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Zhou C, Zhao L, Zhang J, Qi Y, Huang B, She Z. Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Molecular Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Guangdong, South China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38407833 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing global popularity of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods for their convenience simultaneously brings along a risk, as these products can be contaminated with various microorganisms, including potentially harmful pathogens. We aimed to investigate the food contamination of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in RTE foods in Guangdong, South China. All S. aureus isolates were subjected to characterization through antimicrobial susceptibility tests, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and PCR analysis for detecting mec and blaZ genes. A total of 824 RTE food samples were collected from 2017 to 2022, of which 73 (8.9%) were found to be contaminated with S. aureus. Contamination levels were mostly in the range of 0.3-1.0 most probable number (MPN)/g, with 10 samples exceeding 110 MPN/g. Of the 73 S. aureus isolates, 10 were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In MRSA, resistance was most frequently observed to penicillin (100%, 10/10), followed by erythromycin (80.0%, 8/10) and tetracycline (70%, 7/10). And in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), resistance was most frequently observed to penicillin (98.4%, 62/63), followed by tetracycline (30.2%, 19/63) and erythromycin (23.8%, 15/63). Overall, 98.6% (72/73) of the isolates demonstrated resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, whereas 31.5% (23/73) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Fifty-seven S. aureus isolates harbored the penicillin-resistant gene blaZ, and 10 isolates carried the mec gene. In addition, 30.1% of the isolates harbored genes for classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), with seb being the most frequently detected SE gene. MLST revealed that the 73 isolates belonged to 14 different sequence types (STs), the most prevalent of which was ST7. In MRSA, the most common prevalent clone is ST6, and in MSSA, ST7 was the most common isolates. The prevalent multidrug resistance indicates that the resistance situation of foodborne S. aureus in Guangdong is severe, posing a potential threat to consumer safety and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqing Zhou
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan, China
| | - Zhiyun She
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan, China
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Alkuraythi DM, Alkhulaifi MM, Binjomah AZ, Alarwi M, Mujallad MI, Alharbi SA, Alshomrani M, Gojobori T, Alajel SM. Comparative genomic analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients and retail meat. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1339339. [PMID: 38282615 PMCID: PMC10811269 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1339339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen that poses a threat to public health due to its association with foodborne contamination and a variety of infections. The factors contributing to the pathogenicity of S. aureus include virulence, drug resistance, and toxin production, making it essential to monitor their prevalence and genetic profiles. This study investigated and compared the genomic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from retail meat and patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods A total of 136 S. aureus isolates were obtained between October 2021 and June 2022:84 from patients and 53 from meat samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. S. aureus isolates were identified using conventional methods and MALDI-TOF MS, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified using VITEK2 and BD Phoenix systems. MRSA was confirmed phenotypically using chromogenic agar, and genotypically by detecting mecA. Genomic data were analyzed using BactopiaV2 pipeline, local BLAST, and MLST databases. Results Antibiotic resistance genes were prevalent in both meat and patient S. aureus isolates, with high prevalence of tet38, blaZ, and fosB. Notably, all S. aureus isolates from patients carried multidrug-resistant (MDR) genes, and a high percentage of S. aureus isolates from meat also harbored MDR genes. Phenotypically, 43% of the S. aureus isolates from meat and 100% of the patients' isolates were MDR. Enterotoxin genes, including selX, sem, and sei, exhibited high compatibility between meat and patient S. aureus isolates. Virulence genes such as cap, hly/hla, sbi, and isd were found in all S. aureus isolates from both sources. Conclusion Our study established a genetic connection between S. aureus isolates from meat and patients, showing shared antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. The presence of these genes in meat derived isolates underscores its role as a reservoir. Genomic relatedness also suggests potential transmission of resistance between different settings. These findings emphasize the necessity for a comprehensive approach to monitor and control S. aureus infections in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal M. Alkuraythi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M. Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Z. Binjomah
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarwi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saleh Ali Alharbi
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alshomrani
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Alajel
- Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department for Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alkuraythi DM, Alkhulaifi MM, Binjomah AZ, Alarwi M, Aldakhil HM, Mujallad MI, Alharbi SA, Alshomrani M, Alshahrani SM, Gojobori T, Alajel SM. Clonal Flux and Spread of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat and Its Genetic Relatedness to Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Saudi Arabia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2926. [PMID: 38138070 PMCID: PMC10745650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated both meat-derived and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), exploring their genetic relatedness to patient-derived MRSA isolates in Saudi Arabia. We collected 250 meat samples and identified 53 S. aureus isolates, with 79% being methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 21% being MRSA. Moreover, we included 80 clinically confirmed patient-derived MRSA isolates. We identified the most common S. aureus clone in both patients and retail meat. In meat, ST6 and ST97 were the most common clones in 55% of the MRSA isolates, and ST1153 and ST672 were the most common in 21% and 17% of the MSSA isolates. In patients, ST5 and ST6 were the predominant clones in 46% of the S. aureus isolates. CC5/ST5-SCCmecVc-t311 and CC361/ST672-SCCmecV-t3841 were common MRSA clones in both meat and patients. CC97 and CC361 clones were the second most prevalent S. aureus clones in meat and were relatively common in patients. Furthermore, we sequenced and characterized novel S. aureus strains ST8109, ST8110, and ST8111. The genomic similarities between meat- and patient-derived S. aureus isolates suggest that retail meat might be a reservoir for S.aureus and MRSA transmission. Therefore, a structured One Health approach is recommended for S. aureus dissemination, genetic characterization, antibiotic resistance, and impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal M. Alkuraythi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.M.A.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M. Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.M.A.)
| | - Abdulwahab Z. Binjomah
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
- College of Medicine, AL-Faisal University, Takhassusi Street, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarwi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind M. Aldakhil
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saleh Ali Alharbi
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Alshomrani
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Saeed Mastour Alshahrani
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Alajel
- Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department for Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
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Gizaw F, Kekeba T, Teshome F, Kebede M, Abreham T, Berhe HH, Ayana D, Edao BM, Waktole H, Tufa TB, Abunna F, Beyi AF, Abdi RD. Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Thrive in Dairy and Beef Production, Processing, and Supply Lines in Five Geographical Areas in Ethiopia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:663. [PMID: 38133214 PMCID: PMC10747641 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock, farms, abattoirs, and food supply systems can become the source of foodborne pathogens, including S. aureus, in the absence of monitoring, general hygienic practices, and control. Studies are scarce on reservoirs (hiding places) and routes of entry of S. aureus into the food supply chain in Ethiopia. To fill these gaps, we evaluated the role of cows (milk), meat, equipment, and food handlers on the abundance and AMR of S. aureus in five geographical areas in central Oromia, Ethiopia. We isolated S. aureus from 10 different ecologies per area in 5 areas and tested their sensitivity to 14 antimicrobials of 9 different classes. We ranked the 5 areas and 10 ecologies by computing their multiple AMR index (MARI) at a cut-off value of 0.2 to determine 'high-risk' ecologies for AMR. We recorded as MDR if an isolate had resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. We used a circos diagram to analyze if isolates with identical AMR patterns were shared between different ecologies. S. aureus is prevalent in central Oromia (16.1-18.3%), higher in dairy farms than in abattoirs, and varied among 10 ecologies (p < 0.001) but not among 5 areas (p > 0.05). Of the 92 isolates, 94.6% were penicillin-resistant. Their AMR prevalence was above 40% for 9 of 14 antimicrobials. All isolates (100%) had AMR in at least one antimicrobial class (range = 1-9; median = 5), indicating MDR was prevalent. The prevalence of MDR S. aureus varied (p < 0.05) among areas and 10 ecologies; the highest was in slaughter lines. All isolates had a MARI of >0.2, indicating drug overuse, and S. aureus's AMR burden is high in central Oromia. Dairy farms had higher MARI values (0.44) than abattoirs (0.39). Of 10 ecologies, the highest and lowest MARI values were in the beef supply chain, i.e., slaughter line (0.67) and butcher's hand (0.25). Of the 68 different AMR patterns by 92 isolates against 14 antimicrobials, 53 patterns (77.9%) were unique to individual isolates, indicating they were phenotypically dissimilar. MDR S. aureus was widespread in central Oromia in dairy and meat supply chains, contaminating milk, meat, equipment, and workers in farm and abattoir settings. In the absence of strict regulations and interventions, MDR S. aureus can be disseminated from these epicenters to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikru Gizaw
- School of Veterinary Science, Arsi University, Assella P.O. Box 193, Ethiopia;
| | - Tolera Kekeba
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Fikadu Teshome
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Matewos Kebede
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Tekeste Abreham
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Halefom Hishe Berhe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Dinka Ayana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Hika Waktole
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Takele Beyene Tufa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Reta Duguma Abdi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY 11548, USA
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Wen H, Zhou W, Wu Y, Li Y, Zhu G, Zhang Z, Gu X, Wang C, Yang Z. Effective treatment of a broad-host-range lytic phage SapYZU15 in eliminating Staphylococcus aureus from subcutaneous infection. Microbiol Res 2023; 276:127484. [PMID: 37659336 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus is frequently isolated from food products, and can cause severe clinical infection. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a promising biocontrol agent against MDR S. aureus in food contamination and clinical infections. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 47 S. aureus isolates from three swine farms, two slaughterhouses, and four markets (Yangzhou, China) were evaluated. The biological characteristics of four lytic S. aureus phages were compared and the lytic activity of phage SapYZU15 against MDR S. aureus was assessed using milk, fresh pork and a mouse model of subcutaneous abscess. The results showed that 28 S. aureus isolates (59.6%, 28/47) exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Compared to SapYZU01, SapYZU02, and SapYZU03, SapYZU15 had a shorter latent period (10 min), larger burst size (322.00 PFU/cell), broader host range, wider temperature stability (-80 to 50 °C), and pH stability. Furthermore, SapYZU15 significantly reduces the counts of S. aureus in milk and pork (5.69 and 1.16 log colony-forming unit/mL, respectively) at 25 °C and controls the growth of S. aureus at 4 °C. Compared to the mice infected with S. aureus MRSA JCSC 4744 and cocktail (S. aureus YZUsa1, YZUsa4, YZUsa12, YZUsa14, and MRSA JCSC 4744), treatment with SapYZU15 led to faster tissue healing, less weight loss, and lower viable S. aureus counts in the murine abscess model. Moreover, prevention with SapYZU15 effectively inhibited abscess formation through a synergistic effect with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consequently, our results suggest that SapYZU15 is an effective strategy for controlling S. aureus contamination in food products, and possesses an immense potential to treat and prevent clinic infection caused by MDR S. aureus strains. The interactions and mechanisms between SapYZU15 and its bacterial host differed depending on the model, temperature, and multiplicity of infection (MOI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, ShenZhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yajie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuewen Gu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Cuimei Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
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Chen Q, Zhao G, Yang W, Chen F, Qi Y, Lou Z. Investigation into the prevalence of enterotoxin genes and genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retain foods in Hangzhou, China. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:294. [PMID: 37848808 PMCID: PMC10580612 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus expresses numerous toxins, many of which are strongly believed to be responsible for specific symptoms and even diseases, making it significant in the pathogenesis of human health. Enterotoxins, which are vital toxins, are associated with foodborne illnesses that manifest through symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea. In the present study, 264 S. aureus isolates obtained from various retail foods in Hangzhou, China were further investigated the profiles of enterotoxin genes and genetic backgrounds. RESULTS Approximately, 64.02% of the isolates from diverse sources contained at least one Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (SE) genes, displaying a total of 36 distinct combinations. Enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) encoded enterotoxin genes, normally designated by seg, sei, sem, sen, seo and selu, plus with sep were more frequently detected (33.73%, each). In contrast, see, ses and set were absent in any of the isolates tested. A total of 44 sequence types (STs), 20 clonal complexes (CCs) and 66 different staphylococcal protein A (spa) types (including six novel types) were identified among those 169 SE-positive isolates. Moreover, nineteen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified. The majority of those isolates belonged to the CC59-Sccmec IVa cluster and carried the seb-sek-seq gene cluster. The egc cluster, either coexisting with or without other enterotoxin genes, was observed in all isolates allocated into CC5, CC9, CC20, CC25, CC72 and ST672. Irrespective of the spa types and origins of the food, it appeared that seh was a distinct genetic element present in isolates belonging to the CC1 clonal lineage. CONCLUSIONS The results not only proposed a suspected relationship between distribution of enterotoxigenic strains and genetic backgrounds, but also attributed the presence of novel enterotoxins to potential hazards in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuhong Chen
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Lou
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
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Lim KL, Khor WC, Ong KH, Timothy L, Aung KT. Occurrence and Patterns of Enterotoxin Genes, spa Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Staphylococcus aureus in Food and Food Contact Surfaces in Singapore. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1785. [PMID: 37512957 PMCID: PMC10386305 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus contamination of food and food contact surfaces is a public health concern given its virulent and antimicrobial-resistant properties worldwide. In this study, a total of 181 MSSA isolates were analyzed for SE genes, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and spa types. Overall, 24.9% of isolates were positive for SE gene detection, with sea being the most prevalent classical SE (18.8%). The most predominant sample sources for SE gene contamination were hand swabs for sea (6/48), meat dishes for seb (3/14) and seafood dishes for sec (2/24). Antimicrobial resistance was also observed at relatively high frequencies for the clinically important antibiotics penicillin G and ampicillin (both 54.7%), followed by tetracycline (14.9%) and azithromycin (8.8%). In addition, characterization of spa types revealed spa type t5078 to be the most predominant (40.3%), with significant associations between spa types t127 and t5521 and the sea gene. This study offers insights into the enterotoxin gene and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus in cooked or ready-to-eat food to inform future surveillance and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ker Li Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Wei Ching Khor
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kar Hui Ong
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Lois Timothy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Waseem M, Naveed M, Rehman SU, Makhdoom SI, Aziz T, Alharbi M, Alsahammari A, Alasmari AF. Molecular Characterization of spa, hld, fmhA, and l ukD Genes and Computational Modeling the Multidrug Resistance of Staphylococcus Species through Callindra harrisii Silver Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20920-20936. [PMID: 37323409 PMCID: PMC10268295 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The problem of multidrug resistance in bacterial pathogens is significant and is related to the high morbidity and death rates of living things due to increased levels of beta-lactamases. Plant-derived nanoparticles have gained a great significance in the field of science and technology to combat bacterial diseases, especially multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study examines the multidrug resistance and virulent genes of identified pathogenic Staphylococcus species obtained from Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Laboratory (MBBL), culture collection. The polymerase chain reaction-based characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus having ON875315.1 and ON876003.1 accession IDs revealed the presence of the spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld genes. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by utilizing the leaf extract of Calliandra harrisii, of which metabolites act as capping and reducing agents for the precursor of nano-synthesis, i.e., AgNO3 of 0.25 M. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized via UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis which inferred the bead-like shape of our nanoparticles with the size of 2.21 nm with the existence of aromatic and hydroxyl functional groups at surface plasmon resonance of 477 nm. The antimicrobial activity by AgNPs showed 20 mm inhibition of Staphylococcus species as compared to the vancomycin and cefoxitin antibiotics along with crude plant extract, which showed a minimum zone of inhibition. The synthesized AgNPs were also analyzed for various biological activities like anti-inflammatory with 99.15% inhibition in protein denaturation, antioxidant with 99.8% inhibition in free radical scavenging, antidiabetic with 90.56% inhibition of alpha amylase assay, and anti-haemolytic with 89.9% inhibition in cell lysis which shows good bioavailability and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles with the biological system of the living being. The amplified genes (spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld) were also analyzed for their interaction with AgNPs computationally at the molecular level. The 3-D structure of AgNP and amplified genes was retrieved from ChemSpider (ID: 22394) and Phyre2 online server, respectively. The binding affinities of AgNP with spa, LukD, fmhA, and hld were -7.16, -6.5, -6.45, and -3.3 kJ/mol, respectively, which infers a good docking score except of hld which is -3.3 kJ/mol due to its small size. The salient features of biosynthesized AgNPs proved to be an effective approach in combating the multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waseem
- Department of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq ur Rehman
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Izma Makhdoom
- Department of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta 47100, Greece
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alsahammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Gržinić G, Piotrowicz-Cieślak A, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Górny RL, Ławniczek-Wałczyk A, Piechowicz L, Olkowska E, Potrykus M, Tankiewicz M, Krupka M, Siebielec G, Wolska L. Intensive poultry farming: A review of the impact on the environment and human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160014. [PMID: 36368402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poultry farming is one of the most efficient animal husbandry methods and it provides nutritional security to a significant number of the world population. Using modern intensive farming techniques, global production has reached 133.4 mil. t in 2020, with a steady growth each year. Such intensive growth methods however lead to a significant environmental footprint. Waste materials such as poultry litter and manure can pose a serious threat to environmental and human health, and need to be managed properly. Poultry production and waste by-products are linked to NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions, and have an impact on global greenhouse gas emissions, as well as animal and human health. Litter and manure can contain pesticide residues, microorganisms, pathogens, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics), hormones, metals, macronutrients (at improper ratios) and other pollutants which can lead to air, soil and water contamination as well as formation of antimicrobial/multidrug resistant strains of pathogens. Dust emitted from intensive poultry production operations contains feather and skin fragments, faeces, feed particles, microorganisms and other pollutants, which can adversely impact poultry health as well as the health of farm workers and nearby inhabitants. Fastidious odours are another problem that can have an adverse impact on health and quality of life of workers and surrounding population. This study discusses the current knowledge on the impact of intensive poultry farming on environmental and human health, as well as taking a look at solutions for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gržinić
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Piotrowicz-Cieślak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas
- Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich Str. 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Rafał L Górny
- Laboratory of Biohazards, Department of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska Str. 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ławniczek-Wałczyk
- Laboratory of Biohazards, Department of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska Str. 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Piechowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa Str. 25, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Potrykus
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Tankiewicz
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krupka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Siebielec
- Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich Str. 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244114. [PMID: 36553856 PMCID: PMC9777741 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major foodborne pathogens and can cause serious foodborne illness in humans by foods contaminated with S. aureus enterotoxins. In recent years, livestock-associated S. aureus has been a major public health concern for humans and has emerged in various countries globally. China is one of the largest producers of pigs and pork in the world. However, there are few studies on the detailed genotypic and pathogenic characterization of pork-associated S. aureus in China. In this study, the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic characteristics of S. aureus in raw pork in Wuhan, China, were investigated through multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and whole-genome sequencing analysis. A total of 518 S. aureus isolates (16.9%) were isolated from 3067 retail and wholesale pork samples. The prevalence of S. aureus in retail pork (22.7%) was significantly higher than in wholesale pork (15.1%), while the proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in wholesale pork (12.9%) was significantly higher than in retail pork (6.2%). Among the isolates, 10.8% were resistant to three or more antibiotics, with higher rates of resistance to penicillin (88.8%) and erythromycin (58.1%). A total of 28 sequence types (STs) were identified in the 518 isolates, and the predominant type was ST7 (57.5%), followed by ST5 (9.1%). In addition, based on the whole-genome sequences of 39 representative strains, 17 spa types were identified among the isolates, of which t899, t091, and t437 were the most common. Furthermore, 19 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) and SE-like (SEl) toxin genes were detected in the isolates, of which selw was the most common type (100%), followed by sei, sem, seo, seu, and selv (46.2%); sey (35.9%); and sea, seg, and sen (33.3%). This study found for the first time that ST7-t091-selw and ST9-t899-SCCmecXII-selw were the predominant genotypes of S. aureus in pork in China, which indicated the spreading of S. aureus with multiple virulence factors, especially with new SE/SEl types in pigs and pork, is a serious new challenge for food safety. Good hygiene and good production practices to prevent interspecies transmission and cross-contamination of S. aureus in the pig-pork chain are of great significance to public health.
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11
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Zhang L, Gao F, Ge J, Li H, Xia F, Bai H, Piao X, Shi L. Potential of Aromatic Plant-Derived Essential Oils for the Control of Foodborne Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance in Animal Production: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1673. [PMID: 36421318 PMCID: PMC9686951 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a severe public threat to human health worldwide. Supplementing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) at subtherapeutic levels has been a commonly applied method to improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, but the misuse of antibiotics in animal production plays a major role in the antibiotic resistance crisis and foodborne disease outbreaks. The addition of AGPs to improve production performance in livestock and poultry has been prohibited in some countries, including Europe, the United States and China. Moreover, cross-resistance could result in the development of multidrug resistant bacteria and limit therapeutic options for human and animal health. Therefore, finding alternatives to antibiotics to maintain the efficiency of livestock production and reduce the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks is beneficial to human health and the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Essential oils (EOs) and their individual compounds derived from aromatic plants are becoming increasingly popular as potential antibiotic alternatives for animal production based on their antibacterial properties. This paper reviews recent studies in the application of EOs in animal production for the control of foodborne pathogens, summarizes their molecular modes of action to increase the susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and provides a promising role for the application of nanoencapsulated EOs in animal production to control bacteria and overcome antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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12
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Komodromos D, Kotzamanidis C, Giantzi V, Pappa S, Papa A, Zdragas A, Angelidis A, Sergelidis D. Prevalence, Infectious Characteristics and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Two Raw-Meat Processing Establishments in Northern Greece. Pathogens 2022; 11:1370. [PMID: 36422621 PMCID: PMC9697755 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the isolation frequency, the genetic diversity, and the infectious characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from the incoming meat and the meat products, the environment, and the workers' nasal cavities, in two meat-processing establishments in northern Greece. The isolated S. aureus strains were examined for their resistance to antimicrobials, carriage of the mecA and mecC genes, carriage of genes encoding for the production of nine staphylococcal enterotoxins, carriage of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and Toxic Shock Syndrome genes, and the ability to form biofilm. The genetic diversity of the isolates was evaluated using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and spa typing. S. aureus was isolated from 13.8% of the 160 samples examined, while only one sample (0.6%) was contaminated by MRSA carrying the mecA gene. The evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates revealed low antimicrobial resistance. The higher resistance frequencies were observed for penicillin (68.2%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (36.4%) and tetracycline (18.2%), while 31.8% of the isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobials examined. Multidrug resistance was observed in two isolates. None of the isolates carried the mecC or lukF-PV genes, and two isolates (9.1%) harbored the tst gene. Eight isolates (36.4%) carried the seb gene, one carried the sed gene, two (9.1%) carried both the sed and sei genes, and one isolate (4.5%) carried the seb, sed and sei genes. Twenty-one (95.5%) of the isolates showed moderate biofilm production ability, while only one (4.5%) was characterized as a strong biofilm producer. Genotyping of the isolates by PFGE indicates that S. aureus from different meat-processing establishments represent separate genetic populations. Ten different spa types were identified, while no common spa type isolates were detected within the two plants. Overall, our findings emphasize the need for the strict application of good hygienic practices at the plant level to control the spread of S. aureus and MRSA to the community through the end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Komodromos
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalampos Kotzamanidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Virginia Giantzi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Styliani Pappa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Apostolos Angelidis
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of Milk and Dairy Products, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Sergelidis
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Young SR, Domesle KJ, McDonald RC, Lozinak KA, Laksanalamai P, Harrell E, Thakur S, Kabera C, Strain EA, McDermott PF, Ge B. Toward the Adoption of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Salmonella Screening at the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System's Retail Meat Sites. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:758-766. [PMID: 36367550 PMCID: PMC9700350 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) is a One Health program in the United States that collects data on antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria from humans, animals, and the environment. Salmonella is a major pathogen tracked by the NARMS retail meat arm but currently lacks a uniform screening method. We evaluated a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid screening of Salmonella from 69 NARMS retail meat and poultry samples. All samples were processed side by side for culture isolation using two protocols, one from NARMS and the other one described in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). Overall, 10 (14.5%) samples screened positive by the Salmonella LAMP assay. Of those, six were culture-confirmed by the NARMS protocol and six by the BAM method with overlap on four samples. No Salmonella isolates were recovered from samples that screened negative with LAMP. These results suggested 100% sensitivity for LAMP in reference to culture. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing analysis confirmed identities of these isolates. Using the BAM protocol, all Salmonella isolates were recovered from samples undergoing Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium selective enrichment and presumptive colonies (n = 130) were dominated by Hafnia alvei (44.6%), Proteus mirabilis (22.3%), and Morganella morganii (9.9%) based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This method comparison study clearly demonstrated the benefit of a rapid, robust, and highly sensitive molecular screening method in streamlining the laboratory workflow. Fourteen NARMS retail meat sites further verified the performance of this assay using a portion of their routine samples, reporting an overall specificity of 98.8% and sensitivity of 90%. As of July 2022, the vast majority of NARMS retail meat sites have adopted the Salmonella LAMP assay for rapid screening of Salmonella in all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenia R. Young
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly J. Domesle
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan C. McDonald
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Erin Harrell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claudine Kabera
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Errol A. Strain
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick F. McDermott
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Beilei Ge
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA.,Address correspondence to: Beilei Ge, PhD, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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14
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Guran HS, Bozan Bayrak AR, Alali W, Yesiloglu C. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail raw meats in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.29.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) through food products of animal origin may pose a public health concern. Therefore, the objectives of the present work were to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in raw meat samples (beef, chicken, turkey, and duck) at retail level, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the MRSA isolates. Between September 2018 and January 2019, a total of 325 raw meat samples were collected from retail stores, and analysed for the presence of S. aureus and MRSA using primary enrichment method as well as using secondary selective enrichment methods for MRSA detection. All the suspected S. aureus and MRSA colonies obtained from the samples were confirmed by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The MRSA isolates were tested against various antimicrobials, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was determined. Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotypes were also screened using the double-disk diffusion test. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 57.2%, whereas the food-specific prevalence in beef, turkey, duck, and chicken samples was 75, 53, 48, and 46%, respectively. The overall prevalence of MRSA was 1.2%, whereas it was 3, 1, 0, and 0% in beef, turkey, chicken, and duck samples, respectively. All MRSA isolates were detected by the secondary selective enrichment method. These MRSA isolates had a variety of MLSB resistance phenotypes (i.e., iMLSB, cMLSB, and MS-MLSB) with vancomycin MIC values ranging between 1 - 2 µg/mL. These findings are important for developing interventions to reduce raw meat contamination with S. aureus and MRSA, and to improve public health.
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15
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First Genome-Based Characterisation and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Production Ability of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Algiers (Algeria). Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110731. [PMID: 36355981 PMCID: PMC9694651 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic microorganism of humans and animals, able to cause foodborne intoxication due to the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and to resist antibiotic treatment as in the case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In this study, we performed a genomic characterisation of 12 genetically diverse S. aureus strains isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Algiers (Algeria). Moreover, their ability to produce some classical and new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) was investigated. The 12 S. aureus strains resulted to belong to nine known sequence types (STs) and to the novel ST7199 and ST7200. Furthermore, S. aureus SA46 was assigned to the European clone MRSA-ST80-SCCmec-IV. The 12 strains showed a wide endowment of se and sel (staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin) genes (sea, seb, sed, seg, seh, sei, selj, sek, sem, sen, seo, seq, ser, selu2, selw, selx, sey, sel30; ψent1-ψent2), including variants and pseudogenes, and harboured the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) types 1 and 5. Additionally, they produced various amounts of SEA (64.54-345.02 ng/mL), SEB (2871.28-14739.17 ng/mL), SED (322.70-398.94 ng/mL), SEH (not detectable-239.48 ng/mL), and SER (36,720.10-63,176.06 ng/mL) depending on their genotypes. The genetic determinants related to their phenotypic resistance to β-lactams (blaZ, mecA), ofloxacin (gyrA-S84L), erythromycin (ermB), lincomycin (lmrS), kanamycin (aph(3')-III, ant(6)-I), and tetracyclin (tet(L), tet(38)) were also detected. A plethora of virulence-related genes, including major virulence genes such as the tst gene, determinant for the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and the lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes, encoding the panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL), were present in the S. aureus strains, highlighting their pathogenic potential. Furthermore, a phylogenomic reconstruction including worldwide foodborne S. aureus showed a clear clustering based on ST and geographical origin rather than the source of isolation.
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16
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Abreu R, Rodríguez-Álvarez C, Castro-Hernandez B, Lecuona-Fernández M, González JC, Rodríguez-Novo Y, Arias Rodríguez MDLA. Prevalence and Characterisation of Multiresistant Bacterial Strains Isolated in Pigs from the Island of Tenerife. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060269. [PMID: 35737321 PMCID: PMC9230743 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can circulate among human and animal populations through direct contact with animals, as well as via food and the environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and characterisation of multiresistant bacteria in pig samples. Methods: 224 samples of pig livestock were taken at the slaughterhouse on the island of Tenerife. A nasal and a rectal sample were collected from each pig. The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus coagulase-negative (MRCoNS), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (BLEE), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was investigated. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were characterised by specific PCRs depending on the microorganism to be studied, and in vitro antimicrobial resistance was determined using the broth microdilution method (Vitek®2 system bioMérieux®, Nurtingen, Germany). Results: MRSA prevalence was 73.21% (164 isolates). MRCoNS prevalence was 9.8% (22 isolates), S. sciuri being the prevalent species. Six isolates presented a 2.7% prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (BLEE) in the CTX-M-1 group. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), or colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Conclusion: we found a high presence of multiresistant bacteria, suggesting the need for increased control and surveillance of this type of strains in pig livestock and a better understanding of the possible transmission routes of these microorganisms through livestock products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Abreu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra, s/n, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (R.A.); (C.R.-Á.)
| | - Cristobalina Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra, s/n, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (R.A.); (C.R.-Á.)
| | - Beatriz Castro-Hernandez
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, Canary Islands, Tenerife, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (B.C.-H.); (M.L.-F.)
| | - Maria Lecuona-Fernández
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, Canary Islands, Tenerife, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (B.C.-H.); (M.L.-F.)
| | - Juan Carlos González
- Canary Islands Health Service, Canary Islands, 38004 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Yurena Rodríguez-Novo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Section, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Maria de los Angeles Arias Rodríguez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra, s/n, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; (R.A.); (C.R.-Á.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-319-369
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17
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Osada M, Aung MS, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Ohashi N, Hirose M, Kobayashi N. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus/ Mammaliicoccus from Retail Ground Meat: Identification of Broad Genetic Diversity in Fosfomycin Resistance Gene fosB. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040469. [PMID: 35456144 PMCID: PMC9031665 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus is a major bacterial species that contaminates retail meat products. The objective of this study was to clarify the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic determinants of Staphylococcus/Mammaliicoccus species in retail ground meat in Japan. From a total of 146 retail ground meat samples (chicken, pork, mixed beef/pork) purchased during a 5-month period, 10 S. aureus and 112 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS)/Mammaliicoccus comprising 20 species were recovered. S. aureus isolates were classified into five genetic types, i.e., coa-IIa/ST5, coa-VIc/ST352 (CC97), coa-VIIb/ST398, coa-Xa/ST15, and coa-XIc/ST9, which were all related to those of livestock-associated clones. All the staphylococcal isolates were mecA-negative and mostly susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested, except for ampicillin among S. aureus (resistance proportion; 50%). Among CoNS, the fosfomycin resistance gene fosB was prevalent (30/112; 26.8%), primarily in S. capitis, S. warneri, and S. saprophyticus. Phylogenetic analysis of fosB revealed the presence of seven clusters, showing broad diversity with 65–81% identity among different clusters. In the CoNS isolates from ground meat samples, fosB was assigned into three clusters, and S. saprophyticus harbored the most divergent fosB with three genetic groups. These findings suggested the circulation of multiple fosB-carrying plasmids among some CoNS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Osada
- Master’s Program in Midwifery, Tenshi College Graduate School, Sapporo 065-0013, Japan;
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Nobuhide Ohashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Mina Hirose
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
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18
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Saenhom N, Kansan R, Chopjitt P, Boueroy P, Hatrongjit R, Kerdsin A. Evaluation of in-house cefoxitin screening broth to determine methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08950. [PMID: 35243072 PMCID: PMC8857472 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS), have a global impact as a public health threat contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and socio-economic costs. Accurate and rapid detection of MRS results in effective antimicrobial therapy, immediate patient isolation, dissemination control, and appropriate disinfection measures. Herein, we developed an in-house cefoxitin screening broth and compared it to the cefoxitin disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of MRS. Verification of this screening broth on 52 MRSA, 37 MRCoNS, 44 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and 11 MSCoNS revealed greater validity for MRSA/MSSA than for MRCoNS/MSCoNS. The kappa coefficient of 0.87 was superior for determination of MRSA and MSSA, whereas it was 0.54, which was considered poor, for determination of MRCoNS and MSCoNS. Application of this assay to screen MRSA should be useful in clinical laboratories and hospital infection-control units.
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19
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Zhao X, Hu M, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Li L, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liu Y. Whole-Genome Epidemiology and Characterization of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 From Retail Pork and Bulk Tank Milk in Shandong, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:764105. [PMID: 34917050 PMCID: PMC8670001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is now regarded as a zoonotic agent. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ST398 is a livestock-associated bacterium that is most prevalent in China, but there are currently no data available for Shandong. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and characterization of MSSA ST398 from retail pork and bulk tank milk (BTM) in Shandong. A total of 67 S. aureus isolates were collected from retail pork between November 2017 and June 2018. Among the isolates, high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for penicillin (97.0%), and 92.5% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Eight sequence types (STs) were identified in the retail pork isolates, and the predominant type was ST15 (n=26), which was followed by ST398 (n=14). Staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing identified spa types t034 and t1255 in MSSA ST398 from retail pork. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis, we described the phylogeny of 29 MSSA ST398 isolates that were obtained from retail pork (n=14) and BTM (n=15). The phylogenetic tree showed that the MSSA ST398 isolates from different sources had the same lineage. Among the 29 MSSA ST398 isolates, five resistance genes were detected, and all isolates carried DHA-1. Fifteen toxin genes were detected, and all isolates carried eta, hla, and hlb. In conclusion, this study found that a high risk for MSSA ST398 was present in retail pork and BTM. These findings have major implications for how investigations of MSSA ST398 outbreaks should be conducted in the One-Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Cui Zhao
- Tai'an animal disease prevention and control center, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
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20
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Prevalence, Enterotoxigenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Algerian Ready to Eat Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120835. [PMID: 34941673 PMCID: PMC8707561 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a foodborne intoxication due to the production of enterotoxins and shows antimicrobial resistance, as in the case of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Herein, we analyzed 207 ready-to-eat foods collected in Algeria, reporting a S. aureus prevalence of 23.2% (48/207) and respective loads of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) ranging from 1.00 ± 0.5 to 5.11 ± 0.24 Log CFU/g. The 48 S. aureus isolates were widely characterized by staphylococcal enterotoxin gene (SEg)-typing and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR)-PCR, as well as by detecting tst and mecA genes, genetic determinants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found that the S. aureus isolates belonged to seven different SEg-types harboring the following combinations of genes: (1) selW, selX; (2) egc (seG, seI, seM, seN, seO), selW, selX; (3) seA, seH, seK, seQ, selW, selX; (4) seB, selW, selX; (5) seD, selJ, seR, selW, selX; (6) seH, selW, selX, selY; and (7) seA, egc, selW, selX, while among these, 2.1% and 4.2% were tst- and mecA- (staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec-type IV) positive, respectively. Selected strains belonging to the 12 detected ISR-types were resistant towards antimicrobials including benzylpenicillin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracyclin, kanamycin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin; 8.3% (1/12) were confirmed as MRSA and 16.7% (2/12) were multidrug resistant. The present study shows the heterogeneity of the S. aureus population in Algerian ready-to-eat foods as for their toxigenic potential and antimicrobial resistance, shedding the light on the quality and safety related to the consume of ready-to-eat foods in Algeria.
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21
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Wang Y, Mao T, Li Y, Xiao W, Liang X, Duan G, Yang H. Characterization of 67 Confirmed Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Loci in 52 Strains of Staphylococci. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:736565. [PMID: 34751223 PMCID: PMC8571024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.736565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is one of the most important species of Staphylococci, poses a great threat to public health. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) are an adaptive immune platform to combat foreign mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids and phages. The aim of this study is to describe the distribution and structure of CRISPR-Cas system in S. aureus, and to explore the relationship between CRISPR and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Here, we analyzed 67 confirmed CRISPR loci and 15 companion Cas proteins in 52 strains of Staphylococci with bioinformatics methods. Comparing with the orphan CRISPR loci in Staphylococci, the strains harboring complete CRISPR-Cas systems contained multiple CRISPR loci, direct repeat sequences (DR) forming stable RNA secondary structures with lower minimum free energy (MFE), and variable spacers with detectable protospacers. In S. aureus, unlike the orphan CRISPRs away from Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), the complete CRISPR-Cas systems were in J1 region of SCCmec. In addition, we found a conserved motif 5'-TTCTCGT-3' that may protect their downstream sequences from DNA interference. In general, orphan CRISPR locus in S. aureus differed greatly from the structural characteristics of the CRISPR-Cas system. Collectively, our results provided new insight into the diversity and characterization of the CRISPR-Cas system in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Mao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinxia Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenwei Xiao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan Liang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Mesbah A, Mashak Z, Abdolmaleki Z. A survey of prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples collected from Tehran Province, Iran. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:81. [PMID: 34635183 PMCID: PMC8504009 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are considered among the major causes of foodborne diseases. This survey aims to assess genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples. METHODS According to the previously reported prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat food samples, a total of 415 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from Tehran province, Iran. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. Besides, the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion. In addition, the genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the PCR. RESULTS A total of 64 out of 415 (15.42%) ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Grilled mushrooms and salad olivieh harbored the highest contamination rate of (30%), while salami samples harbored the lowest contamination rate of 3.33%. In addition, S. aureus bacteria harbored the highest prevalence of resistance to penicillin (85.93%), tetracycline (85.93%), gentamicin (73.43%), erythromycin (53.12%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.56%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotic agents. Accordingly, the prevalence of tetK (70.31%), blaZ (64.06%), aacA-D (57.81%), gyrA (50%), and ermA (39.06%) was higher than that of other detected antibiotic resistance genes. Besides, AacA-D + blaZ (48.43%), tetK + blaZ (46.87%), aacA-D + tetK (39.06%), aacA-D + gyrA (20.31%), and ermA + blaZ (20.31%) were the most frequently identified combined genotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION Ready-to-eat food samples may be sources of resistant S. aureus, which pose a hygienic threat in case of their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of S. aureus in ready-to-eat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mesbah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mashak
- Department of Food Hygiene, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmacology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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23
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Abbasi K, Tajbakhsh E, Momtaz H. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and biofilm formation in
Staphylococcus aureus
strains isolated from meat and meat products. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Elahe Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
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Thwala T, Madoroba E, Basson A, Butaye P. Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Meat and Meat Products in African Countries: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091108. [PMID: 34572690 PMCID: PMC8465003 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing globally, which negatively affects food safety, veterinary, and human medicine. Ineffective antibiotics may cause treatment failure, which results in prolonged hospitalisation, increased mortality, and consequently, increased health care costs. Staphylococcus aureus causes a diverse range of infections including septicaemia and endocarditis. However, in food, it mainly causes food poisoning by the production of enterotoxins. With the discovery of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains that have a separate reservoir in livestock animals, which were termed as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) in 2005, it became clear that animals may pose another health risk. Though LA-MRSA is mainly transferred by direct contact, food transmission cannot be excluded. While the current strains are not very pathogenic, mitigation is advisable, as they may acquire new virulence genes, becoming more pathogenic, and may transfer their resistance genes. Control of LA-MRSA poses significant problems, and only Norway has an active mitigation strategy. There is limited information about LA-MRSA, MRSA in general, and other S. aureus infections from African countries. In this review, we discuss the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial susceptible and resistant S. aureus (with a focus on MRSA) from meat and meat products in African countries and compare it to the situation in the rest of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka Thwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Albert Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Crespo-Piazuelo D, Lawlor PG. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) prevalence in humans in close contact with animals and measures to reduce on-farm colonisation. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:21. [PMID: 34362463 PMCID: PMC8348836 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1940s, Staphylococcus aureus has adapted to the use of different antimicrobials to treat infections. Although S. aureus can act as a commensal bacterium, some strains are facultative pathogens and acquiring them can be fatal. In particular, treating infections caused by S. aureus with acquired antimicrobial resistance is problematic, as their treatment is more difficult. Some of these S. aureus variants are methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with prevalence across the globe in health-care facilities, community settings and on livestock farms. Apart from humans, MRSA can colonise other animal species, and because of this, resistance to new antimicrobials can appear and jump between species. Livestock and companion animals are particularly important in this regard considering the relatively high usage of antimicrobials in these species. There is a risk to humans who come into direct contact with animals acquiring MRSA but there is also the risk of animals acquiring MRSA from colonised humans. In this review, we summarise studies conducted worldwide to characterise the prevalence of MRSA in veterinarians, farmers and other personnel who come into close contact with animals. Finally, alternative treatment, preventive measures and on-farm strategies to reduce MRSA introduction to a farm and carriage within a herd are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
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26
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Zhao X, Yuan X, Hu M, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhang Q, Yuan X, Wang W, Liu Y. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk in Shandong dairy farms. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Wang W, Baker M, Hu Y, Xu J, Yang D, Maciel-Guerra A, Xue N, Li H, Yan S, Li M, Bai Y, Dong Y, Peng Z, Ma J, Li F, Dottorini T. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Machine Learning Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from Multiple Heterogeneous Sources in China Reveals Common Genetic Traits of Antimicrobial Resistance. mSystems 2021; 6:e0118520. [PMID: 34100643 PMCID: PMC8579812 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01185-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a worldwide leading cause of numerous diseases ranging from food-poisoning to lethal infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found capable of acquiring resistance to most antimicrobials. MRSA is ubiquitous and diverse even in terms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, posing a challenge for treatment. Here, we present a comprehensive study of S. aureus in China, addressing epidemiology, phylogenetic reconstruction, genomic characterization, and identification of AMR profiles. The study analyzes 673 S. aureus isolates from food as well as from hospitalized and healthy individuals. The isolates have been collected over a 9-year period, between 2010 and 2018, from 27 provinces across China. By whole-genome sequencing, Bayesian divergence analysis, and supervised machine learning, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the isolates and compared them to references from other countries. We identified 72 sequence types (STs), of which, 29 were novel. We found 81 MRSA lineages by multilocus sequence type (MLST), spa, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec), and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) typing. In addition, novel variants of SCCmec type IV hosting extra metal and antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as a new SCCmec type, were found. New Bayesian dating of the split times of major clades showed that ST9, ST59, and ST239 in China and European countries fell in different branches, whereas this pattern was not observed for the ST398 clone. On the contrary, the clonal transmission of ST398 was more intermixed in regard to geographic origin. Finally, we identified genetic determinants of resistance to 10 antimicrobials, discriminating drug-resistant bacteria from susceptible strains in the cohort. Our results reveal the emergence of Chinese MRSA lineages enriched of AMR determinants that share similar genetic traits of antimicrobial resistance across human and food, hinting at a complex scenario of evolving transmission routes. IMPORTANCE Little information is available on the epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in China. The role of food is a cause of major concern: staphylococcal foodborne diseases affect thousands every year, and the presence of resistant Staphylococcus strains on raw retail meat products is well documented. We studied a large heterogeneous data set of S. aureus isolates from many provinces of China, isolated from food as well as from individuals. Our large whole-genome collection represents a unique catalogue that can be easily meta-analyzed and integrated with further studies and adds to the library of S. aureus sequences in the public domain in a currently underrepresented geographical region. The new Bayesian dating of the split times of major drug-resistant enriched clones is relevant in showing that Chinese and European methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have evolved differently. Our machine learning approach, across a large number of antibiotics, shows novel determinants underlying resistance and reveals frequent resistant traits in specific clonal complexes, highlighting the importance of particular clonal complexes in China. Our findings substantially expand what is known of the evolution and genetic determinants of resistance in food-associated S. aureus in China and add crucial information for whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based surveillance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Michelle Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ning Xue
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofei Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Menghan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjing Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Hsu BM, Chen JS, Lin IC, Hsu GJ, Koner S, Hussain B, Huang SW, Tsai HC. Molecular and Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) Profiling of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Hospital and Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCF) Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060748. [PMID: 34205552 PMCID: PMC8235027 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide evidence of the cross-contamination of emerging pathogenic microbes in a local network between long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and hospitals, this study emphasizes the molecular typing, the prevalence of virulence genes, and the antibiotic resistance pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA isolates were characterized from 246 samples collected from LTCFs, medical tubes of LTCF residents, and hospital environments of two cities, Chiayi and Changhua. Species identification, molecular characterization, and drug resistance analysis were performed. Hospital environments had a higher MRSA detection rate than that of LTCF environments, where moist samples are a hotspot of MRSA habitats, including tube samples from LTCF residents. All MRSA isolates in this study carried the exfoliative toxin eta gene (100%). The majority of MRSA isolates were resistant to erythromycin (76.7%), gentamicin (60%), and ciprofloxacin (55%). The percentage of multidrug-resistant MRSA isolates was approximately 50%. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction results showed that 18 MRSA isolates belonged to a specific cluster. This implied that genetically similar isolates were spread between hospitals and LTCFs in Changhua city. This study highlights the threat to the health of LTCFs’ residents posed by hospital contact with MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 621, Taiwan; (B.-M.H.); (S.K.); (B.H.)
- Center for Innovative on Aging Society, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 621, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City 824, Taiwan;
| | - I-Ching Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung City 413, Taiwan;
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure, Chienkuo Technology University, Chenghua County 500, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jong Hsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan;
| | - Suprokash Koner
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 621, Taiwan; (B.-M.H.); (S.K.); (B.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 621, Taiwan
| | - Bashir Hussain
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 621, Taiwan; (B.-M.H.); (S.K.); (B.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 621, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 830, Taiwan;
- Super Micro Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City 830, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chi Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien County 970, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien County 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +88-638-561-825
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Narayanan KB, Park GT, Han SS. