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Bouteldja AA, Penichet D, Srivastava LK, Cermakian N. The circadian system: A neglected player in neurodevelopmental disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38816965 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, often display abnormal circadian rhythms. The role of the circadian system in these disorders has gained considerable attention over the last decades. Yet, it remains largely unknown how these disruptions occur and to what extent they contribute to the disorders' development. In this review, we examine circadian system dysregulation as observed in patients and animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Second, we explore whether circadian rhythm disruptions constitute a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders from studies in humans and model organisms. Lastly, we focus on the impact of psychiatric medications on circadian rhythms and the potential benefits of chronotherapy. The literature reveals that patients with neurodevelopmental disorders display altered sleep-wake cycles and melatonin rhythms/levels in a heterogeneous manner, and model organisms used to study these disorders appear to support that circadian dysfunction may be an inherent characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, the pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicates that circadian disruption at the environmental and genetic levels may contribute to the behavioural changes observed in these disorders. Finally, studies suggest that psychiatric medications, particularly those prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, can have direct effects on the circadian system and that chronotherapy may be leveraged to offset some of these side effects. This review highlights that circadian system dysfunction is likely a core pathological feature of neurodevelopmental disorders and that further research is required to elucidate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Bouteldja
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Danae Penichet
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Feigl B, Lewis SJG, Rawashdeh O. Targeting sleep and the circadian system as a novel treatment strategy for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2024; 271:1483-1491. [PMID: 37943299 PMCID: PMC10896880 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation of the wide range of sleep-wake disturbances that occur frequently in Parkinson's disease. These are known to be associated with a range of motor and non-motor symptoms and significantly impact not only on the quality of life of the patient, but also on their bed partner. The underlying causes for fragmented sleep and daytime somnolence are no doubt multifactorial but there is clear evidence for circadian disruption in Parkinson's disease. This appears to be occurring not only as a result of the neuropathological changes that occur across a distributed neural network, but even down to the cellular level. Such observations indicate that circadian changes may in fact be a driver of neurodegeneration, as well as a cause for some of the sleep-wake symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease. Thus, efforts are now required to evaluate approaches including the prescription of precision medicine to modulate photoreceptor activation ratios that reflect daylight inputs to the circadian pacemaker, the use of small molecules to target clock genes, the manipulation of orexin pathways that could help restore the circadian system, to offer novel symptomatic and novel disease modifying strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Feigl
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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3
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Laothamatas I, Rasmussen ES, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Metabolic and chemical architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1033-1052. [PMID: 37708890 PMCID: PMC10631358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous periodic biological processes that occur on a daily timescale. These rhythms are generated by a transcriptional/translational feedback loop that consists of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimeric transcriptional activator complex and the PER1/2-CRY1/2-CK1δ/ε repressive complex. The output pathways of this molecular feedback loop generate circadian rhythmicity in various biological processes. Among these, metabolism is a primary regulatory target of the circadian clock which can also feedback to modulate clock function. This intertwined relationship between circadian rhythms and metabolism makes circadian clock components promising therapeutic targets. Despite this, pharmacological therapeutics that target the circadian clock are relatively rare. In this review, we hope to stimulate interest in chemical chronobiology by providing a comprehensive background on the molecular mechanism of mammalian circadian rhythms and their connection to metabolism, highlighting important studies in the chemical approach to circadian research, and offering our perspectives on future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isara Laothamatas
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Emil Sjulstok Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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4
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Abusamak M, Al-Tamimi M, Al-Waeli H, Tahboub K, Cai W, Morris M, Tamimi F, Nicolau B. Chronotherapy in dentistry: A scoping review. Chronobiol Int 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37052061 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock modulates almost all vital aspects of our physiology and metabolism, including processes relevant to dentistry, such as healing, inflammation and nociception. Chronotherapy is an emerging field aiming to improve therapeutic efficacy and decrease adverse effects on health outcomes. This scoping review aimed to systematically map the evidence underpinning chronotherapy in dentistry and to identify gaps in knowledge. We conducted a systematic scoping search using four databases (Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Embase). We identified 3908 target articles screened by two blinded reviewers, and only original animal and human studies investigating the chronotherapeutic use of drugs or interventions in dentistry were included. Of the 24 studies included, 19 were human studies and five were animal studies. Chrono-radiotherapy and chrono-chemotherapy reduced treatment side effects and improved therapeutic response, leading to higher survival rates in cancer patients. Animal studies reported that tooth movement and periodontal tissue response to orthodontic forces follow a diurnal rhythm that might influence bone metabolism. Profound and prolonged local anesthesia could be achieved when injected in the evening. Although the overall quality of the included studies was low, chronotherapy applications in dentistry seem to have favourable outcomes, especially in head and neck cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abusamak
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Haider Al-Waeli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kawkab Tahboub
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wenji Cai
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Morris
- Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Belinda Nicolau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Yoo SH. Circadian regulation of cardiac muscle function and protein degradation. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:4-12. [PMID: 34521283 PMCID: PMC8918439 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1957911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays a fundamental role in physiology. In particular, the heart is a target organ where the clock orchestrates various aspects of cardiac function. At the molecular level, the clock machinery governs daily rhythms of gene expression. Such circadian regulation is in tune with the dynamic nature of heart structure and function, and provides the foundation for chronotherapeutic applications in cardiovascular diseases. In comparison, a regulatory role of the clock in cardiac protein degradation is poorly documented. Sarcomere is the structural and functional unit responsible for cardiac muscle contraction, and sarcomere components are closely regulated by protein folding and proteolysis. Emerging evidence supports a role of the circadian clock in governing sarcomere integrity and function. Particularly, recent studies uncovered a circadian regulation of a core sarcomere component TCAP. It is possible that circadian regulation of the cardiac muscle protein turnover is a key regulatory mechanism underlying cardiac remodeling in response to physiological and environmental stimuli. While the detailed regulatory mechanisms and the molecular links to cardiac (patho)physiology remain to be further studied, therapeutic strategies targeting circadian control in the heart may markedly enhance intervention outcomes against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Preston R, Meng QJ, Lennon R. The