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Gryganskyi AP, Hajek AE, Voloshchuk N, Idnurm A, Eilenberg J, Manfrino RG, Bushley KE, Kava L, Kutovenko VB, Anike F, Nie Y. Potential for Use of Species in the Subfamily Erynioideae for Biological Control and Biotechnology. Microorganisms 2024; 12:168. [PMID: 38257994 PMCID: PMC10820730 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The fungal order Entomophthorales in the Zoopagomycota includes many fungal pathogens of arthropods. This review explores six genera in the subfamily Erynioideae within the family Entomophthoraceae, namely, Erynia, Furia, Orthomyces, Pandora, Strongwellsea, and Zoophthora. This is the largest subfamily in the Entomophthorales, including 126 described species. The species diversity, global distribution, and host range of this subfamily are summarized. Relatively few taxa are geographically widespread, and few have broad host ranges, which contrasts with many species with single reports from one location and one host species. The insect orders infected by the greatest numbers of species are the Diptera and Hemiptera. Across the subfamily, relatively few species have been cultivated in vitro, and those that have require more specialized media than many other fungi. Given their potential to attack arthropods and their position in the fungal evolutionary tree, we discuss which species might be adopted for biological control purposes or biotechnological innovations. Current challenges in the implementation of these species in biotechnology include the limited ability or difficulty in culturing many in vitro, a correlated paucity of genomic resources, and considerations regarding the host ranges of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii P. Gryganskyi
- Division of Biological & Nanoscale Technologies, UES, Inc., Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Ann E. Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Nataliya Voloshchuk
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Biotechnology and Ecology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (N.V.); (L.K.)
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Romina G. Manfrino
- CEPAVE—Center for Parasitological & Vector Studies, CONICET-National Scientific & Technical Research Council, UNLP-National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | | | - Liudmyla Kava
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Biotechnology and Ecology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (N.V.); (L.K.)
| | - Vira B. Kutovenko
- Agrobiological Faculty of Plant Protection, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Felicia Anike
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA;
| | - Yong Nie
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, China;
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2
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Zhang L, Yang T, Su X, Zhang X, Zhou X. Debilitation of Galleria mellonella hemocytes using CytCo a cytolytic-like protein derived from the entomopathogen Conidiobolus obscurus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105418. [PMID: 37247995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic (Cyt)-like genes are present in both pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Bacterial Cyt proteins can destroy insect midgut epithelial cells after ingestion by hosts and some of them have been developed as biopesticides; however, few studies have investigated their functions in fungal pathogens. This study investigated the effects of a Cyt-like protein (CytCo) derived from Conidiobolus obscurus (Entomophthoromycotina) on the hemocytes of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae. The results showed a significant decline in hemocyte viability after treatment with CytCo in vivo or in vitro. The hemocyte density in the hemolymph was reduced by 65.2% and 50.2% after 12 h in vivo and 6 h in vitro treatments, respectively. Apoptosis/necrosis tests using fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that CytCo-treated hemocytes displayed apoptosis, and many of them also showed necrosis after 6 h in vitro treatment. Based on transcriptome analysis, several genes involved in the programmed cell death signaling pathway were upregulated in the CytCo-treated hemocytes. Meanwhile, the differentially expressed genes related to energy production, signal transduction, transcription regulation, and melanization were upregulated, demonstrating activated immune responses; those putatively related to hemocyte adhesion were downregulated, possibly in response to the reduction of hemocytes in hemolymph. In conclusion, CytCo as a virulence factor, could irreversibly incapacitate host hemocytes, playing an important role in debilitating insect immunity. This novel insecticidal protein holds a potential to develop biopesticide for controlling agroforestry pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvhao Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Tian Yang
- State key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Xiu Su
- State key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Xinqi Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China.
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3
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Yang T, Wang X, Zhou X. Microbiome Analysis of the Bamboo Aphid Melanaphis bambusae Infected with the Aphid Obligate Pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus (Entomophthoromycotina). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111040. [PMID: 36354864 PMCID: PMC9692958 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Insect-associated microbes exert diverse effects on host fitness. This study provides insights into the microbiota of the bamboo aphid, Melanaphis bambusae, and their response to Conidiobolus obscurus infection. 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing data were used to analyze the bacterial and fungal samples associated with healthy, infected, and starved aphids. At ≥97% nucleotide similarity, the total reads were clustered into 79 bacteria and 97 fungi operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). The phyla Proteobacteria and Ascomycota dominated the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. The significant divergence in OTU distribution presented differential profiles of the microbiota in response to host conditions. Lower α-diversity indices were found in bacterial and fungal diversity when the aphids were experiencing fungal infection and starvation stresses, respectively. The β-diversity analyses of the communities showed significant differences among the three host conditions, demonstrating that aphid-associated microbiota could significantly shift in response to varying host conditions. Moreover, some OTUs increased under fungal infection, which potentially increased aphid susceptibility. Presumably, C. obscurus infection contributed to this increase by causing the disintegration of host tissues other than host starvation. In conclusion, understanding the differentiation of aphid microbiota caused by fungal entomopathogens helped facilitate the development of novel pest management strategies.
