeVane R, MacDermaid C, Fiorin G, Klein ML, Shinoda W. SPICA Force Field for Proteins and Peptides. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3204-3217. [PMID: 35413197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A coarse-grained (CG) model for peptides and proteins was developed as an extension of the Surface Property fItting Coarse grAined (SPICA) force field (FF). The model was designed to examine membrane proteins that are fully compatible with the lipid membranes of the SPICA FF. A preliminary version of this protein model was created using thermodynamic properties, including the surface tension and density in the SPICA (formerly called SDK) FF. In this study, we improved the CG protein model to facilitate molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a reproduction of multiple properties from both experiments and all-atom (AA) simulations. An elastic network model was adopted to maintain the secondary structure within a single chain. The side-chain analogues reproduced the transfer free energy profiles across the lipid membrane and demonstrated reasonable association free energy (potential of mean force) in water compared to those from AA MD. A series of peptides/proteins adsorbed onto or penetrated into the membrane simulated by the CG MD correctly predicted the penetration depths and tilt angles of peripheral and transmembrane peptides/proteins as comparable to those in the orientations of proteins in membranes (OPM) database. In addition, the dimerization free energies of several transmembrane helices within a lipid bilayer were comparable to those from experimental estimation. Application studies on a series of membrane protein assemblies, scramblases, and poliovirus capsids demonstrated the good performance of the SPICA FF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kawamoto
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sangjae Seo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, 245 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mayank Dixit
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Russell DeVane
- Modeling & Simulation, Corporate Research & Development, The Procter and Gamble Company, West Chester, Ohio 45069, United States
| | - Christopher MacDermaid
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Giacomo Fiorin
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Wataru Shinoda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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17
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Sadanari H, Takemoto M, Ishida T, Otagiri H, Daikoku T, Murayama T, Kusano S. The Interferon-Inducible Human PLSCR1 Protein Is a Restriction Factor of Human Cytomegalovirus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0134221. [PMID: 35138119 PMCID: PMC8826943 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01342-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is strongly expressed in response to interferon (IFN) treatment and viral infection, and it has been suggested to play an important role in IFN-dependent antiviral responses. In this study, we showed that the levels of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) plaque formation in OUMS-36T-3 (36T-3) cells with high basal expression of PLSCR1 were significantly lower than those in human embryonic lung (HEL) cells with low basal expression of PLSCR1. In addition, the levels of HCMV plaque formation and replication in PLSCR1-knockout (KO) 36T-3 cells were significantly higher than those in parental 36T-3 cells and were comparable to those in HEL cells. Furthermore, compared to that in PLSCR1-KO cells, the expression of HCMV major immediate early (MIE) proteins was repressed and/or delayed in parental 36T-3 cells after HCMV infection. We also showed that PLSCR1 expression decreased the levels of the cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB)•HCMV immediate early protein 2 (IE2) and CREB-binding protein (CBP)•IE2 complexes, which have been suggested to play important roles in the IE2-mediated transactivation of the viral early promoter through interactions with CREB, CBP, and IE2. Interestingly, PLSCR1 expression repressed CRE- and HCMV MIE promoter-regulated reporter gene activities. These observations reveal, for the first time, that PLSCR1 negatively regulates HCMV replication by repressing the transcription from viral MIE and early promoters, and that PLSCR1 expression may contribute to the IFN-mediated suppression of HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE Because several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have been reported to suppress HCMV replication, HCMV replication is thought to be regulated by an IFN-mediated host defense mechanism, but the mechanism remains unclear. PLSCR1 expression is induced in response to viral infection and IFN treatment, and PLSCR1 has been reported to play an important role in IFN-dependent antiviral responses. Here, we demonstrate that HCMV plaque formation and major immediate early (MIE) gene expression are significantly increased in PLSCR1-KO human fibroblast cells. PLSCR1 reduces levels of the CREB•IE2 and CBP•IE2 complexes, which have been suggested to play important roles in HCMV replication through its interactions with CREB, CBP, and IE2. In addition, PLSCR1 expression represses transcription from the HCMV MIE promoter. Our results indicate that PLSCR1 plays important roles in the suppression of HCMV replication in the IFN-mediated host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Sadanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Education, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hikaru Otagiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tsugiya Murayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kusano
- Division of Biological Information Technology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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18
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Noncoding RNAs link metabolic reprogramming to immune microenvironment in cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:169. [PMID: 34654454 PMCID: PMC8518176 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolic patterns in tumor cells not only meet their own growth requirements but also shape an immunosuppressive microenvironment through multiple mechanisms. Noncoding RNAs constitute approximately 60% of the transcriptional output of human cells and have been shown to regulate numerous cellular processes under developmental and pathological conditions. Given their extensive action mechanisms based on motif recognition patterns, noncoding RNAs may serve as hinges bridging metabolic activity and immune responses. Indeed, recent studies have shown that microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs and circRNAs are widely involved in tumor metabolic rewiring, immune cell infiltration and function. Hence, we summarized existing knowledge of the role of noncoding RNAs in the remodeling of tumor metabolism and the immune microenvironment, and notably, we established the TIMELnc manual, which is a free and public manual for researchers to identify pivotal lncRNAs that are simultaneously correlated with tumor metabolism and immune cell infiltration based on a bioinformatic approach.