dynamic kidney matrisome - is the circadian clock in control? Matrix Biol 2022; 114:138-155. [PMID: 35569693 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock network in mammals is responsible for the temporal coordination of numerous physiological processes that are necessary for homeostasis. Peripheral tissues demonstrate circadian rhythmicity and dysfunction of core clock components has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases that are characterized by abnormal extracellular matrix, such as fibrosis (too much disorganized matrix) and tissue breakdown (too little matrix). Kidney disease is characterized by proteinuria, which along with the rate of filtration, displays robust circadian oscillation. Clinical observation and mouse studies suggest the presence of 24 h kidney clocks responsible for circadian oscillation in kidney function. Recent experimental evidence has also revealed that cell-matrix interactions and the biomechanical properties of extracellular matrix have key roles in regulating peripheral circadian clocks and this mechanism appears to be cell- and tissue-type specific. Thus, establishing a temporally resolved kidney matrisome may provide a useful tool for studying the two-way interactions between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular time-keeping mechanisms in this critical niche tissue. This review summarizes the latest genetic and biochemical evidence linking kidney physiology and disease to the circadian system with a particular focus on the extracellular matrix. We also review the experimental approaches and methodologies required to dissect the roles of circadian pathways in specific tissues and outline the translational aspects of circadian biology, including how circadian medicine could be used for the treatment of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Preston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
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7
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Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding on Adaptation to a 6-Hour Delay Phase Shift or a 12-Hour Phase Shift in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153025. [PMID: 35893879 PMCID: PMC9329972 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, more and more people are suffering from circadian disruption. However, there is no well-accepted treatment. Recently, time-restricted feeding (TRF) was proposed as a potential non-drug intervention to alleviate jet lag in mice, especially in mice treated with a 6-h advanced phase shift. Here, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with a 6-h delay phase shift or a 12-h shift (day-night reversal) combined with 6- or 12-h TRF within the dark phase and found the beneficial effects of given TRF strategies in certain phase-shifting situations. Although behavioral fitness did not correlate well with health status, none of the TRF strategies we used deteriorated lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. These findings improve our understanding of the benefits of TRF for adaptation to circadian disruption.
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Kelly KP, Borsetti H, Wenzler ME, Ustione A, Kim K, Christov PP, Ramirez B, Bauer JA, Piston DW, Johnson CH, Sulikowski GA. Screen for Small-Molecule Modulators of Circadian Rhythms Reveals Phenazine as a Redox-State Modifying Clockwork Tuner. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1658-1664. [PMID: 35679588 PMCID: PMC9398883 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput cell-based screen identified redox-active small molecules that produce a period lengthening of the circadian rhythm. The strongest period lengthening phenotype was induced by a phenazine carboxamide (VU661). Comparison to two isomeric benzquinoline carboxamides (VU673 and VU164) shows the activity is associated with the redox modulating phenazine functionality. Furthermore, ex vivo cell analysis using optical redox ratio measurements shows the period lengthening phenotype to be associated with a shift to the NAD/FAD oxidation state of nicotinamide and flavine coenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hugo Borsetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Marta E Wenzler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Alessandro Ustione
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kwangho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Plamen P Christov
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Bianca Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Joshua A Bauer
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Carl Hirschie Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Gary A Sulikowski
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Gul S, Rahim F, Isin S, Yilmaz F, Ozturk N, Turkay M, Kavakli IH. Structure-based design and classifications of small molecules regulating the circadian rhythm period. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18510. [PMID: 34531414 PMCID: PMC8445970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an important mechanism that controls behavior and biochemical events based on 24 h rhythmicity. Ample evidence indicates disturbance of this mechanism is associated with different diseases such as cancer, mood disorders, and familial delayed phase sleep disorder. Therefore, drug discovery studies have been initiated using high throughput screening. Recently the crystal structures of core clock proteins (CLOCK/BMAL1, Cryptochromes (CRY), Periods), responsible for generating circadian rhythm, have been solved. Availability of structures makes amenable core clock proteins to design molecules regulating their activity by using in silico approaches. In addition to that, the implementation of classification features of molecules based on their toxicity and activity will improve the accuracy of the drug discovery process. Here, we identified 171 molecules that target functional domains of a core clock protein, CRY1, using structure-based drug design methods. We experimentally determined that 115 molecules were nontoxic, and 21 molecules significantly lengthened the period of circadian rhythm in U2OS cells. We then performed a machine learning study to classify these molecules for identifying features that make them toxic and lengthen the circadian period. Decision tree classifiers (DTC) identified 13 molecular descriptors, which predict the toxicity of molecules with a mean accuracy of 79.53% using tenfold cross-validation. Gradient boosting classifiers (XGBC) identified 10 molecular descriptors that predict and increase in the circadian period length with a mean accuracy of 86.56% with tenfold cross-validation. Our results suggested that these features can be used in QSAR studies to design novel nontoxic molecules that exhibit period lengthening activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Gul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Rahim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey
| | - Safak Isin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Metin Turkay
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey.
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10
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Clock-Modulating Activities of the Anti-Arrhythmic Drug Moricizine. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:351-365. [PMID: 34206497 PMCID: PMC8293187 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated circadian functions contribute to various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Much progress has been made on chronotherapeutic applications of drugs against cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the direct effects of various medications on the circadian system are not well characterized. We previously conducted high-throughput chemical screening for clock modulators and identified an off-patent anti-arrhythmic drug, moricizine, as a clock-period lengthening compound. In Per2:LucSV reporter fibroblast cells, we showed that under both dexamethasone and forskolin synchronization, moricizine was able to increase the circadian period length, with greater effects seen with the former. Titration studies revealed a dose-dependent effect of moricizine to lengthen the period. In contrast, flecainide, another Class I anti-arrhythmic, showed no effects on circadian reporter rhythms. Real-time qPCR analysis in fibroblast cells treated with moricizine revealed significant circadian time- and/or treatment-dependent expression changes in core clock genes, consistent with the above period-lengthening effects. Several clock-controlled cardiac channel genes also displayed altered expression patterns. Using tissue explant culture, we showed that moricizine was able to significantly prolong the period length of circadian reporter rhythms in atrial ex vivo cultures. Using wild-type C57BL/6J mice, moricizine treatment was found to promote sleep, alter circadian gene expression in the heart, and show a slight trend of increasing free-running periods. Together, these observations demonstrate novel clock-modulating activities of moricizine, particularly the period-lengthening effects on cellular oscillators, which may have clinical relevance against heart diseases.
