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Cheng L, Yang Q, Li C, Zheng J, Wang Y, Duan B. Preparation, structural characterization, bioactivities, and applications of Crataegus spp. polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126671. [PMID: 37689285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Crataegus, is a genus within the Rosaceae family. It is recognized as a valuable plant with both medicinal and edible qualities, earning it the epithet of the "nutritious fruit" owing to its abundant bioactive compounds. Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers linked by glycosidic bonds, one of the crucial bioactive ingredients of Crataegus spp. Recently, Crataegus spp. polysaccharides (CPs) have garnered considerable attention due to their diverse range of bioactivities, including prebiotic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunobiological properties. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent research on CPs. The analysis revealed that CPs exhibited a broad molecular weight distribution, ranging from 5.70 Da to 4.76 × 108 Da, and are composed of various monosaccharide constituents such as mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the biological function of CPs is closely associated with their molecular weight, galacturonic acid content, and chemical modifications. Additionally, CPs have excellent bioavailability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which make them promising candidates for applications in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries. The article also scrutinized the potential development and future research directions of CPs. Overall, this article provides comprehensive knowledge and underpinnings of CPs for future research and development as therapeutic agents and multifunctional food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Chaohai Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Jiamei Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | | | - Baozhong Duan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China.
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Wu Q, Zhang F, Niu M, Yan J, Shi L, Liang Y, Tan J, Xu Y, Xu J, Wang J, Feng N. Extraction Methods, Properties, Functions, and Interactions with Other Nutrients of Lotus Procyanidins: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14413-14431. [PMID: 37754221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lotus procyanidins, natural polyphenolic compounds isolated from the lotus plant family, are widely recognized as potent antioxidants that scavenge free radicals in the human body and exhibit various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiobesity, and hypoglycemic. With promising applications in food and healthcare, lotus procyanidins have attracted extensive attention in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current research on lotus procyanidins, including extraction methods, properties, functions, and interactions with other nutrient components. Furthermore, this review offers an outlook on future research directions, providing ideas and references for the exploitation and utilization of lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Mengyao Niu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Wuhan Caidian District Public Inspection and Testing Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
| | - Yinggang Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jiangying Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Pinyuan (Suizhou) Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Suizhou, Hubei 441300, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Nianjie Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
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Zhang J, Chai X, Zhao F, Hou G, Meng Q. Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Hawthorn. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182861. [PMID: 36140986 PMCID: PMC9498108 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a plant of the Rosaceae family and is widely grown throughout the world as one of the medicinal and edible plants, known as the “nutritious fruit” due to its richness in bioactive substances. Preparations derived from it are used in the formulation of dietary supplements, functional foods, and pharmaceutical products. Rich in amino acids, minerals, pectin, vitamin C, chlorogenic acid, epicatechol, and choline, hawthorn has a high therapeutic and health value. Many studies have shown that hawthorn has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-cardiovascular disease, and digestive enhancing properties. This is related to its bioactive components such as polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidin B2, epicatechin), flavonoids (proanthocyanidins, mucoxanthin, quercetin, rutin), and pentacyclic triterpenoids (ursolic acid, hawthornic acid, oleanolic acid), which are also its main chemical constituents. This paper briefly reviews the chemical composition, nutritional value, food applications, and the important biological and pharmacological activities of hawthorn. This will contribute to the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals from hawthorn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (Q.M.)
| | - Fenglan Zhao
- Department of Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Guige Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Department of Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (Q.M.)
