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Belyy A, Heilen P, Hagel P, Hofnagel O, Raunser S. Structure and activation mechanism of the Makes caterpillars floppy 1 toxin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8226. [PMID: 38086871 PMCID: PMC10716152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial Makes caterpillars floppy 1 (Mcf1) toxin promotes apoptosis in insects, leading to loss of body turgor and death. The molecular mechanism underlying Mcf1 intoxication is poorly understood. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of Mcf1 from Photorhabdus luminescens, revealing a seahorse-like shape with a head and tail. While the three head domains contain two effectors, as well as an activator-binding domain (ABD) and an autoprotease, the tail consists of two putative translocation and three putative receptor-binding domains. Rearrangement of the tail moves the C-terminus away from the ABD and allows binding of the host cell ADP-ribosylation factor 3, inducing conformational changes that position the cleavage site closer to the protease. This distinct activation mechanism that is based on a hook-loop interaction results in three autocleavage reactions and the release of two toxic effectors. Unexpectedly, the BH3-like domain containing ABD is not an active effector. Our findings allow us to understand key steps of Mcf1 intoxication at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Belyy
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philipp Heilen
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philine Hagel
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Hofnagel
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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2
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Hossain MMM, Farjana N, Afroz R, Hasan-Uj-Jaman, Saha PK, Roy HS, Rahman MA, Farid MA. Genes expression in Penaeus monodon of Bangladesh; challenged with AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100092. [PMID: 37091065 PMCID: PMC10114510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the causative agent of Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), was discovered in 2013 as a unique isolate that produces toxins and kills penaeid shrimps in devasting nature in Bangladesh and causes severe economic losses. This research aimed to understand the expressions of immune genes in different stages of the host species, Penaeus monodon, against virulence and toxin genes upon being challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Healthy post-larvae (PL) samples were collected from southwestern of Bangladesh from July 2021 to August 2022. The tryptic soy agar with 1.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) was used to inoculate the cells of V. parahaemolyticus, and the tryptic soy broth (TSB) with 1.5% NaCl was used to transfer the colonies. The spectrophotometry measured bacteria density. PCR, qPCR, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot measured gene expression and survivability after the immersion challenge. The 1 × 105CFU/mL of V. parahaemolyticus was used for 144 h.p.i (hours post-infection) challenge to six stages of post-larvae (PL) of P. monodon (PL20, PL25, PL30, PL35, PL40, and PL45), PL30 and PL35 showed 100% mortality by day 72 (h.p.i.) after exposure that indicated most vulnerable to V. parahaemolyticus. The expression of immune and toxic genes was confirmed by qPCR. The immune genes toll-like receptors (TLR), prophenoloxidase (ProPO), lysozyme (lyso), and penaeidin (PEN) of PL20 and PL25 of P. monodon were expressed robustly up-trends. PL30 and PL35 showed the lowest gene expression at the end of 72 (h.p.i.). At the end of the 144 (h.p.i.) exposure, the immune genes TLR, ProPO, lyso, and PEN expressed highest in PL45 than other post-larvae stages of P. monodon. The toxic genes (pirA, ToxR, ToxA, ToxB, tlh, tdh, and trh) in PL30 and PL35 of P. monodon after exposure of V. parahaemolyticus were expressed highest at the end of the 72 (h.p.i.). The lowest toxic genes expressions were revealed in PL20 and PL45 at the end of the 144 (h.p.i.). The SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins from the bacterium revealed identical protein profiles with toxic genes, and those toxins were further confirmed by Western blot. The 20 kDa, 78 kDa (ToxR), 20 kDa, 25 kDa (ToxA), 25 kDa (ToxB), 20 kDa, 27 kDa, 75 kDa (tdh), and 20 kDa, 27 kDa, 75 kDa, and 78 kDa (trh) proteins were strong responses in Western blot, indicating the crucial involvement of these immune-related genes in the defense and recovery of the first-line defense mechanisms during V. parahaemolyticus infection to shrimp. The all-toxic genes showed a unique homology and those derived from the common ancestor compared with V. parahaemolyticus (NCBI accession no. AP014859.1). All clades were derived with different traits with very low genetic distance, where the overall mean distance was 3.18 and showed a very uniform and homogenous pattern among the lineages. The V. parahaemolyticus infection process in different PL stages in P. monodon revealed novel insights into the immune responses. The responses may lead to the subsequent production of a DNA vaccine, enhancing shrimp health management to minimize the economic losses due to AHPND experiencing an outbreak of early mortality syndrome (EMS) toward sustainable production P. monodon (shrimp).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mer Mosharraf Hossain
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Bangladesh
| | - Nawshin Farjana
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Bangladesh
| | - Rukaiya Afroz
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Md. Anisur Rahman
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Bangladesh
| | - Md. Almamun Farid
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Bangladesh
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Prashar A, Kinkar OU, Kumar A, Hadapad AB, Makde RD, Hire RS. Crystal structures of PirA and PirB toxins from Photorhabdus akhurstii subsp. akhurstii K-1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 162:104014. [PMID: 37778713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PirAB binary toxin from Photorhabdus is toxic to the larvae of dipteran and lepidopteran insect pests. However, the 3-D structures and their toxicity mechanism are not yet fully understood. Here we report the crystal structures of PirA and PirB proteins from Photorhabdus akhurstii subsp. akhurstii K-1 at 1.6 and 2.1 Å, respectively. PirA comprises of eight β-strands depicting jelly-roll topology while PirB folds into two distinct domains, an N-terminal domain (PirB-N) made up of seven α-helices and a C-terminal domain (PirB-C) consists of ten β-strands. Despite the low sequence identity, PirA adopts similar architecture as domain III and PirB shared similar architecture as domain I/II of the Cry δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, respectively. However, PirA shows significant structural variations as compared to domain III of lepidopteran and dipteran specific Cry toxins (Cry1Aa and Cry11Ba) suggesting its role in virulence among range of insect pests and hence, in receptor binding. High structural resemblance between PirB-N and domain I of Cry toxin raises the possibility that the putative PirAB binary toxin may mimic the toxicity mechanism of the Cry protein, particularly its ability to perform pore formation. The mixture of independently purified PirA and PirB proteins are not toxic to insects. However, PirA-PirB protein complex purified from expression of pir operon with non-coding Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) sequences found toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae with LD50 value of 1.62 μg/larva. This suggests that toxic conformation of PirA and PirB are achieved in-vivo with the help of ERIC sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Prashar
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Omkar U Kinkar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India; Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashok B Hadapad
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ravindra D Makde
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India; Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ramesh S Hire
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Fodor A, Hess C, Ganas P, Boros Z, Kiss J, Makrai L, Dublecz K, Pál L, Fodor L, Sebestyén A, Klein MG, Tarasco E, Kulkarni MM, McGwire BS, Vellai T, Hess M. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP) in the Cell-Free Culture Media of Xenorhabdus budapestensis and X. szentirmaii Exert Anti-Protist Activity against Eukaryotic Vertebrate Pathogens including Histomonas meleagridis and Leishmania donovani Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1462. [PMID: 37760758 PMCID: PMC10525888 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial peptides provide a powerful toolkit for combating multidrug resistance. Combating eukaryotic pathogens is complicated because the intracellular drug targets in the eukaryotic pathogen are frequently homologs of cellular structures of vital importance in the host organism. The entomopathogenic bacteria (EPB), symbionts of entomopathogenic-nematode species, release a series of non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial peptides. Some may be potential drug candidates. The ability of an entomopathogenic-nematode/entomopathogenic bacterium symbiotic complex to survive in a given polyxenic milieu is a coevolutionary product. This explains that those gene complexes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of different non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial protective peptides (including those that are potently capable of inactivating the protist mammalian pathogen Leishmania donovanii and the gallinaceous bird pathogen Histomonas meleagridis) are co-regulated. Our approach is based on comparative anti-microbial bioassays of the culture media of the wild-type and regulatory mutant strains. We concluded that Xenorhabdus budapestensis and X. szentirmaii are excellent sources of non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial peptides that are efficient antagonists of the mentioned pathogens. Data on selective cytotoxicity of different cell-free culture media encourage us to forecast that the recently discovered "easy-PACId" research strategy is suitable for constructing entomopathogenic-bacterium (EPB) strains producing and releasing single, harmless, non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial peptides with considerable drug, (probiotic)-candidate potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter. sétány 1C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Petra Ganas
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Zsófia Boros
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter. sétány 1C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.V.)
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly utca 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - János Kiss
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly utca 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | | | - Károly Dublecz
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Deák Ferenc utca 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (K.D.); (L.P.)
| | - László Pál
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Deák Ferenc utca 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (K.D.); (L.P.)
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anna Sebestyén
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Michael G. Klein
- USDA-ARS & Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 13416 Claremont Ave, Cleveland, OH 44130, USA;
| | - Eustachio Tarasco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Manjusha M. Kulkarni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.M.K.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Bradford S. McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.M.K.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter. sétány 1C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.); (P.G.)
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Wang HC, Lin SJ, Wang HC, Kumar R, Le PT, Leu JH. A bacterial binary toxin system that kills both insects and aquatic crustaceans: Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011330. [PMID: 37141203 PMCID: PMC10159206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus insect-related toxins A and B (PirA and PirB) were first recognized as insecticidal toxins from Photorhabdus luminescens. However, subsequent studies showed that their homologs from Vibrio parahaemolyticus also play critical roles in the pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps. Based on the structural features of the PirA/PirB toxins, it was suggested that they might function in the same way as a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry pore-forming toxin. However, unlike Cry toxins, studies on the PirA/PirB toxins are still scarce, and their cytotoxic mechanism remains to be clarified. In this review, based on our studies of V. parahaemolyticus PirAvp/PirBvp, we summarize the current understanding of the gene locations, expression control, activation, and cytotoxic mechanism of this type of toxin. Given the important role these toxins play in aquatic disease and their potential use in pest control applications, we also suggest further topics for research. We hope the information presented here will be helpful for future PirA/PirB studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Wang
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ramya Kumar
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Phuoc Thien Le
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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6
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Rajapaksha LGTG, Gunasekara CWR, de Alwis PS. In silico detection and characterization of novel virulence proteins of the emerging poultry pathogen Gallibacterium anatis. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e41. [PMID: 36617648 PMCID: PMC9847380 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Gallibacterium anatis has caused heavy economic losses for commercial poultry farms around the world. However, despite its importance, the functions of its hypothetical proteins (HPs) have been poorly characterized. The present study analyzed the functions and structures of HPs obtained from Gallibacterium anatis (NCTC11413) using various bioinformatics tools. Initially, all the functions of HPs were predicted using the VICMpred tool, and the physicochemical properties of the identified virulence proteins were then analyzed using Expasy's ProtParam server. A virulence protein (WP_013745346.1) that can act as a potential drug target was further analyzed for its secondary structure, followed by homology modeling and three-dimensional (3D) structure determination using the Swiss-Model and Phyre2 servers. The quality assessment and validation of the 3D model were conducted using ERRAT, Verify3D, and PROCHECK programs. The functional and phylogenetic analysis was conducted using ProFunc, STRING, KEGG servers, and MEGA software. The bioinformatics analysis revealed 201 HPs related to cellular processes (n = 119), metabolism (n = 61), virulence (n = 11), and information/storage molecules (n = 10). Among the virulence proteins, three were detected as drug targets and six as vaccine targets. The characterized virulence protein WP_013745346.1 is proven to be stable, a drug target, and an enzyme related to the citrate cycle in the present pathogen. This enzyme was also found to facilitate other metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and the biosynthesis of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. G. T. G Rajapaksha
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
| | - C. W. R Gunasekara
- College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - P. S. de Alwis
- College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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7
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Bacteria-derived pesticidal proteins active against hemipteran pests. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 195:107834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Prashar A, Kinkar OU, Hadapad AB, Makde RD, Hire RS. Purification, characterization and toxicity assessment of PirAB toxins from Photorhabdus akhurstii subsp. akhurstii K-1. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107829. [PMID: 36167186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photorhabdus insect related proteins A & B (PirA, PirB) from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria exhibit both oral and injectable toxicity against lepidopteran and dipteran insect pest. The pirA, pirAt (encoding 6 N-terminal truncated PirA), pirB genes, pirA-pirB (with ERIC sequences), pirA-pirB-mERIC (modified pirA-pirB with mutated ERIC sequences) and polycistronic-pirAB were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. However, PirA protein was expressed in insoluble form and therefore the pirA gene was modified to produce PirAt. Moreover, pirA-pirB-mERIC, polycistronic-pirAB and co-transformed pirA/pirB genes were not expressed in the studied prokaryotic expression systems. None of the single purified proteins or mixtures of the individually expressed and purified proteins were toxic to mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. However, PirA-PirB protein mixtures purified from pirA-pirB operon plasmid were toxic to A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus larvae with LC50 values of 991 and 614 ng/ml, respectively. The presence of ERIC sequences between the two orfs of the pirA-pirB operon could help to obtain the proteins in biologically active form. Further, results confirm that PirA-PirB proteins of P. akhurstii subsp. akhurstii K-1 are binary insecticidal toxins and ERIC sequences could play an important role in expression of Pir proteins. Reports of biophysical characterization of individually purified PirAt, PirB and expressed PirA-PirB toxin mixture could provide the structural insight into these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Prashar
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Omkar U Kinkar
- Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashok B Hadapad
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ravindra D Makde
- Beamline Development and Application Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ramesh S Hire
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India.
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Kumar V, Roy S, Behera BK, Bossier P, Das BK. Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND): Virulence, Pathogenesis and Mitigation Strategies in Shrimp Aquaculture. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:524. [PMID: 34437395 PMCID: PMC8402356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product, currently exceeding 8 MT of high value. However, disease outbreaks, which are considered as the primary cause of production loss in shrimp farming, have moved to the forefront in recent years and brought socio-economic and environmental unsustainability to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio spp., is a relatively new farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease. The shrimp production in AHPND affected regions has dropped to ~60%, and the disease has caused a global loss of USD 43 billion to the shrimp farming industry. The conventional approaches, such as antibiotics and disinfectants, often applied for the mitigation or cure of AHPND, have had limited success. Additionally, their usage has been associated with alteration of host gut microbiota and immunity and development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. For example, the Mexico AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strain (13-306D/4 and 13-511/A1) were reported to carry tetB gene coding for tetracycline resistance gene, and V. campbellii from China was found to carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to thoroughly understand the virulence mechanism of AHPND-causing Vibrio spp. and develop novel management strategies to control AHPND in shrimp aquaculture, that will be crucially important to ensure food security in the future and offer economic stability to farmers. In this review, the most important findings of AHPND are highlighted, discussed and put in perspective, and some directions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Suvra Roy
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India; (S.R.); (B.K.B.); (B.K.D.)
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De Mandal S, Panda AK, Murugan C, Xu X, Senthil Kumar N, Jin F. Antimicrobial Peptides: Novel Source and Biological Function With a Special Focus on Entomopathogenic Nematode/Bacterium Symbiotic Complex. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:555022. [PMID: 34335484 PMCID: PMC8318700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.555022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms has become one of the most critical threats to public health. A decrease in the effectiveness of available antibiotics has led to the failure of infection control, resulting in a high risk of death. Among several alternatives, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve as potential alternatives to antibiotics to resolve the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. These small proteins exhibit potent antimicrobial activity and are also an essential component of the immune system. Although several AMPs have been reported and characterized, studies associated with their potential medical applications are limited. This review highlights the novel sources of AMPs with high antimicrobial activities, including the entomopathogenic nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic complex. Additionally, the AMPs derived from insects, nematodes, and marine organisms and the design of peptidomimetic antimicrobial agents that can complement the defects of therapeutic peptides have been used as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit De Mandal
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Chandran Murugan
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Fengliang Jin
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Restrepo L, Domínguez-Borbor C, Bajaña L, Betancourt I, Rodríguez J, Bayot B, Reyes A. Microbial community characterization of shrimp survivors to AHPND challenge test treated with an effective shrimp probiotic (Vibrio diabolicus). MICROBIOME 2021; 9:88. [PMID: 33845910 PMCID: PMC8042889 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an important shrimp bacterial disease caused by some Vibrio species. The severity of the impact of this disease on aquaculture worldwide has made it necessary to develop alternatives to prophylactic antibiotics use, such as the application of probiotics. To assess the potential to use probiotics in order to limit the detrimental effects of AHNPD, we evaluated the effect of the ILI strain, a Vibrio sp. bacterium and efficient shrimp probiotic, using metabarcoding (16S rRNA gene) on the gastrointestinal microbiota of shrimp after being challenged with AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus. RESULTS We showed how the gastrointestinal microbiome of shrimp varied between healthy and infected organisms. Nevertheless, a challenge of working with AHPND-causing Vibrio pathogens and Vibrio-related bacteria as probiotics is the potential risk of the probiotic strain becoming pathogenic. Consequently, we evaluated whether ILI strain can acquire the plasmid pV-AHPND via horizontal transfer and further cause the disease in shrimp. Conjugation assays were performed resulting in a high frequency (70%) of colonies harboring the pv-AHPND. However, no shrimp mortality was observed when transconjugant colonies of the ILI strain were used in a challenge test using healthy shrimp. We sequenced the genome of the ILI strain and performed comparative genomics analyses using AHPND and non-AHPND Vibrio isolates. Using available phylogenetic and phylogenomics analyses, we reclassified the ILI strain as Vibrio diabolicus. In summary, this work represents an effort to study the role that probiotics play in the normal gastrointestinal shrimp microbiome and in AHPND-infected shrimp, showing that the ILI probiotic was able to control pathogenic bacterial populations in the host's gastrointestinal tract and stimulate the shrimp's survival. The identification of probiotic bacterial species that are effective in the host's colonization is important to promote animal health and prevent disease. CONCLUSIONS This study describes probiotic bacteria capable of controlling pathogenic populations of bacteria in the shrimp gastrointestinal tract. Our work provides new insights into the complex dynamics between shrimp and the changes in the microbiota. It also addresses the practical application of probiotics to solve problems with pathogens that cause high mortality-rate in shrimp farming around the world. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Restrepo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Cristóbal Domínguez-Borbor
