1
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Guo L, Liu X, Su X. The role of TEMRA cell-mediated immune senescence in the development and treatment of HIV disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284293. [PMID: 37901239 PMCID: PMC10602809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has plagued human society for a long time since its discovery, causing a large number of patients to suffer and costing hundreds of millions of medical services every year. Scientists have found that HIV and antiretroviral therapy accelerate immune aging by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, and that terminal effector memory T cells (TEMRA cells) are crucial in immune aging. This specific subset of effector memory T cells has terminally differentiated properties and exhibits high cytotoxicity and proinflammatory capacity. We therefore explored and described the interplay between exhaustion features, essential markers, functions, and signaling pathways from previous studies on HIV, antiretroviral therapy, immune senescence, and TEMRA cells. Their remarkable antiviral capacity is then highlighted by elucidating phenotypic changes in TEMRA cells during HIV infection, describing changes in TEMRA cells before, during, and after antiretroviral therapy and other drug treatments. Their critical role in complications and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-HIV superinfection is highlighted. These studies demonstrate that TEMRA cells play a key role in the antiviral response and immune senescence during HIV infection. Finally, we review current therapeutic strategies targeting TEMRA cells that may be clinically beneficial, highlight their potential role in HIV-1 vaccine development, and provide perspectives and predictions for related future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Guo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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2
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Schibler AC, Jevtic P, Pegoraro G, Levy DL, Misteli T. Identification of epigenetic modulators as determinants of nuclear size and shape. eLife 2023; 12:e80653. [PMID: 37219077 PMCID: PMC10259489 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The shape and size of the human cell nucleus is highly variable among cell types and tissues. Changes in nuclear morphology are associated with disease, including cancer, as well as with premature and normal aging. Despite the very fundamental nature of nuclear morphology, the cellular factors that determine nuclear shape and size are not well understood. To identify regulators of nuclear architecture in a systematic and unbiased fashion, we performed a high-throughput imaging-based siRNA screen targeting 867 nuclear proteins including chromatin-associated proteins, epigenetic regulators, and nuclear envelope components. Using multiple morphometric parameters, and eliminating cell cycle effectors, we identified a set of novel determinants of nuclear size and shape. Interestingly, most identified factors altered nuclear morphology without affecting the levels of lamin proteins, which are known prominent regulators of nuclear shape. In contrast, a major group of nuclear shape regulators were modifiers of repressive heterochromatin. Biochemical and molecular analysis uncovered a direct physical interaction of histone H3 with lamin A mediated via combinatorial histone modifications. Furthermore, disease-causing lamin A mutations that result in disruption of nuclear shape inhibited lamin A-histone H3 interactions. Oncogenic histone H3.3 mutants defective for H3K27 methylation resulted in nuclear morphology abnormalities. Altogether, our results represent a systematic exploration of cellular factors involved in determining nuclear morphology and they identify the interaction of lamin A with histone H3 as an important contributor to nuclear morphology in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Predrag Jevtic
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of WyomingLaramieUnited States
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), National Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of WyomingLaramieUnited States
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer InstituteBethesdaUnited States
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3
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Liu SY, Ikegami K. Nuclear lamin phosphorylation: an emerging role in gene regulation and pathogenesis of laminopathies. Nucleus 2021; 11:299-314. [PMID: 33030403 PMCID: PMC7588210 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1832734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of studies have established that nuclear lamin polymers form the nuclear lamina, a protein meshwork that supports the nuclear envelope structure and tethers heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery. Much less is known about unpolymerized nuclear lamins in the nuclear interior, some of which are now known to undergo specific phosphorylation. A recent finding that phosphorylated lamins bind gene enhancer regions offers a new hypothesis that lamin phosphorylation may influence transcriptional regulation in the nuclear interior. In this review, we discuss the regulation, localization, and functions of phosphorylated lamins. We summarize kinases that phosphorylate lamins in a variety of biological contexts. Our discussion extends to laminopathies, a spectrum of degenerative disorders caused by lamin gene mutations, such as cardiomyopathies and progeria. We compare the prevailing hypothesis for laminopathy pathogenesis based on lamins’ function at the nuclear lamina with an emerging hypothesis based on phosphorylated lamins’ function in the nuclear interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kohta Ikegami
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Division of Molecular and Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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4
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Danielsson BE, Tieu KV, Bathula K, Armiger TJ, Vellala PS, Taylor RE, Dahl KN, Conway DE. Lamin microaggregates lead to altered mechanotransmission in progerin-expressing cells. Nucleus 2021; 11:194-204. [PMID: 32816594 PMCID: PMC7529416 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1802906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate filament proteins, and lamin A is the primary mechanical protein. An altered splicing of lamin A, known as progerin, causes the disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Progerin-expressing cells have altered nuclear shapes and stiffened nuclear lamina with microaggregates of progerin. Here, progerin microaggregate inclusions in the lamina are shown to lead to cellular and multicellular dysfunction. We show with Comsol simulations that stiffened inclusions causes redistribution of normally homogeneous forces, and this redistribution is dependent on the stiffness difference and relatively independent of inclusion size. We also show mechanotransmission changes associated with progerin expression in cells under confinement and cells under external forces. Endothelial cells expressing progerin do not align properly with patterning. Fibroblasts expressing progerin do not align properly to applied cyclic force. Combined, these studies show that altered nuclear lamina mechanics and microstructure impacts cytoskeletal force transmission through the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Danielsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Katie V Tieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kranthidhar Bathula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Travis J Armiger
- Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pragna S Vellala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Rebecca E Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
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5
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Bizhanova A, Kaufman PD. Close to the edge: Heterochromatin at the nucleolar and nuclear peripheries. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2021; 1864:194666. [PMID: 33307247 PMCID: PMC7855492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin is a dynamic structure composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins, regulating storage and expression of the genetic material in the nucleus. Heterochromatin plays a crucial role in driving the three-dimensional arrangement of the interphase genome, and in preserving genome stability by maintaining a subset of the genome in a silent state. Spatial genome organization contributes to normal patterns of gene function and expression, and is therefore of broad interest. Mammalian heterochromatin, the focus of this review, mainly localizes at the nuclear periphery, forming Lamina-associated domains (LADs), and at the nucleolar periphery, forming Nucleolus-associated domains (NADs). Together, these regions comprise approximately one-half of mammalian genomes, and most but not all loci within these domains are stochastically placed at either of these two locations after exit from mitosis at each cell cycle. Excitement about the role of these heterochromatic domains in early development has recently been heightened by the discovery that LADs appear at some loci in the preimplantation mouse embryo prior to other chromosomal features like compartmental identity and topologically-associated domains (TADs). While LADs have been extensively studied and mapped during cellular differentiation and early embryonic development, NADs have been less thoroughly studied. Here, we summarize pioneering studies of NADs and LADs, more recent advances in our understanding of cis/trans-acting factors that mediate these localizations, and discuss the functional significance of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhan Bizhanova
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul D Kaufman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Nuclear lamins form an elastic meshwork underlying the inner nuclear membrane and provide mechanical rigidity to the nucleus and maintain shape. Lamins also maintain chromosome positioning and play important roles in several nuclear processes like replication, DNA damage repair, transcription, and epigenetic modifications. LMNA mutations affect cardiac tissue, muscle tissues, adipose tissues to precipitate several diseases collectively termed as laminopathies. However, the rationale behind LMNA mutations and laminopathies continues to elude scientists. During interphase, several chromosomes form inter/intrachromosomal contacts inside nucleoplasm and several chromosomal loops also stretch out to make a ‘loop-cluster’ which are key players to regulate gene expressions. In this perspective, we have proposed that the lamin network in tandem with nuclear actin and myosin provide mechanical rigidity to the chromosomal contacts and facilitate loop-clusters movements. LMNA mutations thus might perturb the landscape of chromosomal contacts or loop-clusters positioning which can impair gene expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manindra Bera
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Kolkata, India.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine , Connecticut, New Haven, USA
| | - Kaushik Sengupta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Kolkata, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai, India
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7
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Ikegami K, Secchia S, Almakki O, Lieb JD, Moskowitz IP. Phosphorylated Lamin A/C in the Nuclear Interior Binds Active Enhancers Associated with Abnormal Transcription in Progeria. Dev Cell 2020; 52:699-713.e11. [PMID: 32208162 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
LMNA encodes nuclear Lamin A/C that tethers lamina-associated domains (LADs) to the nuclear periphery. Mutations in LMNA cause degenerative disorders including the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, but the mechanisms are unknown. We report that Ser22-phosphorylated (pS22) Lamin A/C was localized to the nuclear interior in human fibroblasts throughout the cell cycle. pS22-Lamin A/C interacted with a subset of putative active enhancers, not LADs, at locations co-bound by the transcriptional activator c-Jun. In progeria-patient fibroblasts, a subset of pS22-Lamin A/C-binding sites were lost, whereas new pS22-Lamin A/C-binding sites emerged in normally quiescent loci. New pS22-Lamin A/C binding was accompanied by increased histone acetylation, increased c-Jun binding, and upregulation of nearby genes implicated in progeria pathophysiology. These results suggest that Lamin A/C regulates gene expression by enhancer binding. Disruption of the gene regulatory rather than LAD tethering function of Lamin A/C may underlie the pathogenesis of disorders caused by LMNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Ikegami
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Stefano Secchia
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biology, Lunds University, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Omar Almakki
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason D Lieb
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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8
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Emerging roles of lamins and DNA damage repair mechanisms in ovarian cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2317-2333. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20200713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins which are ubiquitously present in all metazoan cells providing a platform for binding of chromatin and related proteins, thereby serving a wide range of nuclear functions including DNA damage repair. Altered expression of lamins in different subtypes of cancer is evident from researches worldwide. But whether cancer is a consequence of this change or this change is a consequence of cancer is a matter of future investigation. However changes in the expression levels of lamins is reported to have direct or indirect association with cancer progression or have regulatory roles in common neoplastic symptoms like higher nuclear deformability, increased genomic instability and reduced susceptibility to DNA damaging agents. It has already been proved that loss of A type lamin positively regulates cathepsin L, eventually leading to degradation of several DNA damage repair proteins, hence impairing DNA damage repair pathways and increasing genomic instability. It is established in ovarian cancer, that the extent of alteration in nuclear morphology can determine the degree of genetic changes and thus can be utilized to detect low to high form of serous carcinoma. In this review, we have focused on ovarian cancer which is largely caused by genomic alterations in the DNA damage response pathways utilizing proteins like RAD51, BRCA1, 53BP1 which are regulated by lamins. We have elucidated the current understanding of lamin expression in ovarian cancer and its implications in the regulation of DNA damage response pathways that ultimately result in telomere deformation and genomic instability.
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9
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Marcelot A, Worman HJ, Zinn-Justin S. Protein structural and mechanistic basis of progeroid laminopathies. FEBS J 2020; 288:2757-2772. [PMID: 32799420 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progeroid laminopathies are characterized by the premature appearance of certain signs of physiological aging in a subset of tissues. They are caused by mutations in genes coding for A-type lamins or lamin-binding proteins. Here, we review how different mutations causing progeroid laminopathies alter protein structure or protein-protein interactions and how these impact on mechanisms that protect cell viability and function. One group of progeroid laminopathies, which includes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is characterized by accumulation of unprocessed prelamin A or variants. These are caused by mutations in the A-type lamin gene (LMNA), altering prelamin A itself, or in ZMPSTE24, encoding an endoprotease involved in its processing. The abnormally expressed farnesylated proteins impact on various cellular processes that may contribute to progeroid phenotypes. Other LMNA mutations lead to the production of nonfarnesylated A-type lamin variants with amino acid substitutions in solvent-exposed hot spots located mainly in coil 1B and the immunoglobulin fold domain. Dominant missense mutations might reinforce interactions between lamin domains, thus giving rise to excessively stabilized filament networks. Recessive missense mutations in A-type lamins and barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) causing progeroid disorders are found at the interface between these interacting proteins. The amino acid changes decrease the binding affinity of A-type lamins for BAF, which may contribute to lamina disorganization, as well as defective repair of mechanically induced nuclear envelope rupture. Targeting these molecular alterations in A-type lamins and associated proteins identified through structural biology studies could facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies to treat patients with rare but severe progeroid laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Marcelot
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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10
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Lamin A/C Mechanotransduction in Laminopathies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051306. [PMID: 32456328 PMCID: PMC7291067 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction translates forces into biological responses and regulates cell functionalities. It is implicated in several diseases, including laminopathies which are pathologies associated with mutations in lamins and lamin-associated proteins. These pathologies affect muscle, adipose, bone, nerve, and skin cells and range from muscular dystrophies to accelerated aging. Although the exact mechanisms governing laminopathies and gene expression are still not clear, a strong correlation has been found between cell functionality and nuclear behavior. New theories base on the direct effect of external force on the genome, which is indeed sensitive to the force transduced by the nuclear lamina. Nuclear lamina performs two essential functions in mechanotransduction pathway modulating the nuclear stiffness and governing the chromatin remodeling. Indeed, A-type lamin mutation and deregulation has been found to affect the nuclear response, altering several downstream cellular processes such as mitosis, chromatin organization, DNA replication-transcription, and nuclear structural integrity. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the molecular composition and architecture of the nuclear lamina, its role in healthy cells and disease regulation. We focus on A-type lamins since this protein family is the most involved in mechanotransduction and laminopathies.
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11
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Vazquez BN, Thackray JK, Simonet NG, Chahar S, Kane-Goldsmith N, Newkirk SJ, Lee S, Xing J, Verzi MP, An W, Vaquero A, Tischfield JA, Serrano L. SIRT7 mediates L1 elements transcriptional repression and their association with the nuclear lamina. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:7870-7885. [PMID: 31226208 PMCID: PMC6735864 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed elements-1 (LINE-1, L1) are retrotransposons that hold the capacity of self-propagation in the genome with potential mutagenic outcomes. How somatic cells restrict L1 activity and how this process becomes dysfunctional during aging and in cancer cells is poorly understood. L1s are enriched at lamin-associated domains, heterochromatic regions of the nuclear periphery. Whether this association is necessary for their repression has been elusive. Here we show that the sirtuin family member SIRT7 participates in the epigenetic transcriptional repression of L1 genome-wide in both mouse and human cells. SIRT7 depletion leads to increased L1 expression and retrotransposition. Mechanistically, we identify a novel interplay between SIRT7 and Lamin A/C in L1 repression. Our results demonstrate that SIRT7-mediated H3K18 deacetylation regulates L1 expression and promotes L1 association with elements of the nuclear lamina. The failure of such activity might contribute to the observed genome instability and compromised viability in SIRT7 knockout mice. Overall, our results reveal a novel function of SIRT7 on chromatin organization by mediating the anchoring of L1 to the nuclear envelope, and a new functional link of the nuclear lamina with transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta N Vazquez
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Spain
| | - Joshua K Thackray
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nicolas G Simonet
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Sanjay Chahar
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Montpellier Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS and the University of Montpellier, 34090, France
| | - Noriko Kane-Goldsmith
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Simon J Newkirk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Suman Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Wenfeng An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Alejandro Vaquero
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Spain.,Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lourdes Serrano
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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12
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Collas P, Liyakat Ali TM, Brunet A, Germier T. Finding Friends in the Crowd: Three-Dimensional Cliques of Topological Genomic Domains. Front Genet 2019; 10:602. [PMID: 31275364 PMCID: PMC6593077 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian genome is intricately folded in a three-dimensional topology believed to be important for the orchestration of gene expression regulating development, differentiation and tissue homeostasis. Important features of spatial genome conformation in the nucleus are promoter-enhancer contacts regulating gene expression within topologically-associated domains (TADs), short- and long-range interactions between TADs and associations of chromatin with nucleoli and nuclear speckles. In addition, anchoring of chromosomes to the nuclear lamina via lamina-associated domains (LADs) at the nuclear periphery is a key regulator of the radial distribution of chromatin. To what extent TADs and LADs act in concert as genomic organizers to shape the three-dimensional topology of chromatin has long remained unknown. A new study addressing this key question provides evidence of (i) preferred long-range associations between TADs forming TAD “cliques” which organize large heterochromatin domains, and (ii) stabilization of TAD cliques by LADs at the nuclear periphery after induction of terminal differentiation. Here, we review these findings, address the issue of whether TAD cliques exist in single cells and discuss the extent of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in higher-order chromatin conformation. The recent observations provide a first appreciation of changes in 4-dimensional higher-order genome topologies during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tharvesh M Liyakat Ali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annaël Brunet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Germier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Kinesin-14 motor protein KIFC1 participates in DNA synthesis and chromatin maintenance. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:402. [PMID: 31127080 PMCID: PMC6534603 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear localization signal (NLS) in kinesin-14 KIFC1 is associated with nuclear importins and Ran gradient, but detailed mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we found that KIFC1 proteins have specific transport characteristics during cell cycle. In the absence of KIFC1, cell cycle kinetics decrease significantly with a prolonged S phase. After KIFC1 overexpression, the duration of S phase becomes shorten. KIFC1 may transport the recombinant/replicate-related proteins into the nucleus, meanwhile avoiding excessive KIFC1 in the cytoplasm, which results in aberrant microtubule bundling. Interestingly, the deletion of kifc1 in human cells results in a higher ratio of aberrant nuclear membrane, and the degradation of lamin B and lamin A/C. We also found that kifc1 deletion leads to defects in metaphase mitotic spindle assembly, and then results in chromosome structural abnormality. The kifc1-/- cells finally form micronuclei in daughter cells, and results in aneuploidy and chromosome loss in cell cycle. In this study, we demonstrate that kinesin-14 KIFC1 proteins involve in regulating DNA synthesis in S phase, and chromatin maintenance in mitosis, and maintain cell growth in a nuclear transport-independent way.
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14
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Hah J, Kim DH. Deciphering Nuclear Mechanobiology in Laminopathy. Cells 2019; 8:E231. [PMID: 30862117 PMCID: PMC6468464 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular mechanical stimuli are translated into biochemical signals inside the cell via mechanotransduction. The nucleus plays a critical role in mechanoregulation, which encompasses mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. The nuclear lamina underlying the inner nuclear membrane not only maintains the structural integrity, but also connects the cytoskeleton to the nuclear envelope. Lamin mutations, therefore, dysregulate the nuclear response, resulting in abnormal mechanoregulations, and ultimately, disease progression. Impaired mechanoregulations even induce malfunction in nuclear positioning, cell migration, mechanosensation, as well as differentiation. To know how to overcome laminopathies, we need to understand the mechanisms of laminopathies in a mechanobiological way. Recently, emerging studies have demonstrated the varying defects from lamin mutation in cellular homeostasis within mechanical surroundings. Therefore, this review summarizes recent findings highlighting the role of lamins, the architecture of nuclear lamina, and their disease relevance in the context of nuclear mechanobiology. We will also provide an overview of the differentiation of cellular mechanics in laminopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Hah
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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15
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Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome-Current Status and Prospects for Gene Therapy Treatment. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020088. [PMID: 30691039 PMCID: PMC6406247 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is one of the most severe disorders among laminopathies—a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases with a molecular background based on mutations in the LMNA gene and genes coding for interacting proteins. HGPS is characterized by the presence of aging-associated symptoms, including lack of subcutaneous fat, alopecia, swollen veins, growth retardation, age spots, joint contractures, osteoporosis, cardiovascular pathology, and death due to heart attacks and strokes in childhood. LMNA codes for two major, alternatively spliced transcripts, give rise to lamin A and lamin C proteins. Mutations in the LMNA gene alone, depending on the nature and location, may result in the expression of abnormal protein or loss of protein expression and cause at least 11 disease phenotypes, differing in severity and affected tissue. LMNA gene-related HGPS is caused by a single mutation in the LMNA gene in exon 11. The mutation c.1824C > T results in activation of the cryptic donor splice site, which leads to the synthesis of progerin protein lacking 50 amino acids. The accumulation of progerin is the reason for appearance of the phenotype. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of HGPS and provide a critical analysis of current research trends in this field. We also discuss the mouse models available so far, the current status of treatment of the disease, and future prospects for the development of efficient therapies, including gene therapy for HGPS.
