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Monolov N, Nurbekova U, Mamytova E, Unusov A, Osmonova M, Makambaeva M, Vityala Y, Tagaev T. Rare case of complete gonadal dysgenesis in a female patient with primary amenorrhea and a 46XY karyotype. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e9318. [PMID: 39156205 PMCID: PMC11327294 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.9318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message A comprehensive diagnostic approach is crucial for patients with primary amenorrhea and short stature. Karyotyping and imaging studies help to detect hidden chromosomal abnormalities and anatomical differences, emphasizing their value in this context. Abstract A 16-year-old girl with absent menstruation and short stature. Further examination revealed constitutional stunting and primary amenorrhea. Karyotyping revealed a 46, XY chromosomal abnormality, whereas pelvic ultrasonography showed uterine hypoplasia and a unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn. After 11 months of therapy, she experienced menarche and improved secondary sexual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurbek Monolov
- Department of Clinical and Morphological DisciplinesSalymbekov UniversityBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | | | - Elmira Mamytova
- Department of Clinical and Morphological DisciplinesSalymbekov UniversityBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | | | | | | | - Yethindra Vityala
- Department of PathologyInternational Higher School of MedicineBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Tugolbai Tagaev
- Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Occupational pathology with a course of HematologyI.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical AcademyBishkekKyrgyzstan
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2
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Yu T, Liu L. Pure 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis and 46, XY complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38297. [PMID: 38905377 PMCID: PMC11191977 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions characterized by atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex. 46, XY DSD can result from disorders of testicular development or androgen synthesis. METHODS We present 2 rare cases of 46, XY DSD, specifically XY pure gonadal dysgenesis and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. RESULTS Both cases underwent prophylactic gonadectomy due to the elevated risk of gonadal malignancy. Bilateral gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma were diagnosed on one side, while Leydig cell hyperplasia and only Sertoli cells were diagnosed in the seminiferous tubules on both sides. The normal menstruation for the pure gonadal dysgenesis patient only as CAIS patients never menstruate. Estrogen replacement therapy was administered periodically to promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics and menstruation in pure gonadal dysgenesis case, as well as to prevent osteoporosis. Follow-up examinations revealed no tumor recurrence, and the patient with Swyer syndrome had regular menstrual cycles. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic bilateral prophylactic gonadectomy and long-term hormone therapy with patient counseling and support are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengge Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
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Bakhsh H. Retrospective Analysis of Effective Management Strategies for Primary Amenorrhea of Reproductive Age in Saudi Arabia. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:772. [PMID: 38929754 PMCID: PMC11204569 DOI: 10.3390/life14060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary amenorrhea, the absence of menstruation by age 15, can have significant implications for reproductive health and overall well-being. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various management strategies for primary amenorrhea among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia. Medical records of 63 eligible patients from 2018 to 2023 were analyzed, assessing diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, and associated outcomes. The findings revealed that hormonal therapy was the most commonly employed management strategy (50.0%) and demonstrated the highest rate of achieving menstrual regularity (62.5%). Surgical interventions were utilized in 28.1% of cases, with a 50.0% rate of symptom resolution. Lifestyle modifications were less frequent (21.9%) but showed a moderate rate of symptom resolution (35.7%). Logistic regression analysis identified age, underlying etiology, and management strategy as significant predictors of treatment success. Subgroup analyses highlighted the efficacy of hormonal therapy and lifestyle modifications for genetic etiologies, while surgical interventions were more effective for anatomical causes. The study underscores the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach and personalized treatment plans tailored to individual patient characteristics. Despite limitations, the findings contribute to the understanding of optimal management strategies for primary amenorrhea and emphasize the need for multidisciplinary collaboration in addressing this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi Bakhsh
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Asgari F, Asgari H, Najafi M, Hajiaghalou S, Pirhajati-Mahabadi V, Mohammadi A, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Koruji M. In vitro proliferation and differentiation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells in decellularized human placenta matrix. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35414. [PMID: 38733611 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing natural scaffold production derived from extracellular matrix components presents a promising strategy for advancing in vitro spermatogenesis. In this study, we employed decellularized human placental tissue as a scaffold, upon which neonatal mouse spermatogonial cells (SCs) were cultured three-dimensional (3D) configuration. To assess cellular proliferation, we examined the expression of key markers (Id4 and Gfrα1) at both 1 and 14 days into the culture. Our quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed a notable increase in Gfrα1 gene expression, with the 3D culture group exhibiting the highest levels. Furthermore, the relative frequency of Gfrα1-positive cells significantly rose from 38.1% in isolated SCs to 46.13% and 76.93% in the two-dimensional (2D) and 3D culture systems, respectively. Moving forward to days 14 and 35 of the culture period, we evaluated the expression of differentiating markers (Sycp3, acrosin, and Protamine 1). Sycp3 and Prm1 gene expression levels were upregulated in both 2D and 3D cultures, with the 3D group displaying the highest expression. Additionally, acrosin gene expression increased notably within the 3D culture. Notably, at the 35-day mark, the percentage of Prm1-positive cells in the 3D group (36.4%) significantly surpassed that in the 2D group (10.96%). This study suggests that the utilization of placental scaffolds holds significant promise as a bio-scaffold for enhancing mouse in vitro spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Asgari
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Asgari
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Hajiaghalou
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Mohammadi
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Koruji
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Investigation of the Frequency and Type of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Women Patients with Amenorrhea. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 11:450-456. [PMID: 36718292 PMCID: PMC9883024 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.3.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation at the reproductive age of women. Amenorrhea caused by various etiological factors including genetic factors, intrauterine malformations, endocrine dysfunction, and environmental factors. Genetic factors particularly chromosomal abnormalities are the main cause of Amenorrhea. This study was performed to estimate the frequency and types of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with amenorrhea in the northeast of Iran. Methods A total of 381 women with the history of amenorrhea participated in this study. Peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures were performed according to the standard GTG banding method. Results 296 (77%) of a total of all cases had a normal karyotype (46, XX) while 85 patients (23%) had abnormal karyotype. The numerical and structural abnormalities of X chromosome were observed in 52 (61%), the abnormalities of Y chromosome were observed in 23 (27.2%) and rearrangements between autosomal and/or sex chromosomes were observed in 10 (11.8%). Conclusion The present study revealed that cytogenetic study is essential for early diagnosis and treatments of Amenorrhea.
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Del Can Sánchez DJ, Dueñas Disotuar S, Piñar Gutiérrez A, Japón Rodríguez MÁ, Olea Comas I, Déniz García A, Soto Moreno A, Mangas Cruz MÁ. Gender Incongruity in a Person with 46,XY and Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Raised as a Female. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:2353-2357. [PMID: 34786658 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of a patient with female sex assignment at birth whose parents consulted with a pediatrician when the child was 12 years old, indicating that despite female sex assignment, she felt that she (henceforth "he") had a male gender identity and was gynephilic. Medical examination revealed a 46XY karyotype, a primary amenorrhea and an appropriate testosterone increase after HCG stimulation test. The patient was diagnosed then with a 46,XY disorder of sex development with androgen insensitivity syndrome, but then he missed subsequent appointments. At the age of 24, he resumed medical follow-up to reaffirm his male gender identity through sex reassignment surgery. His physical examination showed a Tanner stage III-IV breast development, vulva, clitoris, normal-sized vagina, absence of uterus and ovaries on transvaginal ultrasound, bilateral cryptorchidism on abdominal-pelvic MRI and osteoporosis on bone densitometry. The results of the blood tests were LH 24.5 mIU/mL [normal range, 1.7-8.6 mIU/mL for men] and testosterone 8.8 nmol/L [8.7-33 nmol/L]; conversely, FSH, estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin levels were normal. The molecular genetic analysis revealed an androgen receptor gene mutation associated with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. At present, the patient has undergone bilateral orchiectomy and has initiated treatment with topical testosterone and bisphosphonates. We have yet to evaluate the effects and decide the best therapy taking into account that he has a male gender identity but complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Jesús Del Can Sánchez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Muro de los Navarros Street, Apt. 40, Door 12, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Suset Dueñas Disotuar
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Muro de los Navarros Street, Apt. 40, Door 12, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Piñar Gutiérrez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Muro de los Navarros Street, Apt. 40, Door 12, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Olea Comas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging of the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Déniz García
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Muro de los Navarros Street, Apt. 40, Door 12, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Muro de los Navarros Street, Apt. 40, Door 12, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Mangas Cruz
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition of the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Muro de los Navarros Street, Apt. 40, Door 12, 41013, Seville, Spain
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Liedmeier A, Jendryczko D, Rapp M, Roehle R, Thyen U, Kreukels BP. The influence of psychosocial and sexual wellbeing on quality of life in women with differences of sexual development. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 8:100087. [PMID: 35757661 PMCID: PMC9216410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research indicating that women with differences of sexual development (DSD), namely women with Turner syndrome (TS), women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and women with XY-DSD, have an impaired psychosocial and sexual well-being and quality of life (QOL), was often limited by small samples and inadequate control groups (CGs). Only few studies analysed which psychosocial and sexual factors influence QOL in women with DSD and no study so far has examined whether the DSD-condition itself and the diagnostic group to which they belong moderate this influence. Methods We compared 301 women with TS, 221 women with CAH and 142 women with XY-DSD with 603 non-DSD women regarding depression, anxiety, self-esteem, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, social participation, body acceptance, relationship status, sexual satisfaction and QOL. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of psychosocial and sexual well-being on QOL within and between diagnostic groups and examined whether the DSD-condition moderates the influence of psychosocial and sexual well-being on QOL. Results Women with DSD reported average psychosocial well-being and QOL; only women with CAH reported an impaired physical QOL. However, women with DSD were less satisfied with their body and had less often a partner than women in the CG. Women with CAH and XY-DSD were less satisfied with their sex life compared to women in the CG. Across groups, better health and lower depression scores predicted better QOL, whereas higher self-esteem especially predicted better QOL in women with DSD. The presence of DSD moderated the influence of psychosocial and sexual well-being on QOL, however, the specific diagnosis group mainly moderated the influence on physical QOL. Conclusion We have learned that body and sexual satisfaction need further attention in women with DSD. To optimize their QOL, psychosocial well-being should be taken in account. The improvement of self-esteem seems particularly relevant for women with DSD, as this helps coping with having a variant of sexual development. Psychosocial wellbeing and QOL in women with DSD are similar compared to women of the general population. Psychosexual wellbeing and body satisfaction in women with DSD are still reduced. Quality of life in women with DSD is best predicted by good health, low depression and high self-esteem. Self-esteem predicts quality of life better in women with than without DSD.
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Two successful pregnancies after in vitro fertilisation with oocyte donation in a patient with Swyer syndrome - a case report. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2021; 20:158-161. [PMID: 34703418 PMCID: PMC8525253 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2021.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of complete XY gonadal dysgenesis exposes the patient to the prospect of infertility and many years of medical treatment in order to avoid the development of diseases associated with this condition. However, sufficiently early diagnosis followed by the implementation of proper therapy improves the prognosis for enabling future pregnancies after IVF through the development of reproductive organs and prevention of health complications of hypoestrogenism such as cardiovascular problems and osteoporosis. This syndrome is very rare and affects 1 in 80,000 women. Due to the high risk of developing a gonadal tumour, prophylactic bilateral gonadectomy is one of the main procedures performed in a relatively brief time after diagnosis. Unfortunately, despite characteristic symptoms like primary amenorrhoea and underdeveloped breasts, the diagnosis is often made quite late. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman who had been diagnosed with Swyer syndrome at the age of 16 years. The patient underwent bilateral gonadectomy one year after the diagnosis due to the associated risk of developing malignancy and was treated since with hormone replacement therapy. At the age of 32 and 34 years, 2 successful IVF procedures were performed with oocyte donations. The pregnancies proceeded without any complications and both were resolved by caesarean section. The healthy sons’ weights were 3600 g and 3700 g, respectively.
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Xia J, Wu J, Chen C, Zhao Z, Xie Y, Bai Z, Kong X. Molecular study and genotype-phenotype in Chinese female patients with 46, XY disorders of sex development. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:934-940. [PMID: 34338568 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1960307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rare condition 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSDs) is characterized by the female phenotype and male karyotype. We aimed to describe the genetic basis of 46, XY DSDs in nine patients and the genotype-phenotype relationships of the genes involved. METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to analyze the underlying hereditary etiology in nine female patients with 46, XY DSDs. In silico analyses were used to predict the effects of novel variants on the protein function of the identified genes. RESULTS Primary amenorrhea with the absence of puberty, inguinal hernia, and clitoridauxe were common complaints. All enrolled patients had a differential etiology by genetic testing, and five novel genetic variants involved in four genes (SRY, AR, NR5A1, and LHCGR) were identified. A novel nonsense variant of SRY c.51C > G was found in XY patients without testicles. Two novel heterozygous variants, i.e. c.265A > T (Ile89Leu) and c.422T > C (Val141Ala), of the LHCGR gene were found in male pseudo-hermaphroditism. CONCLUSIONS We expanded the genetic mutation spectrum and described in detail the genotype-phenotype relationships of 46, XY DSDs. DNA sequencing for SRY should be a priority in female patients with 46, XY DSDs. NGS is useful for clarifying genetic pathogenesis and could provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatments of patients with 46, XY DSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Xia
- Center of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Center of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Center of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanchuan Xie
- Department of Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhouxian Bai
- Center of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Center of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hosseinirad H, Yadegari P, Mohanazadeh Falahieh F, Nouraei S, Paktinat S, Afsharzadeh N, Sadeghi Y. Disorders of sex development and female reproductive capacity: A literature review. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 67:323-336. [PMID: 34196232 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1937376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a wide-ranging group of complex conditions that influence chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex. The prevalence of DSD is very low, but affected patients deserve individualized management to improve psychological, sexual, and reproductive outcomes. This review aims to clarify the fertility potential of DSD patients who can be reared as females and their chance of becoming pregnant, especially using assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Due to the effects of DSD on internal and external genital organs, these conditions result in varying degrees of fertility potential. Fertility rate depends on the phenotype and is inversely related to the severity of the disorder. Reproductive endocrinologists and infertility specialists must be considered active partners of the interdisciplinary treatment team. With current advances in ART, pregnancy is more achievable in patients who were considered infertile at first glance. Due to the complexity of the medical management in DSD patients, more studies should be conducted to conclusively suggest the best choice for improving their fertility potential.Abbreviations: AIS: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome; AMH: Anti-Müllerian Hormone; ART: Assisted Reproductive Technology; ASRM: American Society for Reproductive Medicine; CAH: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia; CAIS: Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome; DHT: Dihydrotestosterone; DSD: Disorders of Sexual Development; FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone; GD: Gonadal Dysgenesis; ICSI: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection; IUGR: Intrauterine Growth Restriction; IVF: In Vitro Fertilization; IVF-ET: IVF and Embryo Transfer; LH: Luteinizing Hormone; MGD: Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MRKH: Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser; US: Ultrasonography; HSG: Hysterosalpingography; PAIS: Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome; PGD: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis; POR: P450 Oxidoreductase; PROM: Premature Rupture of Membranes; TS: Turner Syndrome; 17β-HSD III: 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase III; 21-OHD: 21-hydroxylase deficiency; 5α-RD-2: 5α-reductase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinirad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Yadegari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Nouraei
- Department of Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Paktinat
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Farah S, El Masri D, Hirbli K. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome in a 13-year-old Lebanese child, reared as female, with bilateral inguinal hernia: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:202. [PMID: 33863387 PMCID: PMC8052824 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder of sex development, caused by mutations in the androgen receptor. In this case, a 13-year-old child, reared as female, presenting for primary amenorrhea, was diagnosed with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Case presentation A 13-year-old Caucasian child, reared as female, presents with primary amenorrhea. Physical examination revealed female appearance and a short vagina with blind-ended pouch. Laboratory examination showed high levels of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone; uterus and ovaries were absent. Karyotype confirmed a 46,XY pattern. Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of the androgen receptor gene revealed a homozygous mutation p.R856C in exon 7. Gender was assigned as female, and she was started on hormonal therapy and underwent gonadectomy. Conclusion Androgen insensitivity syndrome comprises a large spectrum of presentations. High index of suspicion is needed. Investigation of girls with bilateral inguinal hernia is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Farah
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Lebanese, American University Medical Center, LAUMCRH, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Dana El Masri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Lebanese, American University Medical Center, LAUMCRH, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kamal Hirbli
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Lebanese, American University Medical Center, LAUMCRH, Beirut, Lebanon
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LeCain M, Fraterrigo G, Drake WM. Induced Lactation in a Mother Through Surrogacy With Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). J Hum Lact 2020; 36:791-794. [PMID: 31895601 DOI: 10.1177/0890334419888752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breastfeeding offers the optimal feeding option for newborns in terms of nutritional content and reinforces mother-infant bonding. As a physiological process intrinsically linked to parturition, breastfeeding is no longer reserved for puerperal mothers. Progress in understanding the intricacies of lactogenesis and breastfeeding has further paved the way for artificially induced lactation in recent years. MAIN ISSUES We describe the case of a mother through surrogacy with XY karyotype and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome who wished to breastfeed her child. MANAGEMENT Through a combination of estrogen therapy, galactagogues, and mechanical breast stimulation she was able to partially breastfeed her child for one month. CONCLUSION This case further shifts the concept that breastfeeding is a physiological process confined to only puerperal mothers and offers an opportunity to a wider group of nontraditional mothers to take part in the unique experience of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena LeCain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - William M Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Wang XB, Liang YL, Zhu ZJ, Zhu Y, Li P, Cao JP, Zhang QY, Liu Q, Li Z. A de novo frameshift mutation of the SRY gene leading to a patient with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis. Asian J Androl 2019; 21:522-524. [PMID: 30785124 PMCID: PMC6732898 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_123_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Wang
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu-Long Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou 313199, China
| | - Zi-Jue Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jia-Ping Cao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou 313199, China
| | - Qun-Ying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou 313199, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, Center for Men's Health, Institute of Urology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Mayur P, Parikshaa G, Anil B, Shalini G, Arvind R. ‘Size does matter’: Prophylactic gonadectomy in a case of Swyer syndrome. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2019; 48:283-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tang R, Liu X, Pan L, Chen R. Novel mutation in FTHL17 gene in pedigree with 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:1226-1235.e1. [PMID: 30922653 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the genetic cause of a pedigree with four patients with 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD). DESIGN Genetic mutation study. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Four first cousins, from three households of a Chinese pedigree, affected by 46,XY PGD. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The patients were studied from clinical and genetic perspectives. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted in family members. RESULT(S) Four first cousins in the third generation were affected by 46,XY PGD. A specific familial characteristic was the prevalence of as high as 100% of gonadal tumors in patients. Whole-genome sequencing identified a new ferritin heavy chain-like 17 (FTHL17) mutation, c.GA442_443TT (p.E148L), which has the potential to interfere with protein function and cause 46,XY PGD. Moreover, the location (Xp21.2) of the FTHL17 gene proves that the family is X-linked recessive. In vitro functional study revealed that the perturbation of FTHL17 caused the decrease of protein expression and cell proliferation. CONCLUSION(S) We describe the first 46,XY PGD pedigree that may be attributed to mutations of the FTHL17 gene. We speculated that the FTHL17 gene is involved in the testis-determining pathway and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingya Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
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Ghosh S, Roy S, Pal P, Dutta A, Halder A. Cytogenetic analysis of patients with primary amenorrhea in Eastern India. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 38:270-275. [PMID: 29022424 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1353595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. Previous reports suggest that chromosomal abnormality is the second most common cause of amenorrhoea. Early referral for cytogenetic evaluation is recommended for the identification of underlying chromosomal aberrations in amenorrhoea patients. This was an observational study which was conducted in Vivekananda Institute of Medical sciences, Kolkata, during January 2013-December 2015. This study aims to estimate the frequency and types of chromosomal abnormalities in primary amenorrhoea (PA) patients in Eastern India and correlate their hormonal profile with chromosomal reports. Clinical features of 150 patients were recorded with clinical expertise. Peripheral venous blood was taken following informed consent, followed by karyotyping for chromosomal analysis. Results revealed 76.1% of PA with normal female karyotype (46, XX) and 23.9% with different abnormal karyotypes. Among the abnormal karyotype constituents, 50% numerical abnormalities, most frequent being Turner syndrome, pure (n = 12, 8%) and mosaic (n = 5, 3.3%). Three cases (2%) showed male (XY) karyotype. The other cases showed X structural abnormalities. This study emphasises the need for cytogenetic analysis as integral part of the diagnostic protocol in case of PA for precise identification of chromosomal abnormalities and for appropriate management and counselling of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanoli Ghosh
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
| | - Sanchita Roy
- b Department of Anatomy , Institute of Post-Graduation Medical Education and Research , Kolkata , India
| | - Pritha Pal
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
| | - Atreyee Dutta
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
| | - Ajanta Halder
- a Department of Genetics , Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences , Kolkata , India
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Engberg H, Strandqvist A, Nordenström A, Butwicka A, Nordenskjöld A, Hirschberg AL, Frisén L. Increased psychiatric morbidity in women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome or complete gonadal dysgenesis. J Psychosom Res 2017; 101:122-127. [PMID: 28867417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge concerning mental health outcomes is important to optimize the health of individuals with disorders or differences of sex development (DSD). Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate if the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in adult women diagnosed with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) or complete gonadal dysgenesis (46,XY GD and 46,XX GD) differs from that in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or age-matched population controls. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, and included 33 women with different DSDs: 20 CAIS, 6 46,XY GD, 7 46,XX GD, 21 women with POI and 61 population-derived controls. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus (MINI+). To complement the MINI+, three self-report questions were used to evaluate current and previous psychiatric history. Results are presented as p values and estimated risks (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence intervals [CI]) of psychiatric conditions among women with CAIS or GD in comparison with women with POI and age-matched population-derived controls. RESULTS Twenty-eight of the 33 women (85%) with CAIS or GD met the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder according to the MINI+, with depression and anxiety disorders being most common. This was significantly higher compared with population controls (52%) (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.7-14.9), but not compared to women with POI, who had a high frequency of psychiatric diagnoses (76%). CONCLUSION The increased psychiatric morbidity in women with CAIS and GD highlights the need for clinical awareness of the psychiatric vulnerability in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Engberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Gävlegatan 22B, SE-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Strandqvist
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agnieszka Butwicka
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, PL-02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Gävlegatan 22B, SE-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fertility outcome and information on fertility issues in individuals with different forms of disorders of sex development: findings from the dsd-LIFE study. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:822-831. [PMID: 28923284 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate fertility outcome in individuals with different forms of disorders of sex development (DSD), if assisted reproductive technology (ART) was used, and the patients' satisfaction with the information they had received. DESIGN A cross-sectional multicenter study, dsd-LIFE. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) A total of 1,040 patients aged ≥16 years with different DSD diagnoses participated. INTERVENTION(S) A web-based questionnaire was filled out by all participants. The participants could chose to take part in somatic investigations including ultrasonography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Information on partner, number of children, ART, adoption and step-children, general health, presence of gonads and uterus, current education and economic situation, received information on fertility issues, and satisfaction with the information, was collected. RESULT(S) In the total cohort, mean age 32 years, 33% lived with a partner, but only 14% reported having at least one child including 7% with ART, 4% adopted. Only 3.5% of the total cohort had been able to reproduce without ART, most frequently women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and only 0.7% of participants with other diagnoses. Of the participants, 72% had received information on fertility, but 17% were not satisfied with the information. CONCLUSION(S) Fertility outcome is significantly reduced in all types of DSD; however, fertility potential should be assessed individually. The satisfaction with how fertility problems have been discussed can be improved. The care of patients with DSD is complex, should be individualized, and new treatment possibilities incorporated. A close collaboration in multidisciplinary teams is therefore essential to improve the situation for individuals with DSD.
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Female with 46, XY karyotype. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2017; 60:378-382. [PMID: 28791271 PMCID: PMC5547087 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2017.60.4.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions characterized by atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex. 46, XY DSD can result from disorders of testicular development or disorders of androgen synthesis/action. Prophylactic gonadectomy should be considered in patients with 46, XY DSD because of the increased risk of gonadal malignancy. We report two rare cases of 46, XY DSD, including XY pure gonadal dysgenesis and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, who underwent a prophylactic gonadectomy.
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SARANYA BALACHANDRAN, BHAVANI GUNASEKARAN, ARUMUGAM BRINDHA, JAYASHANKAR MEENA, SANTHIYA SATHIYAVEDUTHYAGARAJAN. Three novel and two known androgen receptor gene mutations associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome in sex-reversed XY female patients. J Genet 2016; 95:911-921. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Uterus transplantation in France: for which patients? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 205:7-10. [PMID: 27552172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine infertility (UI), which can be caused by a variety of congenital or acquired factors, affects several thousand women in Europe. Uterus transplantation (UTx), at the current stage of research, offers hope for these women to be both the biological mother and the carrier of their child. However, the indications of UTx still need to be defined. The main aim of the study was to describe the different etiologies of UI and other data as marital and parental status from women requesting UTx who contacted us in the framework of a UTx clinical trial. Secondarily, we discussed the potential indications of UTx and their feasibility. STUDY DESIGN This is an observational study. RESULTS Of a total of 139 patients with UI, 105 patients (75.5%) had uterine agenesis, making it the leading cause of UI in this sample. Among the patients with uterine agenesis, 25% had a solitary kidney and 44.7% had undergone vaginal reconstruction. Peripartum hysterectomy, hysterectomy for cancer, and hysterectomy for benign pathologies accounted for 9.4%, 7.2% and 5% of cases, respectively. Less common causes of UI included complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (2.2% of patients) and prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure (0.7%). Approximately 14% of the women already had at least one child and 66% were in a couple living together for at least 2 years. CONCLUSION UTx is still under evaluation and further research is under way. Nulliparous patients with no major medical or surgical history and with normal ovarian function, who meet the legal criteria for medically assisted reproduction, represent the best indications for UTx at this stage of its development.
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22
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Lundberg T, Roen K, Hirschberg AL, Frisén L. "It's Part of Me, Not All of Me": Young Women's Experiences of Receiving a Diagnosis Related to Diverse Sex Development. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2016; 29:338-43. [PMID: 26639995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To understand young women's experiences of receiving a diagnosis related to diverse sex development. DESIGN A qualitative narrative analysis of interviews. SETTING Karolinska University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS Nine women (aged 20-26 years) with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, XY or XX gonadal dysgenesis. INTERVENTIONS Semistructured interviews. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A narrative approach was used to analyze the interviews. This involved identification of individual narratives of receiving the diagnosis, as well as identification of key issues that were common across interviews. RESULTS The analysis showed how participants' prediagnosis life experiences framed how medical information was perceived upon diagnosis. All participants had been informed about their condition before the study, but not all remembered the name of their diagnosis. Participants described positive characteristics of health professionals, such as being flexible and able to adapt to patients' individual needs. Clinicians' strategies, such as normalizing patients' experiences, were usually perceived as supportive, but were not always considered helpful. After the diagnosis, participants were worried about potential social, practical, and philosophical issues. CONCLUSION This research highlighted the importance of clinicians taking an exploratory and individualized approach to the sensitive process of disclosing a diagnosis related to diverse sex development to young adults. There are various strategies health professionals can use that might help young people to develop their knowledge about their condition: (1) repeating information to help the patient remember; (2) using language that is not too medicalized; and (3) communicating in a way that is meaningfully connected to patients' everyday lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Lundberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Katrina Roen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angelica L Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Frisén
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Bockwoldt D. A Young Adult With Type 2 Diabetes and Primary Amenorrhea. J Nurse Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Andonova S, Robeva R, Sirakov M, Mainhard K, Tomova A, Ledig S, Kumanov P, Savov A. A Novel SRY Gene Mutation p.F109L in a 46,XY Female with Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis. Sex Dev 2016; 9:333-7. [PMID: 26871559 DOI: 10.1159/000443807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD) is a disorder of sexual development that can result from different mutations in genes associated with sex determination. Patients are phenotypically females, and the disease is often diagnosed in late adolescence because of delayed puberty. Here, we present the clinical and molecular data of a 46,XY female CGD patient with gonadoblastoma with dysgerminoma and incidentally found inherited thrombophilia. The clinical significance of the described de novo SRY gene mutation c.325T>C (p.F109L) is discussed. This case report supports the critical role of the HGM domain in the SRY gene and the need of a multidisciplinary approach for CGD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Andonova
- National Genetic Laboratory - UHOG x2018;Maichin dom', Sofia, Bulgaria
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25
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Guercio G, Costanzo M, Grinspon RP, Rey RA. Fertility Issues in Disorders of Sex Development. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2015; 44:867-81. [PMID: 26568498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fertility potential should be considered by the multidisciplinary team when addressing gender assignment, surgical management, and patient and family counselling of individuals with disorders of sex development. In 46,XY individuals, defects of gonadal differentiation or androgen or anti-Müllerian hormone synthesis or action result in incomplete or absent masculinization. In severe forms, raised as females, motherhood is possible with oocyte donation if Müllerian ducts have developed. In milder forms, raised as males, azoospermia or oligospermia are frequently found, however paternity has been reported. Most 46,XX patients with normal ovarian organogenesis are raised as females, and fertility might be possible after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guercio
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires C1245AAM, Argentina
| | - Mariana Costanzo
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Combate de los Pozos 1881, Buenos Aires C1245AAM, Argentina
| | - Romina P Grinspon
- CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina; Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
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26
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Hanlon AJM, Kimble RM. Incidental gonadal tumors at the time of gonadectomy in women with Swyer syndrome: a case series. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2015; 28:e27-9. [PMID: 25532682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swyer syndrome (46XY complete gonadal dysgenesis) is an uncommonly encountered condition in our population. Gonadectomy is recommended upon diagnosis due to a significant risk of malignant transformation of the dysgenetic gonads, typically to dysgerminoma. CASES We present 3 cases of women who underwent gonadectomy following a diagnosis of Swyer syndrome. Two of these patients had dysgerminoma confirmed on histopathology. In particular we discuss the macroscopic appearance of the affected gonads and the further management of each case. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Individuals with Swyer syndrome require gonadectomy upon diagnosis of their condition, as part of their multidisciplinary management. For treatment of early stage dysgerminoma, surgical resection of the involved gonad and fallopian tube is curative, again highlighting the need for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie J M Hanlon
- Women's and Newborn Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Rebecca M Kimble
- Statewide Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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27
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The clinical, structural, and biological features of neovaginas: a comparison of the Frank and the McIndoe techniques. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 186:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Mannaerts D, Muys J, Blaumeiser B, Jacquemyn Y. A rare cause of primary amenorrhoea, the XY female with gonadal dysgenesis. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-206609. [PMID: 25666240 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development are conditions where sexual phenotype and genotype are discordant. Genetic sex is determined at conception as the ovum is fertilised by a spermatozoon that contains either an X or Y chromosome. A complex pathway determined by genes and hormones leads to gonadal differentiation into testis or ovary and promotes the development of internal and external genitalia. We present a case of an 18-year-old woman who presented with primary amenorrhoea. She was a virgin, and apart from hirsutism and overweight, had no complaints. Her family history was insignificant. The patient was tall and had underdeveloped breasts. Her blood results showed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. A 46, XY genotype was detected with karyotype analysis. Ultrasound and MRI demonstrated the presence of a uterus, but no overt gonads. Laparoscopy was performed, with bilateral removal of streak ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joke Muys
- Department of Obstetrics, Antwerp University Hospital UZA, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Bettina Blaumeiser
- Department of Obstetrics, Antwerp University Hospital UZA, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Yves Jacquemyn
- Department of Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital UZA, Edegem, Belgium
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Stukenborg JB, Kjartansdóttir KR, Reda A, Colon E, Albersmeier JP, Söder O. Male germ cell development in humans. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:2-12. [PMID: 24356336 DOI: 10.1159/000355599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ cells are unique cells that possess the ability to transmit genetic information between generations. Detailed knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms determining the fate of human male germ cells still remains sparse. This is partially due to ethical issues limiting the access to research material. Therefore, the mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of human male germ cells still remain challenging study objectives. METHODS This review focuses on using English articles accessible in PubMed as well as personal files on the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms connected with human testicular germ cell development, maturation failure and the possibility of fertility preservation in patients in whom there is a risk of gonadal failure. However, since rodents, particularly mice, offer the possibility of studying germ cell development by use of genetic modification techniques, some studies using animal models are also discussed. CONCLUSION This mini review focuses on the current knowledge about male germ cells. However, the reader is referred to two previous mini reviews focusing on testicular somatic cells, i.e. on Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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de Santis M, Spagnuolo T, Barone D, Licameli A. Successful twin pregnancy in a 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:737-8. [PMID: 24127968 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.822480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M de Santis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy and Obstetrics and Gynaecologic Unit, Cardarelli Hospital , Campobasso , Italy
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome with gynandroblastoma and vulvar leiomyoma: case report and literature review. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17:335-9. [PMID: 23552209 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0b013e3182702796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe a rare case of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) in association with gynandroblastoma and vulvar leiomyomata. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patient was a 64-year-old phenotypically female person with 46 XY chromosomal karyotypes who presented with a chief complaint of abdominal distension of 1-month duration. She had 2 vulvar masses for more than 20 years and had experienced life-long (untreated) amenorrhea. History and physical examination findings showed the patient to be 175 cm in height, with normal breast development, and a lack of pubic or axillary hair. Serum levels were as follows: testosterone, 1,980 ng/dL; estradiol, 1,380.8 pg/mL. RESULTS In combination with clinical findings, a diagnosis of complete AIS was made. The patient subsequently underwent surgery, during which the bilateral vulvar masses and the rudimentary uterus, right sex gland, and left side of the tumor were resected. Histological examination of the tumor revealed a mass composed primarily of juvenile-type granulosa cells, admixed with a Sertoli cell component that comprised less than 50% of the tumor. The right side of the gonad had an ovarian-like cortex and was considered to be an undeveloped ovary. The left and right side of the vulvar masses were diagnosed with leiomyomas. CONCLUSIONS Patients with AIS should be monitored closely because these patients may also experience gonadal tumors. When confronted with gynandroblastoma, close attention should be paid to the patient's endocrinologic status, and comprehensive endocrinologic analyses should be conducted to make correct treatment decisions.
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Fedder J, Ørskov M, Rubeck PK. Pregnancies in XY women: Is a weak myometrium cause of complications during pregnancy and delivery? ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Dane C, Karaca A, Karaca E, Dane B. A complete gonadal dysgenesis case with mental retardation, congenital hip dislocation, severe vertebra rotoscoliosis, pectus excavatus, and spina bifida occulta. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2013; 26:19-21. [PMID: 22357191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 46,XY, or Swyer syndrome, is a complete gonadal dysgenesis. Patients usually presents with primary amenorrhea with underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics. Phenotypes of these patients are female. In this report, a Swyer syndrome case is reported with novel clinical features that are classified as connective tissue disorders. This case and the 2 other previously reported Swyer syndrome cases with ascendant aortic aneurysm and diaphragmatic hernia are suggest that the Y chromosome has an important role in the structure of connective tissue. CASE Here we report a case of a 17-year-old with clinical features of 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis including external female genitalia, hypoplastic uterus, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, incomplete secondary sex characterics, primary amenorrhea, and normal male karyotype. In addition, she had mild mental retardation, severe rotoscoliosis, pectus excavatus, spina bifida occulta, hip dislocation, and long, slender extremities. She had a rudimentary uterus and streak gonads; after giving her cyclic estrogen and progesterone pills, she was able to menstruate. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In this report, a Swyer syndrome case was discussed regarding clinical features, especially those are not characteristic for Swyer syndrome after a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Dane
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome in its complete form is a disorder of hormone resistance characterised by a female phenotype in an individual with an XY karyotype and testes producing age-appropriate normal concentrations of androgens. Pathogenesis is the result of mutations in the X-linked androgen receptor gene, which encodes for the ligand-activated androgen receptor--a transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. This Seminar describes the clinical manifestations of androgen insensitivity syndrome from infancy to adulthood, reviews the mechanism of androgen action, and shows examples of how mutations of the androgen receptor gene cause the syndrome. Management of androgen insensitivity syndrome should be undertaken by a multidisciplinary team and include gonadectomy to avoid gonad tumours in later life, appropriate sex-hormone replacement at puberty and beyond, and an emphasis on openness in disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Vasu VR, Saranya B, Jayashankar M, Munirajan AK, Santhiya ST. A Novel Splice Site and Two Known Mutations of Androgen Receptor Gene in Sex-Reversed XY Phenotype. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:749-55. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Rendheer Vasu
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM. PG. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Balachandran Saranya
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM. PG. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Meena Jayashankar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madras Medical College, Government Hospital for Women and Children, Chennai, India
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Abstract
This article focuses on constitutional sex chromosome abnormalities detected by conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The author discusses the two general classifications of abnormalities: numerical and structural. Also included are descriptions of unique aspects of X and Y chromosomes, technological advances in detection, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, San Jose Medical Center, San Jose, CA 95123, USA.
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Gold AM, Zucker NA, Shahzad MMK, Kushner DM. Community screening leading to the diagnosis of androgen insensitivity syndrome at the age of 65. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2012; 3:23-5. [PMID: 24371658 DOI: 10.1016/j.gynor.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Gold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Noah A Zucker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Mian M K Shahzad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - David M Kushner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Yu H, Bian XM, Liu JT, Hao N, Zhou J, Liu SY. Cytogenetic and Clinical Analysis of 340 Chinese Patients with Primary Amenorrhea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 26:163-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(11)60042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stachowicz-Stencel T, Synakiewicz A, Iżycka-Świeszewska E, Kobierska-Gulida G, Balcerska A. Malignant germ cell tumors associated with Swyer syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:482-3. [PMID: 21225934 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Swyer syndrome is characterized by a higher risk of developing genital malignancies. In this disorder, the most common is gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma but also, in rare cases, choriocarcinoma. The prognosis in choriocarcinoma is poor. The early diagnosis of dysgenetic gonads is necessary in view of the risk of malignancies. It can be difficult due to its different clinical masks. When the neoplasm precedes the diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis, adequate oncological treatment should be introduced with parallel gonadectomy. We present a case of 14-year-old female with 46, XY karyotype with choriocarcinoma in one gonad and dysgerminoma in the second one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Stachowicz-Stencel
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, Medical University, Gdansk, Poland.
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Deligeoroglou E, Athanasopoulos N, Tsimaris P, Dimopoulos KD, Vrachnis N, Creatsas G. Evaluation and management of adolescent amenorrhea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1205:23-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Iraqi N, Gaouzi A, Bouhafs MA. [Sex of rearing in 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis (case report)]. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2010; 71:117-20. [PMID: 20097326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
XY patients with gonadal dysgenesis present with a wide array of clinical pictures that is characterised by a variable incomplete virilisation of the external genital organs (female phenotype, posterior hypospadias, cryptorchidism) and the persistence of the internal müllerian duct structures. The birth of a child with this type of abnormality is a social phenomenon, which will probably have a physical and psychical impact. The choice of the sex depends on the organic anatomy, diagnosis age, risk of gonadal tumors and the development possibilities (mainly at puberty) of the child. The registration of the civil status can be made only after determining the sex through the aforementioned anatomical and functional study. Once this process is finished, the treatment must be considered. We report our experience, particularly complicated in the choice of the sex of child, with an XY karyotype and partial gonadal dysgenesis. Raised as a girl until her seventh day when her parents noticed the existence of a genital bud and decided to register their child as a boy in the civil status. He was referred to our hospital, at the age of 16 months, in order to explore a bilateral cryptorchidism and posterior hypospadias. Our patient was declared to be a boy based on an unanimous opinion of a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Iraqi
- Service d'endocrinologie diabétologie, maladies métaboliques et nutrition, CHU Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
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