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11
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Zhu J, Zhou Q, Pan M, Zhou C. Multi-omics analysis of the prognosis and therapeutic significance of circadian clock in ovarian cancer. Gene 2021; 788:145644. [PMID: 33848579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV) is one of the most common female malignancies with high morbidity and mortality, but its mechanism is not fully understood. The circadian clock is involved in the regulation of the immune system and the tumor microenvironment, regulating biological processes and behaviors in multiple ways. Circadian rhythm disorders are considered a risk factor for tumorigenesis. Multi-omics analysis was performed to comprehensively illustrate the roles of circadian clock genes in OV, we found that most of circadian clock genes undergo epigenetic alterations in OV and are strongly correlated with overall and progression-free patient survival. These clock genes are mainly involved in the inhibition of Apoptosis pathway, Cell Cycle pathway and DNA Damage Response pathway, as well as the activation of RAS/MAPK pathway and RTK pathway. Drug sensitivity model indicate that the expression of core clock genes may associate with drug resistance. Further, immune infiltrates analysis shows that different mutant forms of core genes can not only suppress immune infiltration, but also affect clinical outcome of ovarian cancer patients. Overall, our results may provide novel insights for the potential selection of immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Qianyu Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Huazhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Gynecology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China.
| | - Cankun Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China.
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms describe physiological systems that repeat themselves with a cycle of approximately 24 h. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular origins of these oscillations has improved dramatically, allowing us to appreciate the significant role these oscillations play in maintaining physiological homeostasis. Circadian rhythms allow living organisms to predict and efficiently respond to a dynamically changing environment, set by repetitive day/night cycles. Since circadian rhythms underlie almost every aspect of human physiology, it is unsurprising that they also influence the response of a living organism to disease, stress, and therapeutics. Therefore, not only do the mechanisms that maintain health and disrupt homeostasis depend on our internal circadian clock, but also the way drugs are perceived and function depends on these physiological rhythms. We present a holistic view of the therapeutic process, discussing components such as disease state, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, as well as adverse reactions that are critically affected by circadian rhythms. We outline challenges and opportunities in moving toward personalized medicine approaches that explore and capitalize on circadian rhythms for the benefit of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Nahmias
- Center for Bioengineering, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA; .,Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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13
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Ribeiro RFN, Cavadas C, Silva MMC. Small-molecule modulators of the circadian clock: Pharmacological potentials in circadian-related diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1620-1641. [PMID: 33781946 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of circadian oscillations has a wide-ranging impact on health, with the potential to induce the development of clock-related diseases. Small-molecule modulators of the circadian clock (SMMCC) target core or noncore clock proteins, modulating physiological effects as a consequence of agonist, inverse agonist, or antagonist interference. These pharmacological modulators are usually identified using chemical screening of large libraries of active compounds. However, target-based screens, chemical optimization, and circadian crystallography have recently assisted in the identification of these compounds. In this review, we focus on established and novel SMMCCs targeting both core and noncore clock proteins, identifying their circadian targets, detailed circadian effects, and specific physiological effects. In addition, we discuss their therapeutic potential for the treatment of diverse clock-related disorders (such as metabolic-associated disorders, autoimmune diseases, mood disorders, and cancer) and as chronotherapeutics. Future perspectives are also considered, such as clinical trials, and potential safety hazards, including those in the absence of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F N Ribeiro
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Manuel C Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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14
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Ren B, Ma C, Chen L, FitzGerald GA, Yang G. Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding to Late Night on Adaptation to a 6 h Phase Advance of the Light-Dark Cycle in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634187. [PMID: 33664675 PMCID: PMC7920952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, more and more people suffer from circadian disruption, which in turn affects health. But until now, there are no widely accepted therapies for circadian disorders. Rhythmic feeding behavior is one of the most potent non-photic zeitgebers, thus it has been suggested that it was important to eat during specific periods of time (time-restricted feeding, TRF) so that feeding is aligned with environmental cues under normal light/dark conditions. Here, we challenged mice with a 6 h advanced shift, combined with various approaches to TRF, and found that food restricted to the second half of the nights after the shift facilitated adaptation. This coincided with improved resilience to sepsis. These results raise the possibility of reducing the adverse responses to jet lag by subsequent timing of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyin Ren
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Changxiao Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guangrui Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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15
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Sion B, Bégou M. Can chronopharmacology improve the therapeutic management of neurological diseases? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:564-581. [PMID: 33539566 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of circadian rhythm dysfunctions in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases has been highlighted recently. Chronopharmacology principles imply that tailoring the timing of treatments to the circadian rhythm of individual patients could optimize therapeutic management. According to these principles, chronopharmacology takes into account the individual differences in patients' clocks, the rhythmic changes in the organism sensitivity to therapeutic and side effects of drugs, and the predictable time variations of disease. This review examines the current literature on chronopharmacology of neurological diseases focusing its scope on epilepsy, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and neuropathic pain, even if other neurological diseases could have been analyzed. While the results of the studies discussed in this review point to a potential therapeutic benefit of chronopharmacology in neurological diseases, the field is still in its infancy. Studies including a sufficiently large number of patients and measuring gold standard markers of the circadian rhythmicity are still needed to evaluate the beneficial effect of administration times over the 24-hour day but also of clock modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Sion
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107, NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélina Bégou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1107, NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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16
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Maier B, Lorenzen S, Finger AM, Herzel H, Kramer A. Searching Novel Clock Genes Using RNAi-Based Screening. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2130:103-114. [PMID: 33284439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0381-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) allows for the selective downregulation of gene expression by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules and has frequently been used in high-throughput screening endeavors. Here, we describe a protocol for the highly parallel RNAi-mediated downregulation of gene expression in order to search for components involved in circadian rhythm generation. We use lentiviral gene transfer to deliver shRNA expressing plasmids into circadian reporter cells ensuring for efficient and stable knockdown. Circadian rhythms are monitored using live-cell bioluminescence recording of synchronized reporter cells over several days. In addition, we present a new software tool (ChronoStar) for efficient, parallel time-series analysis to extract rhythm parameters such as period, phase, amplitude, and damping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Maier
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Marie Finger
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Kolarski D, Sugiyama A, Rodat T, Schulte A, Peifer C, Itami K, Hirota T, Feringa BL, Szymanski W. Reductive stability evaluation of 6-azopurine photoswitches for the regulation of CKIα activity and circadian rhythms. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2312-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
6-Azopurines were evaluated for their reductive stability, and the ability to modulate CKIα activity and cellular circadian rhythms, revealing key challenges for long-term activity modulation utilizing chronophotopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Kolarski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Akiko Sugiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Theo Rodat
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
- Medical Imaging Center
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18
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Small Molecules Targeting Biological Clock; A Novel Prospective for Anti-Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214937. [PMID: 33114496 PMCID: PMC7663518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythms are an intrinsic timekeeping system that regulates numerous physiological, biochemical, and behavioral processes at intervals of approximately 24 h. By regulating such processes, the circadian rhythm allows organisms to anticipate and adapt to continuously changing environmental conditions. A growing body of evidence shows that disruptions to the circadian rhythm can lead to various disorders, including cancer. Recently, crucial knowledge has arisen regarding the essential features that underlie the overt circadian rhythm and its influence on physiological outputs. This knowledge suggests that specific small molecules can be utilized to control the circadian rhythm. It has been discovered that these small molecules can regulate circadian-clock-related disorders such as metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, as well as cancer. This review examines the potential use of small molecules for developing new drugs, with emphasis placed on recent progress that has been made regarding the identification of small-molecule clock modulators and their potential use in treating cancer.
