Antithrombotic activities of wogonin and wogonoside via inhibiting platelet aggregation

Diet and Nutraceuticals for treatment and prevention of primary and secondary stroke: Emphasis on nutritional antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents

Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease that causes morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition following ischemic stroke is common in stroke patients. During the rehabilitation, the death rates of stroke patients are significantly increased due to malnutrition. Nutritional supplements such as protein, vitamins, fish, fish oils, moderate wine or alcohol consumption, nuts, minerals, herbal products, food colorants, marine products, fiber, probiotics and Mediterranean diets have improved neurological functions in stroke patients as well as their quality of life. Platelets and their mediators contribute to the development of clots leading to stroke. Ischemic stroke patients are treated with thrombolytics, antiplatelets, and antithrombotic agents. Several systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials recommended that consumption of these nutrients and diets mitigated the vascular, peripheral, and central complications associated with ischemic stroke (Fig. 2). Particularly, these nutraceuticals mitigated the platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation that intended to reduce the risks of primary and secondary stroke. Although these nutraceuticals mitigate platelet dysfunction, there is a greater risk of bleeding if consumed excessively. Moreover, malnutrition must be evaluated and adequate amounts of nutrients must be provided to stroke patients during intensive care units and rehabilitation periods. In this review, we have summarized the importance of diet and nutraceuticals in ameliorating neurological complications and platelet dysfunction with an emphasis on primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.

Potential of natural flavonoids to target breast cancer angiogenesis (review)

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels form and is required for tumour growth and metastasis. It helps in supplying oxygen and nutrients to tumour cells and plays a crucial role in the local progression and distant metastasis of, and development of treatment resistance in, breast cancer. Tumour angiogenesis is currently regarded as a critical therapeutic target; however, anti-angiogenic therapy for breast cancer fails to produce satisfactory results, owing to issues such as inconsistent efficacy and significant adverse reactions. As a result, new anti-angiogenic drugs are urgently needed. Flavonoids, a class of natural compounds found in many foods, are inexpensive, widely available, and exhibit a broad range of biological activities, low toxicity, and favourable safety profiles. Several studies find that various flavonoids inhibit angiogenesis in breast cancer, indicating great therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the role of angiogenesis in breast cancer and the potential of natural flavonoids as anti-angiogenic agents for breast cancer treatment. We discuss the value and significance of nanotechnology for improving flavonoid absorption and utilization and anti-angiogenic effects, as well as the challenges of using natural flavonoids as drugs.

Flavonoids as a therapeutical option for the treatment of thrombotic complications associated with COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has been one of the largest public health crises globally, while thrombotic complications have emerged as an important factor contributing to mortality. Therefore, compounds that regulate the processes involved in thrombosis could represent a dietary strategy to prevent thrombotic complications involved in COVID-19. In August 2022, various databases were consulted using the keywords "flavonoids", "antiplatelet", "anticoagulant", "fibrinolytic", and "nitric oxide". Studies conducted between 2019 and 2022 were chosen. Flavonoids, at concentrations mainly between 2 and 300 μM, are capable of regulating platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and nitric oxide production due to their action on multiple receptors and enzymes. Most of the studies have been carried out through in vitro and in silico models, and limited studies have reported the in vivo and clinical effect of flavonoids. Currently, quercetin has been the only flavonoid evaluated clinically in patients with COVID-19 for its effect on D-dimer levels. Therefore, clinical studies in COVID-19 patients analyzing the effect on platelet, coagulant, fibrinolytic, and nitric oxide parameters are required. In addition, further high-quality studies that consider cytotoxic safety and bioavailability are required to firmly propose flavonoids as a treatment for the thrombotic complications implicated in COVID-19.

An optimized herbal medicine containing Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Alisma orientale Juzepzuk, and Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi has potent antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities

Background and aim

Platelet-derived thrombosis is important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. HTB is an optimized herbal medicine including Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Alisma orientale Juzepzuk, and Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi. It is widely used in traditional medicine due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities have not been completely validated. The current study aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of the novel herb formula HTB against platelet activation and thrombus formation.

Experimental procedure

The antiplatelet activities of HTB via platelet aggregation, granule secretion, reactive oxygen species generation, and intracellular calcium mobilization were evaluated. Moreover, the antithrombotic effect of HTB via FeCl₃-induced arterial thrombus formation in vivo in mice was assessed. The inhibitory effect of HTB against primary hemostasis was investigated based on transection tail bleeding time.

Results and conclusion

HTB treatment significantly inhibited glycoprotein VI-mediated platelet aggregation, granule secretion, reactive oxygen species generation, and intracellular calcium mobilization. Biochemical studies revealed that HTB inhibited glycoprotein VI-mediated platelet signal transduction during cell activation. Further, its antioxidant effect might be derived by reducing the phosphorylation of the p47^phox/Hic5 axis signalosome. Oral HTB treatment was effective in decreasing FeCl₃-induced arterial thrombus formation without prolonging the tail bleeding time. HTB can be an effective therapeutic agent against thrombotic diseases.

