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Janzen DJ, Zhou J, Li SM. Biosynthesis of p-Terphenyls in Aspergillus ustus Implies Enzymatic Reductive Dehydration and Spontaneous Dibenzofuran Formation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6311-6316. [PMID: 37607357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
p-Terphenyls contain a central benzene ring substituted with two phenyl residues at its para positions. Heterologous expression of a biosynthetic gene cluster from Aspergillus ustus led to the formation of four new p-terphenyl derivatives. Gene deletion experiments proved the formation and reductive dehydration of the terphenylquinone atromentin, followed by O-methylation and prenylation. Spontaneous dibenzofuran formation led to the final products. These results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of p-terphenyls in fungi and dibenzofuran formation in the biosynthesis of numerous natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Janzen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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2
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Seibold PS, Lawrinowitz S, Raztsou I, Gressler M, Arndt HD, Stallforth P, Hoffmeister D. Bifurcate evolution of quinone synthetases in basidiomycetes. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:14. [PMID: 37400920 PMCID: PMC10316625 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The terphenylquinones represent an ecologically remarkable class of basidiomycete natural products as they serve as central precursors of pigments and compounds that impact on microbial consortia by modulating bacterial biofilms and motility. This study addressed the phylogenetic origin of the quinone synthetases that assemble the key terphenylquinones polyporic acid and atromentin. RESULTS The activity of the Hapalopilus rutilans synthetases HapA1, HapA2 and of Psilocybe cubensis PpaA1 were reconstituted in Aspergilli. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the culture extracts identified all three enzymes as polyporic acid synthetases. PpaA1 is unique in that it features a C-terminal, yet catalytically inactive dioxygenase domain. Combined with bioinformatics to reconstruct the phylogeny, our results demonstrate that basidiomycete polyporic acid and atromentin synthetases evolved independently, although they share an identical catalytic mechanism and release structurally very closely related products. A targeted amino acid replacement in the substrate binding pocket of the adenylation domains resulted in bifunctional synthetases producing both polyporic acid and atromentin. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that quinone synthetases evolved twice independently in basidiomycetes, depending on the aromatic α-keto acid substrate. Furthermore, key amino acid residues for substrate specificity were identified and changed which led to a relaxed substrate profile. Therefore, our work lays the foundation for future targeted enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sophie Seibold
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ihar Raztsou
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Pierre Stallforth
- Department Paleobiotechnology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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3
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Cittadino GM, Andrews J, Purewal H, Estanislao Acuña Avila P, Arnone JT. Functional Clustering of Metabolically Related Genes Is Conserved across Dikarya. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050523. [PMID: 37233234 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is vital for organismal survival, with many layers and mechanisms collaborating to balance gene expression. One layer of this regulation is genome organization, specifically the clustering of functionally related, co-expressed genes along the chromosomes. Spatial organization allows for position effects to stabilize RNA expression and balance transcription, which can be advantageous for a number of reasons, including reductions in stochastic influences between the gene products. The organization of co-regulated gene families into functional clusters occurs extensively in Ascomycota fungi. However, this is less characterized within the related Basidiomycota fungi despite the many uses and applications for the species within this clade. This review will provide insight into the prevalence, purpose, and significance of the clustering of functionally related genes across Dikarya, including foundational studies from Ascomycetes and the current state of our understanding throughout representative Basidiomycete species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Cittadino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Johnathan Andrews
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Harpreet Purewal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | | | - James T Arnone
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
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Lawrinowitz S, Wurlitzer JM, Weiss D, Arndt HD, Kothe E, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D. Blue Light-Dependent Pre-mRNA Splicing Controls Pigment Biosynthesis in the Mushroom Terana caerulea. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0106522. [PMID: 36094086 PMCID: PMC9603100 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01065-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Light induces the production of ink-blue pentacyclic natural products, the corticin pigments, in the cobalt crust mushroom Terana caerulea. Here, we describe the genetic locus for corticin biosynthesis and provide evidence for a light-dependent dual transcriptional/cotranscriptional regulatory mechanism. Light selectively induces the expression of the corA gene encoding the gateway enzyme, the first described mushroom polyporic acid synthetase CorA, while other biosynthetic genes for modifying enzymes necessary to complete corticin assembly are induced only at lower levels. The strongest corA induction was observed following exposure to blue and UV light. A second layer of regulation is provided by the light-dependent splicing of the three introns in the pre-mRNA of corA. Our results provide insight into the fundamental organization of how mushrooms regulate natural product biosynthesis. IMPORTANCE The regulation of natural product biosyntheses in mushrooms in response to environmental cues is poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap and chose the cobalt crust mushroom Terana caerulea as our model. Our work discovered a dual-level regulatory mechanism that connects light as an abiotic stimulus with a physiological response, i.e., the production of dark-blue pigments. Exposure to blue light elicits strongly increased transcription of the gene encoding the gateway enzyme, the polyporic acid synthetase CorA, that catalyzes the formation of the pigment core structure. Additionally, light is a prerequisite for the full splicing of corA pre-mRNA and, thus, its proper maturation. Dual transcriptional/cotranscriptional light-dependent control of fungal natural product biosynthesis has previously been unknown. As it allows the tight control of a key metabolic step, it may be a much more prevalent mechanism among these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacob M. Wurlitzer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Weiss
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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Dörner S, Rogge K, Fricke J, Schäfer T, Wurlitzer JM, Gressler M, Pham DNK, Manke DR, Chadeayne AR, Hoffmeister D. Genetic Survey of Psilocybe Natural Products. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200249. [PMID: 35583969 PMCID: PMC9400892 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Psilocybe magic mushrooms are best known for their main natural product, psilocybin, and its dephosphorylated congener, the psychedelic metabolite psilocin. Beyond tryptamines, the secondary metabolome of these fungi is poorly understood. The genomes of five species (P. azurescens, P. cubensis, P. cyanescens, P. mexicana, and P. serbica) were browsed to understand more profoundly common and species-specific metabolic capacities. The genomic analyses revealed a much greater and yet unexplored metabolic diversity than evident from parallel chemical analyses. P. cyanescens and P. mexicana were identified as aeruginascin producers. Lumichrome and verpacamide A were also detected as Psilocybe metabolites. The observations concerning the potential secondary metabolome of this fungal genus support pharmacological and toxicological efforts to find a rational basis for yet elusive phenomena, such as paralytic effects, attributed to consumption of some magic mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dörner