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Leandro Bajaña
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Irma Betancourt
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jenny Rodríguez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, FCV, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Bonny Bayot
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima y Ciencias del Mar, FIMCM, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Ahuja A, Kushwah J, Mathur C, Chauhan K, Dutta TK, Somvanshi VS. Identification of Galtox, a new protein toxin from Photorhabdus bacterial symbionts of Heterorhabditis nematodes. Toxicon 2021; 194:53-62. [PMID: 33610634 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteria Photorhabdus lives in a symbiotic relationship with the insect-pathogenic Heterorhabditis nematodes and produces numerous hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolites and protein toxins. Seven Photorhabdus strains were previously isolated from the Heterorhabditis nematodes collected from different geographical regions of India. The strains IARI-SGMG3, IARI-SGHR2, IARI-SGHR4, IARI-SGMS1 and IARI-SGGJ2 were identified as P. akhurstii, whereas IARI-SGLDK1 and IARI-SGHP1 were identified as P. laumondii subsp. laumondii and P. laumondii subsp. clarkeii, respectively. A new and previously unreported 35 kDa molecular weight protein toxin 'Galtox' was identified from these Photorhabdus strains. The nucleotide sequences of the toxin gene from seven Photorhabdus strains were PCR amplified, sequenced, cloned into pET protein expression vector, and the protein toxin was expressed and purified. The Galtox sequence from various strains showed variations in sequence and toxicity against Galleria mellonella. The injection of purified Galtox protein into the 4th instar larvae showed median lethal dose (LD50) values of 2.39-26.08 ng toxin/g G. mellonella bodyweight after 48 h. The protein injection killed the insects quickly and exhibited a median lethal time (LT50) of 12-60 h when injected at the rate of 3.1-31.2 ng toxin/g G. mellonella bodyweight. Galtox protein sequence analysis indicated similarity to several bacterial toxin-related protein domains, such as 6rgnA domain of Bordetella membrane targeting toxin BteA, 6gy6 domain of Xenorhabdus α-Xenorhabdolysins, 4mu6A and 4xa9a domains similar to effector protein LegC3 from Legionella pneumophila and 1cv8.1 domain of staphylococcal cysteine proteinase staphopain B. The mode of action of Galtox needs to be understood to enable its use for the management of agricultural insect-pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ahuja
- Division of Nematology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Jyoti Kushwah
- Division of Nematology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Chetna Mathur
- Division of Nematology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Khushbu Chauhan
- Division of Nematology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vishal Singh Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Paulson AR, O’Callaghan M, Zhang XX, Rainey PB, Hurst MRH. In vivo transcriptome analysis provides insights into host-dependent expression of virulence factors by Yersinia entomophaga MH96, during infection of Galleria mellonella. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa024. [PMID: 33561230 PMCID: PMC7849909 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The function of microbes can be inferred from knowledge of genes specifically expressed in natural environments. Here, we report the in vivo transcriptome of the entomopathogenic bacterium Yersinia entomophaga MH96, captured during initial, septicemic, and pre-cadaveric stages of intrahemocoelic infection in Galleria mellonella. A total of 1285 genes were significantly upregulated by MH96 during infection; 829 genes responded to in vivo conditions during at least one stage of infection, 289 responded during two stages of infection, and 167 transcripts responded throughout all three stages of infection compared to in vitro conditions at equivalent cell densities. Genes upregulated during the earliest infection stage included components of the insecticidal toxin complex Yen-TC (chi1, chi2, and yenC1), genes for rearrangement hotspot element containing protein yenC3, cytolethal distending toxin cdtAB, and vegetative insecticidal toxin vip2. Genes more highly expressed throughout the infection cycle included the putative heat-stable enterotoxin yenT and three adhesins (usher-chaperone fimbria, filamentous hemagglutinin, and an AidA-like secreted adhesin). Clustering and functional enrichment of gene expression data also revealed expression of genes encoding type III and VI secretion system-associated effectors. Together these data provide insight into the pathobiology of MH96 and serve as an important resource supporting efforts to identify novel insecticidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Paulson
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 8140, New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Xue-Xian Zhang
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Rainey
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Laboratoire de Génétique de l’Evolution CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
- Department of Microbial Population Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Mark R H Hurst
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 8140, New Zealand
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Passive Immunization with Recombinant Antibody VLRB-PirA vp/PirB vp-Enriched Feeds against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010055. [PMID: 33467013 PMCID: PMC7829966 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is the bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which secretes toxins into the gastrointestinal tract of its host. Vibrio parahaemolyticus toxins A and B (PirAvp/PirBvp) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease, and are, therefore, the focus of studies developing treatments for AHPND. We previously produced recombinant antibodies based on the hagfish variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) capable of neutralizing some viruses, suggesting that this type of antibody may have a potential application for treatment of AHPND. Here, recombinant PirAvp/PirBvp, produced using a bacterial expression system, were used as antigens to screen a hagfish VLRB cDNA library to obtain PirAvp/PirBvp-specific antibodies. A cell line secreting these antibodies was established by screening and cloning the DNA extracted from hagfish B cells. Supernatants collected from cells secreting the PirAvp/PirBvp antibodies were collected and concentrated, and used to passively immunize shrimp to neutralize the toxins PirAvp or PirBvp associated with AHPND. Briefly, 10 μg of PirAvp and PirBvp antibodies, 7C12 and 9G10, respectively, were mixed with the shrimp feed, and fed to shrimp for three days consecutive days prior to experimentally infecting the shrimp with V. parahaemolyticus (containing toxins A and B), and resulting mortalities recorded for six days. Results showed significantly higher level of survival in shrimp fed with the PirBvp-9G10 antibody (60%) compared to the group fed the PirAvp-7C12 antibody (3%) and the control group (0%). This suggests that VLRB antibodies may be a suitable alternative to immunoglobulin-based antibodies, as passive immunization treatments for effective management of AHPND outbreaks within shrimp farms.
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Keskes S, Jallouli W, Atitallah IB, Driss F, Sahli E, Chamkha M, Tounsi S. Development of a cost-effective medium for Photorhabdus temperata bioinsecticide production from wastewater and exploration of performance kinetic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:779. [PMID: 33436984 PMCID: PMC7804953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the optimization of the culture conditions for enhancing Photorhabdus temperata biopesticide production using wastewater (WS4) as a raw material. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to evaluate the effects of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), sodium chloride concentration and inoculum size on P. temperata biomass production and insecticidal activity. For an enhanced biopesticide production, the optimum operating conditions were as follows: inoculum size = 4%; C/N ratio = 12.5 and [NaCl] = 4 g/L for two responses. 1.95 and 2.75 fold improvements in oral toxicity and biomass production were respectively obtained in the cost-effective medium developed in this study (WS4 I) using the three variables at their optimal values. Under the optimized conditions, WS4 I-grown cells exhibited higher membrane integrity according to flow cytometry analysis since dead cells presented only 9.2% compared to 29.2% in WS4. From batch fermentations carried out in WS4 I and WS4, P. temperata kinetic parameters in terms of biomass production and substrate consumption rates were modeled. The obtained results showed that the maximum specific growth rate in WS4 I was of 0.43 h-1 while that obtained in WS4 was of 0.14 h-1. In addition, the efficiency of P. temperata to metabolize organic carbon was enhanced by optimizing the culture conditions. It reached 72.66% instead of 46.18% in the control fermentation after 10 h of incubation. Under the optimized conditions, P. temperata cells showed the highest specific consumption rate resulting in a toxin synthesis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Keskes
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, P.O. Box '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Jallouli
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, P.O. Box '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Imen Ben Atitallah
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax University, BP 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Driss
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, P.O. Box '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Sahli
- Analysis Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, P.O. Box '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, P.O. Box '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Tounsi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, P.O. Box '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
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16
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Azizoglu U, Jouzani GS, Yilmaz N, Baz E, Ozkok D. Genetically modified entomopathogenic bacteria, recent developments, benefits and impacts: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139169. [PMID: 32460068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic bacteria (EPBs), insect pathogens that produce pest-specific toxins, are environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides. However, the most important problem with EPBs application is their limited field stability. Moreover, environmental factors such as solar radiation, leaf temperature, and vapor pressure can affect the pathogenicity of these pathogens and their toxins. Scientists have conducted intensive research to overcome such problems. Genetic engineering has great potential for the development of new engineered entomopathogens with more resistance to adverse environmental factors. Genetically modified entomopathogenic bacteria (GM-EPBs) have many advantages over wild EPBs, such as higher pathogenicity, lower spraying requirements and longer-term persistence. Genetic manipulations have been mostly applied to members of the bacterial genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. Although many researchers have found that GM-EPBs can be used safely as plant protection bioproducts, limited attention has been paid to their potential ecological impacts. The main concerns about GM-EPBs and their products are their potential unintended effects on beneficial insects (predators, parasitoids, pollinators, etc.) and rhizospheric bacteria. This review address recent update on the significant role of GM-EPBs in biological control, examining them through different perspectives in an attempt to generate critical discussion and aid in the understanding of their potential ecological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Azizoglu
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gholamreza Salehi Jouzani
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nihat Yilmaz
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ethem Baz
- Laboratory and Veterinary Health Department, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Duran Ozkok
- Department of Crop and Animal Production, Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Medina Munoz M, Spencer N, Enomoto S, Dale C, Rio RVM. Quorum sensing sets the stage for the establishment and vertical transmission of Sodalis praecaptivus in tsetse flies. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008992. [PMID: 32797092 PMCID: PMC7449468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial virulence factors facilitate host colonization and set the stage for the evolution of parasitic and mutualistic interactions. The Sodalis-allied clade of bacteria exhibit striking diversity in the range of both plant and animal feeding insects they inhabit, suggesting the appropriation of universal molecular mechanisms that facilitate establishment. Here, we report on the infection of the tsetse fly by free-living Sodalis praecaptivus, a close relative of many Sodalis-allied symbionts. Key genes involved in quorum sensing, including the homoserine lactone synthase (ypeI) and response regulators (yenR and ypeR) are integral for the benign colonization of S. praecaptivus. Mutants lacking ypeI, yenR and ypeR compromised tsetse survival as a consequence of their inability to repress virulence. Genes under quorum sensing, including homologs of the binary insecticidal toxin PirAB and a putative symbiosis-promoting factor CpmAJ, demonstrated negative and positive impacts, respectively, on tsetse survival. Taken together with results obtained from experiments involving weevils, this work shows that quorum sensing virulence suppression plays an integral role in facilitating the establishment of Sodalis-allied symbionts in diverse insect hosts. This knowledge contributes to the understanding of the early evolutionary steps involved in the formation of insect-bacterial symbiosis. Further, despite having no established history of interaction with tsetse, S. praecaptivus can infect reproductive tissues, enabling vertical transmission through adenotrophic viviparity within a single host generation. This creates an option for the use of S. praecaptivus in the biocontrol of insect disease vectors via paratransgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Medina Munoz
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Noah Spencer
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Shinichiro Enomoto
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Colin Dale
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
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da Silva WJ, Pilz-Júnior HL, Heermann R, da Silva OS. The great potential of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for mosquito control: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:376. [PMID: 32727530 PMCID: PMC7391577 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of insects of medical importance, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are still the only effective way to prevent the transmission of diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Their control is performed mainly using chemical products; however, they often have low specificity to non-target organisms, including humans. Also, studies have reported resistance to the most commonly used insecticides, such as the organophosphate and pyrethroids. Biological control is an ecological and sustainable method since it has a slow rate of insect resistance development. Bacterial species of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus have been the target of several research groups worldwide, aiming at their use in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial products. This review highlights articles referring to the use of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for insects and especially for mosquito control proposing future ways for their biotechnological applicability. Approximately 24 species of Xenorhabdus and five species of Photorhabdus have been described to have insecticidal properties. These studies have shown genes that are capable of encoding low molecular weight proteins, secondary toxin complexes and metabolites with insecticide activities, as well as antibiotic, fungicidal and antiparasitic molecules. In addition, several species of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus showed insecticidal properties against mosquitoes. Therefore, these biological agents can be used in new control methods, and must be, urgently considered in short term, in studies and applications, especially in mosquito control.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Junior da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Harry Luiz Pilz-Júnior
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Onilda Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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Dutta TK, Mathur C, Mandal A, Somvanshi VS. The differential strain virulence of the candidate toxins of Photorhabdus akhurstii can be correlated with their inter-strain gene sequence diversity. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:299. [PMID: 32550116 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus akhurstii is an insect-parasitic bacterium that symbiotically associates with the nematode, Heterorhabditis indica. The bacterium possesses several pathogenicity islands that aids in conferring toxicity to different insects. Herein, we constructed the plasmid clones of coding sequences of four toxin genes (pirA, tcaA, tccA and tccC; each was isolated from four P. akhurstii strains IARI-SGMG3, IARI-SGGJ2, IARI-SGHR2 and IARI-SGMS1) in Escherichia coli and subsequently, their biological activity were investigated against the fourth-instar larvae of the model insect, Galleria mellonella via intra-hemocoel injection. Bioinformatics analyses indicated inter-strain amino acid sequence difference at several positions of the candidate toxins. In corroboration, differential insecticidal activity of the identical toxin protein (PirA, TcaA, TccA and TccC conferred 15-59, 27-100, 25-100 and 33-98% insect mortality, respectively, across the strains) derived from the different bacterial strains was observed, suggesting that the diverse gene pool in Indian strains of P. akhurstii leads to strain-specific virulence in this bacterium. These toxin candidates appear to be an attractive option to deploy them in biopesticide development for managing the insect pests globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Chetna Mathur
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Vishal S Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Abstract
Different model systems have, over the years, contributed to our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the various types of interaction between bacteria and their animal hosts. The genus
Photorhabdus
comprises Gram-negative insect pathogenic bacteria that are normally found as symbionts that colonize the gut of the infective juvenile stage of soil-dwelling nematodes from the family Heterorhabditis. The nematodes infect susceptible insects and release the bacteria into the insect haemolymph where the bacteria grow, resulting in the death of the insect. At this stage the nematodes feed on the bacterial biomass and, following several rounds of reproduction, the nematodes develop into infective juveniles that leave the insect cadaver in search of new hosts. Therefore
Photorhabdus
has three distinct and obligate roles to play during this life-cycle: (1)
Photorhabdus
must kill the insect host; (2)
Photorhabdus
must be capable of supporting nematode growth and development; and (3)
Photorhabdus
must be able to colonize the gut of the next generation of infective juveniles before they leave the insect cadaver. In this review I will discuss how genetic analysis has identified key genes involved in mediating, and regulating, the interaction between
Photorhabdus
and each of its invertebrate hosts. These studies have resulted in the characterization of several new families of toxins and a novel inter-kingdom signalling molecule and have also uncovered an important role for phase variation in the regulation of these different roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Clarke
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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21
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NanGong Z, Guo X, Yang Q, Song P, Wang Q, Parajulee MN. Identification of Arylphorin interacting with the insecticidal protein PirAB from Xenorhabdus nematophila by yeast two-hybrid system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:56. [PMID: 32211973 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PirAB toxin was initially found in the Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 strain and is a demonstrated binary toxin with high insecticidal activity. In this paper, we co-expressed the pirAB gene of Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 in a prokaryotic expression system, and we found that the PirAB protein showed high hemocoel insecticidal activity against Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua. LD50 values were 1.562, 2.003 and 2.17 μg/larvae for G. mellonella, H. armigera, and S. exigua, respectively (p > 0.05). Additionally, PirAB-interaction proteins were identified from G. mellonella by 6 × His Protein Pulldown combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of which, arylphorin of G. mellonella showed the highest matching rate. A protein domain conservative structure analysis indicated that arylphorin has three domains including Hemocyanin-N, Hemocyanin-M, and Hemocyanin-C. Among these protein domains, Hemocyanin-C has immune and recognition functions. Further, Hemocyanin-C domain of arylphorin was identified to interact with PirA but not PirB by Yeast two-hybrid system. These findings reveal, for the first time, new host protein interacting with PirAB. The identification of interaction protein may serve as the foundation for further study on the function and insecticidal mechanism of this binary toxin from Xenorhabdus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan NanGong
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ping Song
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
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PirAB VP Toxin Binds to Epithelial Cells of the Digestive Tract and Produce Pathognomonic AHPND Lesions in Germ-Free Brine Shrimp. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120717. [PMID: 31835437 PMCID: PMC6950649 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), a newly emergent farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease originally known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), is causing havoc in the shrimp industry. The causative agent of AHPND was found to be a specific strain of bacteria, e.g., Vibrio and Shewanella sps., that contains pVA1 plasmid (63–70 kb) encoding the binary PirAVP and PirBVP toxins. The PirABVP and toxins are the primary virulence factors of AHPND-causing bacteria that mediates AHPND and mortality in shrimp. Hence, in this study using a germ-free brine shrimp model system, we evaluated the PirABVP toxin-mediated infection process at cellular level, including toxin attachment and subsequent toxin-induced damage to the digestive tract. The results showed that, PirABVP toxin binds to epithelial cells of the digestive tract of brine shrimp larvae and produces characteristic symptoms of AHPND. In the PirABVP-challenged brine shrimp larvae, shedding or sloughing of enterocytes in the midgut and hindgut regions was regularly visualized, and the intestinal lumen was filled with moderately electron-dense cells of variable shapes and sizes. In addition, the observed cellular debris in the intestinal lumen of the digestive tract was found to be of epithelial cell origin. The detailed morphology of the digestive tract demonstrates further that the PirABVP toxin challenge produces focal to extensive necrosis and damages epithelial cells in the midgut and hindgut regions, resulting in pyknosis, cell vacuolisation, and mitochondrial and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) damage to different degrees. Taken together, our study provides substantial evidence that PirABVP toxins bind to the digestive tract of brine shrimp larvae and seem to be responsible for generating characteristic AHPND lesions and damaging enterocytes in the midgut and hindgut regions.
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23
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Morishita M, Masuda A, Mon H, Lee JM, Kusakabe T, Tashiro K, Yasunaga-Aoki C, Iiyama K. Identification of an insecticidal toxin produced by Enterobacter sp. strain 532 isolated from diseased Bombyx mori silkworms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5266297. [PMID: 30596999 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Enterobacter sp. 532 shows pathogenicity in Bombyx mori, the insecticidal mechanisms are unclear. Here, we identified and characterised an insecticidal protein from Enterobacter. The insecticidal protein was purified from the strain and inoculated into B. mori larvae. Intracellular proteins were prepared, purified and separated by preparative native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE); one protein band had insecticidal activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE showed the presence of several bands, indicating that the insecticidal protein formed a complex. Peptide mass fingerprinting of a prominent 255.3-kDa band revealed 64 peptides that matched one protein with 33.0% sequence coverage. This protein was a homologue of the A component of the toxin complex (Tc), and the VRP1 domain was conserved; thus, the gene was named itcA (insecticidal toxin complex A). In the itcA downstream region, B and C component gene homologues were found, and these genes were located on an 86.2-kb contig sequence. Two repA genes and 27 genes related to conjugation transfer of plasmids were located on the contig, suggesting that the contig originated from a mobilisable plasmid. Therefore, these findings suggested that the strain may have acquired the Tc genes by horizontal transfer. This is the first description of Tc produced by the genus Enterobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Morishita
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology and Microbial Control, Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chisa Yasunaga-Aoki
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology and Microbial Control, Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iiyama
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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24
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Vlisidou I, Hapeshi A, Healey JR, Smart K, Yang G, Waterfield NR. The Photorhabdus asymbiotica virulence cassettes deliver protein effectors directly into target eukaryotic cells. eLife 2019; 8:46259. [PMID: 31526474 PMCID: PMC6748792 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus is a highly effective insect pathogen and symbiont of insecticidal nematodes. To exert its potent insecticidal effects, it elaborates a myriad of toxins and small molecule effectors. Among these, the Photorhabdus Virulence Cassettes (PVCs) represent an elegant self-contained delivery mechanism for diverse protein toxins. Importantly, these self-contained nanosyringes overcome host cell membrane barriers, and act independently, at a distance from the bacteria itself. In this study, we demonstrate that Pnf, a PVC needle complex associated toxin, is a Rho-GTPase, which acts via deamidation and transglutamination to disrupt the cytoskeleton. TEM and Western blots have shown a physical association between Pnf and its cognate PVC delivery mechanism. We demonstrate that for Pnf to exert its effect, translocation across the cell membrane is absolutely essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Vlisidou
- All Wales Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Hapeshi
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Rj Healey
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Smart
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Guowei Yang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Nakamura R, Pedrosa-Gerasmio IR, Alenton RRR, Nozaki R, Kondo H, Hirono I. Anti-PirA-like toxin immunoglobulin (IgY) in feeds passively immunizes shrimp against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1125-1132. [PMID: 31115066 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a toxin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain, has become a serious threat to shrimp aquaculture. The need to regulate antibiotic use prompted the development of alternative ways to treat infections in aquaculture including the use of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) for passive immunization. This study evaluated the protective effect of IgY against AHPND infection in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). IgY was isolated from eggs laid by hens immunized with recombinant PirA-like (rPirA) and PirB-like (rPirB) toxins. Whole-egg powders having IgY specific to rPirA (anti-PirA-IgY) and rPirB (anti-PirB-IgY) and IgY from non-immunized hen (control-IgY) were mixed with basal diets at 20% concentrations and used to prefeed shrimp 3 days before the bacterial challenge test. Survival rates of the challenged shrimp fed the anti-PirA-IgY, anti-PirB-IgY and control-IgY diets were 86%, 14% and 0%, respectively. Only the feed containing anti-PirA-IgY protected shrimp against AHPND. Increasing the concentration of rPirA antigen to immunize hens and lowering the amount of egg powder in feeds to 10% consistently showed higher survival rates in shrimp fed with anti-PirA-IgY (87%) compared with the control (12%). These results confirm that addition of anti-PirA-IgY in feeds could be an effective prophylactic method against AHPND infection in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nakamura
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ivane R Pedrosa-Gerasmio
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Marine Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Rod Russel R Alenton
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Nozaki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Eroglu C, Cimen H, Ulug D, Karagoz M, Hazir S, Cakmak I. Acaricidal effect of cell-free supernatants from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 160:61-66. [PMID: 30528928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of secondary metabolites produced by the following symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, X. nematophila, X. bovienii, X. cabanillasii, Photorhabdus luminescens and P. temperata, associated with entomopathogenic nematodes, were investigated against various developmental stages of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) using cell-free bacterial supernatants in Petri dishes. In addition, the effects of the most active bacterial supernatant(s) found in Petri dish experiments were tested on T. urticae in pot experiments. All studies were conducted at 25 ± 1 °C temperature, 70 ± 5% relative humidity and a light cycle of 16 h in a climate room. The result of the Petri dish experiments showed that the supernatants had little or no effect on the egg stage, as less than 4% mortality was recorded. Depending on the bacterial supernatant, mortality in the other stages was 46-97% for larvae, 30-96% for protonymphs, 41-92% for deutonymphs, 92-100% for adult males and 46-93% for adult females. Control mortalities ranged from 1-7% for larvae, 2-9% for protonymphs, 4-10% for deutonymphs, 6-10% for adult males and 4-8% for adult females. Among supernatants tested, X. szentirmaii and X. nematophila were the most efficacious with mortality greater than 90% on the mobile stages of T. urticae. According to the results from pot experiments, the supernatants of X. szentirmaii and X. nematophila, singularly and in combination, significantly reduced the T. urticae population. However, the mixture of X. szentirmaii and X. nematophila supernatants did not increase efficiency to reduce T. urticae population compared to each supernatant alone. Further studies are warranted to find the active compound(s) in the supernatants of X. szentirmaii or and X. nematophila and assess whether the supernatant(s) has the potential of being a practical and economical control agent for T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Eroglu
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karagoz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Cakmak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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27
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Springer K, Sänger PA, Moritz C, Felsl A, Rattei T, Fuchs TM. Insecticidal Toxicity of Yersinia frederiksenii Involves the Novel Enterotoxin YacT. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:392. [PMID: 30488025 PMCID: PMC6246891 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Yersinia comprises 19 species of which three are known as human and animal pathogens. Some species display toxicity toward invertebrates using the so-called toxin complex (TC) and/or determinants that are not yet known. Recent studies showed a remarkable variability of insecticidal activities when representatives of different Yersinia species (spp.) were subcutaneously injected into the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Here, we demonstrate that Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii are highly toxic to this insect. A member of Y. Enterocolitica phylogroup 1B killed G. mellonella larvae with injection doses of approximately 38 cells only, thus resembling the insecticidal activity of Photorhabdus luminescens. The pathogenicity Yersinia spp. displays toward the larvae was higher at 15°C than at 30°C and independent of the TC. However, upon subtraction of all genes of the low-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strain W22703 from the genomes of Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii, we identified a set of genes that may be responsible for the toxicity of these two species. Indeed, a mutant of Y. frederiksenii lacking yacT, a gene that encodes a protein similar to the heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin (Ast) of Aeromonas hydrophila, exhibited a reduced pathogenicity toward G. mellonella larvae and altered the morphology of hemocytes. The data suggests that the repertoire of virulence determinants present in environmental Yersinia species remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Springer
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Fakultät für Grundlagen der Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Christian Moritz
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Fakultät für Grundlagen der Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Angela Felsl
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Fakultät für Grundlagen der Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Department of Computational Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo M Fuchs
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Fakultät für Grundlagen der Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Jena, Germany
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28
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PirVP genes causing AHPND identified in a new Vibrio species (Vibrio punensis) within the commensal Orientalis clade. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13080. [PMID: 30166588 PMCID: PMC6117253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) has extended rapidly, causing alarming shrimp mortalities. Initially, the only known causative agent was Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying a plasmid coding for the mortal toxins PirVP. Recently, it has been found that the plasmid and hence the disease, could be transferred among members of the Harveyi clade. The current study performs a genomic characterization of an isolate capable of developing AHPND in shrimp. Mortality studies and molecular and histopathological analyses showed the infection capacity of the strain. Multilocus sequence analysis placed the bacteria as a member of the Orientalis clade, well known for containing commensal and even probiotic bacteria used in the shrimp industry. Further whole genome comparative analyses, including Vibrio species from the Orientalis clade, and phylogenomic metrics (TETRA, ANI and DDH) showed that the isolate belongs to a previously unidentified species, now named Vibrio punensis sp. nov. strain BA55. Our findings show that the gene transfer capacity of Vibrio species goes beyond the clade classification, demonstrating a new pathogenic capacity to a previously known commensal clade. The presence of these genes in a different Vibrio clade may contribute to the knowledge of the Vibrio pathogenesis and has major implications for the spread of emerging diseases.
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29
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Enomoto S, Chari A, Clayton AL, Dale C. Quorum Sensing Attenuates Virulence in Sodalis praecaptivus. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:629-636.e5. [PMID: 28494244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sodalis praecaptivus is a close relative and putative environmental progenitor of the widely distributed, insect-associated, Sodalis-allied symbionts. Here we show that mutant strains of S. praecaptivus that lack genetic components of a quorum-sensing (QS) apparatus have a rapid and potent killing phenotype following microinjection into an insect host. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses indicate that insect killing occurs as a consequence of virulence factors, including insecticidal toxins and enzymes that degrade the insect integument, which are normally repressed by QS at high infection densities. This method of regulation suggests that virulence factors are only utilized in early infection to initiate the insect-bacterial association. Once bacteria reach sufficient density in host tissues, the QS circuit represses expression of these harmful genes, facilitating a long-lasting and benign association. We discuss the implications of the functionality of this QS system in the context of establishment and evolution of mutualistic relationships involving these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Enomoto
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Abhishek Chari
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adam Larsen Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Colin Dale
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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30
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Recombinant entomopathogenic agents: a review of biotechnological approaches to pest insect control. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 34:14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Kim IH, Aryal SK, Aghai DT, Casanova-Torres ÁM, Hillman K, Kozuch MP, Mans EJ, Mauer TJ, Ogier JC, Ensign JC, Gaudriault S, Goodman WG, Goodrich-Blair H, Dillman AR. The insect pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus innexi has attenuated virulence in multiple insect model hosts yet encodes a potent mosquitocidal toxin. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:927. [PMID: 29191166 PMCID: PMC5709968 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenorhabdus innexi is a bacterial symbiont of Steinernema scapterisci nematodes, which is a cricket-specialist parasite and together the nematode and bacteria infect and kill crickets. Curiously, X. innexi expresses a potent extracellular mosquitocidal toxin activity in culture supernatants. We sequenced a draft genome of X. innexi and compared it to the genomes of related pathogens to elucidate the nature of specialization. RESULTS Using green fluorescent protein-expressing X. innexi we confirm previous reports using culture-dependent techniques that X. innexi colonizes its nematode host at low levels (~3-8 cells per nematode), relative to other Xenorhabdus-Steinernema associations. We found that compared to the well-characterized entomopathogenic nematode symbiont X. nematophila, X. innexi fails to suppress the insect phenoloxidase immune pathway and is attenuated for virulence and reproduction in the Lepidoptera Galleria mellonella and Manduca sexta, as well as the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. To assess if, compared to other Xenorhabdus spp., X. innexi has a reduced capacity to synthesize virulence determinants, we obtained and analyzed a draft genome sequence. We found no evidence for several hallmarks of Xenorhabdus spp. toxicity, including Tc and Mcf toxins. Similar to other Xenorhabdus genomes, we found numerous loci predicted to encode non-ribosomal peptide/polyketide synthetases. Anti-SMASH predictions of these loci revealed one, related to the fcl locus that encodes fabclavines and zmn locus that encodes zeamines, as a likely candidate to encode the X. innexi mosquitocidal toxin biosynthetic machinery, which we designated Xlt. In support of this hypothesis, two mutants each with an insertion in an Xlt biosynthesis gene cluster lacked the mosquitocidal compound based on HPLC/MS analysis and neither produced toxin to the levels of the wild type parent. CONCLUSIONS The X. innexi genome will be a valuable resource in identifying loci encoding new metabolites of interest, but also in future comparative studies of nematode-bacterial symbiosis and niche partitioning among bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hwan Kim
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Present address: Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD USA
| | | | - Dariush T. Aghai
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Kai Hillman
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Michael P. Kozuch
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Erin J. Mans
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Terra J. Mauer
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN USA
| | | | - Jerald C. Ensign
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Walter G. Goodman
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
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Structural Insights into the Cytotoxic Mechanism of Vibrio parahaemolyticus PirA vp and PirB vp Toxins. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15120373. [PMID: 29194352 PMCID: PMC5742833 DOI: 10.3390/md15120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, shrimp farming is a popular field. The benefits of shrimp farming include a relatively short grow-out time, high sale price, and good cost recovery. However, outbreaks of serious diseases inflict serious losses, and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging challenge to this industry. In South American white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon), this disease has a 70–100% mortality. The pathogenic agent of AHPND is a specific strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus which contains PirAvp and PirBvp toxins encoded in the pVA1 plasmid. PirAvp and PirBvp have been shown to cause the typical histological symptoms of AHPND in infected shrimps, and in this review, we will focus on our structural understanding of these toxins. By analyzing their structures, a possible cytotoxic mechanism, as well as strategies for anti-AHPND drug design, is proposed.
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Campa-Córdova AI, León-Gallo AF, Romero-Maldonado A, Ibarra-Serrano AC, Rosales-Mendoza S, Hirono I, Angulo C. Recombinant PirA-like toxin protects shrimp against challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the aetiological agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1725-1729. [PMID: 28422302 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A I Campa-Córdova
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, México
| | - A F León-Gallo
- Laboratorio de biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, México
| | - A Romero-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, México
| | - A C Ibarra-Serrano
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, México
| | - S Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, México
| | - I Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, México
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Plasmid dynamics in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains related to shrimp Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang Q, Zhang J, Li T, Liu S, Song P, Nangong Z, Wang Q. PirAB protein from Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 exhibits a binary toxin with insecticidal activity and cytotoxicity in Galleria mellonella. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 148:43-50. [PMID: 28438456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PirAB (Photorhabdus insect-related proteins, PirAB) toxin was initially found in the Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 strain and has been shown to be a binary toxin with high insecticidal activity. Based on GenBank data, this gene was also found in the Xenorhabdus nematophila genome sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of pirA and pirB in the genome of X. nematophila showed 51% and 50% identity with those gene sequences from P. luminescens. The purpose of this experiment is to identify the relevant information for this toxin gene in X. nematophila. The pirA, pirB and pirAB genes of X. nematophila HB310 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using the pET-28a vector. A PirAB-fusion protein (PirAB-F) was constructed by linking the pirA and pirB genes with the flexible linker (Gly)4 DNA encoding sequence and then efficiently expressed in E. coli. The hemocoel and oral insecticidal activities of the recombinant proteins were analyzed against the larvae of Galleria mellonella. The results show that PirA/B alone, PirA/B mixture, co-expressed PirAB protein, and PirAB-F all had no oral insecticidal activity against the second-instar larvae of G. mellonella. Only PirA/B mixture and co-expressed PirAB protein had hemocoel insecticidal activity against G. mellonella fifth-instar larvae, with an LD50 of 2.718μg/larva or 1.566μg/larva, respectively. Therefore, we confirmed that PirAB protein of X. nematophila HB310 is a binary insecticidal toxin. The successful expression and purification of PirAB laid a foundation for further studies on the function, insecticidal mechanism and expression regulation of the binary toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Luanping State-owned Forestry Farm Management of Chengde City, 068250 Chengde, China
| | - Tianhui Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shen Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ziyan Nangong
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Qinying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
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Shrimp AHPND-causing plasmids encoding the PirAB toxins as mediated by pirAB-Tn903 are prevalent in various Vibrio species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42177. [PMID: 28169338 PMCID: PMC5294582 DOI: 10.1038/srep42177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease caused by pirAB toxins encoded by a plasmid found in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The pirAB toxins are the homologs of the Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxins. Here, we report the complete sequences of the AHPND-causing plasmid isolated from V. owensii, as well as those of its 11 siblings (pVH family). In addition, we also included 13 related plasmids (pVH-r family) without the pirAB genes isolated from a variety of species within the Vibrio Harveyi clade. Furthermore, the pirAB-Tn903 composite transposon was identified in pVH, and both ends of the transposon appeared to have inserted simultaneously into the ancestor plasmid at different sites. The homologue counterparts of pirAB were also detected in a non-pVH plasmid in V. campbellii. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the acquisition and evolution of pirAB as well as related plasmids in the Vibrio Harveyi clade.
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Reyes-Becerril M, Guluarte C, Ceballos-Francisco D, Angulo C, Esteban MÁ. Enhancing gilthead seabream immune status and protection against bacterial challenge by means of antigens derived from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:205-218. [PMID: 27890799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to control the proliferation of the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the immunostimulant effect of lysate and ToxA from this bacterium was evaluated. Fish were intraperitoneally injected twice (first injection, day 1 of the experiment; second injection, day 7) and sampled after one week (on days 8 and 15). Afterwards, all fish specimens were experimentally infected with V. parahaemolyticus and mortality was recovered for 1 week. Fish injected with lysate, ToxA and phosphate buffer saline (control) showed 100%, 50% and 0% survival, respectively, when challenged with the pathogen. Skin mucus immune parameters and immune-related gene expression in skin and spleen were also evaluated. The results showed that mucus immune parameters were enhanced in the lysate and ToxA groups compared with the values obtained for fish from the control group. Expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, C3 and IgM genes was significantly up-regulated in the lysate and ToxA groups, principally after infection with the bacterium. Interestingly, TLR5 gene expression increased in fish immunized with lysate. The most prominent histological characteristic in gut from infected fish was the presence of a great number of intraepithelial leucocytes as well as inflammation of the submucosa, while severe hydropic degeneration and hemosiderosis were detected in liver from infected fish. Injection of lysate or ToxA had a protective effect against the deleterious consequences of subsequent infection with V. parahaemolyticus in gut and liver. The findings underline the potential of lysate and ToxA as potent preventive antigens against this kind of vibriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Crystal Guluarte
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico.
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain.
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Tinwongger S, Nochiri Y, Thawonsuwan J, Nozaki R, Kondo H, Awasthi SP, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S, Hirono I. Virulence of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease PirAB-like relies on secreted proteins not on gene copy number. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1755-1765. [PMID: 27522063 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the virulence of the Vp_PirAB-like genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus- acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)-causing strain and the factors that are associated with the virulence level. METHODS AND RESULTS The virulence of Vp_PirAB-like was examined using a non-virulent strain FP11 of V. parahaemolyticus transformed with a plasmid harbouring Vp_PirAB-like genes and then it was used to challenge shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Marsupenaeus japonicus. Both species experienced 100% mortality at 10 days post infection. Analysis of a mutant strain (E1M), that was originally identified as virulent strain (E1) but lost its virulence to L. vannamei, revealed that it lacked a part of the Vp_PirA-like gene and all of the Vp_PirB-like gene. The copy numbers of Vp_PirA-like and Vp_PirB-like genes varied among virulent strains and were not correlated with their virulence. In Western blotting, Vp_PirA-like and Vp_PirB-like proteins were detected in both the cell lysate and the culture supernatant. The strongest intensity of detecting band in the culture supernatant was observed in the strain that caused the highest mortality. The V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-causing strain, unlike the human tdh-positive strain, did not show any enterotoxicity. CONCLUSION Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND-causing strains secrete the Vp_PirA-like and Vp_PirB-like proteins during the growing phase. The amount of secreted proteins affects the shrimp mortality. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The secreted proteins of Vp_PirAB-like are key factors of virulence in the V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-causing strain, but not gene copy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tinwongger
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Division, Department of Fisheries Kasetklang Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y Nochiri
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Thawonsuwan
- Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Division, Department of Fisheries, Coastal Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - R Nozaki
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S P Awasthi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Hinenoya
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - I Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Haemocoel injection of PirA 1B 1 to Galleria mellonella larvae leads to disruption of the haemocyte immune functions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34996. [PMID: 27734915 PMCID: PMC5062129 DOI: 10.1038/srep34996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens produces a number of insecticidal proteins to kill its larval prey. In this study, we cloned the gene coding for a binary toxin PirA1B1 and purified the recombinant protein using affinity chromatography combined with desalination technology. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the recombinant protein against the haemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae was investigated. We found that the protein had haemocoel insecticidal activity against G. mellonella with an LD50 of 131.5 ng/larva. Intrahaemocoelic injection of PirA1B1 into G. mellonella resulted in significant decreases in haemocyte number and phagocytic ability. In in vitro experiments, PirA1B1 inhibited the spreading behaviour of the haemocytes of G. mellonella larvae and even caused haemocyte degeneration. Fluorescence microscope analysis and visualization of haemocyte F-actin stained with phalloidin-FITC showed that the PirA1B1 toxin disrupted the organization of the haemocyte cytoskeleton. Our results demonstrated that the PirA1B1 toxin disarmed the insect cellular immune system.
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40
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Castagnola A, Mulley G, Davis N, Waterfield N, Stock SP. Transcript Abundance of Photorhabdus Insect-Related (Pir) Toxin in Manduca sexta and Galleria mellonella Infections. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100287. [PMID: 27690103 PMCID: PMC5086647 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed pirAB toxin transcription in Photorhabdus luminescens laumondii (strain TT01) (Enterobacteriaceae) by comparing mRNA abundance under in vivo and in vitro conditions. In vivo assays considered both natural and forced infections with two lepidopteran hosts: Galleria mellonella and Manduca sexta. Three portals of entry were utilized for the forced infection assays: (a) integument; (b) the digestive route (via mouth and anus); and (c) the tracheal route (via spiracles). We also assessed plu4093-2 transcription during the course of a natural infection; this is when the bacteria are delivered by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora nematodes. Transcript abundance in G. mellonella was higher than in M. sexta at two of the observed time points: 15 and 18 h. Expression of pirAB plu4093-2 reached above endogenous control levels at 22 h in G. mellonella but not in M. sexta. Overall, pirAB plu4093-2 transcripts were not as highly expressed in M. sexta as in G. mellonella, from 15 to 22 h. This is the first study to directly compare pirAB plu4093-2 toxin transcript production considering different portals of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Castagnola
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Geraldine Mulley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
| | | | - Nicholas Waterfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - S Patricia Stock
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Tobias NJ, Heinrich AK, Eresmann H, Wright PR, Neubacher N, Backofen R, Bode HB. Photorhabdus‐nematode symbiosis is dependent onhfq‐mediated regulation of secondary metabolites. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:119-129. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Tobias
- Fachbereich BiowissenschaftenMerck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Antje K. Heinrich
- Fachbereich BiowissenschaftenMerck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Helena Eresmann
- Fachbereich BiowissenschaftenMerck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Patrick R. Wright
- Department of Computer ScienceBioinformatics Group, Albert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburg Germany
| | - Nick Neubacher
- Fachbereich BiowissenschaftenMerck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Department of Computer ScienceBioinformatics Group, Albert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburg Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of FreiburgFreiburg Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Fachbereich BiowissenschaftenMerck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main Germany
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Berry C, Board J. The use of structural modelling to infer structure and function in biocontrol agents. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 142:23-26. [PMID: 27498218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Homology modelling can provide important insights into the structures of proteins when a related protein structure has already been solved. However, for many proteins, including a number of invertebrate-active toxins and accessory proteins, no such templates exist. In these cases, techniques of ab initio, template-independent modelling can be employed to generate models that may give insight into structure and function. In this overview, examples of both the problems and the potential benefits of ab initio techniques are illustrated. Consistent modelling results may indicate useful approximations to actual protein structures and can thus allow the generation of hypotheses regarding activity that can be tested experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Jason Board
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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43
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Hurst MRH, Beattie A, Altermann E, Moraga RM, Harper LA, Calder J, Laugraud A. The Draft Genome Sequence of the Yersinia entomophaga Entomopathogenic Type Strain MH96T. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050143. [PMID: 27187466 PMCID: PMC4885058 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the draft genome of Yersinia entomophaga type strain MH96T. The genome shows 93.8% nucleotide sequence identity to that of Yersinia nurmii type strain APN3a-cT, and comprises a single chromosome of approximately 4,275,531 bp. In silico analysis identified that, in addition to the previously documented Y. entomophaga Yen-TC gene cluster, the genome encodes a diverse array of toxins, including two type III secretion systems, and five rhs-associated gene clusters. As well as these multicomponent systems, several orthologs of known insect toxins, such as VIP2 toxin and the binary toxin PirAB, and distant orthologs of some mammalian toxins, including repeats-in-toxin, a cytolethal distending toxin, hemolysin-like genes and an adenylate cyclase were identified. The genome also contains a large number of hypothetical proteins and orthologs of known effector proteins, such as LopT, as well as genes encoding a wide range of proteolytic determinants, including metalloproteases and pathogen fitness determinants, such as genes involved in iron metabolism. The bioinformatic data derived from the current in silico analysis, along with previous information on the pathobiology of Y. entomophaga against its insect hosts, suggests that a number of these virulence systems are required for survival in the hemocoel and incapacitation of the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R H Hurst
- AgResearch, Farm Systems & Environment, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Amy Beattie
- AgResearch, Farm Systems & Environment, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Eric Altermann
- AgResearch Limited, Rumen Microbiology, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Roger M Moraga
- AgResearch Limited, Bioinformatics & Statistics, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand.
| | - Lincoln A Harper
- AgResearch, Farm Systems & Environment, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Joanne Calder
- AgResearch, Farm Systems & Environment, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Aurelie Laugraud
- AgResearch Limited, Bioinformatics & Statistics, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Hapeshi A, Waterfield NR. Photorhabdus asymbiotica as an Insect and Human Pathogen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 402:159-177. [PMID: 27726002 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photorhabdus asymbiotica is a species of bacterium that is pathogenic to humans whilst retaining the ability to infect insect hosts. Currently, there are two recognised subspecies, P. asymbiotica subsp. asymbiotica and P. asymbiotica subsp. australis with strains isolated from various locations in the USA, Australia, Thailand, Nepal and Europe. Like other species of Photorhabdus, P. asymbiotica subsp. australis was shown to form a symbiotic relationship with a Heterorhabditis nematode. In contrast to most strains of Photorhabdus luminescens, P. asymbiotica can grow at 37 °C and this is a defining factor in its ability to cause human disease. Insights into other adaptations it has undergone that have enabled host switching to occur have come from whole genome sequencing and transcriptomic studies. P. asymbiotica has a smaller genome compared to P. luminenscens with a lower diversity of insecticidal toxins. However, it has acquired plasmids and several pathogenicity islands in its genome. These encode genes with similarity to effectors or systems found in other known human pathogens such as Salmonella and Yersinia and are therefore likely to contribute to human pathogenicity. Of crucial importance to virulence is the fact that P. asymbiotica undergoes a large metabolic shift at the human host temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hapeshi
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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45
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Mulley G, Beeton ML, Wilkinson P, Vlisidou I, Ockendon-Powell N, Hapeshi A, Tobias NJ, Nollmann FI, Bode HB, van den Elsen J, ffrench-Constant RH, Waterfield NR. From Insect to Man: Photorhabdus Sheds Light on the Emergence of Human Pathogenicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144937. [PMID: 26681201 PMCID: PMC4683029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus are highly effective insect pathogenic bacteria that exist in a mutualistic relationship with Heterorhabditid nematodes. Unlike other members of the genus, Photorhabdus asymbiotica can also infect humans. Most Photorhabdus cannot replicate above 34°C, limiting their host-range to poikilothermic invertebrates. In contrast, P. asymbiotica must necessarily be able to replicate at 37°C or above. Many well-studied mammalian pathogens use the elevated temperature of their host as a signal to regulate the necessary changes in gene expression required for infection. Here we use RNA-seq, proteomics and phenotype microarrays to examine temperature dependent differences in transcription, translation and phenotype of P. asymbiotica at 28°C versus 37°C, relevant to the insect or human hosts respectively. Our findings reveal relatively few temperature dependant differences in gene expression. There is however a striking difference in metabolism at 37°C, with a significant reduction in the range of carbon and nitrogen sources that otherwise support respiration at 28°C. We propose that the key adaptation that enables P. asymbiotica to infect humans is to aggressively acquire amino acids, peptides and other nutrients from the human host, employing a so called “nutritional virulence” strategy. This would simultaneously cripple the host immune response while providing nutrients sufficient for reproduction. This might explain the severity of ulcerated lesions observed in clinical cases of Photorhabdosis. Furthermore, while P. asymbiotica can invade mammalian cells they must also resist immediate killing by humoral immunity components in serum. We observed an increase in the production of the insect Phenol-oxidase inhibitor Rhabduscin normally deployed to inhibit the melanisation immune cascade. Crucially we demonstrated this molecule also facilitates protection against killing by the alternative human complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Mulley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Beeton
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Western Avenue, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Life Sciences Building, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Vlisidou
- Life Sciences Building, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Ockendon-Powell
- Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Hapeshi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Medical School Building, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Tobias
- Buchmann Center for Life Sciences (BMLS), Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Friederike I Nollmann
- Buchmann Center for Life Sciences (BMLS), Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helge B Bode
- Buchmann Center for Life Sciences (BMLS), Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jean van den Elsen