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19
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Amaike K, Oshima T, Skoulding NS, Toyama Y, Hirota T, Itami K. Small Molecules Modulating Mammalian Biological Clocks: Exciting New Opportunities for Synthetic Chemistry. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Almeida S, Chaves M, Delaunay F. Cell cycle period control through modulation of clock inputs. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2020; 18:2040006. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219720020400065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we study period control of the mammalian cell cycle via coupling with the cellular clock. For this, we make use of the oscillators’ synchronization dynamics and investigate methods of slowing down the cell cycle with the use of clock inputs. Clock control of the cell cycle is well established via identified molecular mechanisms, such as the CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated induction of the wee1 gene, resulting in the WEE1 kinase that represses the active form of mitosis promoting factor (MPF), the essential cell cycle component. To investigate the coupling dynamics of these systems, we use previously developed models of the clock and cell cycle oscillators and center our studies on unidirectional clock [Formula: see text] cell cycle coupling. Moreover, we propose an hypothesis of a Growth Factor (GF)-responsive clock, involving a pathway of the non-essential cell cycle complex cyclin D/CDK4. We observe a variety of rational ratios of clock to cell cycle period, such as: 1:1, 3:2, 4:3, and 5:4. Finally, our protocols of period control are successful in effectively slowing down the cell cycle by the use of clock modulating inputs, some of which correspond to existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Almeida
- Inria, iBV, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - M. Chaves
- Inria, Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - F. Delaunay
- iBV, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Sophia Antipolis, France
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21
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Ilan Y. Overcoming Compensatory Mechanisms toward Chronic Drug Administration to Ensure Long-Term, Sustainable Beneficial Effects. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:335-344. [PMID: 32671136 PMCID: PMC7341037 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic administration of drugs leads to the activation of compensatory mechanisms that may inhibit some of their activity and induce unwanted toxicity. These mechanisms are an obstacle for maintaining a sustainable effect for many chronic medications. Pathways that adapt to the burden induced by chronic drugs, whether or not related to the underlying disease, can lead to a partial or complete loss of effect. Variability characterizes many biological systems and manifests itself as large intra- and inter-individual differences in the response to drugs. Circadian rhythm-based chronotherapy is further associated with variability in responses noted among patients. This paper reviews current knowledge regarding the loss of effect of chronic medications and the range of variabilities that have been described in responses and loss of responses. Establishment of a personalized platform for overcoming these prohibitive mechanisms is presented as a model for ensuring long-term sustained medication effects. This novel platform implements personalized variability signatures and individualized circadian rhythms for preventing and opposing the prohibitive effect of the compensatory mechanisms induced by chronic drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, IL91120 Jerusalem, Israel
- Corresponding author: Yaron Ilan, MD, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, POB 1200, IL91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Almeida S, Chaves M, Delaunay F. Control of synchronization ratios in clock/cell cycle coupling by growth factors and glucocorticoids. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192054. [PMID: 32257354 PMCID: PMC7062057 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle and the circadian clock are essential cyclic cellular processes often synchronous in healthy cells. In this work, we use previously developed mathematical models of the mammalian cell cycle and circadian cellular clock in order to investigate their dynamical interactions. Firstly, we study unidirectional cell cycle → clock coupling by proposing a mechanism of mitosis promoting factor (MPF)-controlled REV-ERBα degradation. Secondly, we analyse a bidirectional coupling configuration, where we add the CLOCK : BMAL1-mediated MPF repression via the WEE1 kinase to the first system. Our simulations reproduce ratios of clock to cell cycle period in agreement with experimental observations and give predictions of the system's synchronization state response to a variety of control parameters. Specifically, growth factors accelerate the coupled oscillators and dexamethasone (Dex) drives the system from a 1 : 1 to a 3 : 2 synchronization state. Furthermore, simulations of a Dex pulse reveal that certain time regions of pulse application drive the system from 1 : 1 to 3 : 2 synchronization while others have no effect, revealing the existence of a responsive and an irresponsive system's phase, a result we contextualize with observations on the segregation of Dex-treated cells into two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Almeida
- Université Côte d’Azur, iBV, Inria, Biocore team, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - M. Chaves
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inria, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore team, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - F. Delaunay
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France
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23
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De Nobrega AK, Luz KV, Lyons LC. Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:193-265. [PMID: 32304036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, individuals are living longer due to medical and scientific advances, increased availability of medical care and changes in public health policies. Consequently, increasing attention has been focused on managing chronic conditions and age-related diseases to ensure healthy aging. The endogenous circadian system regulates molecular, physiological and behavioral rhythms orchestrating functional coordination and processes across tissues and organs. Circadian disruption or desynchronization of circadian oscillators increases disease risk and appears to accelerate aging. Reciprocally, aging weakens circadian function aggravating age-related diseases and pathologies. In this review, we summarize the molecular composition and structural organization of the circadian system in mammals and humans, and evaluate the technological and societal factors contributing to the increasing incidence of circadian disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the adverse effects of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the bidirectional interactions through which aging affects circadian function using examples from mammalian research models and humans. Additionally, we review promising methods for managing healthy aging through behavioral and pharmacological reinforcement of the circadian system. Understanding age-related changes in the circadian clock and minimizing circadian dysfunction may be crucial components to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kristine V Luz