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Kai Rogge
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Janis Fricke
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Jacob M. Wurlitzer
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Duyen N. K. Pham
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of Massachusetts285 Old Westport RoadDartmouthMA02747USA
| | - David R. Manke
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of Massachusetts285 Old Westport RoadDartmouthMA02747USA
| | | | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
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Wieder C, Peres da Silva R, Witts J, Jäger CM, Geib E, Brock M. Characterisation of ascocorynin biosynthesis in the purple jellydisc fungus Ascocoryne sarcoides. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:8. [PMID: 35477441 PMCID: PMC9047271 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) enzymes are highly enriched in fungal genomes and can be discriminated into reducing and non-reducing enzymes. Non-reducing NRPS-like enzymes possess a C-terminal thioesterase domain that catalyses the condensation of two identical aromatic α-keto acids under the formation of enzyme-specific substrate-interconnecting core structures such as terphenylquinones, furanones, butyrolactones or dioxolanones. Ascocoryne sarcoides produces large quantities of ascocorynin, which structurally resembles a terphenylquinone produced from the condensation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and phenylpyruvate. Since the parallel use of two different substrates by a non-reducing NRPS-like enzyme appeared as highly unusual, we investigated the biosynthesis of ascocorynin in A. sarcoides. Results Here, we searched the genome of A. sarcoides for genes coding for non-reducing NRPS-like enzymes. A single candidate gene was identified that was termed acyN. Heterologous gene expression confirmed that AcyN is involved in ascocorynin production but only produces the non-hydroxylated precursor polyporic acid. Although acyN is embedded in an ascocorynin biosynthesis gene cluster, a gene encoding a monooxygenase required for the hydroxylation of polyporic acid was not present. Expression analyses of all monooxygenase-encoding genes from A. sarcoides identified a single candidate that showed the same expression pattern as acyN. Accordingly, heterologous co-expression of acyN and the monooxygenase gene resulted in the production of ascocorynin. Structural modelling of the monooxygenase suggests that the hydrophobic substrate polyporic acid enters the monooxygenase from a membrane facing entry site and is converted into the more hydrophilic product ascocorynin, which prevents its re-entry for a second round of hydroxylation. Conclusion This study characterises the first naturally occurring polyporic acid synthetase from an ascomycete. It confirms the high substrate and product specificity of this non-reducing NRPS-like enzyme and highlights the requirement of a monooxygenase to produce the terphenylquinone ascocorynin. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40694-022-00138-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wieder
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roberta Peres da Silva
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jessica Witts
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christof Martin Jäger
- Sustainable Process Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elena Geib
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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7
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Zhou G, Zhu T, Che Q, Zhang G, Li D. Structural diversity and biological activity of natural p-terphenyls. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:62-73. [PMID: 37073357 PMCID: PMC10077223 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-021-00117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
p-Terphenyls are aromatic compounds consisting of a central benzene ring substituted with two phenyl groups, and they are mainly isolated from terrestrial and marine organisms. The central ring of p-Terphenyls is usually modified into more oxidized forms, e.g., para quinone and phenols. In some cases, additional ring systems were observed on the terphenyl-type core structure or between two benzene moieties. p-Terphenyls have been reported to have cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. In this review, we will mainly summarize the structural diversity and biological activity of naturally occurring p-Terphenyls referring to the research works published before. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-021-00117-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Qian Che
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
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8
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Clinger JA, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Miller MD, Hall RE, Van Lanen SG, Phillips GN, Thorson JS, Elshahawi SI. Structure and Function of a Dual Reductase-Dehydratase Enzyme System Involved in p-Terphenyl Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2816-2824. [PMID: 34763417 PMCID: PMC8751757 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of the ter gene cluster responsible for the formation of the p-terphenyl derivatives terfestatins B and C and echoside B from the Appalachian Streptomyces strain RM-5-8. We characterize the function of TerB/C, catalysts that work together as a dual enzyme system in the biosynthesis of natural terphenyls. TerB acts as a reductase and TerC as a dehydratase to enable the conversion of polyporic acid to a terphenyl triol intermediate. X-ray crystallography of the apo and substrate-bound forms for both enzymes provides additional mechanistic insights. Validation of the TerC structural model via mutagenesis highlights a critical role of arginine 143 and aspartate 173 in catalysis. Cumulatively, this work highlights a set of enzymes acting in harmony to control and direct reactive intermediates and advances fundamental understanding of the previously unresolved early steps in terphenyl biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Clinger
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Mitchell D Miller
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ronnie E Hall
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Steven G Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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Kuhnert E, Navarro-Muñoz J, Becker K, Stadler M, Collemare J, Cox R. Secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity in the fungal family Hypoxylaceae and Xylaria hypoxylon. Stud Mycol 2021; 99:100118. [PMID: 34527085 PMCID: PMC8403587 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date little is known about the genetic background that drives the production and diversification of secondary metabolites in the Hypoxylaceae. With the recent availability of high-quality genome sequences for 13 representative species and one relative (Xylaria hypoxylon) we attempted to survey the diversity of biosynthetic pathways in these organisms to investigate their true potential as secondary metabolite producers. Manual search strategies based on the accumulated knowledge on biosynthesis in fungi enabled us to identify 783 biosynthetic pathways across 14 studied species, the majority of which were arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC). The similarity of BGCs was analysed with the BiG-SCAPE engine which organised the BGCs into 375 gene cluster families (GCF). Only ten GCFs were conserved across all of these fungi indicating that speciation is accompanied by changes in secondary metabolism. From the known compounds produced by the family members some can be directly correlated with identified BGCs which is highlighted herein by the azaphilone, dihydroxynaphthalene, tropolone, cytochalasan, terrequinone, terphenyl and brasilane pathways giving insights into the evolution and diversification of those compound classes. Vice versa, products of various BGCs can be predicted through homology analysis with known pathways from other fungi as shown for the identified ergot alkaloid, trigazaphilone, curvupallide, viridicatumtoxin and swainsonine BGCs. However, the majority of BGCs had no obvious links to known products from the Hypoxylaceae or other well-studied biosynthetic pathways from fungi. These findings highlight that the number of known compounds strongly underrepresents the biosynthetic potential in these fungi and that a tremendous number of unidentified secondary metabolites is still hidden. Moreover, with increasing numbers of genomes for further Hypoxylaceae species becoming available, the likelihood of revealing new biosynthetic pathways that encode new, potentially useful compounds will significantly improve. Reaching a better understanding of the biology of these producers, and further development of genetic methods for their manipulation, will be crucial to access their treasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - J.C. Navarro-Muñoz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K. Becker
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M. Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R.J. Cox
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Zhu J, Liu M, Deng J, Chen W, Zhu D, Duan J, Li Y, Wang H, Shen Y. The coupled reaction catalyzed by EchB and EchC lead to the formation of the common 2',3',5'-trihydroxy-benzene core in echosides biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 559:62-69. [PMID: 33932901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
p-Terphenyls represent a unique family of aromatic natural products generated by nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) enzyme. After formation of p-terphenyl skeleton, tailoring modifications will give rise to structural diversity and various biological activities. Here we demonstrated a two-enzyme (EchB, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), and EchC, a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like dehydratase) participated transformation from dihydroxybenzoquinone core to 2',3',5'-trihydroxy-benzene in the biosynthesis of echosides. Beginning with polyporic acid as substrate, successive steps of reduction-dehydration-reduction cascade catalyzed by EchB-EchC-EchB were concluded after in vivo gene disruption and in vitro bioassay experiments. These findings demonstrated a conserved synthesis pathway of 2',3',5'-trihydroxy-p-terphenyls in bacteria, such as Actinomycetes and Burkholderia. The parallel pathway in fungi has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Mengyujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Wang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Deyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Yuemao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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Gressler M, Löhr NA, Schäfer T, Lawrinowitz S, Seibold PS, Hoffmeister D. Mind the mushroom: natural product biosynthetic genes and enzymes of Basidiomycota. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:702-722. [PMID: 33404035 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to September 2020 Mushroom-forming fungi of the division Basidiomycota have traditionally been recognised as prolific producers of structurally diverse and often bioactive secondary metabolites, using the methods of chemistry for research. Over the past decade, -omics technologies were applied on these fungi, and sophisticated heterologous gene expression platforms emerged, which have boosted research into the genetic and biochemical basis of the biosyntheses. This review provides an overview on experimentally confirmed natural product biosyntheses of basidiomycete polyketides, amino acid-derived products, terpenoids, and volatiles. We also present challenges and solutions particular to natural product research with these fungi. 222 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Nikolai A Löhr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Paula Sophie Seibold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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12
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Shah F, Gressler M, Nehzati S, Op De Beeck M, Gentile L, Hoffmeister D, Persson P, Tunlid A. Secretion of Iron(III)-Reducing Metabolites during Protein Acquisition by the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus involutus. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E35. [PMID: 33374225 PMCID: PMC7824621 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus decomposes proteins using a two-step mechanism, including oxidation and proteolysis. Oxidation involves the action of extracellular hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated by the Fenton reaction. This reaction requires the presence of iron(II). Here, we monitored the speciation of extracellular iron and the secretion of iron(III)-reducing metabolites during the decomposition of proteins by P. involutus. X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that extracellular iron was mainly present as solid iron(III) phosphates and oxides. Within 1 to 2 days, these compounds were reductively dissolved, and iron(II) complexes were formed, which remained in the medium throughout the incubation. HPLC and mass spectrometry detected five extracellular iron(III)-reducing metabolites. Four of them were also secreted when the fungus grew on a medium containing ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. NMR identified the unique iron(III)-reductant as the diarylcyclopentenone involutin. Involutin was produced from day 2, just before the elevated •OH production, preceding the oxidation of BSA. The other, not yet fully characterized iron(III)-reductants likely participate in the rapid reduction and dissolution of solid iron(III) complexes observed on day one. The production of these metabolites is induced by other environmental cues than for involutin, suggesting that they play a role beyond the Fenton chemistry associated with protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Shah
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (F.S.); (S.N.); (M.O.D.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Susan Nehzati
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (F.S.); (S.N.); (M.O.D.B.); (L.G.)
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michiel Op De Beeck
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (F.S.); (S.N.); (M.O.D.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Luigi Gentile
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (F.S.); (S.N.); (M.O.D.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.G.); (D.H.)
| | - Per Persson
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (F.S.); (S.N.); (M.O.D.B.); (L.G.)
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13
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Räisänen R, Primetta A, Nikunen S, Honkalampi U, Nygren H, Pihlava JM, Vanden Berghe I, von Wright A. Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples from Cortinarius and Tapinella, Salix and Tanacetum spp. and Dyed Woollen Fabrics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E266. [PMID: 32443886 PMCID: PMC7277368 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocolourants have been investigated as alternatives to synthetic dyes. However, natural origin per se is not a label of harmlessness and research is needed to obtain safe dyes. We studied the cytotoxicity of the extracts from fungal (Cortinarius semisanguineus, Tapinella atrotomentosa) and plant (Tanacetum vulgare, Salix phylicifolia) sources and the woollen fabrics dyed with the extracts. Cytotoxicity in vitro using hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cells for 24 h and 72 h exposure was observed as the highest tolerated dose. All biocolourants produced intensive colour on fabrics with fastness properties from moderate to good. The Salix and Cortinarius samples did not show any cytotoxic effects, whereas the Tanacetum and Tapinella samples had slightly higher test values but were not interpreted as being significantly toxic. Higher than zero values of the undyed fabrics showed the importance of examining their toxicity as well. It was found that the cytotoxicity of the samples dyed with the biocolourants did not differ significantly from the undyed wool fabric. The concentrations of dyes used in the assays were very low, imitating the dose of the user. In addition to colouring properties, natural dyes may have pharmaceutical and antibacterial properties which would enhance the interest in using them in products for added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Räisänen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Anja Primetta
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Nikunen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Ulla Honkalampi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (U.H.); (A.v.W.)
| | - Heli Nygren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Juha-Matti Pihlava
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Ina Vanden Berghe
- Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (IRPA/KIK), Parc du Cinquantenaire 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Atte von Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (U.H.); (A.v.W.)
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14
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Vickery CR, McCulloch IP, Sonnenschein EC, Beld J, Noel JP, Burkart MD. Dissecting modular synthases through inhibition: A complementary chemical and genetic approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126820. [PMID: 31812466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Modular synthases, such as fatty acid, polyketide, and non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), are sophisticated machineries essential in both primary and secondary metabolism. Various techniques have been developed to understand their genetic background and enzymatic abilities. However, uncovering the actual biosynthetic pathways remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a pipeline to study an assembly line synthase by interrogating the enzymatic function of each individual enzymatic domain of BpsA, a NRPS that produces the blue 3,3'-bipyridyl pigment indigoidine. Specific inhibitors for each biosynthetic domain of BpsA were obtained or synthesized, and the enzymatic performance of BpsA upon addition of each inhibitor was monitored by pigment development in vitro and in living bacteria. The results were verified using genetic mutants to inactivate each domain. Finally, the results complemented the currently proposed biosynthetic pathway of BpsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Vickery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian P McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Eva C Sonnenschein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Joris Beld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Joseph P Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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15
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Biological and chemical diversity go hand in hand: Basidiomycota as source of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107344. [PMID: 30738916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Basidiomycota constitutes the second largest higher taxonomic group of the Fungi after the Ascomycota and comprises over 30.000 species. Mycelial cultures of Basidiomycota have already been studied since the 1950s for production of antibiotics and other beneficial secondary metabolites. Despite the fact that unique and selective compounds like pleuromutilin were obtained early on, it took several decades more until they were subjected to a systematic screening for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. These efforts led to the discovery of the strobilurins and several hundreds of further compounds that mainly constitute terpenoids. In parallel the traditional medicinal mushrooms of Asia were also studied intensively for metabolite production, aimed at finding new therapeutic agents for treatment of various diseases including metabolic disorders and the central nervous system. While the evaluation of this organism group has in general been more tedious as compared to the Ascomycota, the chances to discover new metabolites and to develop them further to candidates for drugs, agrochemicals and other products for the Life Science industry have substantially increased over the past decade. This is owing to the revolutionary developments in -OMICS techniques, bioinformatics, analytical chemistry and biotechnological process technology, which are steadily being developed further. On the other hand, the new developments in polythetic fungal taxonomy now also allow a more concise selection of previously untapped organisms. The current review is dedicated to summarize the state of the art and to give an outlook to further developments.
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16
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Wang H, Dong Q, Duan D, Zhao S, Li M, van Nocker S, Ma F, Mao K. Comprehensive genomic analysis of the TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (TAT) genes in apple (Malus domestica) allows the identification of MdTAT2 conferring tolerance to drought and osmotic stresses in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 133:81-91. [PMID: 30391815 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT, EC 2.6.1.5) is the first key enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the tyrosine-derived pathway for syntheses of important secondary metabolites and compounds. Although plant TAT genes have been proposed to be important in response to abiotic stress, there is little information about TAT genes in woody perennial tree species, especially in economic fruit trees. Based on TAT domain searching, sequence homology screening and phylogenetic analysis, we identified four TATs in apple genome. Then, we carried out a detailed phylogenetic analysis of TAT genes from multi-species, focusing on apple (Malus domestica). The result showed that the TAT family comprises three major classes corresponding to genes from angiosperms, mammals, and bacteria. Angiosperm TAT genes could be further divided into six subclasses. Analysis of intron-exon structure revealed that the typical TAT gene contains six introns and seven exons, with exons of similar size at each exon location. Promoter analysis showed that the 5'-flanking region of apple MdTATs contain multiple cis-acting elements including those implicated in light, biotic stress, abiotic stress, and hormone response. MdTATs were expressed to various levels in all apple structures and organs evaluated, and showed distinct expression patterns under water deficit stress. Ectopic expression of MdTAT2 in Arabidopsis or over-expression of MdTAT2 in apple callus tissue conferred enhanced tolerance to drought and osmotic stress. Collectively, these results suggest a role for TAT genes in drought and osmotic stresses and provide valuable information for further research of TAT genes and their function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, 271000, China.
| | - Qinglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Dingyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Steve van Nocker
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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17
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Ding H, Zhao W, Lü C, Huang J, Hu S, Yao S, Mei L, Wang J, Mei J. Biosynthesis of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid from l-tyrosine using recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing membrane bound l-amino acid deaminase. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Production of α-keto carboxylic acid dimers in yeast by overexpression of NRPS-like genes from Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1663-1672. [PMID: 29305695 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are key enzymes in microorganisms for the assembly of peptide backbones of biologically and pharmacologically active natural products. The monomodular NRPS-like enzymes comprise often an adenylation (A), a thiolation (T), and a thioesterase (TE) domain. In contrast to the NRPSs, they do not contain any condensation domain and usually catalyze a dimerization of α-keto carboxylic acids and thereby provide diverse scaffolds for further modifications. In this study, we established an expression system for NRPS-like genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By expression of four known genes from Aspergillus terreus, their predicted function was confirmed and product yields of up to 35 mg per liter culture were achieved. Furthermore, expression of ATEG_03090 from the same fungus, encoding for the last uncharacterized NRPS-like enzyme with an A-T-TE domain structure, led to the formation of the benzoquinone derivative atromentin. All the accumulated products were isolated and their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. This study provides a convenient system for proof of gene function as well as a basis for synthetic biology, since additional genes encoding modification enzymes can be introduced.
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19
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Li W, Li XB, Lou HX. Structural and biological diversity of natural p-terphenyls. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:1-13. [PMID: 29027823 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1381089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
p-Terphenyls consisting of a C-18 tricyclic or polycyclic C-18 aromatic skeleton, have diverse structures because of the variation of the middle ring and the connections between the rings, and to the main skeleton. p-Terphenyls have recently been found to exhibit various biological activities such as cytotoxic, α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity. In this review, we briefly summarized the structural varieties, biosyntheses, and bioactivities of natural p-terphenyl derivatives referring to the recent 10 years' publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- a Pharmacy Department of Suqian People's Hospital , Drum Tower Hospital Group of Nanjing , Suqian 223800 , China
| | - Xiao-Bin Li
- b Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology , Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- c Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan 250012 , China
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20
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Tauber JP, Gallegos-Monterrosa R, Kovács ÁT, Shelest E, Hoffmeister D. Dissimilar pigment regulation in Serpula lacrymans and Paxillus involutus during inter-kingdom interactions. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 164:65-77. [PMID: 29205129 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Production of basidiomycete atromentin-derived pigments like variegatic acid (pulvinic acid-type) and involutin (diarylcyclopentenone) from the brown-rotter Serpula lacrymans and the ectomycorrhiza-forming Paxillus involutus, respectively, is induced by complex nutrition, and in the case of S. lacrymans, bacteria. Pigmentation in S. lacrymans was stimulated by 13 different bacteria and cell-wall-damaging enzymes (lytic enzymes and proteases), but not by lysozyme or mechanical damage. The use of protease inhibitors with Bacillus subtilis or heat-killed bacteria during co-culturing with S. lacrymans significantly reduced pigmentation indicating that enzymatic hyphal damage and/or released peptides, rather than mechanical injury, was the major cause of systemic pigment induction. Conversely, no significant pigmentation by bacteria was observed from P. involutus. We found additional putative transcriptional composite elements of atromentin synthetase genes in P. involutus and other ectomycorrhiza-forming species that were absent from S. lacrymans and other brown-rotters. Variegatic and its precursor xerocomic acid, but not involutin, in return inhibited swarming and colony biofilm spreading of Bacillus subtilis, but did not kill B. subtilis. We suggest that dissimilar pigment regulation by fungal lifestyle was a consequence of pigment bioactivity and additional promoter motifs. The focus on basidiomycete natural product gene induction and regulation will assist in future studies to determine global regulators, signalling pathways and associated transcription factors of basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Tauber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ramses Gallegos-Monterrosa
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 23, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Terrestrial Biofilms Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 23, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Research Group Systems Biology/Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Present address: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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21
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Ibrahim SRM, Mohamed GA, Khedr AI. γ-Butyrolactones from Aspergillus Species: Structures, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activities. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous metabolites possessing uncommon structures and potent bioactivity have been isolated from strains of fungi collected from diverse environments. The genus Aspergillus is known as a rich source of γ-butyrolactones. These are a group of fungal secondary metabolites, consisting of a five-membered lactone bearing two aromatic rings, which shows a great variety of biological activities. This review summarizes the research on the biosynthesis, source, and biological activities of the naturally occurring γ-butyrolactones that have been isolated from Aspergillus species published over the last decades. More than 75 compounds are described and 65 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30078, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Amgad I.M. Khedr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
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22
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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van Dijk JWA, Guo CJ, Wang CCC. Engineering Fungal Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase-like Enzymes by Heterologous Expression and Domain Swapping. Org Lett 2016; 18:6236-6239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. A. van Dijk
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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24
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Tauber JP, Schroeckh V, Shelest E, Brakhage AA, Hoffmeister D. Bacteria induce pigment formation in the basidiomyceteSerpula lacrymans. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:5218-5227. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Tauber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Friedrich Schiller University; Beutenbergstrasse 11a Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Research Group Systems Biology/Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Friedrich Schiller University; Beutenbergstrasse 11a Jena 07745 Germany
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Brandenburger E, Braga D, Kombrink A, Lackner G, Gressler J, Künzler M, Hoffmeister D. Multi-genome analysis identifies functional and phylogenetic diversity of basidiomycete adenylate-forming reductases. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 112:55-63. [PMID: 27457378 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the invaluable benefits of basidiomycete genomics is the dramatically enhanced insight into the potential capacity to biosynthesize natural products. This study focuses on adenylate-forming reductases, which is a group of natural product biosynthesis enzymes that resembles non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, yet serves to modify one substrate, rather than to condense two or more building blocks. Phylogenetically, these reductases fall in four classes. The phylogeny of Heterobasidion annosum (Russulales) and Serpula lacrymans (Boletales) adenylate-forming reductases was investigated. We identified a previously unrecognized phylogenetic branch within class III adenylate-forming reductases. Three representatives were heterologously produced and their substrate preferences determined in vitro: NPS9 and NPS11 of S. lacrymans preferred l-threonine and benzoic acid, respectively, while NPS10 of H. annosum accepted phenylpyruvic acid best. We also investigated two class IV adenylate-forming reductases of Coprinopsis cinerea, which each were active with l-alanine, l-valine, and l-serine as substrates. Our results show that adenylate-forming reductases are functionally more diverse than previously recognized. As none of the natural products known from the species investigated in this study includes the identified substrates of their respective reductases, our findings may help further explore the diversity of these basidiomycete secondary metabolomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Brandenburger
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Braga
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Kombrink
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Microbiology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Gressler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Künzler
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Microbiology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Baccile JA, Spraker JE, Le HH, Brandenburger E, Gomez C, Bok JW, Macheleidt J, Brakhage AA, Hoffmeister D, Keller NP, Schroeder FC. Plant-like biosynthesis of isoquinoline alkaloids in Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:419-24. [PMID: 27065235 PMCID: PMC5049701 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural product discovery efforts have focused primarily on microbial biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) containing large multi-modular PKSs and NRPSs; however, sequencing of fungal genomes has revealed a vast number of BGCs containing smaller NRPS-like genes of unknown biosynthetic function. Using comparative metabolomics, we show that a BGC in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus named fsq, which contains an NRPS-like gene lacking a condensation domain, produces several novel isoquinoline alkaloids, the fumisoquins. These compounds derive from carbon-carbon bond formation between two amino acid-derived moieties followed by a sequence that is directly analogous to isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. Fumisoquin biosynthesis requires the N-methyltransferase FsqC and the FAD-dependent oxidase FsqB, which represent functional analogs of coclaurine N-methyltransferase and berberine bridge enzyme in plants. Our results show that BGCs containing incomplete NRPS modules may reveal new biosynthetic paradigms and suggest that plant-like isoquinoline biosynthesis occurs in diverse fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Baccile
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joseph E Spraker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Henry H Le
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Eileen Brandenburger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gomez
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Macheleidt
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Schmidt-Dannert C. Biocatalytic portfolio of Basidiomycota. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 31:40-9. [PMID: 26812494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basidiomycota fungi have received little attention for applications in biocatalysis and biotechnology and remain greatly understudied despite their importance for carbon recycling, ecosystem functioning and medicinal properties. The steady influx of genome data has facilitated detailed studies aimed at understanding the evolution and function of fungal lignocellulose degradation. These studies and recent explorations into the secondary metabolomes have uncovered large portfolios of enzymes useful for biocatalysis and biosynthesis. This review will provide an overview of the biocatalytic repertoires of Basidiomycota characterized to date with the hope of motivation more research into the chemical toolkits of this diverse group of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Three Redundant Synthetases Secure Redox-Active Pigment Production in the Basidiomycete Paxillus involutus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1325-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Kalb D, Lackner G, Rappe M, Hoffmeister D. Activity of α-Aminoadipate Reductase Depends on the N-Terminally Extending Domain. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1426-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Genetic engineering activates biosynthesis of aromatic fumaric acid amides in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1594-600. [PMID: 25527545 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03268-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus fumigatus nonribosomal peptide synthetase FtpA is among the few of this species whose natural product has remained unknown. Both FtpA adenylation domains were characterized in vitro. Fumaric acid was identified as preferred substrate of the first and both l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine as preferred substrates of the second adenylation domain. Genetically engineered A. fumigatus strains expressed either ftpA or the regulator gene ftpR, encoded in the same cluster of genes, under the control of the doxycycline-inducible tetracycline-induced transcriptional activation (tet-on) cassette. These strains produced fumaryl-l-tyrosine and fumaryl-l-phenylalanine which were identified by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Modeling of the first adenylation domain in silico provided insight into the structural requirements to bind fumaric acid as peptide synthetase substrate. This work adds aromatic fumaric acid amides to the secondary metabolome of the important human pathogen A. fumigatus which was previously not known as a producer of these compounds.
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Bills G, Li Y, Chen L, Yue Q, Niu XM, An Z. New insights into the echinocandins and other fungal non-ribosomal peptides and peptaibiotics. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1348-75. [PMID: 25156669 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00046c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are a primary modality for fungal peptidic natural product assembly and are responsible for some of the best known, most useful, and most destructive fungal metabolites. Through genome sequencing and computer-assisted recognition of modular motifs of catalytic domains, one can now confidently identify most NRPS biosynthetic genes of a fungal strain. The biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for two of the most important classes of NRP fungal derived drugs, cyclosporine and the echinocandins, have been recently characterized by genomic sequencing and annotation. Complete biosynthetic gene clusters for the pneumocandins and echinocandins have been mapped at the genetic level and functionally characterized to some extent. Genomic sequencing of representative strains of most of the variants in the echinocandin family, including the wild-type of the three fungal strains employed for industrial-scale production of caspofungin, micafungin and anidulofungin, has enabled characterization of the basic architecture of the echinocandin NRPS pathways. A comparative analysis of how pathway genes cause variations in lipoinitiation, biosynthesis of the non-proteinogenic amino acids, amino acid substitutions, and hydroxylations and sulfonations of the core peptide and contribute to the molecular diversity of the family is presented. We also review new information on the natural functions of NRPs, the differences between fungal and bacterial NRPSs, and functional characterization of selected NRPS gene clusters. Continuing discovery of the new fungal nonribosomal peptides has contributed new structural diversity and potential insights into their biological functions among other natural peptides and peptaibiotics. We therefore provide an update on new peptides, depsipeptides and peptaibols discovered in the Fungi since 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.
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Pauly J, Nett M, Hoffmeister D. Ralfuranone Is Produced by an Alternative Aryl-Substituted γ-Lactone Biosynthetic Route in Ralstonia solanacearum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1967-1971. [PMID: 25033087 DOI: 10.1021/np500263r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aryl-substituted γ-lactones ralfuranones A and B were isolated after feeding L-[1-(13)C]-phenylalanine to a liquid culture of the plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. (13)C NMR analysis demonstrated specific enrichment of the label at position 2 of the γ-lactone. This labeling pattern is consistent with a biosynthetic mechanism that includes direct cyclization of two monomeric phenylpyruvate precursors into an α,β-substituted lactone, but incompatible with a terphenylquinone intermediate. As the latter was shown as an intermediate in allantofuranone biosynthesis, we conclude that aryl-substituted γ-lactones can be assembled via divergent biosynthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Nett
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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34
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Functional and phylogenetic divergence of fungal adenylate-forming reductases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6175-83. [PMID: 25085485 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01767-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in fungal L-lysine biosynthesis is catalyzed by adenylate-forming L-α-aminoadipic acid reductases, organized in domains for adenylation, thiolation, and the reduction step. However, the genomes of numerous ascomycetes and basidiomycetes contain an unexpectedly large number of additional genes encoding similar but functionally distinct enzymes. Here, we describe the functional in vitro characterization of four reductases which were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli. The Ceriporiopsis subvermispora serine reductase Nps1 features a terminal ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) domain and thus belongs to a hitherto undescribed class of fungal multidomain enzymes. The second major class is characterized by the canonical terminal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain and represented by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora Nps3 as the first biochemically characterized L-α-aminoadipic acid reductase of basidiomycete origin. Aspergillus flavus l-tyrosine reductases LnaA and LnbA are members of a distinct phylogenetic clade. Phylogenetic analysis supports the view that fungal adenylate-forming reductases are more diverse than previously recognized and belong to four distinct classes.
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35
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Zhu J, Chen W, Li YY, Deng JJ, Zhu DY, Duan J, Liu Y, Shi GY, Xie C, Wang HX, Shen YM. Identification and catalytic characterization of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of echosides from Streptomyces sp. LZ35. Gene 2014; 546:352-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Chooi YH, Muria-Gonzalez MJ, Solomon PS. A genome-wide survey of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes in the wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum.. Mycology 2014; 5:192-206. [PMID: 25379341 PMCID: PMC4205913 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2014.928386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The model pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum is a necrotroph and the causal agent of the wheat disease Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). The sequenced P. nodorum genome has revealed that the fungus harbours a large number of secondary metabolite genes. Secondary metabolites are known to play important roles in the virulence of plant pathogens, but limited knowledge is available about the SM repertoire of this wheat pathogen. Here, we review the secondary metabolites that have been isolated from P. nodorum and related species of the same genus and provide an in-depth genome-wide overview of the secondary metabolite gene clusters encoded in the P. nodorum genome. The secondary metabolite gene survey reveals that P. nodorum is capable of producing a diverse range of small molecules and exciting prospects exist for discovery of novel virulence factors and bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Heng Chooi
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
| | - Mariano Jordi Muria-Gonzalez
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
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37
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Schild HA, Fuchs SW, Bode HB, Grünewald B. Low-molecular-weight metabolites secreted by Paenibacillus larvae as potential virulence factors of American foulbrood. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2484-92. [PMID: 24509920 PMCID: PMC3993163 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04049-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae causes a severe and highly infective bee disease, American foulbrood (AFB). Despite the large economic losses induced by AFB, the virulence factors produced by P. larvae are as yet unknown. To identify such virulence factors, we experimentally infected young, susceptible larvae of the honeybee, Apis mellifera carnica, with different P. larvae isolates. Honeybee larvae were reared in vitro in 24-well plates in the laboratory after isolation from the brood comb. We identified genotype-specific differences in the etiopathology of AFB between the tested isolates of P. larvae, which were revealed by differences in the median lethal times. Furthermore, we confirmed that extracts of P. larvae cultures contain low-molecular-weight compounds, which are toxic to honeybee larvae. Our data indicate that P. larvae secretes metabolites into the medium with a potent honeybee toxic activity pointing to a novel pathogenic factor(s) of P. larvae. Genome mining of P. larvae subsp. larvae BRL-230010 led to the identification of several biosynthesis gene clusters putatively involved in natural product biosynthesis, highlighting the potential of P. larvae to produce such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig-Annabell Schild
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Oberursel, Germany
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian W. Fuchs
- Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Grünewald
- Institut für Bienenkunde, Polytechnische Gesellschaft, Oberursel, Germany
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Deng J, Lu C, Li S, Hao H, Li Z, Zhu J, Li Y, Shen Y. p-Terphenyl O-β-glucuronides, DNA topoisomerase inhibitors from Streptomyces sp. LZ35ΔgdmAI. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1362-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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39
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Schmidt-Dannert C. Biosynthesis of terpenoid natural products in fungi. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 148:19-61. [PMID: 25414054 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of terpenoid natural products have been isolated from plants and microbial sources. Higher fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are known to produce an array of well-known terpenoid natural products, including mycotoxins, antibiotics, antitumor compounds, and phytohormones. Except for a few well-studied fungal biosynthetic pathways, the majority of genes and biosynthetic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of a small number of these secondary metabolites have only been discovered and characterized in the past 5-10 years. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on fungal terpenoid biosynthesis from biochemical, genetic, and genomic viewpoints. Enzymes involved in synthesizing, transferring, and cyclizing the prenyl chains that form the hydrocarbon scaffolds of fungal terpenoid natural products are systematically discussed. Genomic information and functional evidence suggest differences between the terpenome of the two major fungal phyla--the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota--which will be illustrated for each group of terpenoid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA,
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40
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Pauly J, Spiteller D, Linz J, Jacobs J, Allen C, Nett M, Hoffmeister D. Ralfuranone Thioether Production by the Plant PathogenRalstonia solanacearum. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2169-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bimodular peptide synthetase SidE produces fumarylalanine in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6670-6. [PMID: 23974138 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02642-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous mold Aspergillus fumigatus causes invasive aspergillosis, a potentially life-threatening infectious disease, in humans. The sidE gene encodes a bimodular peptide synthetase and was shown previously to be strongly upregulated during initiation of murine lung infection. In this study, we characterized the two adenylation domains of SidE with the ATP-[(32)P]pyrophosphate exchange assay in vitro, which identified fumarate and l-alanine, respectively, as the preferred substrates. Using full-length holo-SidE, fumarylalanine (FA) formation was observed in vitro. Furthermore, FA was identified in A. fumigatus culture supernatants under inducing conditions, unless sidE was genetically inactivated. As FA is structurally related to established pharmaceutical products exerting immunomodulatory activity, this work may contribute to our understanding of the virulence of A. fumigatus.
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42
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Kalb D, Lackner G, Hoffmeister D. Fungal peptide synthetases: an update on functions and specificity signatures. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Fukuda T, Tomoda H. Tylopilusin C, a new diphenolic compound from the fruiting bodies of Tylopilus eximinus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:355-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Wackler B, Lackner G, Chooi YH, Hoffmeister D. Characterization of the Suillus grevillei Quinone Synthetase GreA Supports a Nonribosomal Code for Aromatic α-Keto Acids. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1798-804. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Watkinson S, Eastwood D. Serpula lacrymans, Wood and Buildings. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 78:121-49. [PMID: 22305095 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394805-2.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Serpula lacrymans, the causative agent of dry rot timber decay in buildings, is a Basidiomycete fungus in the Boletales clade. It owes its destructiveness to a uniquely well-developed capacity to colonize by rapid mycelial spread from sites of initial spore infection, coupled with aggressive degradation of wood cellulose. Genomic methods have recently elucidated the evolution and enzymic repertoire of the fungus, suggesting that it has a distinctive mode of brown rot wood decay. Using novel methods to image nutrient translocation, its mycelium has been modeled as a highly responsive resource-supply network. Dry rot is preventable by keeping timber dry. However, in established outbreaks, further mycelial spread can be arrested by inhibitors of translocation.
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Lee EJ, Facchini PJ. Tyrosine aminotransferase contributes to benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1067-78. [PMID: 21949209 PMCID: PMC3252151 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.185512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine aminotransferase (TyrAT) catalyzes the transamination of L-Tyr and α-ketoglutarate, yielding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and L-glutamate. The decarboxylation product of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, is a precursor to a large and diverse group of natural products known collectively as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). We have isolated and characterized a TyrAT cDNA from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), which remains the only commercial source for several pharmaceutical BIAs, including codeine, morphine, and noscapine. TyrAT belongs to group I pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes wherein Schiff base formation occurs between PLP and a specific Lys residue. The amino acid sequence of TyrAT showed considerable homology to other putative plant TyrATs, although few of these have been functionally characterized. Purified, recombinant TyrAT displayed a molecular mass of approximately 46 kD and a substrate preference for L-Tyr and α-ketoglutarate, with apparent K(m) values of 1.82 and 0.35 mm, respectively. No specific requirement for PLP was detected in vitro. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the conversion of L-Tyr to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. TyrAT gene transcripts were most abundant in roots and stems of mature opium poppy plants. Virus-induced gene silencing was used to evaluate the contribution of TyrAT to BIA metabolism in opium poppy. TyrAT transcript levels were reduced by at least 80% in silenced plants compared with controls and showed a moderate reduction in total alkaloid content. The modest correlation between transcript levels and BIA accumulation in opium poppy supports a role for TyrAT in the generation of alkaloid precursors, but it also suggests the occurrence of other sources for 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde.
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Misiek M, Braesel J, Hoffmeister D. Characterisation of the ArmA adenylation domain implies a more diverse secondary metabolism in the genus Armillaria. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:775-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eastwood DC, Floudas D, Binder M, Majcherczyk A, Schneider P, Aerts A, Asiegbu FO, Baker SE, Barry K, Bendiksby M, Blumentritt M, Coutinho PM, Cullen D, de Vries RP, Gathman A, Goodell B, Henrissat B, Ihrmark K, Kauserud H, Kohler A, LaButti K, Lapidus A, Lavin JL, Lee YH, Lindquist E, Lilly W, Lucas S, Morin E, Murat C, Oguiza JA, Park J, Pisabarro AG, Riley R, Rosling A, Salamov A, Schmidt O, Schmutz J, Skrede I, Stenlid J, Wiebenga A, Xie X, Kües U, Hibbett DS, Hoffmeister D, Högberg N, Martin F, Grigoriev IV, Watkinson SC. The plant cell wall-decomposing machinery underlies the functional diversity of forest fungi. Science 2011; 333:762-5. [PMID: 21764756 DOI: 10.1126/science.1205411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown rot decay removes cellulose and hemicellulose from wood--residual lignin contributing up to 30% of forest soil carbon--and is derived from an ancestral white rot saprotrophy in which both lignin and cellulose are decomposed. Comparative and functional genomics of the "dry rot" fungus Serpula lacrymans, derived from forest ancestors, demonstrated that the evolution of both ectomycorrhizal biotrophy and brown rot saprotrophy were accompanied by reductions and losses in specific protein families, suggesting adaptation to an intercellular interaction with plant tissue. Transcriptome and proteome analysis also identified differences in wood decomposition in S. lacrymans relative to the brown rot Postia placenta. Furthermore, fungal nutritional mode diversification suggests that the boreal forest biome originated via genetic coevolution of above- and below-ground biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Eastwood
- College of Science, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Wackler B, Schneider P, Jacobs J, Pauly J, Allen C, Nett M, Hoffmeister D. Ralfuranone Biosynthesis in Ralstonia solanacearum Suggests Functional Divergence in the Quinone Synthetase Family of Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:354-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Colocalization of amanitin and a candidate toxin-processing prolyl oligopeptidase in Amanita basidiocarps. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1891-900. [PMID: 20889720 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00161-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungi in the basidiomycetous genus Amanita owe their high mammalian toxicity to the bicyclic octapeptide amatoxins such as α-amanitin. Amatoxins and the related phallotoxins (such as the heptapeptide phalloidin) are encoded by members of the "MSDIN" gene family and are synthesized on ribosomes as short (34- to 35-amino-acid) proproteins. Antiamanitin antibodies and confocal microscopy were used to determine the cellular and subcellular localizations of amanitin accumulation in basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the Eastern North American destroying angel (Amanita bisporigera). Consistent with previous studies, amanitin is present throughout the basidiocarp (stipe, pileus, lamellae, trama, and universal veil), but it is present in only a subset of cells within these tissues. Restriction of amanitin to certain cells is especially marked in the hymenium. Several lines of evidence implicate a specific prolyl oligopeptidase, A. bisporigera POPB (AbPOPB), in the initial processing of the amanitin and phallotoxin proproteins. The gene for AbPOPB is restricted taxonomically to the amatoxin-producing species of Amanita and is clustered in the genome with at least one expressed member of the MSDIN gene family. Immunologically, amanitin and AbPOPB show a high degree of colocalization, indicating that toxin biosynthesis and accumulation occur in the same cells and possibly in the same subcellular compartments.
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