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19
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Perspectives on Mitochondria-ER and Mitochondria-Lipid Droplet Contact in Hepatocytes and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092273. [PMID: 34571924 PMCID: PMC8472694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrion–endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion–lipid droplet (LD) contact sites are critical in regulating lipid metabolism in cells. It is well established that intracellular organelles communicate with each other continuously through membrane contact sites to maintain organelle function and cellular homeostasis. The accumulation of LDs in hepatocytes is an early indicator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), which may indicate a breakdown in proper inter-organelle communication. In this review, we discuss previous findings in mitochondrion–ER and mitochondrion–LD contact, focusing on their roles in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. We also present evidence of a unique mitochondrion–LD contact structure in hepatocytes under various physiological and pathological conditions and propose a working hypothesis to speculate about the role of these structures in regulating the functions of mitochondria and LDs and their implications in NAFLD and ALD.
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20
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Di Santo R, Romanò S, Mazzini A, Jovanović S, Nocca G, Campi G, Papi M, De Spirito M, Di Giacinto F, Ciasca G. Recent Advances in the Label-Free Characterization of Exosomes for Cancer Liquid Biopsy: From Scattering and Spectroscopy to Nanoindentation and Nanodevices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1476. [PMID: 34199576 PMCID: PMC8230295 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cell types. They are abundant in bio-fluids and harbor specific molecular constituents from their parental cells. Due to these characteristics, EXOs have a great potential in cancer diagnostics for liquid biopsy and personalized medicine. Despite this unique potential, EXOs are not yet widely applied in clinical settings, with two main factors hindering their translational process in diagnostics. Firstly, conventional extraction methods are time-consuming, require large sample volumes and expensive equipment, and often do not provide high-purity samples. Secondly, characterization methods have some limitations, because they are often qualitative, need extensive labeling or complex sampling procedures that can induce artifacts. In this context, novel label-free approaches are rapidly emerging, and are holding potential to revolutionize EXO diagnostics. These methods include the use of nanodevices for EXO purification, and vibrational spectroscopies, scattering, and nanoindentation for characterization. In this progress report, we summarize recent key advances in label-free techniques for EXO purification and characterization. We point out that these methods contribute to reducing costs and processing times, provide complementary information compared to the conventional characterization techniques, and enhance flexibility, thus favoring the discovery of novel and unexplored EXO-based biomarkers. In this process, the impact of nanotechnology is systematically highlighted, showing how the effectiveness of these techniques can be enhanced using nanomaterials, such as plasmonic nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, which enable the exploitation of advanced physical phenomena occurring at the nanoscale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Santo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Svetlana Jovanović
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Giuseppina Nocca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Campi
- Rome International Centre Materials Science Superstripes RICMASS, via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, via Salaria Km 29. 300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00016 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Giacinto
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
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21
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Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Potential Treatments for Osteoarthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061287. [PMID: 34067325 PMCID: PMC8224601 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disorder of the joint and its prevalence and severity is increasing owing to ageing of the population. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage and remodeling of the underlying bone. There is little understanding of the cellular and molecular processes involved in pathophysiology of OA. Currently the treatment for OA is limited to painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, which only treat the symptoms. Some patients may also undergo surgical procedures to replace the damaged joints. Extracellular vesicles (EV) play an important role in intercellular communications and their concentration is elevated in the joints of OA patients, although their mechanism is unclear. Extracellular vesicles are naturally released by cells and they carry their origin cell information to be delivered to target cells. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly proliferative and have a great potential in cartilage regeneration. In this review, we provide an overview of the current OA treatments and their limitations. We also discuss the role of EV in OA pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EV in OA and their challenges.
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22
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Fraser M, Matuschewski K, Maier AG. Of membranes and malaria: phospholipid asymmetry in Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4545-4561. [PMID: 33713154 PMCID: PMC11071739 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease with a vast impact on human history, and according to the World Health Organisation, Plasmodium parasites still infect over 200 million people per year. Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest parasite species, has a remarkable ability to undermine the host immune system and cause life-threatening disease during blood infection. The parasite's host cells, red blood cells (RBCs), generally maintain an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the two leaflets of the plasma membrane bilayer. Alterations to this asymmetry, particularly the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet, can be recognised by phagocytes. Because of the importance of innate immune defence numerous studies have investigated PS exposure in RBCs infected with P. falciparum, but have reached different conclusions. Here we review recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which regulate asymmetry in RBCs, and whether infection with the P. falciparum parasite results in changes to PS exposure. On the balance of evidence, it is likely that membrane asymmetry is disrupted in parasitised RBCs, though some methodological issues need addressing. We discuss the potential causes and consequences of altered asymmetry in parasitised RBCs, particularly for in vivo interactions with the immune system, and the role of host-parasite co-evolution. We also examine the potential asymmetric state of parasite membranes and summarise current knowledge on the parasite proteins, which could regulate asymmetry in these membranes. Finally, we highlight unresolved questions at this time and the need for interdisciplinary approaches to uncover the machinery which enables P. falciparum parasites to hide in mature erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn Fraser
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander G Maier
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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23
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Fraser M, Jing W, Bröer S, Kurth F, Sander LE, Matuschewski K, Maier AG. Breakdown in membrane asymmetry regulation leads to monocyte recognition of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009259. [PMID: 33600495 PMCID: PMC7891792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum relies on lipids to survive; this makes its lipid metabolism an attractive drug target. The lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is usually confined to the inner leaflet of the red blood cell membrane (RBC) bilayer; however, some studies suggest that infection with the intracellular parasite results in the presence of this lipid in the RBC membrane outer leaflet, where it could act as a recognition signal to phagocytes. Here, we used fluorescent lipid analogues and probes to investigate the enzymatic reactions responsible for maintaining asymmetry between membrane leaflets, and found that in parasitised RBCs the maintenance of membrane asymmetry was partly disrupted, and PS was increased in the outer leaflet. We examined the underlying causes for the differences between uninfected and infected RBCs using fluorescent dyes and probes, and found that calcium levels increased in the infected RBC cytoplasm, whereas membrane cholesterol was depleted from the erythrocyte plasma membrane. We explored the resulting effect of PS exposure on enhanced phagocytosis by monocytes, and show that infected RBCs must expend energy to limit phagocyte recognition, and provide experimental evidence that PS exposure contributes to phagocytic recognition of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. Together, these findings underscore the pivotal role for PS exposure on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes for in vivo interactions with the host immune system, and provide a rationale for targeted antimalarial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn Fraser
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Weidong Jing
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leif-Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander G. Maier
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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24
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Fellows AP, Casford MTL, Davies PB, Gibson JS, Brewin JN, Rees DC. Nanoscale adhesion profiling and membrane characterisation in sickle cell disease using hybrid atomic force microscopy-IR spectroscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 197:111383. [PMID: 33039752 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) presents a significant global health problem. At present there is no effective treatment, with most being supportive for its associated complications such as the vaso-occlusive crises that result from increased cell adhesion. Hypoxic sickle cells have previously shown greater phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and oxidative damage, as well as being notably "stickier" suggesting that increased cell cohesion and adhesion to the blood vessel endothelium is a possible mechanism for vaso-occlusion. The present work uses the hybrid technique of atomic force microscopy nano-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) to probe changes to the coefficient of friction and C-O IR intensity in SCD on a nanoscale for dried red blood cells (RBCs) fixed under conditions of hypoxia and correlates these observations with adhesive interactions at the membrane. Using functionalised AFM tips, it has been possible to probe adhesive interactions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties exposed at the surface of the dried RBCs fixed under different oxygenation states and for different cell genotypes. The results are consistent with greater PS-exposure and oxidative damage in hypoxic sickle cells, as previously proposed, and also show strong correlation between localised oxidative damage and increased adhesion. A mechanistic explanation involving significant lipid tail disruption as a result of oxidative action, in combination with differing concentrations of externalised PS lipids, is proposed to explain the observed adhesion behaviour of each type of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Fellows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - M T L Casford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - P B Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - J S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - J N Brewin
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - D C Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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25
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Clarke R, Hossain K, Cao K. Physiological roles of transverse lipid asymmetry of animal membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Mordakhanova ER, Nevzorova TA, Synbulatova GE, Rauova L, Weisel JW, Litvinov RI. Platelet Activation in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia is Followed by Platelet Death via Complex Apoptotic and Non-Apoptotic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072556. [PMID: 32272655 PMCID: PMC7177543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an adverse drug reaction characterized by thrombocytopenia and a high risk for venous or arterial thrombosis. HIT is caused by antibodies that recognize complexes of platelet factor 4 and heparin. The pathogenic mechanisms of this condition are not fully understood. In this study, we used flow cytometry, fluorimetry, and Western blot analysis to study the direct effects of pathogenic immune complexes containing platelet factor 4 on human platelets isolated by gel-filtration. HIT-like pathogenic immune complexes initially caused pronounced activation of platelets detected by an increased expression of phosphatidylserine and P-selectin. This activation was mediated either directly through the FcγRIIA receptors or indirectly via protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) receptors due to thrombin generated on or near the surface of activated platelets. The immune activation was later followed by the biochemical signs of cell death, such as mitochondrial membrane depolarization, up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-XL, and moderate activation of procaspase 3 and increased calpain activity. The results show that platelet activation under the action of HIT-like immune complexes is accompanied by their death through complex apoptotic and calpain-dependent non-apoptotic pathways that may underlie the low platelet count in HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira R. Mordakhanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420008, Russia; (E.R.M.); (T.A.N.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Tatiana A. Nevzorova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420008, Russia; (E.R.M.); (T.A.N.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Gulnaz E. Synbulatova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420008, Russia; (E.R.M.); (T.A.N.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Lubica Rauova
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - John W. Weisel
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Rustem I. Litvinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420008, Russia; (E.R.M.); (T.A.N.); (G.E.S.)