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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24
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Ray S, Lach R, Heesom KJ, Valekunja UK, Encheva V, Snijders AP, Reddy AB. Phenotypic proteomic profiling identifies a landscape of targets for circadian clock-modulating compounds. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/6/e201900603. [PMID: 31792063 PMCID: PMC6892409 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provides comprehensive insights into the mechanism of action and cellular effects of circadian period–modulating compounds, which is critical for clearly defining molecular targets to modulate daily rhythms for therapeutic benefit. Determining the exact targets and mechanisms of action of drug molecules that modulate circadian rhythms is critical to develop novel compounds to treat clock-related disorders. Here, we have used phenotypic proteomic profiling (PPP) to systematically determine molecular targets of four circadian period–lengthening compounds in human cells. We demonstrate that the compounds cause similar changes in phosphorylation and activity of several proteins and kinases involved in vital pathways, including MAPK, NGF, B-cell receptor, AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPKs), and mTOR signaling. Kinome profiling further indicated inhibition of CKId, ERK1/2, CDK2/7, TNIK, and MST4 kinases as a common mechanism of action for these clock-modulating compounds. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of several convergent kinases lengthened circadian period, establishing them as novel circadian targets. Finally, thermal stability profiling revealed binding of the compounds to clock regulatory kinases, signaling molecules, and ubiquitination proteins. Thus, phenotypic proteomic profiling defines novel clock effectors that could directly inform precise therapeutic targeting of the circadian system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Ray
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA .,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Utham K Valekunja
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA .,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Nohara K, Nemkov T, D'Alessandro A, Yoo SH, Chen Z. Coordinate Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by the Clock Modifier Nobiletin in Metabolically Challenged Old Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174281. [PMID: 31480535 PMCID: PMC6747250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and bile acid (BA) homeostasis plays a central role in systemic metabolism. Accumulating evidence suggests a key regulatory function of the circadian clock, our biological timer, in lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol and bile acid flux. Previously, we showed that Nobiletin (NOB), a natural compound targeting the ROR (Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor) nuclear receptors in the circadian oscillator, strongly protects lipid homeostasis, including normal serum cholesterol levels in high-fat (HF) fed mice at both young and old ages. In this study, we further examined the role of NOB in cholesterol metabolism in HF-fed aged mice, and found that NOB lowered the serum LDL/VLDL cholesterol levels and consequently the LDL/HDL ratio. BA levels in the serum were markedly reduced in the HF.NOB group, and examination of additional hepatic markers further indicate a protective role of NOB in the liver. At the molecular level, whereas HF feeding downregulated hepatic expression of several ROR target genes involved in bile acid synthesis, NOB treatment (HF.NOB) was able to rescue it. In accordance, fecal BA excretion was enhanced by NOB, and microbial 16S sequencing revealed alteration of several taxa known to be involved in secondary BA production in the gut. Together, these results demonstrate concerted effects of the clock-modulating compound NOB in cholesterol and BA metabolism, suggesting pharmacological manipulation of the clock as a novel therapeutic strategy against metabolic disorders and age-related decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Nohara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Mukherji A, Bailey SM, Staels B, Baumert TF. The circadian clock and liver function in health and disease. J Hepatol 2019; 71:200-211. [PMID: 30930223 PMCID: PMC7613420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Each day, all organisms are subjected to changes in light intensity because of the Earth's rotation around its own axis. To anticipate this geo-physical variability, and to appropriately respond biochemically, most species, including mammals, have evolved an approximate 24-hour endogenous timing mechanism known as the circadian clock (CC). The 'clock' is self-sustained, cell autonomous and present in every cell type. At the core of the clock resides the CC-oscillator, an exquisitely crafted transcriptional-translational feedback system. Remarkably, components of the CC-oscillator not only maintain daily rhythmicity of their own synthesis, but also generate temporal variability in the expression levels of numerous target genes through transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms, thus, ensuring proper chronological coordination in the functioning of cells, tissues and organs, including the liver. Indeed, a variety of physiologically critical hepatic functions and cellular processes are CC-controlled. Thus, it is not surprising that modern lifestyle factors (e.g. travel and jet lag, night and rotating shift work), which force 'circadian misalignment', have emerged as major contributors to global health problems including obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Herein, we provide an overview of the CC-dependent pathways which play critical roles in mediating several hepatic functions under physiological conditions, and whose deregulation is implicated in chronic liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Mukherji
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques INSERM, UMR 1110, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Shannon M. Bailey
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, INSERM UMR 1011, Lille, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques INSERM, UMR 1110, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France,Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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27
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SR9009 has REV-ERB-independent effects on cell proliferation and metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12147-12152. [PMID: 31127047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904226116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and -β link circadian rhythms and metabolism. Like other nuclear receptors, REV-ERB activity can be regulated by ligands, including naturally occurring heme. A putative ligand, SR9009, has been reported to elicit a range of beneficial effects in healthy as well as diseased animal models and cell systems. However, the direct involvement of REV-ERBs in these effects of SR9009 has not been thoroughly assessed, as experiments were not performed in the complete absence of both proteins. Here, we report the generation of a mouse model for conditional genetic deletion of REV-ERBα and -β. We show that SR9009 can decrease cell viability, rewire cellular metabolism, and alter gene transcription in hepatocytes and embryonic stem cells lacking both REV-ERBα and -β. Thus, the effects of SR9009 cannot be used solely as surrogate for REV-ERB activity.
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28
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Tamai TK, Nakane Y, Ota W, Kobayashi A, Ishiguro M, Kadofusa N, Ikegami K, Yagita K, Shigeyoshi Y, Sudo M, Nishiwaki-Ohkawa T, Sato A, Yoshimura T. Identification of circadian clock modulators from existing drugs. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708724. [PMID: 29666146 PMCID: PMC5938619 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic circadian disruption due to shift work or frequent travel across time zones leads to jet‐lag and an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The development of new pharmaceuticals to treat circadian disorders, however, is costly and hugely time‐consuming. We therefore performed a high‐throughput chemical screen of existing drugs for circadian clock modulators in human U2OS cells, with the aim of repurposing known bioactive compounds. Approximately 5% of the drugs screened altered circadian period, including the period‐shortening compound dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; also known as prasterone). DHEA is one of the most abundant circulating steroid hormones in humans and is available as a dietary supplement in the USA. Dietary administration of DHEA to mice shortened free‐running circadian period and accelerated re‐entrainment to advanced light–dark (LD) cycles, thereby reducing jet‐lag. Our drug screen also revealed the involvement of tyrosine kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, and the BCR serine/threonine kinase in regulating circadian period. Thus, drug repurposing is a useful approach to identify new circadian clock modulators and potential therapies for circadian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Katherine Tamai
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakane
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wataru Ota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akane Kobayashi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masateru Ishiguro
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Kadofusa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ikegami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yagita
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Sudo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taeko Nishiwaki-Ohkawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan .,Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
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29
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Leite Góes Gitai D, de Andrade TG, Dos Santos YDR, Attaluri S, Shetty AK. Chronobiology of limbic seizures: Potential mechanisms and prospects of chronotherapy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:122-134. [PMID: 30629979 PMCID: PMC7023906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (mTLE) characterized by progressive development of complex partial seizures originating from the hippocampus is the most prevalent and refractory type of epilepsy. One of the remarkable features of mTLE is the rhythmic pattern of occurrence of spontaneous seizures, implying a dependence on the endogenous clock system for seizure threshold. Conversely, circadian rhythms are affected by epilepsy too. Comprehending how the circadian system and seizures interact with each other is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of epilepsy as well as for developing innovative therapies that are efficacious for better seizure control. In this review, we confer how the temporal dysregulation of the circadian clock in the hippocampus combined with multiple uncoupled oscillators could lead to periodic seizure occurrences and comorbidities. Unraveling these associations with additional research would help in developing chronotherapy for mTLE, based on the chronobiology of spontaneous seizures. Notably, differential dosing of antiepileptic drugs over the circadian period and/or strategies that resynchronize biological rhythms may substantially improve the management of seizures in mTLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leite Góes Gitai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA.
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30
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Jones SJ, Taylor AF, Beales PA. Towards feedback-controlled nanomedicines for smart, adaptive delivery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:283-293. [PMID: 30205721 PMCID: PMC6435888 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218800456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The timing and rate of release of pharmaceuticals from advanced drug delivery systems is an important property that has received considerable attention in the scientific literature. Broadly, these mostly fall into two classes: controlled release with a prolonged release rate or triggered release where the drug is rapidly released in response to an environmental stimulus. This review aims to highlight the potential for developing adaptive release systems that more subtlety modulate the drug release profile through continuous communication with its environment facilitated through feedback control. By reviewing the key elements of this approach in one place (fundamental principles of nanomedicine, enzymatic nanoreactors for medical therapies and feedback-controlled chemical systems) and providing additional motivating case studies in the context of chronobiology, we hope to inspire innovative development of novel "chrononanomedicines."
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Jones
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Annette F. Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Paul A Beales
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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31
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Abstract
The epidemic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus necessitates development of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to attenuate expansion of this debilitating disease. Evidence links the circadian system to various aspects of diabetes pathophysiology and treatment. The aim of this review will be to outline the rationale for therapeutic targeting of the circadian system in the treatment and prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and consequent metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Javeed
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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32
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Sultan A. Identification and development of clock-modulating small molecules – an emerging approach to fine-tune the disrupted circadian clocks. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1498197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Armiya Sultan
- Chronobiology and Animal Behavior Laboratory, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
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33
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Lin HH, Farkas ME. Altered Circadian Rhythms and Breast Cancer: From the Human to the Molecular Level. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:219. [PMID: 29780357 PMCID: PMC5945923 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are fundamental, time-tracking systems that allow organisms to adapt to the appropriate time of day and drive many physiological and cellular processes. Altered circadian rhythms can result from night-shift work, chronic jet lag, exposure to bright lights at night, or other conditioning, and have been shown to lead to increased likelihood of cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and immune dysregulation. In cases of cancer, worse patient prognoses and drug resistance during treatment have also been observed. Breast, colon, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma have all been linked in one way or another with altered circadian rhythms. Critical elements at the molecular level of the circadian system have been associated with cancer, but there have been fairly few studies in this regard. In this mini-review, we specifically focus on the role of altered circadian rhythms in breast cancer, providing an overview of studies performed at the epidemiological level through assessments made in animal and cellular models of the disease. We also address the disparities present among studies that take into account the rhythmicity of core clock and other proteins, and those which do not, and offer insights to the use of small molecules for studying the connections between circadian rhythms and cancer. This article will provide the reader with a concise, but thorough account of the research landscape as it pertains to altered circadian rhythms and breast cancer.
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34
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Dierickx P, Van Laake LW, Geijsen N. Circadian clocks: from stem cells to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:18-28. [PMID: 29258993 PMCID: PMC5757216 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an evolutionarily conserved timekeeper that adapts body physiology to diurnal cycles of around 24 h by influencing a wide variety of processes such as sleep-to-wake transitions, feeding and fasting patterns, body temperature, and hormone regulation. The molecular clock machinery comprises a pathway that is driven by rhythmic docking of the transcription factors BMAL1 and CLOCK on clock-controlled output genes, which results in tissue-specific oscillatory gene expression programs. Genetic as well as environmental perturbation of the circadian clock has been implicated in various diseases ranging from sleep to metabolic disorders and cancer development. Here, we review the origination of circadian rhythms in stem cells and their function in differentiated cells and organs. We describe how clocks influence stem cell maintenance and organ physiology, as well as how rhythmicity affects lineage commitment, tissue regeneration, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Dierickx
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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35
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Kalfalah F, Janke L, Schiavi A, Tigges J, Ix A, Ventura N, Boege F, Reinke H. Crosstalk of clock gene expression and autophagy in aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1876-1895. [PMID: 27574892 PMCID: PMC5076443 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and the circadian clock counteract tissue degeneration and support longevity in many organisms. Accumulating evidence indicates that aging compromises both the circadian clock and autophagy but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here we show that the expression levels of transcriptional repressor components of the circadian oscillator, most prominently the human Period homologue PER2, are strongly reduced in primary dermal fibroblasts from aged humans, while raising the expression of PER2 in the same cells partially restores diminished autophagy levels. The link between clock gene expression and autophagy is corroborated by the finding that the circadian clock drives cell-autonomous, rhythmic autophagy levels in immortalized murine fibroblasts, and that siRNA-mediated downregulation of PER2 decreases autophagy levels while leaving core clock oscillations intact. Moreover, the Period homologue lin-42 regulates autophagy and life span in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role for Period proteins in autophagy control and aging. Taken together, this study identifies circadian clock proteins as set-point regulators of autophagy and puts forward a model, in which age-related changes of clock gene expression promote declining autophagy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Kalfalah
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Linda Janke
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfonso Schiavi
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Ix
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Natascia Ventura
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fritz Boege
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Reinke
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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36
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Chen Z, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS. Development and Therapeutic Potential of Small-Molecule Modulators of Circadian Systems. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:231-252. [PMID: 28968186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping systems drive oscillatory gene expression to regulate essential cellular and physiological processes. When the systems are perturbed, pathological consequences ensue and disease risks rise. A growing number of small-molecule modulators have been reported to target circadian systems. Such small molecules, identified via high-throughput screening or derivatized from known scaffolds, have shown promise as drug candidates to improve biological timing and physiological outputs in disease models. In this review, we first briefly describe the circadian system, including the core oscillator and the cellular networks. Research progress on clock-modulating small molecules is presented, focusing on development strategies and biological efficacies. We highlight the therapeutic potential of small molecules in clock-related pathologies, including jet lag and shiftwork; various chronic diseases, particularly metabolic disease; and aging. Emerging opportunities to identify and exploit clock modulators as novel therapeutic agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA
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38
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de Montaigu A, Oeljeklaus J, Krahn JH, Suliman MN, Halder V, de Ansorena E, Nickel S, Schlicht M, Plíhal O, Kubiasová K, Radová L, Kracher B, Tóth R, Kaschani F, Coupland G, Kombrink E, Kaiser M. The Root Growth-Regulating Brevicompanine Natural Products Modulate the Plant Circadian Clock. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1466-1471. [PMID: 28379676 PMCID: PMC5477000 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Plant
growth regulating properties of brevicompanines (Brvs), natural
products of the fungus Penicillium brevicompactum, have been known for several years, but further investigations into
the molecular mechanism of their bioactivity have not been performed.
Following chemical synthesis of brevicompanine derivatives, we studied
their activity in the model plant Arabidopsis by
a combination of plant growth assays, transcriptional profiling, and
numerous additional bioassays. These studies demonstrated that brevicompanines
cause transcriptional misregulation of core components of the circadian
clock, whereas other biological read-outs were not affected. Brevicompanines
thus represent promising chemical tools for investigating the regulation
of the plant circadian clock. In addition, our study also illustrates
the potential of an unbiased -omics-based characterization of bioactive
compounds for identifying the often cryptic modes of action of small
molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury de Montaigu
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Julian Oeljeklaus
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan H. Krahn
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Mohamed N.S. Suliman
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Elisa de Ansorena
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sabrina Nickel
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schlicht
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological
and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů
241/27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kubiasová
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological
and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů
241/27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radová
- Center
of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Kracher
- Bioinformatics,
Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Réka Tóth
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
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39
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Pritchett D, Reddy AB. No FAD, No CRY: Redox and Circadian Rhythms. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:497-499. [PMID: 28592378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of reciprocal interactions between the endogenous circadian clock and subcellular redox pathways. Recently, researchers at the University of California unearthed another possible link between redox metabolism and the mammalian circadian clock: the redox cofactor FAD stabilises the clock protein cryptochrome (CRY), modifying rhythmic clock gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pritchett
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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40
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Gloston GF, Yoo SH, Chen ZJ. Clock-Enhancing Small Molecules and Potential Applications in Chronic Diseases and Aging. Front Neurol 2017; 8:100. [PMID: 28360884 PMCID: PMC5350099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal physiological functions require a robust biological timer called the circadian clock. When clocks are dysregulated, misaligned, or dampened, pathological consequences ensue, leading to chronic diseases and accelerated aging. An emerging research area is the development of clock-targeting compounds that may serve as drug candidates to correct dysregulated rhythms and hence mitigate disease symptoms and age-related decline. In this review, we first present a concise view of the circadian oscillator, physiological networks, and regulatory mechanisms of circadian amplitude. Given a close association of circadian amplitude dampening and disease progression, clock-enhancing small molecules (CEMs) are of particular interest as candidate chronotherapeutics. A recent proof-of-principle study illustrated that the natural polymethoxylated flavonoid nobiletin directly targets the circadian oscillator and elicits robust metabolic improvements in mice. We describe mood disorders and aging as potential therapeutic targets of CEMs. Future studies of CEMs will shed important insight into the regulation and disease relevance of circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle F Gloston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Zheng Jake Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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41