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Wen H, Ning Z, Li J, Guan Y, Zhang B, Shang X, Liu X, Du Z, Liu J, Zhang T. Stability of oil-in-water emulsions improved by ovalbumin-procyanidins mixture: A promising substrate with emulsifying and antioxidant activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 215:112473. [PMID: 35367745 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a dual-functional ingredient with antioxidant activity and emulsification. The emulsion stability of ovalbumin (OVA) was improved by procyanidins (PC). The interactions between OVA and PC were investigated using multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking. Furthermore, the effect of the addition of the OVA-PC mixture on emulsion stability was evaluated as well. The fluorescence results showed that the quenching mechanism of PC to OVA's endogenous fluorescence was static quenching, and the binding ratio of OVA and PC was 1:1. Circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) showed that the addition of PC promoted the unfolding of OVA, and transformed the secondary structure of OVA from α-helix to β-sheet. The main driving force of OVA and PC was hydrogen bonding, according to molecular docking analysis. Among all the samples, the stability of the emulsion of OVA-PC at a ratio of 1:30 exhibited extremely high stability and the smallest particle size. In comparison with individual OVA emulsions, the OVA-PC emulsions had excellent physical stabilities. Meanwhile, the oxidation degree of protein and oil for the OVA-PC emulsions was lower than that of the native OVA emulsion after 8-day storage. Our work provides important insights for understanding the interaction between OVA and expanding the application of OVA-PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Wen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Ning
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Biying Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanting Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Du
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Heger T, Zatloukal M, Kubala M, Strnad M, Gruz J. Procyanidin C1 from Viola odorata L. inhibits Na +,K +-ATPase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7011. [PMID: 35487935 PMCID: PMC9055044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Viola genus play important roles in traditional Asian herbal medicine. This study investigates the ability of Viola odorata L. extracts to inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase, an essential animal enzyme responsible for membrane potential maintenance. The root extract of V. odorata strongly inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase, while leaf and seeds extracts were basically inactive. A UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS metabolomic approach was used to identify the chemical principle of the root extract’s activity, resulting in the detection of 35,292 features. Candidate active compounds were selected by correlating feature area with inhibitory activity in 14 isolated fractions. This yielded a set of 15 candidate compounds, of which 14 were preliminarily identified as procyanidins. Commercially available procyanidins (B1, B2, B3 and C1) were therefore purchased and their ability to inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase was investigated. Dimeric procyanidins B1, B2 and B3 were found to be inactive, but the trimeric procyanidin C1 strongly inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase with an IC50 of 4.5 µM. This newly discovered inhibitor was docked into crystal structures mimicking the Na3E1∼P·ADP and K2E2·Pi states to identify potential interaction sites within Na+,K+-ATPase. Possible binding mechanisms and the principle responsible for the observed root extract activity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Heger
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubala
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Gruz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Extraction and identification of proanthocyanidins from the leaves of persimmon and loquat. Food Chem 2022; 372:130780. [PMID: 34624778 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins is flavan-3-ol polymers with many activities which attracted a lot of attention. However, most of the proanthocyanidins come from fruits and seeds, resulting in higher costs. The extraction of proanthocyanidins from leaves that were trimmed as wastes from fruit trees is of good economic benefits. The proanthocyanidins in persimmon leaves and loquat leaves were extracted and purified. The purity of persimmon and loquat leaves were 85.33 ± 0.11% and 88.45 ± 0.96% with yield of 3.40% and 2.37% respectively. Detailed structure information was analyzed. Persimmon leaves proanthocyanidins mainly consist of catechin with B-type link along with a small portion of gallocatechin, catechin gallate and A-type link. Loquat leaves proanthocyanidins consist of catechin, gallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate and afzelechin with B-type link along with a small portion of A-type link. The α-amylase inhibition effect of the two leaves was analyzed. Persimmon leaves proanthocyanidins and loquat leaves proanthocyanidins were two mixed-type inhibitors to α-amylase.
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Valencia-Hernandez LJ, Wong-Paz JE, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Chávez-González ML, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Aguilar CN. Procyanidins: From Agro-Industrial Waste to Food as Bioactive Molecules. Foods 2021; 10:3152. [PMID: 34945704 PMCID: PMC8701411 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Procyanidins are an important group of bioactive molecules known for their benefits to human health. These compounds are promising in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as they prevent cell damage related to oxidative stress. It is necessary to study effective extraction methods for the recovery of these components. In this review, advances in the recovery of procyanidins from agro-industrial wastes are presented, which are obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction. Current trends focus on the extraction of procyanidins from seeds, peels, pomaces, leaves and bark in agro-industrial wastes, which are extracted by ultrasound. Some techniques have been coupled with environmentally friendly techniques. There are few studies focused on the extraction and evaluation of biological activities of procyanidins. The identification and quantification of these compounds are the result of the study of the polyphenolic profile of plant sources. Antioxidant, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory activity are presented as the biological properties of greatest interest. Agro-industrial wastes can be an economical and easily accessible source for the extraction of procyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Johana Valencia-Hernandez
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Jorge E. Wong-Paz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Ciudad Valles C.P. 79010, SL, Mexico;
| | - Juan Alberto Ascacio-Valdés
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Cristóbal N. Aguilar
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
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Development of a quantified herbal extract of hawthorn Crataegus mexicana leaves with vasodilator effect. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:1258-1266. [PMID: 34819787 PMCID: PMC8596289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) has been used for the treatment of several heart diseases and hypertension. The studies carried out on several hawthorn species have led to the development of standardized extracts useful in the cure of mild chronic cardiac diseases. In Mexico, the most common Crataegus species are C. mexicana and C. gracilior. Decoctions prepared from the fruits and leaves of these species have been employed to the treat respiratory diseases, tachycardia and to improve coronary blood flow. Considering that to date there are no reports of the use of Mexican Crataegus species to treat cardiovascular diseases, we propose an analytical method to obtain a quantified extract of Crataegus mexicana leaves for the development of a standardized extract with therapeutic value in cardiovascular diseases as an alternative source to the extracts obtained from Crataegus species of European and Asian origin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain an extract prepared from C. mexicana leaves with the highest vasodilator activity to select the optimal chemical marker to stablish and validate a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC-DAD) analytical method for obtaining a quantified extract with vasodilator effect. The results obtained from the analytical method validation, which was carried out according to the guidelines stablished in the Eurachem Guide and the ICH guidelines proved that the RPHPLC-DAD method we developed was specific, precise, accurate, and showed good linearity over the concentration range of 3 – 21 µg/ml for (-)-epicatechin and rutin, which were selected as chemical markers.