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas R Waterfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Medical School Building, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Lai HC, Ng TH, Ando M, Lee CT, Chen IT, Chuang JC, Mavichak R, Chang SH, Yeh MD, Chiang YA, Takeyama H, Hamaguchi HO, Lo CF, Aoki T, Wang HC. Pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:1006-14. [PMID: 26549178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also called early mortality syndrome (EMS), is a recently emergent shrimp bacterial disease that has resulted in substantial economic losses since 2009. AHPND is known to be caused by strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that contain a unique virulence plasmid, but the pathology of the disease is still unclear. In this study, we show that AHPND-causing strains of V. parahaemolyticus secrete the plasmid-encoded binary toxin PirAB(vp) into the culture medium. We further determined that, after shrimp were challenged with AHPND-causing bacteria, the bacteria initially colonized the stomach, where they started to produce PirAB(vp) toxin. At the same early time point (6 hpi), PirB(vp) toxin, but not PirA(vp) toxin, was detected in the hepatopancreas, and the characteristic histopathological signs of AHPND, including sloughing of the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreatic tubules, were also seen. Although some previous studies have found that both components of the binary PirAB(vp) toxin are necessary to induce a toxic effect, our present results are consistent with other studies which have suggested that PirB(vp) alone may be sufficient to cause cellular damage. At later time points, the bacteria and PirA(vp) and PirB(vp) toxins were all detected in the hepatopancreas. We also show that Raman spectroscopy "Whole organism fingerprints" were unable to distinguish between AHPND-causing and non-AHPND causing strains. Lastly, by using minimum inhibitory concentrations, we found that both virulent and non-virulent V. parahaemolyticus strains were resistant to several antibiotics, suggesting that the use of antibiotics in shrimp culture should be more strictly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chiao Lai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tze Hann Ng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Tung Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Rapeepat Mavichak
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Charoen Pokphand Foods, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mi-De Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-An Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiro-o Hamaguchi
- College of Science, National Ciao Tung University, 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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The opportunistic marine pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus becomes virulent by acquiring a plasmid that expresses a deadly toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10798-803. [PMID: 26261348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a severe, newly emergent penaeid shrimp disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus that has already led to tremendous losses in the cultured shrimp industry. Until now, its disease-causing mechanism has remained unclear. Here we show that an AHPND-causing strain of V. parahaemolyticus contains a 70-kbp plasmid (pVA1) with a postsegregational killing system, and that the ability to cause disease is abolished by the natural absence or experimental deletion of the plasmid-encoded homologs of the Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxins PirA and PirB. We determined the crystal structure of the V. parahaemolyticus PirA and PirB (PirA(vp) and PirB(vp)) proteins and found that the overall structural topology of PirA(vp)/PirB(vp) is very similar to that of the Bacillus Cry insecticidal toxin-like proteins, despite the low sequence identity (<10%). This structural similarity suggests that the putative PirAB(vp) heterodimer might emulate the functional domains of the Cry protein, and in particular its pore-forming activity. The gene organization of pVA1 further suggested that pirAB(vp) may be lost or acquired by horizontal gene transfer via transposition or homologous recombination.
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48
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Lü FG, Fu KY, Li Q, Guo WC, Ahmat T, Li GQ. Identification of carboxylesterase genes and their expression profiles in the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata treated with fipronil and cyhalothrin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 122:86-95. [PMID: 26071812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on the Leptinotarsa decemlineata transcriptome dataset and the GenBank sequences, 70 novel carboxylesterases and 2 acetylcholinesterases were found. The 72 members belong to a multifunctional carboxylesterase/cholinesterase superfamily (CCE). A phylogenetic tree including the 72 LdCCEs and the CCEs from Tribolium castaneum, Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera revealed that all CCEs fell into three main phylogenetic groups: dietary/detoxification, hormone/semiochemical processing, and neurodevelopmental classes. Numbers of L. decemlineata CCEs in the three classes were 52, 12 and 8, respectively. The dietary/detoxification class includes two clades: coleopteran xenobiotic metabolizing and α-esterase type CCEs. CCEs in the two clades have independently expanded in L. decemlineata. The hormone/semiochemical processing class has three clades: integument CCEs, β- and pheromone CCEs and juvenile hormone CCEs. Integument CCEs in L. decemlineata have also expanded. The neurodevelopmental CCEs are implicated the most ancient class, containing acetylcholinesterase, neuroligin, neurotactin, glutactin, gliotactin and others. Among the 70 novel CCE genes, KM220566, KM220530, KM220576, KM220527 and KM220541 were fipronil-inducible, and KM220578, KM220566, KM220542, KM220564, KM220561, KM220554, KM220527, KM220538 and KM220541 were cyhalothrin-inducible. They were the candidates involving in insecticide detoxification. Moreover, our results also provided a platform to understand the functions and evolution of L. decemlineata CCE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Gong Lü
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai-Yun Fu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Chao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Tursun Ahmat
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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49
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Sirikharin R, Taengchaiyaphum S, Sanguanrut P, Chi TD, Mavichak R, Proespraiwong P, Nuangsaeng B, Thitamadee S, Flegel TW, Sritunyalucksana K. Characterization and PCR Detection Of Binary, Pir-Like Toxins from Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates that Cause Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in Shrimp. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126987. [PMID: 26017673 PMCID: PMC4446338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND) have previously been identified as the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. AHPND is characterized by massive sloughing of tubule epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas (HP), proposed to be induced by soluble toxins released from VPAHPND that colonize the shrimp stomach. Since these toxins (produced in broth culture) have been reported to cause AHPND pathology in reverse gavage bioassays with shrimp, we used ammonium sulfate precipitation to prepare protein fractions from broth cultures of VPAHPND isolates for screening by reverse gavage assays. The dialyzed 60% ammonium sulfate fraction caused high mortality within 24–48 hours post-administration, and histological analysis of the moribund shrimp showed typical massive sloughing of hepatopancreatic tubule epithelial cells characteristic of AHPND. Analysis of the active fraction by SDS-PAGE revealed two major bands at marker levels of approximately 16 kDa (ToxA) and 50 kDa (ToxB). Mass spectrometry analysis followed by MASCOT analysis revealed that both proteins had similarity to hypothetical proteins of V. parahaemolyticus M0605 (contig034 GenBank accession no. JALL01000066.1) and similarity to known binary insecticidal toxins called 'Photorhabdus insect related' proteins A and B (Pir-A and Pir-B), respectively, produced by the symbiotic, nematode bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. In in vivo tests, it was shown that recombinant ToxA and ToxB were both required in a dose dependent manner to cause AHPND pathology, indicating further similarity to Pir-A and -B. A single-step PCR method was designed for detection of the ToxA gene and was validated using 104 bacterial isolates consisting of 51 VPAHPND isolates, 34 non-AHPND VP isolates and 19 other isolates of bacteria commonly found in shrimp ponds (including other species of Vibrio and Photobacterium). The results showed 100% specificity and sensitivity for detection of VPAHPND isolates in the test set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanok Sirikharin
- Shrimp-virus interaction laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparat Taengchaiyaphum
- Shrimp-virus interaction laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Piyachat Sanguanrut
- Shrimp-virus interaction laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanh Duong Chi
- Shrimp-virus interaction laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapeepat Mavichak
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Charoen Pokphand Co. Ltd., Rama 2 Rd., Km 41.5, T. Bangtorat, A. Muang Samutsakorn, Samutsakorn 74000, Thailand
| | - Porranee Proespraiwong
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Charoen Pokphand Co. Ltd., Rama 2 Rd., Km 41.5, T. Bangtorat, A. Muang Samutsakorn, Samutsakorn 74000, Thailand
| | - Bunlung Nuangsaeng
- Broodstock Multiplication Center (BMC), Faculty of Marine Technology, Burapha University Chanthaburi Campus, Chanthaburi, 22170, Thailand
| | - Siripong Thitamadee
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Timothy W. Flegel
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Shrimp-virus interaction laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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50
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Insect Pathogenic Bacteria in Integrated Pest Management. INSECTS 2015; 6:352-67. [PMID: 26463190 PMCID: PMC4553484 DOI: 10.3390/insects6020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community working in the field of insect pathology is experiencing an increasing academic and industrial interest in the discovery and development of new bioinsecticides as environmentally friendly pest control tools to be integrated, in combination or rotation, with chemicals in pest management programs. In this scientific context, market data report a significant growth of the biopesticide segment. Acquisition of new technologies by multinational Ag-tech companies is the center of the present industrial environment. This trend is in line with the requirements of new regulations on Integrated Pest Management. After a few decades of research on microbial pest management dominated by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), novel bacterial species with innovative modes of action are being discovered and developed into new products. Significant cases include the entomopathogenic nematode symbionts Photorhabdus spp. and Xenorhabdus spp., Serratia species, Yersinia entomophaga, Pseudomonas entomophila, and the recently discovered Betaproteobacteria species Burkholderia spp. and Chromobacterium spp. Lastly, Actinobacteria species like Streptomyces spp. and Saccharopolyspora spp. have gained high commercial interest for the production of a variety of metabolites acting as potent insecticides. With the aim to give a timely picture of the cutting-edge advancements in this renewed research field, different representative cases are reported and discussed.
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