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He B, Chen Z. Molecular Targets for Small-Molecule Modulators of Circadian Clocks. Curr Drug Metab 2016; 17:503-12. [PMID: 26750111 DOI: 10.2174/1389200217666160111124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian clocks are endogenous timing systems that regulate various aspects of mammalian metabolism, physiology and behavior. Traditional chronotherapy refers to the administration of drugs in a defined circadian time window to achieve optimal pharmacokinetic and therapeutic efficacies. In recent years, substantial efforts have been dedicated to developing novel small-molecule modulators of circadian clocks. METHODS Here, we review the recent progress in the identification of molecular targets of small-molecule clock modulators and their efficacies in clock-related disorders. Specifically, we examine the clock components and regulatory factors as possible molecular targets of small molecules, and we review several key clock-related disorders as promising venues for testing the preventive/therapeutic efficacies of these small molecules. Finally, we also discuss circadian regulation of drug metabolism. RESULTS Small molecules can modulate the period, phase and/or amplitude of the circadian cycle. Core clock proteins, nuclear hormone receptors, and clock-related kinases and other epigenetic regulators are promising molecular targets for small molecules. Through these targets small molecules exert protective effects against clock-related disorders including the metabolic syndrome, immune disorders, sleep disorders and cancer. Small molecules can also modulate circadian drug metabolism and response to existing therapeutics. CONCLUSION Small-molecule clock modulators target clock components or diverse cellular pathways that functionally impinge upon the clock. Target identification of new small-molecule modulators will deepen our understanding of key regulatory nodes in the circadian network. Studies of clock modulators will facilitate their therapeutic applications, alone or in combination, for clock-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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42
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Nishiwaki-Ohkawa T, Yoshimura T. Molecular basis for regulating seasonal reproduction in vertebrates. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R117-27. [PMID: 27068698 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animals that inhabit mid- to high-latitude regions exhibit various adaptive behaviors, such as migration, reproduction, molting and hibernation in response to seasonal cues. These adaptive behaviors are tightly regulated by seasonal changes in photoperiod, the relative day length vs night length. Recently, the regulatory pathway of seasonal reproduction has been elucidated using quail. In birds, deep brain photoreceptors receive and transmit light information to the pars tuberalis in the pituitary gland, which induces the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thyroid-stimulating hormone locally activates thyroid hormone via induction of type 2 deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Thyroid hormone then induces morphological changes in the terminals of neurons that express gonadotropin-releasing hormone and facilitates gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland. In mammals, light information is received by photoreceptors in the retina and neurally transmitted to the pineal gland, where it inhibits the synthesis and secretion of melatonin, which is crucial for seasonal reproduction. Importantly, the signaling pathway downstream of light detection and signaling is fully conserved between mammals and birds. In fish, the regulatory components of seasonal reproduction are integrated, from light detection to neuroendocrine output, in a fish-specific organ called the saccus vasculosus. Various physiological processes in humans are also influenced by seasonal environmental changes. The findings discussed herein may provide clues to addressing human diseases, such as seasonal affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Nishiwaki-Ohkawa
- Laboratory of Animal PhysiologyGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal PhysiologyGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Division of Seasonal BiologyNational Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan Avian Bioscience Research CenterGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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43
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Brown SA. Circadian Metabolism: From Mechanisms to Metabolomics and Medicine. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:415-426. [PMID: 27113082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock directs nearly all aspects of diurnal physiology, including metabolism. Current research identifies several major axes by which it exerts these effects, including systemic signals as well as direct control of cellular processes by local clocks. This redundant network can transmit metabolic and timing information bidirectionally for optimal synchrony of metabolic processes. Recent advances in cellular profiling and metabolomics technologies have yielded unprecedented insights into the mechanisms behind this control. They have also helped to illuminate individual variation in these mechanisms that could prove important in personalized therapy for metabolic disease. Finally, these technologies have provided platforms with which to screen for the first potential drugs affecting clock-modulated metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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44
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He B, Nohara K, Park N, Park YS, Guillory B, Zhao Z, Garcia JM, Koike N, Lee CC, Takahashi JS, Yoo SH, Chen Z. The Small Molecule Nobiletin Targets the Molecular Oscillator to Enhance Circadian Rhythms and Protect against Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metab 2016; 23:610-21. [PMID: 27076076 PMCID: PMC4832569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of circadian rhythms is associated with metabolic dysfunction, yet it is unclear whether enhancing clock function can ameliorate metabolic disorders. In an unbiased chemical screen using fibroblasts expressing PER2::Luc, we identified Nobiletin (NOB), a natural polymethoxylated flavone, as a clock amplitude-enhancing small molecule. When administered to diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, NOB strongly counteracted metabolic syndrome and augmented energy expenditure and locomotor activity in a Clock gene-dependent manner. In db/db mutant mice, the clock is also required for the mitigating effects of NOB on metabolic disorders. In DIO mouse liver, NOB enhanced clock protein levels and elicited pronounced gene expression remodeling. We identified retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors as direct targets of NOB, revealing a pharmacological intervention that enhances circadian rhythms to combat metabolic disease via the circadian gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kazunari Nohara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Noheon Park
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong-Sung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bobby Guillory
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, MCL, Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, and Molecular and Cell Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jose M Garcia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, MCL, Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, and Molecular and Cell Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nobuya Koike
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Cheng Chi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Dallmann R, Okyar A, Lévi F. Dosing-Time Makes the Poison: Circadian Regulation and Pharmacotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:430-445. [PMID: 27066876 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in physiology significantly modulate drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics according to the time-of-day, a finding that has led to the concept of chronopharmacology. The importance of biological clocks for xenobiotic metabolism has gained increased attention with the discovery of the molecular circadian clockwork. Mechanistic understanding of the cell-autonomous molecular circadian oscillator and the circadian timing system as a whole has opened new conceptual and methodological lines of investigation to understand first, the clock's impact on a specific drug's daily variations or the effects/side effects of environmental substances, and second, how clock-controlled pathways are coordinated within a given tissue or organism. Today, there is an increased understanding of the circadian modulation of drug effects. Moreover, several molecular strategies are being developed to treat disease-dependent and drug-induced clock disruptions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dallmann
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francis Lévi
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Circadian systems biology: When time matters. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:417-26. [PMID: 26288701 PMCID: PMC4534520 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a powerful endogenous timing system, which allows organisms to fine-tune their physiology and behaviour to the geophysical time. The interplay of a distinct set of core-clock genes and proteins generates oscillations in expression of output target genes which temporally regulate numerous molecular and cellular processes. The study of the circadian timing at the organismal as well as at the cellular level outlines the field of chronobiology, which has been highly interdisciplinary ever since its origins. The development of high-throughput approaches enables the study of the clock at a systems level. In addition to experimental approaches, computational clock models exist which allow the analysis of rhythmic properties of the clock network. Such mathematical models aid mechanistic understanding and can be used to predict outcomes of distinct perturbations in clock components, thereby generating new hypotheses regarding the putative function of particular clock genes. Perturbations in the circadian timing system are linked to numerous molecular dysfunctions and may result in severe pathologies including cancer. A comprehensive knowledge regarding the mechanistic of the circadian system is crucial to develop new procedures to investigate pathologies associated with a deregulated clock. In this manuscript we review the combination of experimental methodologies, bioinformatics and theoretical models that have been essential to explore this remarkable timing-system. Such an integrative and interdisciplinary approach may provide new strategies with regard to chronotherapeutic treatment and new insights concerning the restoration of the circadian timing in clock-associated diseases.
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