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16
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van Tienen FHJ, Lindsey PJ, Kamps MAF, Krapels IP, Ramaekers FCS, Brunner HG, van den Wijngaard A, Broers JLV. Assessment of fibroblast nuclear morphology aids interpretation of LMNA variants. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:389-399. [PMID: 30420677 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic heterogeneity of Lamin A/C (LMNA) variants renders it difficult to classify them. As a consequence, many LMNA variants are classified as variant of unknown significance (VUS). A number of studies reported different types of visible nuclear abnormalities in LMNA-variant carriers, such as herniations, honeycomb-like structures and irregular Lamin staining. In this study, we used lamin A/C immunostaining and nuclear DAPI staining to assess the number and type of nuclear abnormalities in primary dermal fibroblast cultures of laminopathy patients and healthy controls. The total number of abnormal nuclei, which includes herniations, honeycomb-structures, and donut-like nuclei, was found to be the most discriminating parameter between laminopathy and control cell cultures. The percentage abnormal nuclei was subsequently scored in fibroblasts of 28 LMNA variant carriers, ranging from (likely) benign to (likely) pathogenic variant. Using this method, 27 out of 28 fibroblast cell cultures could be classified as either normal (n = 14) or laminopathy (n = 13) and no false positive results were obtained. The obtained specificity was 100% (CI 40-100%) and sensitivity 77% (46-95%). We conclude that assessing the percentage of abnormal nuclei is a quick and reliable method, which aids classification or confirms pathogenicity of identified LMNA variants causing formation of aberrant lamin A/C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence H J van Tienen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick J Lindsey
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam A F Kamps
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid P Krapels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans C S Ramaekers
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur van den Wijngaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos L V Broers
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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17
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Serebryannyy LA, Misteli T. HiPLA: High-throughput imaging proximity ligation assay. Methods 2018; 157:80-87. [PMID: 30419336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are essential for cellular structure and function. To delineate how the intricate assembly of protein interactions contribute to cellular processes in health and disease, new methodologies that are both highly sensitive and can be applied at large scale are needed. Here, we develop HiPLA (high-throughput imaging proximity ligation assay), a method that employs the well-established antibody-based proximity ligation assay in a high-throughput imaging screening format as a novel means to systematically visualize protein interactomes. Using HiPLA with a library of antibodies targeting nuclear proteins, we probe the interaction of 60 proteins and associated post-translational modifications (PTMs) with the nuclear lamina in a model of the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). We identify a subset of proteins that differentially interact with the nuclear lamina in HGPS. Using HiPLA in combination with quantitative indirect immunofluorescence, we find that the majority of differential interactions are accompanied by corresponding changes in expression of the interacting protein. Taken together, HiPLA offers a novel approach to probe cellular protein-protein interaction at a large scale and reveals mechanistic insights into the assembly of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid A Serebryannyy
- Cell Biology of Genomes Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 41, 41 Library Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tom Misteli
- Cell Biology of Genomes Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 41, 41 Library Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Jiang Y, Ji JY. Understanding lamin proteins and their roles in aging and cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 2018; 212:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Janin A, Gache V. Nesprins and Lamins in Health and Diseases of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1277. [PMID: 30245638 PMCID: PMC6137955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the inner nuclear transmembrane protein emerin in the early 1990s, nuclear envelope (NE) components and related involvement in nuclei integrity and functionality have been highly investigated. The NE is composed of two distinct lipid bilayers described as the inner (INM) and outer (ONM) nuclear membrane. NE proteins can be specifically “integrated” in the INM (such as emerin and SUN proteins) or in the ONM such as nesprins. Additionally, flanked to the INM, the nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous meshwork mainly composed of lamins A and C completes NE composition. This network of proteins physically interplays to guarantee NE integrity and most importantly, shape the bridge between cytoplasmic cytoskeletons networks (such as microtubules and actin) and the genome, through the anchorage to the heterochromatin. The essential network driving the connection of nucleoskeleton with cytoskeleton takes place in the perinuclear space (the space between ONM and INM) with the contribution of the LINC complex (for Linker of Nucleoskeleton to Cytoskeleton), hosting KASH and SUN proteins interactions. This close interplay between compartments has been related to diverse functions from nuclear integrity, activity and positioning through mechanotransduction pathways. At the same time, mutations in NE components genes coding for proteins such as lamins or nesprins, had been associated with a wide range of congenital diseases including cardiac and muscular diseases. Although most of these NE associated proteins are ubiquitously expressed, a large number of tissue-specific disorders have been associated with diverse pathogenic mutations. Thus, diagnosis and molecular explanation of this group of diseases, commonly called “nuclear envelopathies,” is currently challenging. This review aims, first, to give a better understanding of diverse functions of the LINC complex components, from the point of view of lamins and nesprins. Second, to summarize human congenital diseases with a special focus on muscle and heart abnormalities, caused by mutations in genes coding for these two types of NE associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Janin
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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20
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Franzese O, Barbaccia ML, Bonmassar E, Graziani G. Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-Associated Immunosenescence. Chemotherapy 2018; 63:64-75. [PMID: 29533947 DOI: 10.1159/000487534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy more than 2 decades ago, HIV-related deaths have dramatically decreased and HIV infection has become a chronic disease. Due to the inability of antiretroviral drugs to eradicate the virus, treatment of HIV infection requires a systemic lifelong therapy. However, even when successfully treated, HIV patients still show increased incidence of age-associated co-morbidities compared with uninfected individuals. Virus- induced immunosenescence, a process characterized by a progressive decline of immune system function, contributes to the premature ageing observed in HIV patients. Although antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved both the quality and length of patient lives, the life expectancy of treated patients is still shorter compared with that of uninfected individuals. In particular, while antiretroviral therapy can contrast some features of HIV-associated immunosenescence, several anti-HIV agents may themselves contribute to other aspects of immune ageing. Moreover, older HIV patients tend to have a worse immunological response to the antiviral therapy. In this review we will examine the available evidence on the role of antiretroviral therapy in the control of the main features regulating immunosenescence.
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21
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Wang X, Zabell A, Koh W, Tang WHW. Lamin A/C Cardiomyopathies: Current Understanding and Novel Treatment Strategies. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2017; 19:21. [PMID: 28299614 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-017-0520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the third leading cause of heart failure in the USA. A major gene associated with DCM with cardiac conduction system disease is lamin A/C (LMNA) gene. Lamins are type V filaments that serve a variety of roles, including nuclear structure support, DNA repair, cell signaling pathway mediation, and chromatin organization. In 1999, LMNA was found responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) and, since then, has been found in association with a wide spectrum of diseases termed laminopathies, including LMNA cardiomyopathy. Patients with LMNA mutations have a poor prognosis and a higher risk for sudden cardiac death, along with other cardiac effects like dysrhythmias, development of congestive heart failure, and potential need of a pacemaker or ICD. As of now, there is no specific treatment for laminopathies, including LMNA cardiomyopathy, because the mechanism of LMNA mutations in humans is still unclear. This review discusses LMNA mutations and how they relate to DCM, the necessity for further investigation to better understand LMNA mutations, and potential treatment options ranging from clinical and therapeutic to cellular and molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Allyson Zabell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wonshill Koh
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Center for Clinical Genomics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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22
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Machowska M, Piekarowicz K, Rzepecki R. Regulation of lamin properties and functions: does phosphorylation do it all? Open Biol 2016; 5:rsob.150094. [PMID: 26581574 PMCID: PMC4680568 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main functions of lamins are their mechanical and structural roles as major building blocks of the karyoskeleton. They are also involved in chromatin structure regulation, gene expression, intracellular signalling pathway modulation and development. All essential lamin functions seem to depend on their capacity for assembly or disassembly after the receipt of specific signals, and after specific, selective and precisely regulated interactions through their various domains. Reversible phosphorylation of lamins is crucial for their functions, so it is important to understand how lamin polymerization and interactions are modulated, and which sequences may undergo such modifications. This review combines experimental data with results of our in silico analyses focused on lamin phosphorylation in model organisms to show the presence of evolutionarily conserved sequences and to indicate specific in vivo phosphorylations that affect particular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Machowska
- Laboratory of Nuclear Proteins, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piekarowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Proteins, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Ryszard Rzepecki
- Laboratory of Nuclear Proteins, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
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23
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Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Stem Cell Depletion by Global Disorganization of the H3K9me3 Epigenetic Marker in Aging. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 18:371-5. [PMID: 26160351 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic change and stem cell exhaustion are two of the hallmarks of aging. Accumulation of molecular damage is thought to underlie aging, but the precise molecular composition of the damage remains controversial. That some aging phenotypes, especially those that result from impaired stem cell function, are reversible suggest that such "damage" is repairable. Evidence is accumulating that dysfunction in aging stem cells results from increasing, albeit, subtle disorganization of the epigenome over time. Zhang et al. (2015) report that decreasing levels of WRN, Werner's syndrome (WS) helicase, with increasing age results in loss of heterochromatin marks in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and correlates with an increased rate of cellular senescence. Although WRN plays a role in DNA repair, WRN exerted its effects on aging via maintaining heterochromatin, evidenced by reduced levels of interacting chromatin regulators heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α), suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1 (SUV39H1), and lamina-associated polypeptide 2β (LAP2β) as well as modified histone H3K9me3. Reducing expression of chromatin modeling co-factors SUV39H1 or HP1α in wild-type MSCs recapitulates the phenotype of WRN deficiency, resulting in reduced H3K9me3 levels and increased senescence without induction of markers of DNA damage, suggesting that chromatin disorganization and not DNA damage is responsible for the pathology of WS during aging in animals. Ectopic expression of HP1α restored H3K9me3 levels and repressed senescence in WRN-deficient MSCs. That HP1α can also suppress senescence in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and extend life span in flies when over-expressed suggests that HP1α and H3K9me3 play conserved roles in maintenance of cell state. H3K9me3 levels are dynamic and expected to be potentially responsive to manipulation by extrinsic factors. Recent reports that migration inhibitory factor (MIF) or periodic fasting rejuvenate old MSCs provide the opportunity to link intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of aging in novel and potentially medically important ways and may lead to anti-aging treatments that reorganize the epigenome to rejuvenate cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mendelsohn
- Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute , Sunnyvale, California
| | - James W Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute , Sunnyvale, California
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24
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Abstract
The nucleus is typically depicted as a sphere encircled by a smooth surface of nuclear envelope. For most cell types, this depiction is accurate. In other cell types and in some pathological conditions, however, the smooth nuclear exterior is interrupted by tubular invaginations of the nuclear envelope, often referred to as a “nucleoplasmic reticulum,” into the deep nuclear interior. We have recently reported a significant expansion of the nucleoplasmic reticulum in postmortem human Alzheimer's disease brain tissue. We found that dysfunction of the nucleoskeleton, a lamin-rich meshwork that coats the inner nuclear membrane and associated invaginations, is causal for Alzheimer's disease-related neurodegeneration in vivo. Additionally, we demonstrated that proper function of the nucleoskeleton is required for survival of adult neurons and maintaining genomic architecture. Here, we elaborate on the significance of these findings in regard to pathological states and physiological aging, and discuss cellular causes and consequences of nuclear envelope invagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess Frost
- a Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies , Department of Cellular and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas , USA
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25
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Camozzi D, Capanni C, Cenni V, Mattioli E, Columbaro M, Squarzoni S, Lattanzi G. Diverse lamin-dependent mechanisms interact to control chromatin dynamics. Focus on laminopathies. Nucleus 2015; 5:427-40. [PMID: 25482195 PMCID: PMC4164485 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.36289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interconnected functional strategies govern chromatin dynamics in eukaryotic cells. In this context, A and B type lamins, the nuclear intermediate filaments, act on diverse platforms involved in tissue homeostasis. On the nuclear side, lamins elicit large scale or fine chromatin conformational changes, affect DNA damage response factors and transcription factor shuttling. On the cytoplasmic side, bridging-molecules, the LINC complex, associate with lamins to coordinate chromatin dynamics with cytoskeleton and extra-cellular signals.
Consistent with such a fine tuning, lamin mutations and/or defects in their expression or post-translational processing, as well as mutations in lamin partner genes, cause a heterogeneous group of diseases known as laminopathies. They include muscular dystrophies, cardiomyopathy, lipodystrophies, neuropathies, and progeroid syndromes. The study of chromatin dynamics under pathological conditions, which is summarized in this review, is shedding light on the complex and fascinating role of the nuclear lamina in chromatin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Camozzi
- a CNR Institute for Molecular Genetics; Unit of Bologna and SC Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology; Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute; Bologna, Italy
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26
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Alzbutas G, Kaniusaite M, Grybauskas A, Lagunavicius A. Domain organization of DNase from Thioalkalivibrio sp. provides insights into retention of activity in high salt environments. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:661. [PMID: 26191053 PMCID: PMC4486849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study indicates that DNA binding domains are common in many halophilic or halotolerant bacterial DNases and they are potential activators of enzymatic activity at high ionic strength. Usually, proteins adapt to high ionic strength by increasing the number of negatively charged residues on the surface. However, in DNases such adaptation would hinder the binding to negatively charged DNA, a step critical for catalysis. In our study we demonstrate how evolution has solved this dilemma by engaging the DNA binding domain. We propose a mechanism, which enables the enzyme activity at salt concentrations as high as 4 M of sodium chloride, based on collected experimental data and domain structure analysis of a secreted bacterial DNase from the extremely halotolerant bacterium Thioalkalivibrio sp. K90mix. The enzyme harbors two domains: an N-terminal domain, that exhibits DNase activity, and a C-terminal domain, comprising a duplicate DNA binding helix-hairpin-helix motif. Here we present experimental data demonstrating that the C-terminal domain is responsible for the enzyme's resistance to high ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Alzbutas
- Department of Eukaryote Gene Engineering, VU Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University Vilnius, Lithuania ; Thermo Fisher Scientific Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Algirdas Grybauskas
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Vilnius, Lithuania ; Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University Vilnius, Lithuania
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27
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Maizels Y, Gerlitz G. Shaping of interphase chromosomes by the microtubule network. FEBS J 2015; 282:3500-24. [PMID: 26040675 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that microtubule dynamics play a major role in chromosome condensation and localization during mitosis. During interphase, however, it is assumed that the metazoan nuclear envelope presents a physical barrier, which inhibits interaction between the microtubules located in the cytoplasm and the chromatin fibers located in the nucleus. In recent years, it has become apparent that microtubule dynamics alter chromatin structure and function during interphase as well. Microtubule motor proteins transport several transcription factors and exogenous DNA (such as plasmid DNA) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Various soluble microtubule components are able to translocate into the nucleus, where they bind various chromatin elements leading to transcriptional alterations. In addition, microtubules may apply force on the nuclear envelope, which is transmitted into the nucleus, leading to changes in chromatin structure. Thus, microtubule dynamics during interphase may affect chromatin spatial organization, as well as transcription, replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Maizels
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
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28
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Talamas JA, Capelson M. Nuclear envelope and genome interactions in cell fate. Front Genet 2015; 6:95. [PMID: 25852741 PMCID: PMC4365743 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell nucleus houses an organism’s genome and is the location within the cell where all signaling induced and development-driven gene expression programs are ultimately specified. The genome is enclosed and separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope (NE), a double-lipid membrane bilayer, which contains a large variety of trans-membrane and associated protein complexes. In recent years, research regarding multiple aspects of the cell nucleus points to a highly dynamic and coordinated concert of efforts between chromatin and the NE in regulation of gene expression. Details of how this concert is orchestrated and how it directs cell differentiation and disease are coming to light at a rapid pace. Here we review existing and emerging concepts of how interactions between the genome and the NE may contribute to tissue specific gene expression programs to determine cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Talamas
- Program in Epigenetics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maya Capelson
- Program in Epigenetics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Pacheco LM, Gomez LA, Dias J, Ziebarth NM, Howard GA, Schiller PC. Progerin expression disrupts critical adult stem cell functions involved in tissue repair. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:1049-63. [PMID: 25567453 PMCID: PMC4298365 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Vascular repair, essential for tissue maintenance, is critically reduced during vascular disease and aging. Efficient vascular repair requires functional adult stem cells unimpaired by aging or mutation. One protein candidate for reducing stem cell?mediated vascular repair is progerin, an alternative splice variant of lamin A. Progerin results from erroneous activation of cryptic splice sites within the LMNA gene, and significantly increases during aging. Mutations triggering progerin overexpression cause the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), in which patients die at approximately 13-years of age due to atherosclerosis-induced disease. Progerin expression affects tissues rich in cells that can be derived from marrow stromal cells (MSCs. Studies using various MSC subpopulations and models have led to discrepant results. Using a well-defined, immature subpopulation of MSCs, Marrow Isolated Adult Multilineage Inducible (MIAMI) cells, we find progerin significantly disrupts expression and localization of self-renewal markers, proliferation, migration, and membrane elasticity. One potential treatment, farnesyltransferase inhibitor, ameliorates some of these effects. Our results confirm proposed progerin-induced mechanisms and suggest novel ways in which progerin disturbs critical stem cell functions collectively required for proper tissue repair, offering promising treatment targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurin Marie Pacheco
- Research Service and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Bruce W. Carter Veteran Affairs Medical Center; Miami, FL 33125, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lourdes Adriana Gomez
- Research Service and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Bruce W. Carter Veteran Affairs Medical Center; Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Janice Dias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Miami College of Engineering; Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Noel M Ziebarth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Miami College of Engineering; Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Guy A Howard
- Research Service and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Bruce W. Carter Veteran Affairs Medical Center; Miami, FL 33125, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Paul C Schiller
- Research Service and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Bruce W. Carter Veteran Affairs Medical Center; Miami, FL 33125, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL 33136, USA
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30
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Dittmer TA, Sahni N, Kubben N, Hill DE, Vidal M, Burgess RC, Roukos V, Misteli T. Systematic identification of pathological lamin A interactors. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1493-510. [PMID: 24623722 PMCID: PMC4004598 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-02-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are a collection of phenotypically diverse diseases that include muscular dystrophies, cardiomyopathies, lipodystrophies, and premature aging syndromes. Laminopathies are caused by >300 distinct mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes the nuclear intermediate filament proteins lamin A and C, two major architectural elements of the mammalian cell nucleus. The genotype-phenotype relationship and the basis for the pronounced tissue specificity of laminopathies are poorly understood. Here we seek to identify on a global scale lamin A-binding partners whose interaction is affected by disease-relevant LMNA mutations. In a screen of a human genome-wide ORFeome library, we identified and validated 337 lamin A-binding proteins. Testing them against 89 known lamin A disease mutations identified 50 disease-associated interactors. Association of progerin, the lamin A isoform responsible for the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, with its partners was largely mediated by farnesylation. Mapping of the interaction sites on lamin A identified the immunoglobulin G (IgG)-like domain as an interaction hotspot and demonstrated that lamin A variants, which destabilize the Ig-like domain, affect protein-protein interactions more globally than mutations of surface residues. Analysis of a set of LMNA mutations in a single residue, which result in three phenotypically distinct diseases, identified disease-specific interactors. The results represent a systematic map of disease-relevant lamin A interactors and suggest loss of tissue-specific lamin A interactions as a mechanism for the tissue-specific appearance of laminopathic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Dittmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Center for Cancer Systems Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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31
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Gesson K, Vidak S, Foisner R. Lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP)2α and nucleoplasmic lamins in adult stem cell regulation and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:116-24. [PMID: 24374133 PMCID: PMC4053830 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A-type lamins are components of the lamina network at the nuclear envelope, which mediates nuclear stiffness and anchors chromatin to the nuclear periphery. However, A-type lamins are also found in the nuclear interior. Here we review the roles of the chromatin-associated, nucleoplasmic LEM protein, lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α) in the regulation of A-type lamins in the nuclear interior. The lamin A/C-LAP2α complex may be involved in the regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-mediated pathway and other signaling pathways balancing proliferation and differentiation, and in the stabilization of higher-order chromatin organization throughout the nucleus. Loss of LAP2α in mice leads to selective depletion of the nucleoplasmic A-type lamin pool, promotes the proliferative stem cell phenotype of tissue progenitor cells, and delays stem cell differentiation. These findings support the hypothesis that LAP2α and nucleoplasmic lamins are regulators of adult stem cell function and tissue homeostasis. Finally, we discuss potential implications of this concept for defining the molecular disease mechanisms of lamin-linked diseases such as muscular dystrophy and premature aging syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gesson
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Vidak
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Foisner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Davidson PM, Lammerding J. Broken nuclei--lamins, nuclear mechanics, and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 24:247-56. [PMID: 24309562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in lamins, which are ubiquitous nuclear intermediate filaments, lead to a variety of disorders including muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy. Lamins provide nuclear stability, help connect the nucleus to the cytoskeleton, and can modulate chromatin organization and gene expression. Nonetheless, the diverse functions of lamins remain incompletely understood. We focus here on the role of lamins on nuclear mechanics and their involvement in human diseases. Recent findings suggest that lamin mutations can decrease nuclear stability, increase nuclear fragility, and disturb mechanotransduction signaling, possibly explaining the muscle-specific defects in many laminopathies. At the same time, altered lamin expression has been reported in many cancers, where the resulting increased nuclear deformability could enhance the ability of cells to transit tight interstitial spaces, thereby promoting metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Davidson
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Kane MS, Lindsay ME, Judge DP, Barrowman J, Ap Rhys C, Simonson L, Dietz HC, Michaelis S. LMNA-associated cardiocutaneous progeria: an inherited autosomal dominant premature aging syndrome with late onset. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1599-611. [PMID: 23666920 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disorder caused by mutations in LMNA, which encodes the nuclear scaffold proteins lamin A and C. In HGPS and related progerias, processing of prelamin A is blocked at a critical step mediated by the zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24. LMNA-linked progerias can be grouped into two classes: (1) the processing-deficient, early onset "typical" progerias (e.g., HGPS), and (2) the processing-proficient "atypical" progeria syndromes (APS) that are later in onset. Here we describe a previously unrecognized progeria syndrome with prominent cutaneous and cardiovascular manifestations belonging to the second class. We suggest the name LMNA-associated cardiocutaneous progeria syndrome (LCPS) for this disorder. Affected patients are normal at birth but undergo progressive cutaneous changes in childhood and die in middle age of cardiovascular complications, including accelerated atherosclerosis, calcific valve disease, and cardiomyopathy. In addition, the proband demonstrated cancer susceptibility, a phenotype rarely described for LMNA-based progeria disorders. The LMNA mutation that caused LCPS in this family is a heterozygous c.899A>G (p.D300G) mutation predicted to alter the coiled-coil domain of lamin A/C. In skin fibroblasts isolated from the proband, the processing and levels of lamin A and C are normal. However, nuclear morphology is aberrant and rescued by treatment with farnesyltransferase inhibitors, as is also the case for HGPS and other laminopathies. Our findings advance knowledge of human LMNA progeria syndromes, and raise the possibility that typical and atypical progerias may converge upon a common mechanism to cause premature aging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Kane
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Liu B, Wang Z, Zhang L, Ghosh S, Zheng H, Zhou Z. Depleting the methyltransferase Suv39h1 improves DNA repair and extends lifespan in a progeria mouse model. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1868. [PMID: 23695662 PMCID: PMC3674265 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A de novo G608G mutation in LMNA gene leads to Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Mice lacking the prelamin A-processing metalloprotease, Zmpste24, recapitulate many of the progeroid features of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Here we show that A-type lamins interact with SUV39H1, and prelamin A/progerin exhibits enhanced binding capacity to SUV39H1, protecting it from proteasomal degradation and, consequently, increasing H3K9me3 levels. Depletion of Suv39h1 reduces H3K9me3 levels, restores DNA repair capacity and delays senescence in progeroid cells. Remarkably, loss of Suv39h1 in Zmpste24(-/-) mice delays body weight loss, increases bone mineral density and extends lifespan by ∼60%. Thus, increased H3K9me3 levels, possibly mediated by enhanced Suv39h1 stability in the presence of prelamin A/progerin, compromise genome maintenance, which in turn contributes to accelerated senescence in laminopathy-based premature aging. Our study provides an explanation for epigenetic alterations in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome and a potential strategy for intervention by targeting SUV39H1-mediated heterochromatin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Shrestha Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Huiling Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical College, Dong-guan 523808, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Dubinska-Magiera M, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Rzepecki R. Muscle development, regeneration and laminopathies: how lamins or lamina-associated proteins can contribute to muscle development, regeneration and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2713-41. [PMID: 23138638 PMCID: PMC3708280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review article is to evaluate the current knowledge on associations between muscle formation and regeneration and components of the nuclear lamina. Lamins and their partners have become particularly intriguing objects of scientific interest since it has been observed that mutations in genes coding for these proteins lead to a wide range of diseases called laminopathies. For over the last 10 years, various laboratories worldwide have tried to explain the pathogenesis of these rare disorders. Analyses of the distinct aspects of laminopathies resulted in formulation of different hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of the development of these diseases. In the light of recent discoveries, A-type lamins—the main building blocks of the nuclear lamina—together with other key elements, such as emerin, LAP2α and nesprins, seem to be of great importance in the modulation of various signaling pathways responsible for cellular differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dubinska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
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36
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Liu B, Jin DY, Zhou Z. From loss to gain: role for SUN1 in laminopathies. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:21. [PMID: 22709970 PMCID: PMC3419603 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LMNA encoding lamins A and C are associated with at least 10 different degenerative disorders affecting diverse tissues, collectively called laminopathies. A recent study showed that mis-accumulation of SUN1 underlies the pathology of degenerative features in laminopathies, and concomitantly suggests a gain-of-function versus a loss-of-function model for the action of lamin A mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, 3/F Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome and Werner syndrome are two of the best characterized human progeroid diseases with clinical features mimicking physiological aging at an early age. Both disorders have been the focus of intense research in recent years since they might provide insights into the pathology of normal human aging. The chapter contains a detailed description of the clinical features of both disorders and then it focuses on the genetics, the resulting biochemical alterations at the protein level and the most recent findings and hypotheses concerning the molecular basis of the premature aging phenotypes. A description of available diagnostic and therapeutic approaches is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Italy.
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Lattanzi G. Prelamin A-mediated nuclear envelope dynamics in normal and laminopathic cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:1698-704. [PMID: 22103510 DOI: 10.1042/bst20110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prelamin A is the precursor protein of lamin A, a major constituent of the nuclear lamina in higher eukaryotes. Increasing attention to prelamin A processing and function has been given after the discovery, from 2002 to 2004, of diseases caused by prelamin A accumulation. These diseases, belonging to the group of laminopathies and mostly featuring LMNA mutations, are characterized, at the clinical level, by different degrees of accelerated aging, and adipose tissue, skin and bone abnormalities. The outcome of studies conducted in the last few years consists of three major findings. First, prelamin A is processed at different rates under physiological conditions depending on the differentiation state of the cell. This means that, for instance, in muscle cells, prelamin A itself plays a biological role, besides production of mature lamin A. Secondly, prelamin A post-translational modifications give rise to different processing intermediates, which elicit different effects in the nucleus, mostly by modification of the chromatin arrangement. Thirdly, there is a threshold of toxicity, especially of the farnesylated form of prelamin A, whose accumulation is obviously linked to cell and organism senescence. The present review is focused on prelamin A-mediated nuclear envelope modifications that are upstream of chromatin dynamics and gene expression mechanisms regulated by the lamin A precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lattanzi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM-CNR, Unit of Bologna c/o IOR, Via di Barbiano 1/10, I-40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Duband-Goulet I, Woerner S, Gasparini S, Attanda W, Kondé E, Tellier-Lebègue C, Craescu CT, Gombault A, Roussel P, Vadrot N, Vicart P, Ostlund C, Worman HJ, Zinn-Justin S, Buendia B. Subcellular localization of SREBP1 depends on its interaction with the C-terminal region of wild-type and disease related A-type lamins. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2800-13. [PMID: 21993218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lamins A and C are nuclear intermediate filament proteins expressed in most differentiated somatic cells. Previous data suggested that prelamin A, the lamin A precursor, accumulates in some lipodystrophy syndromes caused by mutations in the lamin A/C gene, and binds and inactivates the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Here we show that, in vitro, the tail regions of prelamin A, lamin A and lamin C bind a polypeptide of SREBP1. Such interactions also occur in HeLa cells, since expression of lamin tail regions impedes nucleolar accumulation of the SREBP1 polypeptide fused to a nucleolar localization signal sequence. In addition, the tail regions of A-type lamin variants that occur in Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy of (R482W) and Hutchison Gilford progeria syndrome (∆607-656) bind to the SREBP1 polypeptide in vitro, and the corresponding FLAG-tagged full-length lamin variants co-immunoprecipitate the SREBP1 polypeptide in cells. Overexpression of wild-type A-type lamins and variants favors SREBP1 polypeptide localization at the intranuclear periphery, suggesting its sequestration. Our data support the hypothesis that variation of A-type lamin protein level and spatial organization, in particular due to disease-linked mutations, influences the sequestration of SREBP1 at the nuclear envelope and thus contributes to the regulation of SREBP1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Duband-Goulet
- Laboratoire du Stress et Pathologies du Cytosquelette, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 4 rue M.A. Lagroua Weill Halle, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
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Abstract
The lamins are the major architectural proteins of the animal cell nucleus. Lamins line the inside of the nuclear membrane, where they provide a platform for the binding of proteins and chromatin and confer mechanical stability. They have been implicated in a wide range of nuclear functions, including higher-order genome organization, chromatin regulation, transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair. The lamins are members of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins, which constitute a major component of the cytoskeleton. Lamins are the only nuclear IFs and are the ancestral founders of the IF protein superfamily. Lamins polymerize into fibers forming a complex protein meshwork in vivo and, like all IF proteins, have a tripartite structure with two globular head and tail domains flanking a central α-helical rod domain, which supports the formation of higher-order polymers. Mutations in lamins cause a large number of diverse human diseases, collectively known as the laminopathies, underscoring their functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Dittmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20896, USA.
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Qin Z, Kalinowski A, Dahl KN, Buehler MJ. Structure and stability of the lamin A tail domain and HGPS mutant. J Struct Biol 2011; 175:425-33. [PMID: 21635954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging syndrome caused by the expression and accumulation of a mutant form of lamin A, Δ50 lamin A. As a component of the cell's nucleoskeleton, lamin A plays an important role in the mechanical stabilization of the nuclear envelope and in other nuclear functions. It is largely unknown how the characteristic 50 amino acid deletion affects the conformation of the mostly intrinsically disordered tail domain of lamin A. Here we perform replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of the tail domain and determine an ensemble of semi-stable structures. Based on these structures we show that the ZMPSTE 24 cleavage site on the precursor form of the lamin A tail domain orients itself in such a way as to facilitate cleavage during the maturation process. We confirm our simulated structures by comparing the thermodynamic properties of the ensemble structures to in vitro stability measurements. Using this combination of experimental and computational techniques, we compare the size, heterogeneity of size, thermodynamic stability of the Ig-fold, as well as the mechanisms of force-induced denaturation. Our data shows that the Δ50 lamin A tail domain is more compact and displays less heterogeneity than the mature lamin A tail domain. Altogether these results suggest that the altered structure and stability of the tail domain can explain changed protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions and may represent an etiology of the disease. Also, this study provides the first molecular structure(s) of the lamin A tail domain, which is confirmed by thermodynamic tests in experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Room 1-235A&B, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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