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Zhou M, Gan Y, Yang M, He C, Jia Y. Lipidomics analysis of facial skin surface lipids between forehead and cheek: Association between lipidome, TEWL, and pH. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:2752-2758. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yao Gan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Manli Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Congfen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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28
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Galle JN, Hegemann JH. Exofacial phospholipids at the plasma membrane: ill-defined targets for early infection processes. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1323-1334. [PMID: 31408428 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic plasma membrane (PM) consists largely of phospholipids and proteins, and separates the intracellular compartments from the extracellular space. It also serves as a signaling platform for cell-to-cell communication and an interaction platform for the molecular crosstalk between pathogens and their target cells. Much research has been done to elucidate the interactions between pathogens and host membrane proteins. However, little is known about the interactions between pathogens and membrane phospholipids, although reports have described a contribution of phospholipids to cell recognition and/or invasion during early infection by diverse pathogens. Thus, during adhesion to the host cell, the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens Chlamydia spp., the facultative intracellular pathogen Helicobacter pylori and the facultative aerobic pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus, interact with exofacial phospholipids. This review focuses on several prominent instances of pathogen interaction with host-cell phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N Galle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Genomforschung der Mikroorganismen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes H Hegemann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Genomforschung der Mikroorganismen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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29
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Shamova EV, Gorudko IV, Grigorieva DV, Sokolov AV, Kokhan AU, Melnikova GB, Yafremau NA, Gusev SA, Sveshnikova AN, Vasilyev VB, Cherenkevich SN, Panasenko OM. The effect of myeloperoxidase isoforms on biophysical properties of red blood cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:119-130. [PMID: 31754972 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an oxidant-producing enzyme, stored in azurophilic granules of neutrophils has been recently shown to influence red blood cell (RBC) deformability leading to abnormalities in blood microcirculation. Native MPO is a homodimer, consisting of two identical protomers (monomeric MPO) connected by a single disulfide bond but in inflammatory foci as a result of disulfide cleavage monomeric MPO (hemi-MPO) can also be produced. This study investigated if two MPO isoforms have distinct effects on biophysical properties of RBCs. We have found that hemi-MPO, as well as the dimeric form, bind to the glycophorins A/B and band 3 protein on RBC's plasma membrane, that lead to reduced cell resistance to osmotic and acidic hemolysis, reduction in cell elasticity, significant changes in cell volume, morphology, and the conductance of RBC plasma membrane ion channels. Furthermore, we have shown for the first time that both dimeric and hemi-MPO lead to phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the outer leaflet of RBC membrane. However, the effects of hemi-MPO on the structural and functional properties of RBCs were lower compared to those of dimeric MPO. These findings suggest that the ability of MPO protein to influence RBC's biophysical properties depends on its conformation (dimeric or monomeric isoform). It is intriguing to speculate that hemi-MPO appearance in blood during inflammation can serve as a regulatory mechanism addressed to reduce abnormalities on RBC response, induced by dimeric MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexey V Sokolov
- FSBSI "Institute of Experimental Medicine", St. Petersburg, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Galina B Melnikova
- A.V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nikolai A Yafremau
- State Institution "N.N. Alexandrov Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Oncology and Medical Radiology", Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey A Gusev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vadim B Vasilyev
- FSBSI "Institute of Experimental Medicine", St. Petersburg, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Oleg M Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Siggel M, Bhaskara RM, Hummer G. Phospholipid Scramblases Remodel the Shape of Asymmetric Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6351-6354. [PMID: 31566982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane and many organellar membranes are asymmetric and highly curved. In experiments, it is challenging to reconstitute and characterize membranes that differ in the lipid composition of their leaflets. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the large-scale membrane shape changes associated with lipid shuttling between asymmetric leaflets. We exploit leaflet asymmetry to create a stable, near-spherical vesicle bud connected to a flat bilayer under periodic boundary conditions. Then we demonstrate how the lipid scramblase nhTMEM16 relaxes the lipid-number asymmetry. By mediating the flipping of lipids, this transmembrane protein dissipates the mechanochemical gradient between the leaflets and drives a large-scale membrane reorganization, converting the vesicle bud into a flat membrane. Our procedure to exploit bilayer asymmetry for simulations of highly curved membranes can be used to study the function of other lipid transporters and membrane-shaping proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Siggel
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics , Max Planck Institute of Biophysics , Max-von-Laue Str. 3 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Ramachandra M Bhaskara
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics , Max Planck Institute of Biophysics , Max-von-Laue Str. 3 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics , Max Planck Institute of Biophysics , Max-von-Laue Str. 3 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
- Institute of Biophysics , Goethe University Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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31
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Kusano S, Ikeda M. Interaction of phospholipid scramblase 1 with the Epstein-Barr virus protein BZLF1 represses BZLF1-mediated lytic gene transcription. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15104-15116. [PMID: 31434743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is strongly expressed in response to interferon (IFN) treatment and viral infection, and PLSCR1 has been suggested to play an important role in IFN-dependent antiviral responses. In this study, we showed that the basal expression of PLSCR1 was significantly elevated in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PLSCR1 was observed to directly interact with the EBV immediate-early transactivator BZLF1 in vitro and in vivo, and this interaction repressed the BZLF1-mediated transactivation of an EBV lytic BMRF1 promoter construct. In addition, PLSCR1 expression decreased the BZLF1-mediated up-regulation of lytic BMRF1 mRNA and protein expression in WT and PLSCR1-knockout EBV-infected NPC cells. Furthermore, we showed that PLSCR1 represses the interaction between BZLF1 and CREB-binding protein (CBP), which enhances the BZLF1-mediated transactivation of EBV lytic promoters. These results reveal for the first time that PLSCR1 specifically interacts with BZLF1 and negatively regulates its transcriptional regulatory activity by preventing the formation of the BZLF1-CBP complex. This interaction may contribute to the establishment of latent EBV infection in EBV-infected NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kusano
- Division of Biological Information Technology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Division of Biological Information Technology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Abstract
Microparticles are a distinctive group of small vesicles, without nucleus, which are involved as significant modulators in several physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Plasma microparticles from various cellular lines have been subject of research. Data suggest that they are key players in development and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases and their presence, in high levels, is associated with chronic inflammation, endothelial damage and thrombosis. The strong correlation of microparticle levels with several outcomes in cardiovascular diseases has led to their utilization as biomarkers. Despite the limited clinical application at present, their significance emerges, mainly because their detection and enumeration methods are improving. This review article summarizes the evidence derived from research, related with the genesis and the function of microparticles in the presence of various cardiovascular risk factors and conditions. The current data provide a substrate for several theories of how microparticles influence various cellular mechanisms by transferring biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Voukalis