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Genome-Wide Study of Conidiation-Related Genes in the Aphid-Obligate Fungal Pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus (Entomophthoromycotina). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040389. [PMID: 35448620 PMCID: PMC9026835 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi in the Entomophthorales order can cause insect disease and epizootics in nature, contributing to biological pest control in agriculture and forestry. Most Entomophthorales have narrow host ranges, limited to the arthropod family level; however, rare genomic information about host-specific fungi has been reported. Conidiation is crucial for entomopathogenic fungi to explore insect resources owing to the important roles of conidia in the infection cycle, such as dispersal, adhesion, germination, and penetration into the host hemocoel. In this study, we analyzed the whole genome sequence of the aphid-obligate pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus strain ARSEF 7217 (Entomophthoromycotina), using Nanopore technology from Biomarker Technologies (Beijing, China). The genome size was 37.6 Mb, and encoded 10,262 predicted genes, wherein 21.3% genes were putatively associated to the pathogen–host interaction. In particular, the serine protease repertoire in C. obscurus exhibited expansions in the trypsin and subtilisin classes, which play vital roles in the fungus’ pathogenicity. Differentially expressed transcriptomic patterns were analyzed in three conidiation stages (pre-conidiation, emerging conidiation, and post-conidiation), and 2915 differentially expressed genes were found to be associated with the conidiation process. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that 772 hub genes in conidiation are mainly involved in insect cuticular component degradation, cell wall/membrane biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and transcription regulation. Our findings of the genomic and transcriptomic features of C. obscurus help reveal the molecular mechanism of the Entomophthorales pathogenicity, which will contribute to improving fungal applications in pest control.
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de Bekker C, Beckerson WC, Elya C. Mechanisms behind the Madness: How Do Zombie-Making Fungal Entomopathogens Affect Host Behavior To Increase Transmission? mBio 2021; 12:e0187221. [PMID: 34607463 PMCID: PMC8546595 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01872-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission is a crucial step in all pathogen life cycles. As such, certain species have evolved complex traits that increase their chances to find and invade new hosts. Fungal species that hijack insect behaviors are evident examples. Many of these "zombie-making" entomopathogens cause their hosts to exhibit heightened activity, seek out elevated positions, and display body postures that promote spore dispersal, all with specific circadian timing. Answering how fungal entomopathogens manipulate their hosts will increase our understanding of molecular aspects underlying fungus-insect interactions, pathogen-host coevolution, and the regulation of animal behavior. It may also lead to the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, given that the fungi involved have traditionally been understudied. This minireview summarizes and discusses recent work on zombie-making fungi of the orders Hypocreales and Entomophthorales that has resulted in hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that drive fungal manipulation of insect behavior. We discuss mechanical processes, host chemical signaling pathways, and fungal secreted effectors proposed to be involved in establishing pathogen-adaptive behaviors. Additionally, we touch on effectors' possible modes of action and how the convergent evolution of host manipulation could have given rise to the many parallels in observed behaviors across fungus-insect systems and beyond. However, the hypothesized mechanisms of behavior manipulation have yet to be proven. We, therefore, also suggest avenues of research that would move the field toward a more quantitative future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa de Bekker
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - William C. Beckerson
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Carolyn Elya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Ye G, Zhang L, Zhou X. Long noncoding RNAs are potentially involved in the degeneration of virulence in an aphid-obligate pathogen, Conidiobolus obscurus (Entomophthoromycotina). Virulence 2021; 12:1705-1716. [PMID: 34167451 PMCID: PMC8237998 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1938806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence attenuation frequently occurs in in vitro culturing of pathogenic microbes. In this study, we investigated the total putative long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in an aphid-obligate pathogen, Conidiobolus obscurus, and screened the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and protein-coding genes involved in the virulence decline. The virulence was significantly attenuated after eight subculturing events, in which the median lethal concentration of the conidia ejected from mycelial mats relative to the bamboo aphid, Takecallis taiwanus, increased from 36.1 to 126.1 conidia mm–2, four days after inoculation. In total, 1,252 lncRNAs were identified based on the genome-wide transcriptional analysis. By characterizing their molecular structures and expression patterns, we found that the lncRNAs possessed shorter transcripts, lower expression, and fewer exons than did protein-coding genes in C. obscurus. A total of 410 DE genes of 329 protein-coding genes and 81 lncRNAs were identified. The functional enrichment analysis showed the DE genes were enriched in peptidase activity, protein folding, autophagy, and metabolism. Moreover, target prediction analysis of the 81 lncRNAs revealed 3,111 cis-regulated and 23 trans-regulated mRNAs, while 121 DE lncRNA-mRNA pairs were possibly involved in virulence decline. Moreover, the DE lncRNA-regulated target genes mainly encoded small heat shock proteins, secretory proteins, transporters, autophagy proteins, and other stress response-related proteins. This implies that the decline in virulence regulated by lncRNAs was likely associated with the environmental stress response of C. obscurus. Hence, these findings can provide insights into the lncRNA molecules of Entomophthoromycotina, with regards to virulence regulators of entomopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Ye
- Forest Protection Department, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-efficient Preparation, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lvhao Zhang
- Forest Protection Department, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-efficient Preparation, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Forest Protection Department, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory of Biopesticide High-efficient Preparation, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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7
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Intraspecific variation in immune gene expression and heritable symbiont density. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009552. [PMID: 33901257 PMCID: PMC8102006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic variation plays an important role in the structure and function of heritable microbial communities. Recent studies have shown that insects use immune mechanisms to regulate heritable symbionts. Here we test the hypothesis that variation in symbiont density among hosts is linked to intraspecific differences in the immune response to harboring symbionts. We show that pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) harboring the bacterial endosymbiont Regiella insecticola (but not all other species of symbionts) downregulate expression of key immune genes. We then functionally link immune expression with symbiont density using RNAi. The pea aphid species complex is comprised of multiple reproductively-isolated host plant-adapted populations. These ‘biotypes’ have distinct patterns of symbiont infections: for example, aphids from the Trifolium biotype are strongly associated with Regiella. Using RNAseq, we compare patterns of gene expression in response to Regiella in aphid genotypes from multiple biotypes, and we show that Trifolium aphids experience no downregulation of immune gene expression while hosting Regiella and harbor symbionts at lower densities. Using F1 hybrids between two biotypes, we find that symbiont density and immune gene expression are both intermediate in hybrids. We propose that in this system, Regiella symbionts are suppressing aphid immune mechanisms to increase their density, but that some hosts have adapted to prevent immune suppression in order to control symbiont numbers. This work therefore suggests that antagonistic coevolution can play a role in host-microbe interactions even when symbionts are transmitted vertically and provide a clear benefit to their hosts. The specific immune mechanisms that we find are downregulated in the presence of Regiella have been previously shown to combat pathogens in aphids, and thus this work also highlights the immune system’s complex dual role in interacting with both beneficial and harmful microbes. Insects frequently form beneficial partnerships with heritable microbes that are passed from mothers to offspring. Natural populations exhibit a great deal of variation in the frequency of heritable microbes and in the within-host density of these infections. Uncovering the mechanisms underlying variation in host-microbe interactions is key to understanding how they evolve. We study a model host-microbe interaction: the pea aphid and a heritable bacterium that makes aphids resistant to fungal pathogens. We show that aphids harboring bacteria show sharply reduced expression of innate immune system genes, and that this leads to increased densities of symbionts. We further show that populations of aphids that live on different species of plants vary in differential immune gene expression and in the density of their symbiont infections. This study contributes to our mechanistic understanding of an important model of host-microbe symbiosis and suggests that hosts and heritable microbes are evolving antagonistically. This work also sheds light on how invertebrate immune systems evolve to manage the complex task of combatting harmful pathogens while accommodating potentially beneficial microbes.
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8
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Macias AM, Geiser DM, Stajich JE, Łukasik P, Veloso C, Bublitz DC, Berger MC, Boyce GR, Hodge K, Kasson MT. Evolutionary relationships among Massospora spp. (Entomophthorales), obligate pathogens of cicadas. Mycologia 2020; 112:1060-1074. [PMID: 32412847 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1742033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Massospora (Zoopagomycota: Entomophthorales) includes more than a dozen obligate, sexually transmissible pathogenic species that infect cicadas (Hemiptera) worldwide. At least two species are known to produce psychoactive compounds during infection, which has garnered considerable interest for this enigmatic genus. As with many Entomophthorales, the evolutionary relationships and host associations of Massospora spp. are not well understood. The acquisition of M. diceroproctae from Arizona, M. tettigatis from Chile, and M. platypediae from California and Colorado provided an opportunity to conduct molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological studies to investigate whether these fungi represent a monophyletic group and delimit species boundaries. In a three-locus phylogenetic analysis including the D1-D2 domains of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene (28S), elongation factor 1 alpha-like (EFL), and beta-tubulin (BTUB), Massospora was resolved in a strongly supported monophyletic group containing four well-supported genealogically exclusive lineages, based on two of three methods of phylogenetic inference. There was incongruence among the single-gene trees: two methods of phylogenetic inference recovered trees with either the same topology as the three-gene concatenated tree (EFL) or a basal polytomy (28S, BTUB). Massospora levispora and M. platypediae isolates formed a single lineage in all analyses and are synonymized here as M. levispora. Massospora diceroproctae was sister to M. cicadina in all three single-gene trees and on an extremely long branch relative to the other Massospora, and even the outgroup taxa, which may reflect an accelerated rate of molecular evolution and/or incomplete taxon sampling. The results of the morphological study presented here indicate that spore measurements may not be phylogenetically or diagnostically informative. Despite recent advances in understanding the ecology of Massospora, much about its host range and diversity remains unexplored. The emerging phylogenetic framework can provide a foundation for exploring coevolutionary relationships with cicada hosts and the evolution of behavior-altering compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - David M Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California , Riverside, California 92521
| | - Piotr Łukasik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University , 30-387 Kraków, Poland.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Claudio Veloso
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Science Faculty, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - DeAnna C Bublitz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Matthew C Berger
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Greg R Boyce
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Kathie Hodge
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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9
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Characterization of a cytolytic-like gene from the aphid-obligate fungal pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 173:107366. [PMID: 32224143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytolytic (Cyt)-like genes are known by omics analyses to exist widely in bacterial and fungal pathogens, but their insecticidal activities in fungi remains unknown. A full-length coding sequence of a Cyt-like gene was first amplified from Conidiobolus obscurus (an obligate aphid-pathogenic fungus) through RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends). The deduced protein structure was structurally characterized by a single Cyt-typical α/β domain. The expression level of the Cyt-like gene in conidia correlated well with the fungal virulence against aphids (r2 = 0.97). The results demonstrate the Cyt-like gene acts as an important virulence factor of C. obscurus against aphids, and has potential for exploitation in aphid control.
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10
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Saussure S, Westrum K, Roer Hjelkrem AG, Klingen I. Effect of three isolates of Pandora neoaphidis from a single population of Sitobion avenae on mortality, speed of kill and fecundity of S. avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi at different temperatures. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Boyce GR, Gluck-Thaler E, Slot JC, Stajich JE, Davis WJ, James TY, Cooley JR, Panaccione DG, Eilenberg J, De Fine Licht HH, Macias AM, Berger MC, Wickert KL, Stauder CM, Spahr EJ, Maust MD, Metheny AM, Simon C, Kritsky G, Hodge KT, Humber RA, Gullion T, Short DPG, Kijimoto T, Mozgai D, Arguedas N, Kasson MT. Psychoactive plant- and mushroom-associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens. FUNGAL ECOL 2019; 41:147-164. [PMID: 31768192 PMCID: PMC6876628 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi routinely kill their hosts before releasing infectious spores, but a few species keep insects alive while sporulating, which enhances dispersal. Transcriptomics- and metabolomics-based studies of entomopathogens with post-mortem dissemination from their parasitized hosts have unraveled infection processes and host responses. However, the mechanisms underlying active spore transmission by Entomophthoralean fungi in living insects remain elusive. Here we report the discovery, through metabolomics, of the plant-associated amphetamine, cathinone, in four Massospora cicadina-infected periodical cicada populations, and the mushroom-associated tryptamine, psilocybin, in annual cicadas infected with Massospora platypediae or Massospora levispora, which likely represent a single fungal species. The absence of some fungal enzymes necessary for cathinone and psilocybin biosynthesis along with the inability to detect intermediate metabolites or gene orthologs are consistent with possibly novel biosynthesis pathways in Massospora. The neurogenic activities of these compounds suggest the extended phenotype of Massospora that modifies cicada behavior to maximize dissemination is chemically-induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg R Boyce
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Emile Gluck-Thaler
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - William J Davis
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tim Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John R Cooley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
| | - Daniel G Panaccione
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Matthew C Berger
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kristen L Wickert
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cameron M Stauder
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ellie J Spahr
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Matthew D Maust
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Amy M Metheny
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Gene Kritsky
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
| | - Kathie T Hodge
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Humber
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,USDA-ARS-NAA-BioIPM, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Terry Gullion
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | | | - Teiya Kijimoto
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Dan Mozgai
- Cicadamania.com, Sea Bright, New Jersey, 07760, USA
| | | | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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12
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Eilenberg J, Saussure S, Ben Fekih I, Jensen AB, Klingen I. Factors driving susceptibility and resistance in aphids that share specialist fungal pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 33:91-98. [PMID: 31358202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana are widespread and important specialist fungal pathogens of aphids in cereals (Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi). The two aphid species share these pathogens and we compare factors influencing susceptibility and resistance. Among factors that may influence susceptibility and resistance are aphid behavior, conspecific versus heterospecific host, aphid morph, life cycle, and presence of protective endosymbionts. It seems that the conspecific host is more susceptible (less resistant) than the heterospecific host, and alates are more susceptible than apterae. We conceptualize the findings in a diagram showing possible transmission in field situations and we pinpoint where there are knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Stéphanie Saussure
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Science, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ibtissem Ben Fekih
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ingeborg Klingen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
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13
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Santi L, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Berger M, Klein LAS, De Souza EM, Rosa RL, Guimarães JA, Yates JR, Perinotto WMS, Bittencourt VREP, Beys-da-Silva WO. Secretomic analysis of Beauveria bassiana related to cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, infection. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:361-372. [PMID: 30361880 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is widely studied as an alternative to chemical acaricides in controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Although its biocontrol efficiency has been proved in laboratory and field scales, there is a need to a better understanding of host interaction process at molecular level related to biocontrol activity. In this work, applying a proteomic technique multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), the differential secretome of B. bassiana induced by the host R. microplus cuticle was evaluated. The use of the host cuticle in a culture medium, mimicking an infection condition, is an established experimental model that triggers the secretion of inducible enzymes. From a total of 236 proteins, 50 proteins were identified exclusively in infection condition, assigned to different aspects of infection like host adhesion, cuticle penetration and fungal defense, and stress. Other 32 proteins were considered up- or down-regulated. In order to get a meaningful global view of the secretome, several bioinformatic analyses were performed. Regarding molecular function classification, the highest number of proteins in the differential secretome was assigned in to hydrolase activity, enzyme class of all cuticle-degrading enzymes like lipases and proteases. These activities were also further validated through enzymatic assays. The results presented here reveal dozens of specific proteins and different processes potentially implicated in cattle tick infection improving the understanding of molecular basis of biocontrol of B. bassiana against R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Caio J B Coutinho-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rod BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Lisete A S Klein
- Univates, Av Avelino Talini, 171, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael L Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wendell M S Perinotto
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Tv. Primeira Brejinhos, 540-736, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rod BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
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14
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Wang J, Zhou X, Guo K, Zhang X, Lin H, Montalva C. Transcriptomic insight into pathogenicity-associated factors of Conidiobolus obscurus, an obligate aphid-pathogenic fungus belonging to Entomopthoromycota. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1677-1686. [PMID: 29337410 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conidiobolus obscurus is a widespread fungal entomopathogen with aphid biocontrol potential. This study focused on a de novo transcriptomic analysis of C. obscurus. RESULTS A number of pathogenicity-associated factors were annotated for the first time from the assembled 17 231 fungal unigenes, including those encoding subtilisin-like proteolytic enzymes (Pr1s), trypsin-like proteases, metalloproteases, carboxypeptidases and endochitinases. Many of these genes were transcriptionally up-regulated by at least twofold in mycotized cadavers compared with the in vitro fungal cultures. The resultant transcriptomic database was validated by the transcript levels of three selected pathogenicity-related genes quantified from different in vivo and in vitro material in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The involvement of multiple Pr1 proteases in the first stage of fungal infection was also suggested. Interestingly, a unique cytolytic (Cyt)-like δ-endotoxin gene was highly expressed in both mycotized cadavers and fungal cultures, and was more or less distinct from its homologues in bacteria and other fungi. CONCLUSION Our findings provide the first global insight into various pathogenicity-related genes in this obligate aphid pathogen and may help to develop novel biocontrol strategy against aphid pests. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Wang
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqi Zhang
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Lin
- National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficient Preparation of Biopesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Cristian Montalva
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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15
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Zhang S, Chen C, Xie T, Ye S. Identification and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR studies of the obligate aphid pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis during different developmental stages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179930. [PMID: 28672012 PMCID: PMC5495205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of stable reference genes is a critical step for the accurate quantification of gene expression. To identify and validate the reference genes in Pandora neoaphidis–an obligate aphid pathogenic fungus—the expression of 13classical candidate reference genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) at four developmental stages (conidia, conidia with germ tubes, short hyphae and elongated hyphae). Four statistical algorithms, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Delta Ct method were used to rank putative reference genes according to their expression stability and indicate the best reference gene or combination of reference genes for accurate normalization. The analysis of comprehensive ranking revealed that ACT1and 18Swas the most stably expressed genes throughout the developmental stages. To further validate the suitability of the reference genes identified in this study, the expression of cell division control protein 25 (CDC25) and Chitinase 1(CHI1) genes were used to further confirm the validated candidate reference genes. Our study presented the first systematic study of reference gene(s) selection for P. neoaphidis study and provided guidelines to obtain more accurate qPCR results for future developmental efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Zhang
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Chen
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Tingna Xie
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sudan Ye
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Gryganskyi AP, Mullens BA, Gajdeczka MT, Rehner SA, Vilgalys R, Hajek AE. Hijacked: Co-option of host behavior by entomophthoralean fungi. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006274. [PMID: 28472199 PMCID: PMC5417710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrii P. Gryganskyi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bradley A. Mullens
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Gajdeczka
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Rehner
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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17
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Parker BJ, Barribeau SM, Laughton AM, Griffin LH, Gerardo NM. Life-history strategy determines constraints on immune function. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:473-483. [PMID: 28211052 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Determining the factors governing investment in immunity is critical to understanding host-pathogen ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Studies often consider disease resistance in the context of life-history theory, with the expectation that investment in immunity will be optimized in anticipation of disease risk. Immunity, however, is constrained by context-dependent fitness costs. How the costs of immunity vary across life-history strategies has yet to be considered. Pea aphids are typically unwinged but produce winged offspring in response to high population densities and deteriorating conditions. This is an example of polyphenism, a strategy used by many organisms to adjust to environmental cues. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between the fitness costs of immunity, pathogen resistance and the strength of an immune response across aphid morphs that differ in life-history strategy but are genetically identical. We measured fecundity of winged and unwinged aphids challenged with a heat-inactivated fungal pathogen, and found that immune costs are limited to winged aphids. We hypothesized that these costs reflect stronger investment in immunity in anticipation of higher disease risk, and that winged aphids would be more resistant due to a stronger immune response. However, producing wings is energetically expensive. This guided an alternative hypothesis - that investing resources into wings could lead to a reduced capacity to resist infection. We measured survival and pathogen load after live fungal infection, and we characterized the aphid immune response to fungi by measuring immune cell concentration and gene expression. We found that winged aphids are less resistant and mount a weaker immune response than unwinged aphids, demonstrating that winged aphids pay higher costs for a less effective immune response. Our results show that polyphenism is an understudied factor influencing the expression of immune costs. More generally, our work shows that in addition to disease resistance, the costs of immunity vary between individuals with different life-history strategies. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding how organisms invest optimally in immunity in the light of context-dependent constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Biology, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 E. Clifton Rd. N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Seth M Barribeau
- Department of Biology, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 E. Clifton Rd. N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Alice M Laughton
- Department of Biology, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 E. Clifton Rd. N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lynn H Griffin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 E. Clifton Rd. N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 E. Clifton Rd. N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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18
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De Fine Licht HH, Jensen AB, Eilenberg J. Comparative transcriptomics reveal host-specific nucleotide variation in entomophthoralean fungi. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:2092-2110. [PMID: 27717247 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obligate parasites are under strong selection to increase exploitation of their host to survive while evading detection by host immune defences. This has often led to elaborate pathogen adaptations and extreme host specificity. Specialization on one host, however, often incurs a trade-off influencing the capacity to infect alternate hosts. Here, we investigate host adaptation in two morphologically indistinguishable and closely related obligate specialist insect-pathogenic fungi from the phylum Entomophthoromycota, Entomophthora muscae sensu stricto and E. muscae sensu lato, pathogens of houseflies (Musca domestica) and cabbage flies (Delia radicum), respectively. We compared single nucleotide polymorphisms within and between these two E. muscae species using 12 RNA-seq transcriptomes from five biological samples. All five isolates contained intra-isolate polymorphisms that segregate in 50:50 ratios, indicative of genetic duplication events or functional diploidy. Comparative analysis of dN/dS ratios between the multinucleate E. muscae s.str. and E. muscae s.l. revealed molecular signatures of positive selection in transcripts related to utilization of host lipids and the potential secretion of toxins that interfere with the host immune response. Phylogenetic comparison with the nonobligate generalist insect-pathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus revealed a gene-family expansion of trehalase enzymes in E. muscae. The main sugar in insect haemolymph is trehalose, and efficient sugar utilization was probably important for the evolutionary transition to obligate insect pathogenicity in E. muscae. These results support the hypothesis that genetically based host specialization in specialist pathogens evolves in response to the challenge of using resources and dealing with the immune system of different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H De Fine Licht
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Annette B Jensen
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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19
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Chen C, Xie T, Ye S, Jensen AB, Eilenberg J. Selection of reference genes for expression analysis in the entomophthoralean fungus Pandora neoaphidis. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:259-65. [PMID: 26887253 PMCID: PMC4822748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of suitable reference genes is crucial for accurate quantification of gene expression and can add to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. To identify suitable reference genes in Pandora neoaphidis, an obligate aphid pathogenic fungus, the expression of three traditional candidate genes including 18S rRNA(18S), 28S rRNA(28S) and elongation factor 1 alpha-like protein (EF1), were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction at different developmental stages (conidia, conidia with germ tubes, short hyphae and elongated hyphae), and under different nutritional conditions. We calculated the expression stability of candidate reference genes using four algorithms including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Delta Ct. The analysis results revealed that the comprehensive ranking of candidate reference genes from the most stable to the least stable was 18S (1.189), 28S (1.414) and EF1 (3). The 18S was, therefore, the most suitable reference gene for real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression under all conditions. These results will support further studies on gene expression in P. neoaphidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Tingna Xie
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sudan Ye
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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20
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Utilizing Genomics to Study Entomopathogenicity in the Fungal Phylum Entomophthoromycota. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:41-65. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Diverse bacterial symbionts of insect-pathogentic fungi and possible impact on the maintenance of virulence during infection. Symbiosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-015-0371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Małagocka J, Grell MN, Lange L, Eilenberg J, Jensen AB. Transcriptome of an entomophthoralean fungus (Pandora formicae) shows molecular machinery adjusted for successful host exploitation and transmission. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 128:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Lange L. The importance of fungi and mycology for addressing major global challenges*. IMA Fungus 2014; 5:463-71. [PMID: 25734035 PMCID: PMC4329327 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the new bioeconomy, fungi play a very important role in addressing major global challenges, being instrumental for improved resource efficiency, making renewable substitutes for products from fossil resources, upgrading waste streams to valuable food and feed ingredients, counteracting life-style diseases and antibiotic resistance through strengthening the gut biota, making crop plants more robust to survive climate change conditions, and functioning as host organisms for production of new biological drugs. This range of new uses of fungi all stand on the shoulders of the efforts of mycologists over generations: the scientific discipline mycology has built comprehensive understanding within fungal biodiversity, classification, evolution, genetics, physiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and nutrition. Applied mycology could not make progress without this platform. To unfold the full potentials of what fungi can do for both environment and man we need to strengthen the field of mycology on a global scale. The current mission statement gives an overview of where we are, what needs to be done, what obstacles to overcome, and which potentials are within reach. It further provides a vision for how mycology can be strengthened: The time is right to make the world aware of the immense importance of fungi and mycology for sustainable global development, where land, water and biological materials are used in a more efficient and more sustainable manner. This is an opportunity for profiling mycology by narrating the role played by fungi in the bioeconomy. Greater awareness and appreciation of the role of fungi can be used to build support for mycology around the world. Support will attract more talent to our field of study, empower mycologists around the world to generate more funds for necessary basic research, and strengthen the global mycology network. The use of fungi for unlocking the full potentials of the bioeconomy relies on such progress. The fungal kingdom can be an inspiration for even more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Lange
- Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark
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24
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Gray S, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Circulative, "nonpropagative" virus transmission: an orchestra of virus-, insect-, and plant-derived instruments. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:141-99. [PMID: 24751196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of plant viruses within the Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects in a circulative, nonpropagative manner. The precise route of virus movement through the vector can differ across and within virus families, but these viruses all share many biological, biochemical, and ecological features. All share temporal and spatial constraints with respect to transmission efficiency. The viruses also induce physiological changes in their plant hosts resulting in behavioral changes in the insects that optimize the transmission of virus to new hosts. Virus proteins interact with insect, endosymbiont, and plant proteins to orchestrate, directly and indirectly, virus movement in insects and plants to facilitate transmission. Knowledge of these complex interactions allows for the development of new tools to reduce or prevent transmission, to quickly identify important vector populations, and to improve the management of these economically important viruses affecting agricultural and natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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25
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Boomsma JJ, Jensen AB, Meyling NV, Eilenberg J. Evolutionary interaction networks of insect pathogenic fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 59:467-85. [PMID: 24160418 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lineages of insect pathogenic fungi are concentrated in three major clades: Hypocreales (several genera), Entomophthoromycota (orders Entomophthorales and Neozygitales), and Onygenales (genus Ascosphaera). Our review focuses on aspects of the evolutionary biology of these fungi that have remained underemphasized in previous reviews. To ensure integration with the better-known domains of insect pathology research, we followed a conceptual framework formulated by Tinbergen, asking complementary questions on mechanism, ontogeny, phylogeny, and adaptation. We aim to provide an introduction to the merits of evolutionary approaches for readers with a background in invertebrate pathology research and to make the insect pathogenic fungi more accessible as model systems for evolutionary biologists. We identify a number of questions in which fundamental research can offer novel insights into the evolutionary forces that have shaped host specialization and life-history traits such as spore number and size, somatic growth rate, toxin production, and interactions with host immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus J Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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26
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Lange L, Bech L, Busk PK, Grell MN, Huang Y, Lange M, Linde T, Pilgaard B, Roth D, Tong X. The importance of fungi and of mycology for a global development of the bioeconomy. IMA Fungus 2012; 3:87-92. [PMID: 23155503 PMCID: PMC3399105 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2012.03.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vision of the European common research programme for 2014–2020, called Horizon 2020, is to create a smarter, more sustainable and more inclusive society. However, this is a global endeavor, which is important for mycologists all over the world because it includes a special role for fungi and fungal products. After ten years of research on industrial scale conversion of biowaste, the conclusion is that the most efficient and gentle way of converting recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials into high value products for industrial purposes, is through the use of fungal enzymes. Moreover, fungi and fungal products are also instrumental in producing fermented foods, to give storage stability and improved health. Climate change will lead to increasingly severe stress on agricultural production and productivity, and here the solution may very well be that fungi will be brought into use as a new generation of agricultural inoculants to provide more robust, more nutrient efficient, and more drought tolerant crop plants. However, much more knowledge is required in order to be able to fully exploit the potentials of fungi, to deliver what is needed and to address the major global challenges through new biological processes, products, and solutions. This knowledge can be obtained by studying the fungal proteome and metabolome; the biology of fungal RNA and epigenetics; protein expression, homologous as well as heterologous; fungal host/substrate relations; physiology, especially of extremophiles; and, not the least, the extent of global fungal biodiversity. We also need much more knowledge and understanding of how fungi degrade biomass in nature. The projects in our group in Aalborg University are examples of the basic and applied research going on to increase the understanding of the biology of the fungal secretome and to discover new enzymes and new molecular/bioinformatics tools. However, we need to put Mycology higher up on global agendas, e.g. by positioning Mycology as a candidate for an OECD Excellency Program. This could pave the way for increased funding of international collaboration, increased global visibility, and higher priority among decision makers all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Lange
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Rineau F, Roth D, Shah F, Smits M, Johansson T, Canbäck B, Olsen PB, Persson P, Grell MN, Lindquist E, Grigoriev IV, Lange L, Tunlid A. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus converts organic matter in plant litter using a trimmed brown-rot mechanism involving Fenton chemistry. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1477-87. [PMID: 22469289 PMCID: PMC3440587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Soils in boreal forests contain large stocks of carbon. Plants are the main source of this carbon through tissue residues and root exudates. A major part of the exudates are allocated to symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi. In return, the plant receives nutrients, in particular nitrogen from the mycorrhizal fungi. To capture the nitrogen, the fungi must at least partly disrupt the recalcitrant organic matter-protein complexes within which the nitrogen is embedded. This disruption process is poorly characterized. We used spectroscopic analyses and transcriptome profiling to examine the mechanism by which the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus degrades organic matter when acquiring nitrogen from plant litter. The fungus partially degraded polysaccharides and modified the structure of polyphenols. The observed chemical changes were consistent with a hydroxyl radical attack, involving Fenton chemistry similar to that of brown-rot fungi. The set of enzymes expressed by Pa. involutus during the degradation of the organic matter was similar to the set of enzymes involved in the oxidative degradation of wood by brown-rot fungi. However, Pa. involutus lacked transcripts encoding extracellular enzymes needed for metabolizing the released carbon. The saprotrophic activity has been reduced to a radical-based biodegradation system that can efficiently disrupt the organic matter-protein complexes and thereby mobilize the entrapped nutrients. We suggest that the released carbon then becomes available for further degradation and assimilation by commensal microbes, and that these activities have been lost in ectomycorrhizal fungi as an adaptation to symbiotic growth on host photosynthate. The interdependence of ectomycorrhizal symbionts and saprophytic microbes would provide a key link in the turnover of nutrients and carbon in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Rineau
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Doris Roth
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Aalborg UniversityLautrupvang 15, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Firoz Shah
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark Smits
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt UniversityBuilding D, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
| | - Tomas Johansson
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Canbäck
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Per Persson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå UniversitySE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Morten Nedergaard Grell
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Aalborg UniversityLautrupvang 15, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Erika Lindquist
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Avenue, Walnut Creek, CA94598, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Avenue, Walnut Creek, CA94598, USA
| | - Lene Lange
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Aalborg UniversityLautrupvang 15, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
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