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Changes in Antioxidant Properties and Amounts of Bioactive Compounds during Simulated In Vitro Digestion of Wheat Bread Enriched with Plant Extracts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206292. [PMID: 34684873 PMCID: PMC8539602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal preparation can be an excellent source of substances with proven health-promoting properties. Unfortunately, some types of bread, such as white flour bread, are devoid of many valuable nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to look for ways to increase its density and nutritional value. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of stabilized plant extracts on the quality of bread, its antioxidant activity and polyphenol content, and to evaluate the stability of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity during in vitro digestion. The research material was the wheat bread baked with spray dried microcapsules of hawthorn bark, soybeans and onion husks in maltodextrin or inulin carriers. The addition of plant extracts resulted in the presence of phenolic compounds in the wheat bread, and its antioxidant activity significantly increased. There was no significant difference in antioxidant activity between breads containing microcapsules with different carriers. During in vitro digestion, procyanidins and isoflavones in bread were more resistant to the digestive processes than other compounds. The antioxidant activity during simulated digestion was the highest at the stage of gastric digestion, and its value depended on the extract used and the analytical method applied.
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Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081229. [PMID: 34439477 PMCID: PMC8389005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a class of polyphenolic compounds that are attracting considerable interest in the nutraceutical field due to their potential health benefits. However, knowledge about the chemistry, biosynthesis, and distribution of PACs is limited. This review summarizes the main chemical characteristics and biosynthetic pathways and the main analytical methods aimed at their identification and quantification in raw plant matrices. Furthermore, meta-analytic approaches were used to identify the main plant sources in which PACs were contained and to investigate their potential effect on human health. In particular, a cluster analysis identified PACs in 35 different plant families and 60 different plant parts normally consumed in the human diet. On the other hand, a literature search, coupled with forest plot analyses, highlighted how PACs can be actively involved in both local and systemic effects. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action through which PACs may impact human health were investigated, focusing on their systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and their local anti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal epithelium. Overall, this review may be considered a complete report in which chemical, biosynthetic, ecological, and pharmacological aspects of PACs are discussed.
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11
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Setup of an Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction to Obtain High Phenolic Recovery in Crataegus monogyna Leaves. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154536. [PMID: 34361687 PMCID: PMC8347228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn leaves are a rich source of phenolic compounds that possess beneficial activities for human health. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is an extraction technique frequently used for the isolation of phenolic compounds in plants. Thus, in this study, a Box–Behnken design was used to optimize UAE conditions such as the percentage of acetone, the extraction time and solvent-to-solid ratio (v/w) in order to obtain the maximum content of total compounds by Folin–Ciocalteu and the maximum in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays in Crataegus monogyna leaves. The optimum conditions to obtain the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were 50% acetone, 55 min and 1/1000 (w/v). A total of 30 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in C. monogyna leaf extract obtained at these optimum UAE conditions. HPLC-MS allows the identification and quantification of 19 phenolic compounds and NP-HPLC-FLD analyses showed the presence of 11 proanthocyanidins. According to the results, the most concentrated phenolic compounds in C. monogyna leaf extract obtained at optimum UAE conditions were phenolic acid derivatives such as protocatechuic acid-glucoside, dihydroxy benzoic acid pentoside and chlorogenic acid, flavones such as 2″-O-rhamnosyl-C-hexosyl-apigenin, flavonols such as hyperoside and isoquercetin and proanthocyanidins such as monomer and dimer. As a result, the optimized UAE conditions could be used to obtain an extract of C. monogyna leaves enriched with phenolic compounds.
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Vinogradova NA, Glukhov AZ. Ecological and Phytochemical Features of Crataegus fallacina Klokov under Conditions of Technogenic Pollution. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425521010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Symma N, Sendker J, Petereit F, Hensel A. Multistep Analysis of Diol-LC-ESI-HRMS Data Reveals Proanthocyanidin Composition of Complex Plant Extracts (PAComics). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8040-8049. [PMID: 32633530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are complex oligomeric or polymeric phenolic biopolymers composed of flavan-3-ol building blocks. PACs exert manifold functional bioactivities and are assessed as bioactive ingredients in a variety of food products, beverages, medicinal plants, and phytopharmaceuticals. Although analytical methods for PACs with low degree of polymerization (DP) are well established, a lack of methods for the detailed analysis of higher oligomers and polymers from complex plant extracts is obvious. For this, the present study investigated PAC-enriched extracts from four different plants, traditionally used for medical purpose (Lime flower, Hawthorn leaf and flower, Japanese Wisteria fruits without seeds, and Common Sorrel herb). PACs were separated on diol stationary-phase high-performance liquid chromatography according to the respective DP and detected by fluorescence and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS). The qTOF-MS contour plots [tR → m/z] provided a sufficient overview on the respective PAC distribution. Subsequently, high-resolution mass spectrometry data were used for Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis, with (epi)catechin, the main flavan-3-ol unit in PACs, as the reference unit. The resulting KMD plots enabled an elucidation of the general polymer chain composition with regard to DP, building blocks, and potential secondary modifications (e.g., galloylation). Subsequently, analysis of MS2 fragmentation patterns of PAC oligomers confirmed the structural features obtained from the KMD plots. While Lime flower contained oligomeric A- and B-type PACs, composed of (epi)catechin and (epi)afzelechin, Japanese Wisteria fruit contained PACs consisting of three different hydroxylated flavan-3-ols. Cinchonains, A-type PACs, and B-type PACs were detected in the Hawthorn plant material. Galloylated oligo- and polymeric PACs were detected in Common Sorrel herb. This multistep analysis reveals collective insights into the PAC composition of the extracts. The protocol offers a fast and reliable methodology to be used in a standard laboratory. On the other hand, this methodology reaches its limits for higher oligomeric PACs, and further optimization is necessary for a better detection of the polymers, as the optimal DP cluster detection depends on the resolution of diol stationary-phase chromatography and is therefore limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Symma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jandirk Sendker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Petereit
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Compounds of Hawthorn ( Crataegus spp.) Fruits Species for Potential Use in Food Applications. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040436. [PMID: 32260449 PMCID: PMC7230283 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn belongs to the Crataegus genus of the Rosaceae family and is an important medicinal plant. Due to its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity hawthorn has recently become quite a popular herbal medicine in phytotherapy and food applications. In this study, physicochemical characterization (color parameters, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, soluble carbohydrate, total carotenoid, total phenols, and flavonoid contents), antioxidant activity (by ferric-reducing antioxidant power, FRAP assay), and quantification of some individual phenolic compounds of fruits of 15 samples of different hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) collected from different regions of Iran were investigated. According to findings, the total phenols, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were in the range of 21.19–69.12 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (dw), 2.44–6.08 mg quercetin equivalent (QUE)/g dw and 0.32–1.84 mmol Fe++/g dw, respectively. Hyperoside (0.87–2.94 mg/g dw), chlorogenic acid (0.06–1.16 mg/g dw), and isoquercetin (0.24–1.59 mg/g dw) were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extracts of hawthorn fruits. The considerable variations in the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of hawthorn species were demonstrated by our results. Hence, the evaluation of hawthorn genetic resources could supply precious data for screening genotypes with high bioactive contents for producing natural antioxidants and other phytochemical compounds valuable for food and pharma industries.
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Rocchetti G, Senizza B, Zengin G, Mahomodally MF, Senkardes I, Lobine D, Lucini L. Untargeted metabolomic profiling of three Crataegus species (hawthorn) and their in vitro biological activities. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1998-2006. [PMID: 31849067 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this investigation, the chemical and biological profiles of three Turkish Crataegus species (Crataegus orientalis, Crataegus szovitsii and Crataegus tanacetifolia) were studied in order to provide the first comprehensive characterization and their health-promoting potential. In this respect, polyphenolic profiles were evaluated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the Crataegus samples were evaluated by using free-radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum, ferrous-ion chelating, and reducing power assays. The inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, amylase, cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), and tyrosinase were also established. RESULTS The untargeted metabolomic approach highlighted the effect of both extraction types and species on the phenolic profiles of different Crateagus tissues (i.e. leaves and twigs). The methanolic extracts showed the maximum radical scavenging and reducing activity in all test systems, whereas for ferrous-ion chelating assays the decocted and infused extracts showed the highest activity. Only the methanolic extracts were effective against AChE and BChE. The extract tested showed remarkable inhibitory effects against tyrosinase and α-glucosidase, whereas all the extracts exhibited modest inhibition against α-amylase. Overall, the twig extracts of the three species studied showed superior antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION On the basis of these results, the three Crataegus species can be classified as potent bioresources for high-value phytochemicals, which warrant further investigations for developing novel nutraceuticals. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Senizza
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Ismail Senkardes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devina Lobine
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
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Rue EA, Glinski JA, Glinski VB, van Breemen RB. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry for the separation and analysis of procyanidins. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4377. [PMID: 31144405 PMCID: PMC7531352 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are polymeric flavan-3-ones occurring in many plants with antioxidant and other beneficial bioactivities. They are composed of catechin and epicatechin monomeric units connected by single carbon-carbon B-type linkages or A-type linkages containing both carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen-carbon bonds. Their polymeric structure makes analysis of procyanidin mixtures always difficult. Evaluation of procyanidins according to degree of polymerization (DP) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is time-consuming and at best has resolved polymeric families up to DP-17. To expedite studies of procyanidins, the utility of positive ion electrospray ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was investigated for the rapid separation and characterization of procyanidins in mixtures. Applying IM-MS to analyse structurally defined standards containing up to five subunits, procyanidins could be resolved in less than 6 ms not only by degree of polymerization but also by linkage type. A-type procyanidins could be resolved from B-type and both could be at least partially resolved from mixed-type procyanidins of the same DP. IM-MS separated higher order procyanidins with DP of at least 24 from extracts of cranberry. As DP increased, the abundances of multiply-charged procyanidins also increased. During IM-MS of ions of similar m/z, the ion drift times decreased inversely with increasing charge state. Therefore, IM-MS was shown to separate mixtures of procyanidins containing at least 24 interconnected subunits in less than 16 ms, not only according to DP, but also according to linkage type between subunits and charge state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Rue
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Optimizing Water-Based Extraction of Bioactive Principles of Hawthorn: From Experimental Laboratory Research to Homemade Preparations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234420. [PMID: 31816956 PMCID: PMC6930565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is used for its cardiotonic, hypotensive, vasodilative, sedative, antiatherosclerotic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. One of the main goals of this work was to find a well-defined optimized extraction protocol usable by each of us that would lead to repeatable, controlled, and quantified daily uptake of active components from hawthorn at a drinkable temperature (below 60 °C). A thorough investigation of the extraction mode in water (infusion, maceration, percolation, ultrasounds, microwaves) on the yield of extraction and the amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidin oligomers as well as on the Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) profiles of the extracted compounds was carried out. High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was also implemented to discriminate the different samples and conditions of extraction. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of the extraction as well as the kinetics of extraction were studied, not only according to the part (flowers or leaves), the state (fresh or dried), and the granulometry of the dry plant, but also the stirring speed, the temperature, the extraction time, the volume of the container (cup, mug or bowl) and the use of infusion bags.
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Sharma KP. Tannin degradation by phytopathogen's tannase: A Plant's defense perspective. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Soares SS, Bekbolatova E, Cotrim MD, Sakipova Z, Ibragimova L, Kukula-Koch W, Giorno TBS, Fernandes PD, Fonseca DA, Boylan F. Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Kazakh Crataegus Almaatensis Pojark: An Asian Herbal Medicine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080300. [PMID: 31405193 PMCID: PMC6720545 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crataegus almaatensis, an endemic ornamental plant in Kazakhstan is used in popular medicine due to its cardiotonic properties. The most studied species of the same genus are commonly found in Europe, which shows the importance of having the Kazakh species validated via its chemical and pharmacological studies. High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) operated under optimized conditions enabled an isolation of the three main compounds from the aqueous phase of the leaves ethanol extract, further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) (4.02% of the crude extract-CECa); quercetin 3-O-β-galactoside (hyperoside) (1.82% of CECa); kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (afzelin) (0.94% of CECa). The CECa, the aqueous phase of the crude extract (APCa) together with the isolates were evaluated for their vascular (vascular reactivity in human internal mammary artery-HIMA), anti-nociceptive (formalin-induced liking response and hot plate) and anti-inflammatory (subcutaneous air-pouch model-SAP) activities. CECa at the concentrations of 0.014 and 0.14 mg/mL significantly increased the maximum contractility response of HIMA to noradrenaline. The APCa CR curve (0.007–0.7 mg/mL) showed an intrinsic relaxation effect of the HIMA. APCa at the dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. significantly decreased the total leukocyte count and the IL-1β release in the SAP wash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Soares
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Elmira Bekbolatova
- School of Pharmacy, JSC National Medical University, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Maria Dulce Cotrim
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zuriyadda Sakipova
- School of Pharmacy, JSC National Medical University, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Liliya Ibragimova
- School of Pharmacy, JSC National Medical University, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Thais B Sardella Giorno
- Laboratório da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia D Fernandes
- Laboratório da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo André Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fabio Boylan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland.
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Chiral resolution and neuroprotective activities of enantiomeric 8-O-4′ neolignans from the fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. Fitoterapia 2019; 136:104164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Gardana C, Simonetti P. Evaluation of the Degree of Polymerization of the Proanthocyanidins in Cranberry by Molecular Sieving and Characterization of the Low Molecular Weight Fractions by UHPLC-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081504. [PMID: 30999600 PMCID: PMC6515400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
4-dimethylammino-cinnamaldehyde (DMAC) assays quantify total proanthocyanidins (PACs) but do not provide qualitative PAC molecular weight distribution information and cannot discriminate between A- and B-type PACs. We developed an efficient method for assessing PAC molecular weight distributions. The PACs from three commercial cranberry extracts (A1-A3) were fractionated by molecular sieves with cut-offs of 3, 10, 30, 50, and 100 kDa, and each fraction was analyzed by DMAC assays. A1, A2, and A3 contained 27%, 33%, and 15% PACs, respectively. Approximately 28 PACs, 20 flavonols, and 15 phenolic acids were identified by UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap MS in A1 and A3, while A2 contained only flavan-3-ols. Epicatechin was the main monomer in A1 and A3, and catechin was the main in A2. Procyanidin A2 was the main dimer in A1 and A3, representing more than 85% of the total dimers, while it constituted approximately only 24% of A2. A1 and A3 contained quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, and their glycosides, which were totally absent in A2. In A1 and A3 the PACs were mainly distributed in the fractions 30-3 and <3 kDa, while in A2 more than 70% were present in the fraction less than 3 kDa. Overall, obtained data strongly suggests that A2 is not cranberry-derived, or is adulterated with another source of PACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Gardana
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paolo Simonetti
- DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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22
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A semisynthetic approach for the simultaneous reaction of grape seed polymeric procyanidins with catechin and epicatechin to obtain oligomeric procyanidins in large scale. Food Chem 2019; 278:609-616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cao J, Chen L, Li M, Cao F, Zhao L, Su E. Efficient extraction of proanthocyanidin from Ginkgo biloba leaves employing rationally designed deep eutectic solvent-water mixture and evaluation of the antioxidant activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:317-326. [PMID: 29913356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin (PAC) holds strong free radicals scavenging ability and is widely used as oxygen free radical scavenger. Huge demand, safety and economic aspect are forcing the PAC extraction to explore new resource and greener solvent. An efficient extraction method of PAC from Ginkgo biloba leaves was established by employing deep eutectic solvent (DES)-water mixture. After a rational design, a DES-water mixture (named as Ch-M55) was chosen as the extraction solvent, which was prepared from choline chloride and malonic acid at a molar ratio of 1:2 with water addition of 55% (w/w). The main factors affecting the extraction yield were statistically optimized using a central composite design combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were obtained as follows: extraction temperature of 65 °C, extraction time of 53 min and Ch-M55 to solid ratio of 10.57:1 (v/w, mL/g). The PAC extraction yield was 22.19 ± 0.71 mg/g under the optimized conditions, which was much higher than those of conventional organic solvents. The antioxidant activity of PAC extracted by Ch-M55 was similar to that of 70% acetone, but a little less than 70% methanol and 70% ethanol. The differences in constituent and polymerization degree of PAC extracted by different solvents might account for the difference in antioxidant activity. In consideration of biodegradability and pharmaceutical acceptability, the Ch-M55-based extraction method is obviously efficient, green and ecofriendly. Extraction of PAC from Ginkgo biloba leaves also provides a new PAC resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Erzheng Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Alirezalu A, Salehi P, Ahmadi N, Sonboli A, Aceto S, Hatami Maleki H, Ayyari M. Flavonoids profile and antioxidant activity in flowers and leaves of hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from different regions of Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1446146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Alirezalu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Salehi
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Ahmadi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sonboli
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hamid Hatami Maleki
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ayyari
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Rue EA, Rush MD, van Breemen RB. Procyanidins: a comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2018; 17:1-16. [PMID: 29651231 PMCID: PMC5891158 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are polyphenols abundant in dietary fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and grains with a variety of chemopreventive biological effects. Rapid structure determination of these compounds is needed, notably for the more complex polymeric procyanidins. We review the recent developments in the structure elucidation of procyanidins with a focus on mass spectrometric approaches, especially liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Rue
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Il, 60612, USA
| | - Michael D Rush
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Il, 60612, USA
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Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity and Quality Attributes of Yogurt Enhanced with Wild Herbs Extracts. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/5329386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The milk and yogurt products assortment has expanded by their enhancement with herb extracts, fibres extracted from by-products of the fruit processing industry and also fresh spices. The aim of the present study was to test to what extent the addition of different herb extracts in yogurt will improve its qualitative characteristics and antioxidant activity. The aqueous extracts obtained from the four plants are considered in this study, respectively, thistle (Silybum marianum L.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.). It was examined the effect of aqueous extracts prepared from four herbs (0.25/1%) (w/w) on yogurt’s qualitative characteristics (pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, water holding capacity, antioxidant activity, colour parameters, and rheological parameters) on both one day and 28 days after preparation. The final results show that the physicochemical and rheological properties of the yoghurt with herb extracts addition were improved compared to the control sample after 28 days of storage. The best results in terms of antioxidant properties were obtained when marjoram extract (Origanum vulgare L.) was incorporated. According to the data obtained, the best quality in terms of the physicochemical and rheological properties were in the case of the sample with 0.5% thistle extract (Silybum marianum L.) addition, while from point of view of the nutritional value, the best quality was in the case of the sample with 1% marjoram extract (Origanum vulgare L.) addition. The present study leads to the conclusion that yogurts enhanced with natural extracts may serve as functional food products, with significant health benefits.
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Wiesneth S, Aas G, Heilmann J, Jürgenliemk G. Investigation of the flavan-3-ol patterns in willow species during one growing-season. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 145:26-39. [PMID: 29059537 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, proanthocyanidins (PAs) and salicylic alcohol derivatives are the main groups of ingredients in Salix needed as defensive tools and signal molecules, but have also pharmaceutical importance. The present study investigated total PA content, complete PA pattern, the oligomeric/total PAs quotient and the contents of catechin and epicatechin during one growing-season for the leaves and this year's sprouts in ten willows (Salix pentandra L. ♂, S. alba L. ♂, S. fragilis L. ♀, S. caprea L. ♂ & ♀, S. cinerea L. ♂, S. caprea x cinerea ♂, S. daphnoidesVill. ♂ & ♀ and S. purpurea L. ♀; all Salicaceae). Comparison of the different species revealed distinct seasonal fluctuations of the oligomeric and polymeric PA fractions, but the contents of both groups always developed in the same direction. All willows prefer the synthesis of PAs with DP-2 - DP-4 within the oligomeric fraction (DP-2 - DP-10) and species with rather low PA contents like S. purpurea (0.1-2.6 mg/g) as well as species with rather high PA contents like S. alba (3.8-14.7 mg/g) were found. Only slight gender specific differences could be observed for both sexes of S. daphnoides and S. caprea. The PA pattern of the hybrid S. caprea x cinerea seems to be influenced by both parents. Thus, the accumulation of the oligomeric PAs accorded to S. caprea and the polymeric PAs matched S. cinerea resulting in an overall depression of PAs in the sprouts and a varying seasonal trend in the leaves. In contrast, the content of catechin remained high and seemed to be not influenced in the hybrid. Although only one individual of each Salix species could be considered in this screening study, the present results demonstrate the variability of the flavan-3-ol pattern within the genus Salix but also some preliminary correlations could be observed. Future studies with more Salix species will provide more insights into chemotaxonomic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiesneth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Aas
- Ecological-Botanical Gardens, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Guido Jürgenliemk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Zhang S, Li L, Cui Y, Luo L, Li Y, Zhou P, Sun B. Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography separation of grape seed proanthocyanidins according to degree of polymerization. Food Chem 2017; 219:399-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Díaz-de-Cerio E, Pasini F, Verardo V, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A, Caboni MF. Psidium guajava L. leaves as source of proanthocyanidins: Optimization of the extraction method by RSM and study of the degree of polymerization by NP-HPLC-FLD-ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 133:1-7. [PMID: 27780121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the importance of the proanthocyanidins (PAs) bioactivity and its relationship with the PAs degree of polymerization (DP), an experimental design was carried out to establish the best extraction conditions in order to evaluate the proanthocyanidins content and their degree of polymerization in Psidium guajava leaves at different oxidation state. Optimal conditions achieved by response surface methodology were 50% acetone/water (v/v), 48°C, 30min, and 0% acetic acid (v/v). The highest DP has been found in the low oxidized state (DP 13 plus the polymers). Medium and high oxidized state leaves reported a DP 11 plus the polymers. The total amounts of proanthocyanidins (sum of PAs by HPLC-FLD-ESI-MS) decreased when oxidation state of leaves increased (15.8±0.4, 12.6±0.4, and 10.5±0.3mg/g leaf dry weight (d.w.) in low, medium and high oxidized state leaves, respectively). Guava leaves present an interesting source of low DP-PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elixabet Díaz-de-Cerio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain; Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Avd. del Conocimiento, Bioregion Building, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Federica Pasini
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, and Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain; Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Avd. del Conocimiento, Bioregion Building, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain; Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Avd. del Conocimiento, Bioregion Building, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy; Department of Agro-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy
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Saxena S, Verma J, Gautam S. Potential Prophylactic Properties of Apple and Characterization of Potent Bioactive from cv. "Granny Smith" Displaying Strong Antimutagenicity in Models Including Human Lymphoblast TK6(+/-) Cell Line. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H508-18. [PMID: 26753515 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Potential prophylactic attributes in terms of antimutagenicity, antioxidant, and radioprotective properties were evaluated for 8 common apple cultivars namely "Fuji," "Golden Delicious," "Granny Smith," "Ambri Kashmiri," "Kinnaur," "Red Delicious," "Royal Gala," and "Shimla," where cultivar based significant variation was observed. Cv. "Granny Smith" displayed significantly higher and broad spectrum antimutagenicity in Escherichia coli rpoB based rifampicin resistance (Rif(R) ) assay, whereas, "Ambri Kashmiri," "Royal Gala," and "Shimla" showed lower antimutagenicity. Cultivars "Ambri Kashmiri," "Kinnaur," and "Red Delicious" exhibited strong antioxidant activity than cv. "Granny Smith" as assayed by radical scavenging, reducing potential and radioprotective property assays. The antioxidant and radioprotective properties were found to be better correlated than antimutagenicity. Suppression of error-prone DNA repair pathway (such as E. coli SOS response) was found to be one of the possible mechanisms contributing to its antimutagenicity. Phenolic extract of "Granny Smithˮ showing higher antimutagenicity was HPLC purified and the bioactive fraction (tR 35.4 min) contributing maximally (∼80%) to the observed antimutagenicity was identified as procyanidin dimer (PD) by ESI-MS/MS. The above observed antimutagenicity in bacterial assay system was well reproduced in Thymidine Kinase Mutation (TKM) assay performed using human lymphoblast cell line (TK6(+/-) ) cell line making the findings more prophylactically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Saxena
- Food Technology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Jyoti Verma
- Food Technology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Satyendra Gautam
- Food Technology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
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Spiegler V, Sendker J, Petereit F, Liebau E, Hensel A. Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of a Leaf Extract from Combretum mucronatum with Anthelmintic Activity: Oligomeric Procyanidins as the Active Principle. Molecules 2015; 20:14810-32. [PMID: 26287140 PMCID: PMC6332176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200814810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combretum mucronatum Schumach. & Thonn. is a medicinal plant widely used in West African traditional medicine for wound healing and the treatment of helminth infections. The present study aimed at a phytochemical characterization of a hydroalcoholic leaf extract of this plant and the identification of the anthelmintic compounds by bioassay-guided fractionation. An EtOH-H2O (1:1) extract from defatted leaves was partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. Further fractionation was performed by fast centrifugal partition chromatography, RP18-MPLC and HPLC. Epicatechin (1), oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) 2 to 10 (mainly procyanidins) and flavonoids 11 to 13 were identified as main components of the extract. The hydroalcoholic extract, fractions and purified compounds were tested in vitro for their anthelmintic activity using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The bioassay-guided fractionation led to the identification of OPCs as the active compounds with a dose-dependent anthelmintic activity ranging from 1 to 1000 μM. Using OPC-clusters with a defined degree of polymerization (DP) revealed that a DP ≥ 3 is necessary for an anthelmintic activity, whereas a DP > 4 does not lead to a further increased inhibitory effect against the helminths. In summary, the findings rationalize the traditional use of C. mucronatum and provide further insight into the anthelmintic activity of condensed tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Spiegler
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Jandirk Sendker
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Petereit
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Eva Liebau
- Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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