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Eduard Shantsila
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- b Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science , University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool , UK.,c Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark
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Abstract
Membranes surrounding the biological cell and its internal compartments host proteins that catalyze chemical reactions essential for the functioning of the cell. Rather than being a passive structural matrix that holds membrane-embedded proteins in place, the membrane can largely shape the conformational energy landscape of membrane proteins and impact the energetics of their chemical reaction. Here, we highlight the challenges in understanding how lipids impact the conformational energy landscape of macromolecular membrane complexes whose functioning involves chemical reactions including proton transfer. We review here advances in our understanding of how chemical reactions occur at membrane interfaces gleaned with both theoretical and experimental advances using simple protein systems as guides. Our perspective is that of bridging experiments with theory to understand general physicochemical principles of membrane reactions, with a long term goal of furthering our understanding of the role of the lipids on the functioning of complex macromolecular assemblies at the membrane interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Nicoleta Bondar
- Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Physics, Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- University of Alberta , Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2H7 , Canada
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Han TW, Ye W, Bethel NP, Zubia M, Kim A, Li KH, Burlingame AL, Grabe M, Jan YN, Jan LY. Chemically induced vesiculation as a platform for studying TMEM16F activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1309-1318. [PMID: 30622179 PMCID: PMC6347726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817498116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated phospholipid scramblase mediates the energy-independent bidirectional translocation of lipids across the bilayer, leading to transient or, in the case of apoptotic scrambling, sustained collapse of membrane asymmetry. Cells lacking TMEM16F-dependent lipid scrambling activity are deficient in generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that shed from the plasma membrane in a Ca2+-dependent manner, namely microvesicles. We have adapted chemical induction of giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs), which require both TMEM16F-dependent phospholipid scrambling and calcium influx, as a kinetic assay to investigate the mechanism of TMEM16F activity. Using the GPMV assay, we identify and characterize both inactivating and activating mutants that elucidate the mechanism for TMEM16F activation and facilitate further investigation of TMEM16F-mediated lipid translocation and its role in extracellular vesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina W Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Wenlei Ye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Neville P Bethel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mario Zubia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrew Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kathy H Li
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lily Y Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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35
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Khaliulin AV, Gusyakova OA, Kozlov AV, Gabrilchak AI. [Metabolism processes and mechanisms of regulation of platelet activity (review of literature).]. Klin Lab Diagn 2019; 64:164-169. [PMID: 31012555 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-3-164-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelets play fundamental role in ensuring the hemostatic function in blood. In addition to this canonical function, the blood plates play angiotrophic, immunological, transport role, participate in the activation of plasma hemostasis, retraction of a blood clot, and can record circulating immune complexes. The review article presents current data on the structure and conjugation of molecular rearrangements of platelet ultrastructures associated with the functioning of an open canalicular platelet system, a dense tubular system, and a platelet cytoplasmic membrane. The main types of resting platelet metabolism, and the processes underlying the activation of platelets associated with the enhancement of carbohydrate and fatty acid catabolism are characterized, as well as some signaling pathways that regulate processes of induction of platelet aggregation. The data show the value of lipid components of activated platelet membranes, including phospholipids of various classes, glycolipids and cholesterol. The role of regulatory processes associated with the non-covalent modification of certain platelet proteins with fatty acids is reflected. Fundamental questions of platelet metabolism are relevant nowadays and require a combined approach of studying them, which can potentially solve many problems of clinical laboratory diagnostics, pathobiochemistry, and pharmacology. In preparing the review, we used sources from international and russian databases: Scopus, Web of Science, RSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Khaliulin
- Samara State Medical University, 443099, Samara, Russia
| | - O A Gusyakova
- Samara State Medical University, 443099, Samara, Russia
| | - A V Kozlov
- Samara State Medical University, 443099, Samara, Russia
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36
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Asaro RJ, Zhu Q, Cabrales P. Erythrocyte Aging, Protection via Vesiculation: An Analysis Methodology via Oscillatory Flow. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1607. [PMID: 30505281 PMCID: PMC6250888 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that erythrocyte deformations, specifically of a type as occur in splenic flow (Zhu et al., 2017), and of the type that promote vesiculation can be caused by simple, yet tailored, oscillatory shear flow. We show that such oscillatory shear flow provides an ideal environment to explore a wide variety of metabolic and biochemical effects that promote erythrocyte vesiculation. Deformation details, typical of splenic flow, such as in-folding and implications for membrane/skeleton interaction are demonstrated and quantitatively analyzed. We introduce a theoretical, essentially analytical, vesiculation model that directly couples to our more complex numerical, multilevel, model that clearly delineates various fundamental elements, i.e., sub-processes, that are involved and mediate the vesiculation process. This analytical model highlights particulary important vesiculation precursors such as areas of membrane/skeleton disruptions that trigger the vesiculation process. We demonstrate, using flow cytometry, that the deformations we experimentally induce on cells, and numerically simulate, do not induce lethal forms of cell damage but do induce vesiculation as theoretically forecasted. This, we demonstrate, provides a direct link to cell membrane/skeletal damage such as is associated with metabolic and aging damage. An additional noteworthy feature of this approach is the avoidance of artificial devices, e.g., micro-fluidic chambers, in which deformations and their time scales are often unrepresentative of physiological processes such as splenic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Biological Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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37
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Effects of Passive Phospholipid Flip-Flop and Asymmetric External Fields on Bilayer Phase Equilibria. Biophys J 2018; 115:1956-1965. [PMID: 30393103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compositional asymmetry between the leaflets of bilayer membranes modifies their phase behavior and is thought to influence other important features such as mechanical properties and protein activity. We address here how phase behavior is affected by passive phospholipid flip-flop, such that the compositional asymmetry is not fixed. We predict transitions from "pre-flip-flop" behavior to a restricted set of phase equilibria that can persist in the presence of passive flip-flop. Surprisingly, such states are not necessarily symmetric. We further account for external symmetry breaking, such as a preferential substrate interaction, and show how this can stabilize strongly asymmetric equilibrium states. Our theory explains several experimental observations of flip-flop-mediated changes in phase behavior and shows how domain formation and compositional asymmetry can be controlled in concert, by manipulating passive flip-flop rates and applying external fields.
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38
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Whitlock JM, Yu K, Cui YY, Hartzell HC. Anoctamin 5/TMEM16E facilitates muscle precursor cell fusion. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1498-1509. [PMID: 30257928 PMCID: PMC6219693 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L arises from mutations in the anoctamin ANO5, whose role in muscle physiology is unknown. Whitlock et al. show that loss of ANO5 perturbs phosphatidylserine exposure and cell–cell fusion in muscle precursor cells, which is an essential step in muscle repair. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L) is a myopathy arising from mutations in ANO5; however, information about the contribution of ANO5 to muscle physiology is lacking. To explain the role of ANO5 in LGMD2L, we previously hypothesized that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling facilitates cell–cell fusion of mononucleated muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), which is required for muscle repair. Here, we show that heterologous overexpression of ANO5 confers Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling to HEK-293 cells and that scrambling is associated with the simultaneous development of a nonselective ionic current. MPCs isolated from adult Ano5−/− mice exhibit defective cell fusion in culture and produce muscle fibers with significantly fewer nuclei compared with controls. This defective fusion is associated with a decrease of Ca2+-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure on the surface of Ano5−/− MPCs and a decrease in the amplitude of Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. Viral introduction of ANO5 in Ano5−/− MPCs restores MPC fusion competence, ANO5-dependent phospholipid scrambling, and Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. ANO5-rescued MPCs produce myotubes having numbers of nuclei similar to wild-type controls. These data suggest that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling or ionic currents play an important role in muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Whitlock
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kuai Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuan Yuan Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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39
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Kyle JE, Clair G, Bandyopadhyay G, Misra RS, Zink EM, Bloodsworth KJ, Shukla AK, Du Y, Lillis J, Myers JR, Ashton J, Bushnell T, Cochran M, Deutsch G, Baker ES, Carson JP, Mariani TJ, Xu Y, Whitsett JA, Pryhuber G, Ansong C. Cell type-resolved human lung lipidome reveals cellular cooperation in lung function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13455. [PMID: 30194354 PMCID: PMC6128932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-resolved proteome analyses of the brain, heart and liver have been reported, however a similar effort on the lipidome is currently lacking. Here we applied liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the lipidome of major lung cell types isolated from human donors, representing the first lipidome map of any organ. We coupled this with cell type-resolved proteomics of the same samples (available at Lungmap.net). Complementary proteomics analyses substantiated the functional identity of the isolated cells. Lipidomics analyses showed significant variations in the lipidome across major human lung cell types, with differences most evident at the subclass and intra-subclass (i.e. total carbon length of the fatty acid chains) level. Further, lipidomic signatures revealed an overarching posture of high cellular cooperation within the human lung to support critical functions. Our complementary cell type-resolved lipid and protein datasets serve as a rich resource for analyses of human lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ravi S Misra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Erika M Zink
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Kent J Bloodsworth
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Anil K Shukla
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yina Du
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Lillis
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Timothy Bushnell
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Matthew Cochran
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Gail Deutsch
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - James P Carson
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Gloria Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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40
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Hannemann A, Rees DC, Brewin JN, Noe A, Low B, Gibson JS. Oxidative stress and phosphatidylserine exposure in red cells from patients with sickle cell anaemia. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:567-578. [PMID: 29938778 PMCID: PMC6120535 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure increases as red cells age, and is an important signal for the removal of senescent cells from the circulation. PS exposure is elevated in red cells from sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients and is thought to enhance haemolysis and vaso-occlusion. Although precise conditions leading to its externalisation are unclear, high intracellular Ca2+ has been implicated. Red cells from SCA patients are also exposed to an increased oxidative challenge, and we postulated that this stimulates PS exposure, through increased Ca2+ levels. We tested four different ways of generating oxidative stress: hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase, phenazine methosulphate, nitrite and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, together with thiol modification with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), dithiothreitol and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), in red cells permeabilised to Ca2+ using bromo-A23187. Unexpectedly, our findings showed that the four oxidants significantly reduced Ca2+ -induced PS exposure (by 40-60%) with no appreciable effect on Ca2+ affinity. By contrast, NEM markedly increased PS exposure (by about 400%) and slightly but significantly increased the affinity for Ca2+ . Dithiothreitol modestly reduced PS exposure (by 25%) and HOCl had no effect. These findings emphasise the importance of thiol modification for PS exposure in sickle cells but suggest that increased oxidant stress alone is not important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hannemann
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David C. Rees
- Department of Paediatric HaematologyKing's College HospitalKing's College London School of MedicineLondonUK
| | - John N. Brewin
- Department of Paediatric HaematologyKing's College HospitalKing's College London School of MedicineLondonUK
| | - Andreas Noe
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ben Low
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John S. Gibson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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41
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Malvezzi M, Andra KK, Pandey K, Lee BC, Falzone ME, Brown A, Iqbal R, Menon AK, Accardi A. Out-of-the-groove transport of lipids by TMEM16 and GPCR scramblases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7033-E7042. [PMID: 29925604 PMCID: PMC6065010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806721115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblases externalize phosphatidylserine to facilitate numerous physiological processes. Several members of the structurally unrelated TMEM16 and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protein families mediate phospholipid scrambling. The structure of a TMEM16 scramblase shows a membrane-exposed hydrophilic cavity, suggesting that scrambling occurs via the ‟credit-card" mechanism where lipid headgroups permeate through the cavity while their tails remain associated with the membrane core. Here we show that afTMEM16 and opsin, representatives of the TMEM16 and GCPR scramblase families, transport phospholipids with polyethylene glycol headgroups whose globular dimensions are much larger than the width of the cavity. This suggests that transport of these large headgroups occurs outside rather than within the cavity. These large lipids are scrambled at rates comparable to those of normal phospholipids and their presence in the reconstituted vesicles promotes scrambling of normal phospholipids. This suggests that both large and small phospholipids can move outside the cavity. We propose that the conformational rearrangements underlying TMEM16- and GPCR-mediated credit-card scrambling locally deform the membrane to allow transbilayer lipid translocation outside the cavity and that both mechanisms underlie transport of normal phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Malvezzi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kiran K Andra
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kalpana Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Byoung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Maria E Falzone
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ashley Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rabia Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Anant K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alessio Accardi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065;
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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42
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Falzone ME, Malvezzi M, Lee BC, Accardi A. Known structures and unknown mechanisms of TMEM16 scramblases and channels. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:933-947. [PMID: 29915161 PMCID: PMC6028493 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Falzone et al. interpret the mechanisms underlying the activity of TMEM16 family members from recent structural and functional work. The TMEM16 family of membrane proteins is composed of both Ca2+-gated Cl− channels and Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblases. The functional diversity of TMEM16s underlies their involvement in numerous signal transduction pathways that connect changes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels to cellular signaling networks. Indeed, defects in the function of several TMEM16s cause a variety of genetic disorders, highlighting their fundamental pathophysiological importance. Here, we review how our mechanistic understanding of TMEM16 function has been shaped by recent functional and structural work. Remarkably, the recent determination of near-atomic-resolution structures of TMEM16 proteins of both functional persuasions has revealed how relatively minimal rearrangements in the substrate translocation pathway are sufficient to precipitate the dramatic functional differences that characterize the family. These structures, when interpreted in the light of extensive functional analysis, point to an unusual mechanism for Ca2+-dependent activation of TMEM16 proteins in which substrate permeation is regulated by a combination of conformational rearrangements and electrostatics. These breakthroughs pave the way to elucidate the mechanistic bases of ion and lipid transport by the TMEM16 proteins and unravel the molecular links between these transport activities and their function in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Falzone
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY
| | - Mattia Malvezzi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY
| | - Byoung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY
| | - Alessio Accardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY .,Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY.,Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY
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43
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Abstract
Membrane biology seeks to understand how lipids and proteins within bilayers assemble into large structures such as organelles and the plasma membranes. Historically, lipids were thought to merely provide structural support for bilayer formation and membrane protein function. Research has now revealed that phospholipid metabolism regulates nearly all cellular processes. Sophisticated techniques helped identify >10,000 lipid species suggesting that lipids support many biological processes. Here, we highlight the synthesis of the most abundant glycerophospholipid classes and their distribution in organelles. We review vesicular and nonvesicular transport pathways shuttling lipids between organelles and discuss lipid regulators of membrane trafficking and second messengers in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yang
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, and
| | - Minhyoung Lee
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, and
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, .,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, and.,the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
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Rybczynska AA, Boersma HH, de Jong S, Gietema JA, Noordzij W, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, van Waarde A. Avenues to molecular imaging of dying cells: Focus on cancer. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528513 PMCID: PMC6220832 DOI: 10.1002/med.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer patients requires balancing of the dose, timing, and type of therapeutic regimen. Detection of increased cell death may serve as a predictor of the eventual therapeutic success. Imaging of cell death may thus lead to early identification of treatment responders and nonresponders, and to “patient‐tailored therapy.” Cell death in organs and tissues of the human body can be visualized, using positron emission tomography or single‐photon emission computed tomography, although unsolved problems remain concerning target selection, tracer pharmacokinetics, target‐to‐nontarget ratio, and spatial and temporal resolution of the scans. Phosphatidylserine exposure by dying cells has been the most extensively studied imaging target. However, visualization of this process with radiolabeled Annexin A5 has not become routine in the clinical setting. Classification of death modes is no longer based only on cell morphology but also on biochemistry, and apoptosis is no longer found to be the preponderant mechanism of cell death after antitumor therapy, as was earlier believed. These conceptual changes have affected radiochemical efforts. Novel probes targeting changes in membrane permeability, cytoplasmic pH, mitochondrial membrane potential, or caspase activation have recently been explored. In this review, we discuss molecular changes in tumors which can be targeted to visualize cell death and we propose promising biomarkers for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rybczynska
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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45
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Logvina NA, Shender VO, Arapidi GP, Holina TD. A Role of Vesicular Transduction of Intercellular Signals in Cancer Development. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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47
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes and microvesicles, are host cell-derived packages of information that allow cell-cell communication and enable cells to rid themselves of unwanted substances. The release and uptake of extracellular vesicles has important physiological functions and may also contribute to the development and propagation of inflammatory, vascular, malignant, infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. This Review describes the different types of extracellular vesicles, how they are detected and the mechanisms by which they communicate with cells and transfer information. We also describe their physiological functions in cellular interactions, such as in thrombosis, immune modulation, cell proliferation, tissue regeneration and matrix modulation, with an emphasis on renal processes. We discuss how the detection of extracellular vesicles could be utilized as biomarkers of renal disease and how they might contribute to disease processes in the kidney, such as in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, renal transplantation, thrombotic microangiopathies, vasculitides, IgA nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, urinary tract infection, cystic kidney disease and tubulopathies. Finally, we consider how the release or uptake of extracellular vesicles can be blocked, as well as the associated benefits and risks, and how extracellular vesicles might be used to treat renal diseases by delivering therapeutics to specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Klinikgatan 28, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lie Ståhl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Klinikgatan 28, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Arvidsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Klinikgatan 28, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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48
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Ridger VC, Boulanger CM, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Badimon L, Blanc-Brude O, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Boilard E, Buzas EI, Caporali A, Dignat-George F, Evans PC, Lacroix R, Lutgens E, Ketelhuth DFJ, Nieuwland R, Toti F, Tunon J, Weber C, Hoefer IE. Microvesicles in vascular homeostasis and diseases. Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1296-1316. [PMID: 28569921 DOI: 10.1160/th16-12-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are members of the family of extracellular vesicles shed from the plasma membrane of activated or apoptotic cells. Microvesicles were initially characterised by their pro-coagulant activity and described as "microparticles". There is mounting evidence revealing a role for microvesicles in intercellular communication, with particular relevance to hemostasis and vascular biology. Coupled with this, the potential of microvesicles as meaningful biomarkers is under intense investigation. This Position Paper will summarise the current knowledge on the mechanisms of formation and composition of microvesicles of endothelial, platelet, red blood cell and leukocyte origin. This paper will also review and discuss the different methods used for their analysis and quantification, will underline the potential biological roles of these vesicles with respect to vascular homeostasis and thrombosis and define important themes for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- Victoria Ridger, PhD, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, E-mail: , or, Chantal M. Boulanger, PhD, INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France, E-mail:
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49
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Axonal Degeneration in Retinal Ganglion Cells Is Associated with a Membrane Polarity-Sensitive Redox Process. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3824-3839. [PMID: 28275163 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3882-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a pathophysiological mechanism common to several neurodegenerative diseases. The slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) mutation, which results in reduced axonal degeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems, has provided insight into a redox-dependent mechanism by which axons undergo self-destruction. We studied early molecular events in axonal degeneration with single-axon laser axotomy and time-lapse imaging, monitoring the initial changes in transected axons of purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from wild-type and WldS rat retinas using a polarity-sensitive annexin-based biosensor (annexin B12-Cys101,Cys260-N,N'-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) ethylenediamine). Transected axons demonstrated a rapid and progressive change in membrane phospholipid polarity, manifested as phosphatidylserine externalization, which was significantly delayed and propagated more slowly in axotomized WldS RGCs compared with wild-type axons. Delivery of bis(3-propionic acid methyl ester)phenylphosphine borane complex, a cell-permeable intracellular disulfide-reducing drug, slowed the onset and velocity of phosphatidylserine externalization in wild-type axons significantly, replicating the WldS phenotype, whereas extracellular redox modulation reversed the WldS phenotype. These findings are consistent with an intra-axonal redox mechanism for axonal degeneration associated with the initiation and propagation of phosphatidylserine externalization after axotomy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axonal degeneration is a neuronal process independent of somal apoptosis, the propagation of which is unclear. We combined single-cell laser axotomy with time-lapse imaging to study the dynamics of phosphatidylserine externalization immediately after axonal injury in purified retinal ganglion cells. The extension of phosphatidylserine externalization was slowed and delayed in Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) axons and this phenotype could be reproduced by intra-axonal disulfide reduction in wild-type axons and reversed by extra-axonal reduction in WldS axons. These results are consistent with a redox mechanism for propagation of membrane polarity asymmetry in axonal degeneration.
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50
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Calì T, Brini M, Carafoli E. Regulation of Cell Calcium and Role of Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:259-296. [PMID: 28526135 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA pump) is a member of the superfamily of P-type pumps. It has 10 transmembrane helices and 2 cytosolic loops, one of which contains the catalytic center. Its most distinctive feature is a C-terminal tail that contains most of the regulatory sites including that for calmodulin. The pump is also regulated by acidic phospholipids, kinases, a dimerization process, and numerous protein interactors. In mammals, four genes code for the four basic isoforms. Isoform complexity is increased by alternative splicing of primary transcripts. Pumps 2 and 3 are expressed preferentially in the nervous system. The pumps coexist with more powerful systems that clear Ca2+ from the bulk cytosol: their role is thus the regulation of Ca2+ in selected subplasma membrane microdomains, where a number of important Ca2+-dependent enzymes interact with them. Malfunctions of the pump lead to disease phenotypes that affect the nervous system preferentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Calì
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Brini
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Carafoli
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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