A novel strategy for active compound efficacy status identification in multi-tropism Chinese herbal medicine (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) based on multi-indexes spectrum-effect gray correlation analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Bioactive substance identification is always the focal point and the main challenge in Chinese herbal medicine (CHM). Most CHM present multiple efficacies and multiple tropisms, which has improved the application accuracy of CHM, and is worthy of further study. In this article, the concept of "multi-tropism efficacy of CHM" has been proposed for the first time. In addition, it is hypothesized that the different components in CHM can be classified based on their efficacy status.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The spectrum-effect relationship between the fingerprint and efficacy was established to identify the efficacy status of components. This provided a practical, efficient and accurate way to identify the bioactive substances from a complex CHM system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The network pharmacology approach was applied to preliminarily analyze the potential antibacterial compounds and mechanisms of HQ. Furthermore, its chemical fingerprint was established and the characteristic peaks were identified by LC-MS/MS. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory bioactivities of HQ were determined to evaluate its pharmacological effect of heat-clearing and detoxification, and its anticoagulation activity was determined to evaluate its heat-clearing and tocolysis effects. The spectrum-effect relationships were assessed by gray correlation analysis to discriminate the status of active components in HQ with different efficacies.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology analysis revealed apigenin, wogonin, baicalein, acacetin, β-sitosterol, baicalin, eugenol, moslosooflavone, palmitic acid, oroxylin-A 7-O-glucuronide, and scutevulin as the potential active compounds responsible for the efficacy of HQ against both E. coli and S. aureus. The spectrum-effect relationship was utilized to reveal the orientation activities, with the results as follows: 1) The main basic-efficacy components in HQ with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant effects were P5, P8, P9, P15, P18, P19, P20; while the general basic-efficacy components were P2, P3, P6, P7, P11, P14, P21, P22, P28. 2) The main efficacy-oriented components in HQ with antibacterial effects on E. coli were P1, P12, P17, while the general efficacy-oriented compound was P10, P24, P25, P26, P27; the main efficacy-oriented in HQ with antibacterial effects on S. aureus were P14 and the general efficacy-oriented components were P1, P12, P26, P29, P30, respectively. 3) The main efficacy-oriented components with anti-inflammatory activity were P14, P24, P25, P27, and P30, while the general efficacy-oriented components were P13, P23, P26. 4) The main efficacy-oriented compounds in HQ with effects on anticoagulation were P6 and P22; these acted by prolonging APTT through the intrinsic coagulation pathway and PT through the extrinsic coagulation pathway, respectively. 5) The pharmacodynamic status classification of Scutellaria baicalensis ingredients were confirmed by nine reference compounds exemplarily.

CONCLUSION

This work established a novel strategy for active compound efficacy status identification in multi-tropism Chinese herbal medicine (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) based on multi-indexes spectrum-effect gray correlation analysis, the method is scientific feasible and can be applied to the effective substances identification and quality control of other CHM.

The role of inflammation in cadmium nephrotoxicity: NF-κB comes into view

Kidney diseases are major health problem and understanding the underlined mechanisms that lead to kidney diseases are critical research points with a marked potential impact on health. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs naturally and can be found in contaminated food. Kidneys are the most susceptible organ to heavy metal intoxication as it is the main route of waste excretion. The harmful effects of Cd were previously well proved. Cd induces inflammatory responses, oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbs Ca²⁺ homeostasis. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a cellular transcription factor that regulates inflammation and controls the expression of many inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from NF-κB inhibition. In this review we focused on certain compounds including cytochalasin D, mangiferin, N-acetylcysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, roflumilast, rosmarinic acid, sildenafil, sinapic acid, telmisartan and wogonin and certain plants as Astragalus Polysaccharide, Ginkgo Biloba and Thymus serrulatus that potently inhibit NF-κB and effectively counteracted Cd-associated renal intoxication. In conclusion, the proposed NF-κB involvement in Cd-renal intoxication clarified the underlined inflammation associated with Cd-nephropathy and the beneficial effects of NF-κB inhibitors that make them the potential to substantially optimize treatment protocols for Cd-renal intoxication.

Antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of plant-derived compounds: a great utility potential for primary, secondary, and tertiary care in the framework of 3P medicine

Thromboembolism is the third leading vascular disease, with a high annual incidence of 1 to 2 cases per 1000 individuals within the general population. The broader term venous thromboembolism generally refers to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and/or a combination of both. Therefore, thromboembolism can affect both - the central and peripheral veins. Arterial thromboembolism causes systemic ischemia by disturbing blood flow and oxygen supply to organs, tissues, and cells causing, therefore, apoptosis and/or necrosis in the affected tissues. Currently applied antithrombotic drugs used, e.g. to protect affected individuals against ischemic stroke, demonstrate significant limitations. For example, platelet inhibitors possess only moderate efficacy. On the other hand, thrombolytics and anticoagulants significantly increase hemorrhage. Contextually, new approaches are extensively under consideration to develop next-generation antithrombotics with improved efficacy and more personalized and targeted application. To this end, phytochemicals show potent antithrombotic efficacy demonstrated in numerous in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models as well as in clinical evaluations conducted on healthy individuals and persons at high risk of thrombotic events, such as pregnant women (primary care), cancer, and COVID-19-affected patients (secondary and tertiary care). Here, we hypothesized that specific antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of plant-derived compounds might be of great clinical utility in primary, secondary, and tertiary care. To increase the efficacy, precise patient stratification based on predictive diagnostics is essential for targeted protection and treatments tailored to the person in the framework of 3P medicine. Contextually, this paper aims at critical review toward the involvement of specific classes of phytochemicals in antiplatelet and anticoagulation adapted to clinical needs. The paper exemplifies selected plant-derived drugs, plant extracts, and whole plant foods/herbs demonstrating their specific antithrombotic, antiplatelet, and fibrinolytic activities relevant for primary, secondary, and tertiary care. One of the examples considered is antithrombotic and antiplatelet protection specifically relevant for COVID-19-affected patient groups.

Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Explore the Mechanism of Qing-Jin-Hua-Tan-Decoction Against Acute Lung Injury

Qing-Jin-Hua-Tan-Decoction (QJHTD), a classic famous Chinese ancient prescription, has been used for treatment of pulmonary diseases since Ming Dynasty. A total of 22 prototype compounds of QJHTD absorbed into rat blood were chosen as candidates for the pharmacological network analysis and molecular docking. The targets from the intersection of compound target and ALI disease targets were used for GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Molecular docking was adopted to further verify the interactions between 22 components and the top 20 targets with higher degree values in the component–target–pathway network. In vitro experiments were performed to verify the results of network pharmacology using SPR experiments, Western blot experiments, and the PMA-induced neutrophils to produce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) model. The compound–target–pathway network includes 176 targets and 20 signaling pathways in which the degree of MAPK14, CDK2, EGFR, F2, SRC, and AKT1 is higher than that of other targets and which may be potential disease targets. The biological processes in QJHTD for ALI mainly included protein phosphorylation, response to wounding, response to bacterium, regulation of inflammatory response, and so on. KEGG enrichment analyses revealed multiple signaling pathways, including lipid and atherosclerosis, HIF-1 signaling pathway, renin–angiotensin system, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. The molecular docking results showed that baicalin, oroxylin A-7-glucuronide, hispidulin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, tianshic acid, and mangiferin can be combined with most of the targets, which might be the core components of QJHTD in treatment of ALI. Direct binding ability of baicalein, wogonin, and baicalin to thrombin protein was all micromolar, and their K_D values were 11.92 μM, 1.303 μM, and 1.146 μM, respectively, revealed by SPR experiments, and QJHTD could inhibit Src phosphorylation in LPS-activated neutrophils by Western blot experiments. The experimental results of PMA-induced neutrophils to produce NETs indicated that QJHTD could inhibit the production of NETs. This study revealed the active compounds, effective targets, and potential pharmacological mechanisms of QJHTD acting on ALI.

Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine Therapy on Risks of Overall, Diabetes-Related, and Cardiovascular Diseases-Related Mortalities in Taiwanese Patients With Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias

Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias (HHAs) are a rare but heterogeneous group of erythrocytic diseases, characterized by intrinsic cellular defects due to inherited genetic mutations. We investigated the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in reducing the overall, diabetes-related, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)-related mortalities among patients with HHAs using a nationwide population database. In total, we identified 33,278 patients with HHAs and included 9,222 non-CHM and 9,222 CHM matched pairs after matching. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of mortality between non-CHM and CHM users. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the cumulative incidence mortality between non-CHM and CHM users. The CHM prescription patterns were presented by the association rules and network analyses, respectively. The CHM prescription patterns were presented by the association rules and network analyses, respectively. CHM users showed significant reduced risks for of overall (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61-0.73, p < 0.001), diabetes-related (aHR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.40-0.82, p < 0.001), and CVDs-related (aHR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.72, p < 0.001) mortalities compared with non-CHM users. Two CHM clusters are frequently used to treat Taiwanese patients with HHAs. Cluster 1 is composed of six CHMs: Bei-Mu (BM; Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don), Gan-Cao (GC; Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), Hai-Piao-Xiao (HPX; Endoconcha Sepiae), Jie-Geng (JG; Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC.), Yu-Xing-Cao (YXC; Houttuynia cordata Thunb.), and Xin-Yi-Qing-Fei-Tang (XYQFT). Cluster 2 is composed of two CHMs, Dang-Gui (DG; Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) and Huang-Qi (HQi; Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge). Further randomized clinical trials are essential to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of above CHM products and to eliminate potential biases in the current retrospective study.

Potential clinical applications of phytopharmaceuticals for the in-patient management of coagulopathies in COVID-19

Thrombotic complications occur in many cardiovascular pathologies and have been demonstrated in COVID‐19. The currently used antithrombotic drugs are not free of adverse reactions, and COVID‐19 patients in particular, when treated with a therapeutic dose of an anticoagulant do not receive mortality benefits. The clinical management of COVID‐19 is one of the most difficult tasks for clinicians, and the search for safe, potent, and effective antithrombotic drugs may benefit from exploring naturally bioactive molecules from plant sources. This review describes recent advances in understanding the antithrombotic potential of herbal drug prototypes and points to their future clinical use as potent antithrombotic drugs. Although natural products are perceived to be safe, their clinical and therapeutic applications are not always apparent or accepted. More in‐depth studies are necessary to demonstrate the clinical usefulness of plant‐derived, bioactive compounds. In addition, holistic approaches in systematic investigations and the identification of antithrombotic mechanisms of the herbal bioactive molecule(s) need to be conducted in pre‐clinical studies. Moreover, rigorous studies are needed to compare the potency of herbal drugs to that of competitor chemical antithrombotic drugs, and to examine their interactions with Western antithrombotic medicines. We have also proposed a road map to improve the commercialization of phytopharmaceuticals.

Vascular Endothelial Cells Produce Coagulation Factors That Control Their Growth via Joint Protease-Activated Receptor and C5a Receptor 1 (CD88) Signaling

As per the classical view of the coagulation system, it functions solely in plasma to maintain hemostasis. An experimental approach modeling vascular reconstitution was used to show that vascular endothelial cells (ECs) endogenously synthesize coagulation factors during angiogenesis. Intracellular thrombin generated from this synthesis promotes the mitotic function of vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF-A). The thrombin concurrently cleaves C5a from EC-synthesized complement component C5 and unmasks the tethered ligand for EC-expressed protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4). The two ligands jointly trigger EC C5a receptor-1 (C5ar1) and PAR4 signaling, which together promote VEGF receptor 2 growth signaling. C5ar1 is functionally associated with PAR4, enabling C5a or thrombin to elicit Gαi and/or Gαq signaling. EC coagulation factor and EC complement component synthesis concurrently down-regulate with contact inhibition. The connection of these processes with VEGF receptor 2 signaling provides new insights into mechanisms underlying angiogenesis. Knowledge of endogenous coagulation factor/complement component synthesis and joint PAR4/C5ar1 signaling could be applied to other cell types.

Tetramethylpyrazine Retards the Progression and Fibrogenesis of Endometriosis

The development of more efficacious, non-hormonal therapeutics for endometriosis is still an unmet medical need begging to be fulfilled. Growing evidence indicates that endometriotic lesions are wounds undergoing repeated tissue injury and repair, and, as such, platelets play an important role in lesional progression. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a compound derived from a herb that has been used for thousands of years to combat “blood stasis” in traditional Chinese medicine, is a prescription drug in China for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. We tested the hypothesis that TMP can decelerate lesional progression through arresting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT), and fibrogenesis. We found in our in vitro experiments that TMP treatment suppresses platelet-induced EMT, FMT, cellular contractility, and collagen production in a concentration-dependent manner. We also showed that in a mouse model of endometriosis, treatment with TMP significantly reduced lesion weight and the extent of lesional fibrosis and improved hyperalgesia, mostly likely through the reduction of lesional aggregation of platelets and the lesional expression of markers of EMT, FMT, and fibrogenesis. In light of our results and in view of its excellent safety profiles, TMP appears to be a promising drug candidate for treating endometriosis.

Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently developing into a rapidly disseminating and an overwhelming worldwide pandemic. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation are two crucial complications responsible for poor prognosis and mortality. In addition, coagulation system activation and inflammation overlap and produce life-threatening complications, including coagulopathy and cytokine storm, which are associated with overproduction of cytokines and activation of the immune system; they might be a lead cause of organ damage. However, patients with severe COVID-19 who received anticoagulant therapy had lower mortality, especially with elevated D-dimer or fibrin degradation products (FDP). In this regard, the discovery of natural products with anticoagulant potential may help mitigate the numerous side effects of the available synthetic drugs. This review sheds light on blood coagulation and its impact on the complication associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the sources of natural anticoagulants, the role of nanoparticle formulation in this outbreak, and the prevalence of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after COVID-19 vaccines are also reviewed. These combined data provide many research ideas related to the possibility of using these anticoagulant agents as a treatment to relieve acute symptoms of COVID-19 infection.

Cardioprotective effects of phytopigments via multiple signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the deadliest non-communicable diseases, and millions of dollars are spent every year to combat CVDs. Unfortunately, the multifactorial etiology of CVDs complicates the development of efficient therapeutics. Interestingly, phytopigments show significant pleiotropic cardioprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo.

PURPOSE

This review gives an overview of the cardioprotective effects of phytopigments based on in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials.

METHODS

A literature-based survey was performed to collect the available data on cardioprotective activities of phytopigments via electronic search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus.

RESULTS

Different classes of phytopigments such as carotenoids, xanthophylls, flavonoids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones alleviate major CVDs (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiotoxicities) via acting on signaling pathways related to AMPK, NF-κB, NRF2, PPARs, AKT, TLRs, MAPK, JAK/STAT, NLRP3, TNF-α, and RA.

CONCLUSION

Phytopigments represent promising candidates to develop novel and effective CVD therapeutics. More randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies are recommended to establish the clinical efficacy of phytopigments.

The Therapeutic Potential of Wogonin Observed in Preclinical Studies

Wogonin is a flavonoid found in different plants such as roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi distributed mainly in Asia and Europe. Dried root extracts of S. baicalensis with high content of wogonin, popularly known as "Huang-Qin" or Chinese or baical skullcap, have been used for long time in traditional Chinese medicine. Several health benefits are attributed to wogonin and derivatives showing anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant effects and more recently antineurodegenerative properties. Preclinical pharmacological activities of wogonin against diverse types of cancer such as breast, colorectal, and human gastric cancer will be presented in this review. In addition, studies on oxidative stress and bioavailability of wogonin will be discussed together with antineurodegenerative potential with special focus on Alzheimer's disease. Outcomes extracted from the last preclinical studies related to therapeutic applications of wogonin will be commented and updated in this review. The scientific evidence collected in this review aims to encourage transfer of the preclinical evidence of wogonin to new clinical studies.

Wogonoside attenuates the articular cartilage injury and the infiltration of Th1/Th2-type cytokines in papain-induced osteoarthritis in rat model via inhibiting the NF-κB and ERK1/2 activation

OBJECTS

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease and a major cause of functional limitation and pain in adults. This study aims to investigate the effect of wogonoside (WOG) on the progression of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in model rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats KOA models were established and treated with different doses of WOG (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg). The degree of cartilage injury was detected by Mankin scores via HE/Alcian blue staining. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in peripheral blood and synovial fluid and the Th1/Th2 ratio were detected by flow cytometry. The model mice were injected with NF-κB p65 or ERK1/2 inhibitors or activators to further investigate the effect of WOG on KOA.

RESULTS

WOG significantly improved cartilage tissue damage and reduced the Mankins score. WOG down-regulated the level of IFN-γ while up-regulated the expression of IL-4, which maintained the balance of Th1/Th2 cells. Further studies showed that the expression of NF-κB p65, phosphorylated p65, cytoplasmic ERK1/2 and nuclear ERK1/2 were all inhibited by WOG. The results of reverse verification experiments showed that the activator of NF-κB p65 and ERK1/2 weakened the protective effect of WOG on KOA, and the inhibitor of NF-κB p65ERK1/2 enhanced the protective effect of WOG on KOA.

CONCLUSIONS

WOG inhibited the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2 to alleviate the articular cartilage injury and Th1/th2 cytokine infiltration in KOA rats.

New Insights into the Biological Activity of Lichens: Bioavailable Secondary Metabolites of Umbilicaria decussata as Potential Anticoagulants

This study reports the in vitro anticoagulation activity of acetonic extract (AE) of 42 lichen species and the identification of potential bioavailable anticoagulant compounds from Umbilicaria decussata as a competent anticoagulant lichen species. Lichens' AEs were evaluated for their anticoagulant activity by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) assays. A strong, positive correlation was observed between total phenolics concentration (TPC) of species and blood coagulation parameters. U. decussata was the only species with the longest clotting time in both APTT and PT assays. The research was moved forward by performing in vivo assays using rats. The results corroborated the dose-dependent impact of U. decussata's AE on rats' clotting time. Major secondary metabolites of U. decussata and their plasma-related bioavailability were also investigated using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Atranol, orsellinic acid, D-mannitol, lecanoric acid, and evernic acid were detected as possible bioavailable anticoagulants of U. decussata. Our findings suggest that U. decussata might be a potential anticoagulant lichen species that can be used for the prevention or treatment of coagulation-related issues such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Effects of wogonoside on the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

CONTEXT

Wogonoside has many pharmacological activities, but whether it has a protective effect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been reported.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the protective effect of wogonoside against NAFLD in mice and its potential mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, NAFLD group and low-, medium- and high-dose wogonoside groups (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively) (n= 12). Mice in the control group were fed with the standard diet, and those in NAFLD group and low-, medium- and high-dose wogonoside groups were fed with a high-fat diet. The different doses of wogonoside were administered by gavage once a day for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Compared with those in NAFLD group, the liver mass, liver index and the LDL, TG, TC, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, MDA and NF-κB p65 levels were decreased, and the SOD and GSH-Px activities, and HDL, IκBα, Nrf2 and HO-1 contents were increased in wogonoside groups. Compared with those in the NAFLD group, wogonoside (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) reduced AST (132.21 ± 14.62, 115.70 ± 11.32 and 77.94 ± 8.86 vs. 202.35 ± 19.58 U/L) and ALT (104.37 ± 11.92, 97.53 ± 10.12 and 56.74 ± 6.33 vs. 154.66 ± 14.23 U/L) activities in the serum.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Wogonoside has a protective effect against NAFLD in mice, which may be related to its anti-inflammation and inhibition of oxidative stress, suggesting that wogonoside may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of NAFLD.

Factors Affecting the Formation and Treatment of Thrombosis by Natural and Synthetic Compounds

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whose consequence may be a pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke. DVT is associated with the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the body. Thrombosis promotes slowed blood flow, hypoxia, cell activation, and the associated release of many active substances involved in blood clot formation. All thrombi which adhere to endothelium consist of fibrin, platelets, and trapped red and white blood cells. In this review, we summarise the impact of various factors affecting haemostatic disorders leading to blood clot formation. The paper discusses the causes of thrombosis, the mechanism of blood clot formation, and factors such as hypoxia, the involvement of endothelial cells (ECs), and the activation of platelets and neutrophils along with the effects of bacteria and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanisms related to the action of anticoagulants affecting coagulation factors including antiplatelet drugs have also been discussed. However, many aspects related to the pathogenesis of thrombosis still need to be clarified. A review of the drugs used to treat and prevent thrombosis and natural anticoagulants that occur in the plant world and are traditionally used in Far Eastern medicine has also been carried out.

Pleotropic Effects of Polyphenols in Cardiovascular System

Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies demonstrate the beneficial effects of naturally occurring, polyphenol supplementations, on cardiovascular system. The present review emphasizes on the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disorders (involving heart and blood vessels), and overview of preclinical and clinical trials on polyphenols for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The review collaborates PUBMED, Google Scholar and Research gate databases, which were explored using keywords and their combinations such as polyphenols, cardiovascular disease, flavonoids, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and several others, to create an eclectic manuscript. The potency and efficacy of these polyphenols are mainly depending upon the amount of consumption and bioavailability. Recent data showed that polyphenols also exert beneficial actions on vascular system by blocking platelet aggregation and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), ameliorating endothelial dysfunction, reducing blood pressure, improving antioxidant defenses and alleviating inflammatory responses. Several studies evidently support the cardioprotective actions mediated by polyphenols, however, some studies or long-term follow-up of human studies, did not demonstrate decisive outcomes because of variations in dose regimen and lack of appropriate controls. Therefore, more data is required to explore the therapeutic benefits of bioactive compounds as a preventive therapy for CVDs.

Investigations in ultrasound-assisted anticoagulant production by marine Bacillus subtilis ZHX

Anticoagulants are the main drugs for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. However, most of the present anticoagulants have shortcomings and novel anticoagulants are in great demand. Marine microorganisms are an important source of new drugs. Therefore, in this study, ultrasound was applied to enhance anticoagulant accumulation by marine Bacillus subtilis ZHX. Ultrasound parameters were optimized by single-factor experiments exploring the effects of ultrasound power, duration, duty cycle and the cell growth phases. The optimum conditions were exponential prophase (5 h) with 25 kHz frequency, 140 W power, and a 40% duty cycle for 5 min. The maximum anticoagulant activity (55.36 U/mL) was 1.73 times that of the control group, and the fermentation time was shortened by 3 h. Under optimal conditions, ultrasound increased the carbon utilization by Bacillus subtilis ZHX without significant changes in morphology, favoring cell growth and anticoagulant production. However, excessive ultrasound caused intracellular damage, which inhibited biomass accumulation, decreasing anticoagulant activity and even leading to cell rupture. This is the first report on the use of ultrasound to enhance anticoagulant production by Bacillus, and it provides useful information for scaling-up the process.

New Monitoring Strategy for the Quality Control in the Processing Practice ofScutellariae Radix

Background:

Scutellariae Radix (Huangqin) is commonly processed into 3 products for different clinical applications. However, a simple analytical method for quality control has rarely been reported to quickly estimate the degree of processing Huangqin or distinguish differently processed products or unqualified Huangqin products.

Objective:

To study a new strategy for quality control in the processing practice of Huangqin.

Methods:

Seven kinds of flavonoids that mainly exist in Huangqin were determined by HPLC-DAD. Chromatographic fingerprints were established to study the variation and discipline of the 3 processed products of Huangqin. PCA and OPLS-DA were used to classify differently processed products of Huangqin.

Results:

The results showed that baicalin and wogonoside were the main components in the crude and the alcohol Huangqin herb while baicalein and wogonin mainly existed in carbonized Huangqin. The results of mathematical statistics revealed that the processing techniques can make the quality of medicinal materials more uniform.

Conclusion:

This multivariate monitoring strategy is suitable for quality control in the processing of Huangqin.

Antithrombotic activity of flavonoids and polyphenols rich plant species

Cardiovascular diseases represent one of the most notable health problems of the modern civilization. Stroke and heart attack often lead to lethal outcome; essential problem underneath being thrombus formation. Prophylactic approaches include acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel therapy on the level of primary hemostasis, i.e., primary clot formation. In the last five years, in the USA, health care expenses related to cardiovascular diseases have increased 50 %, to over 350 billion dollars. Thus, application of plant species and medicinal plants rich in polyphenols in prevention of thrombus formation are of interest. This is supported by the fact that the number of publications on antiaggregatory effect of polyphenols has doubled in the last decade. In this review we focus on antiaggregatory effect of most abundant polyphenols - flavonoids, the effect of plant extracts rich in polyphenols (propolis, species Salvia sp., Calamintha nepeta L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Melissa officinalis L, Mentha x piperita L., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on platelet aggregation, association of chemical composition and antioxidant properties with the observed biological effect, and possible clinical significance of the published results.

Nephroprotective effect of wogonin against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced MAPK and NF-kB pathway in Sprague Dawley rats

Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the responsible factors for causing renal diseases. For the treatment or prevention of the renal disease, antioxidants use could be a hopeful therapeutic mediation as they block the oxidative reaction along with inflammatory process. Wogonin (Wog) is a plant flavonoid, a pharmacologically active component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang Qui), which exhibits antioxidant activity. In this investigation, we explored the nephroprotective activity of Wog on cadmium (Cd)-induced nephron toxicity in rats. Administering (10 and 20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally diminished Cd-induced anomalies in kidney histology and creatinine and serum urea levels. Wog therapy reduced the Cd-influenced generation of inflammatory mediators, inclusive of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1 beta. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Wog abolished proinflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 stimulation, phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In all, Wog demonstrated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in Cd- intoxicated rats by obstructing OS and activation of NF-κB via restricting the stimulation of upstream kinases inclusive of MAPKs.

Anticoagulant effect of wogonin against tissue factor expression

Tissue factor (TF) is the primary cause of atherothrombosis, the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques with subsequent thrombosis, leading to acute cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Wogonin (Wog) is an active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, used for inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia. The anticoagulant effect of Wog on TF expression remains unexplored. In this study, we have investigated the effects of Wog on TF gene expression and its underlying molecular mechanism in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). We found that Wog dose-dependently inhibited PMA-enhanced TF mRNA, protein, and activity in ECs. This inhibition was attributed to its decreasing nuclear accumulations of transcription factors, phospho-c-Jun and early growth response-1(Egr-1), not nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), through blocking extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Reduction by Wog of Egr-1 nuclear level and Egr-1/DNA binding activity was associated with its inhibition of Egr-1 de novo synthesis. Wog as well as inhibitors to ERK and JNK suppressed TF promoter activity and protein expression in reporter gene and Western blot analyses. Furthermore, it also exhibited anticoagulant function by inhibiting TF expression and activity in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated ECs and THP-1 cells. These results suggest that Wog inhibits ERK/Egr-1- and JNK/AP-1-mediated transactivation of TF promoter activity, leading to downregulation of TF expression and activity induced by inflammatory mediators. Wog targeting pathological TF expression without affecting its basal level may be a safer templet in the development of anticoagulant agent for cardiovascular thrombotic diseases related to atherothrombosis.

Use of UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS with combination of in silico approach for distributions and metabolites profile of flavonoids after oral administration of Niuhuang Shangqing tablets in rats

Niuhuang Shangqing tablet (NHSQT), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine preparation, has been used as an over- the- counter drug for the treatment of headache, dizziness in China. The flavonoids are the main active components in NHSQT, however, there have no reports about their distribution and metabolic fate in vivo after oral administration of NHSQTs so far. An novel UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method combined with in silico approach was applied to identify the flavonoids and metabolites profiling in biological samples following oral administration NHSQTs for the first time. As a result, 127 compounds including 34 original compounds of flavonoids and 93 metabolites were identified. There were 20 flavones, 9 flavonols, 4 flavanones and 1 flavan-3, 4-diol found in biological samples. Rutin, wogonoside, apigenin, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A, quercetin and acacetin were considered as the potential flavonoids in NHSQT against brain diseases. The docking-based metabolism models were established and applied to propose the sites of hydroxylation of flavonoids, which indicated baicalin was engaged in dihydroxylation at C2', C3', tilianin was engaged in hydroxylation at C3, wogonin and wogonside were engaged in dihydroxylation at C3', C4'. Some novel metabolic pathways were discovered for oroxylin A, acacetin, diosmetin, tilianin. The metabolic spots and pathways of flavonoids vary as much between flavones, flavonols and flavanones. The results presented here would be helpful for the further study of pharmacokinetics and quality control of NHSQT.

Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Activity of a Traditional Medicine, Hwangryunhaedok-Tang

Platelet activation and accumulation at the site of vascular injury are central to thrombus formation resulted in thrombotic disorders. Medicinal herbs could be one of the most important pharmaceutical agents that ameliorate thrombotic disorders, such as unstable angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases. Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) is a traditional herbal medicine that displays multiple biological properties including anti-inflammatory abilities. However, its role in platelet activation has not been fully studied. Hence, we examined whether HRT has a potent inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. We demonstrated that HRT (30, 50, and 100 μg/ml) significantly impaired thrombin- and collagen-related peptide-induced platelet aggregation, granule secretion, thromboxane B₂ generation, and intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization. Biochemical studies revealed that HRT is involved in inhibiting the phosphorylation of phospholipase C and protein kinase B. The oral administration of HRT (30, 50, and 100 mg/kg once daily for 1 and/or 7 days) efficiently ameliorates ferric chloride induced arterial thrombus formation in vivo. Tail bleeding time was not significantly increased. The qualitative phytochemical constituents of the HRT extract were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results demonstrated that HRT shows potential antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects without affecting hemostasis. Hence, HRT could be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of thrombotic diseases.

Dehydrocostus lactone suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis in recombinant human papilloma virus‑18 HaCaT cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Dehydrocostus lactone is considered to be the major cholagogic ingredient of the Costus genus of plants. It exhibits strong cholagogic effects, and also exerts antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dehydrocostus lactone on the cell growth and apoptosis of recombinant human papilloma virus (HPV)‑18 HaCaT cells. The HPV‑18 genome was transfected into HaCaT cells, which were subsequently used for analysis. The results demonstrated that dehydrocostus lactone reduced the cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of HPV‑18 HaCaT cells, as determined by MTT and N‑acetyl‑Asp‑Glu‑Val‑Asp p‑nitroanilide assays, respectively. Furthermore, caspase‑3/9 activity was determined using a caspase‑3/9 activity kit and western blotting was performed to investigate the expression of certain proteins. The results demonstrated that caspase‑3/9 activities, and the protein expression of Bcl‑2‑associated X and p53, in HPV‑18 HaCaT cells were significantly increased, while cyclin D1 protein expression was suppressed by dehydrocostus lactone. Additionally, dehydrocostus lactone significantly upregulated the protein expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog and inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in HPV‑18 HaCaT cells. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that dehydrocostus lactone may suppress cell growth and induce apoptosis in recombinant HPV‑18 HaCaT cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and may be a represent a novel potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of condyloma acuminatum.

High doses of baicalin induces kidney injury and fibrosis through regulating TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway

Baicalin is a major flavonoid compound purified from Scutellariae radix, which has been described as an herb in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Previous studies have suggested baicalin possessed extensive anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral properties. However, up to known, there have been no reports of safety and toxicity in the rats following oral administration of baicalin. In this present study, we showed the first evidence that treatment of baicalin (400, 800 and 1600mg/kg/day) induced significantly kidney injury and fibrosis. The collagen synthesis and fibrosis-related protein expression were increased in the kidney of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after treatment with high doses of baicalin. We further investigated the potential molecular mechanism of baicalin-mediated renal fibrosis and revealed that baicalin activated the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we also observed that baicalin induced Smad3 interaction with transcriptional coactivator p300 accompanying with increment of Smad3 acetylation. Our results may contribute to better understanding of the future pharmacological and toxicological studies of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and its active compounds on the human disease.

Wogonoside inhibits IL-1β induced catabolism and hypertrophy in mouse chondrocyte and ameliorates murine osteoarthritis

The inflammatory environment is correlated with extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and chondrocyte hypertrophy in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Previous studies have reported the anti-inflammatory effects of wogonoside in several diseases. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of wogonoside in relation to the development of OA and delineated the potential mechanism. In vitro, wogonoside decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). It also inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) both at gene and protein levels. Wogonoside also inhibited hypertrophy and the generation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced chondrocytes. Moreover, wogonoside promoted the expression of anabolic factors Sox-9, type two collagen and aggrecan while inhibiting the expression of catabolic factors such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5) in mouse chondrocytes. Mechanistically, we found that wogonoside inhibited nuclear factor kappa B/ hypoxia-inducible factor two alpha (NF-κB/HIF-2α) activation via the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) /AKT pathway. The protective effects of wogonoside were also observed in vivo and the pharmacokinetic results of wogonoside indicated that good systemic exposure was achievable after oral administration of wogonoside. In conclusion, our stduy demonstrates that wogonoside attenuates IL-1β-induced ECM degradation and hypertrophy in mouse chondrocytes via suppressing the activation of NF-κB/HIF-2α by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, wogonoside ameliorates OA progression in vivo, indicating that wogonoside may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.

Treatment effects and mechanisms of Yujin Powder on rat model of large intestine dampness-heat syndrome

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yujin Powder (YJP), an old prescription, is one of the most classical prescription for treating the large intestine dampness-heat syndrome (LIDHS). However, its potential modern pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was designed to explore the essence of LIDHS and treatment mechanisms of the YJP on the LIDHS.

METHODS

The rat model of LIDHS was established by such complex factors as high-sugar and high-fat diet, improper diet, high temperature and humidity environment (HTHE), drinking and intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli., which imitated the inducing conditions of LIDHS. Then the clinical symptoms and signs, blood routine, blood biochemistry, whole blood viscosity (WBV), serum inflammatory cytokines levels and the histopathological changes of main organs were detected and observed, respectively.

RESULTS

The results showed that the clinical symptoms and signs of the model rats were consistent with the diagnostic criteria of LIDHS, moreover, there were obvious systemic inflammatory response and extensive congestion. And after treatment with YJP in different dosages, the clinical symptoms and signs of the rats with LIDHS were improved; the indexes of blood routine and blood biochemistry and inflammatory cytokines levels tended to be normal; the WBV decreased and histopathological changes of major organs were alleviated or returned to normal. There was an obvious dose-effect relationship, and the high dose of YJP (HD-YJP) had the best treatment effects.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggested that in LIDHS, diarrhea was the major clinical manifestation; the large intestine was the main lesion area; mucosa injury, inflammation and congestion of the large intestine with systemic inflammatory response and congestion were the most typical pathological characteristics. Meanwhile, YJP exhibited the comprehensive effects of anti-diarrhea, anti-inflammation, lowering blood lipid, relieving blood stasis, repairing intestinal mucosa and regulation and protection of multiple organs on LIDHS. These findings provided not only important information for understanding the essence of LIDHS but also the theoretical basis for developing new-drugs for treating dampness-heat type of diarrheal diseases.

Short-step syntheses of naturally occurring polyoxygenated aromatics based on site-selective transformation

Wogonin and astringin were synthesized from inexpensive chrysin and piceid in short steps. The key feature of these syntheses is site-selective transformation. The target molecules were obtained in 27 and 62% yields from the starting materials, respectively.

Suppressive Effects of Pelargonidin on Endothelial Protein C Receptor Shedding via the Inhibition of TACE Activity and MAP Kinases

Beyond its role in the activation of protein C, the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in the cytoprotective pathway. EPCR can be shed from the cell surface, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] converting enzyme (TACE). Pelargonidin is a well-known red pigment found in plants, and has been reported to have important biological activities that are potentially beneficial to human health. However, little is known about the effects of pelargonidin on EPCR shedding. We investigated this issue by monitoring the effects of pelargonidin on phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text]-, interleukin (IL)-1β-, and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated EPCR shedding and by investigating the underlying mechanism of pelargonidin action. Data demonstrate that pelargonidin induced potent inhibition of PMA-, TNF-[Formula: see text]-, IL-1β-, and CLP-induced EPCR shedding by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, janus kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Pelargonidin also inhibited the expression and activity of PMA-induced TACE in endothelial cells. These results demonstrate the potential of pelargonidin as an anti-EPCR shedding reagent against PMA- and CLP-mediated EPCR shedding.

Medicinal Herbals with Antiplatelet Properties Benefit in Coronary Atherothrombotic Diseases

Coronary atherothrombotic diseases such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure are the serious concerns of the thrombus formed in blood vessels. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs are the cornerstones of the management of these diseases. To prevent the recurrence of these diseases, double antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel has been the standard management in most hospitals. However, aspirin resistance and clopidogrel inefficient effects due to noncompliance with double drugs regimen can cause a sinister effect on patients. Medicinal plants serve as a greater resource for new medication and their potential currently became a topic of interest to the researchers all over the world. Traditionally, certain herbs have been used as a treatment for heart diseases but have been investigated for their antiplatelet properties. This current review explained few traditional antithrombotic herbals and their antiplatelet properties in vitro and in vivo and this is to be deeply discussed in further research.

Natural Products for Antithrombosis

Thrombosis is considered to be closely related to several diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and stroke, as well as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperuricemia, and various inflammatory conditions. More and more studies have been focused on understanding the mechanism of molecular and cellular basis of thrombus formation as well as preventing thrombosis for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. In reality, there is considerable interest in the role of natural products and their bioactive components in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis related disorders. This paper briefly describes the mechanisms of thrombus formation on three aspects, including coagulation system, platelet activation, and aggregation, and change of blood flow conditions. Furthermore, the natural products for antithrombosis by anticoagulation, antiplatelet aggregation, and fibrinolysis were summarized, respectively.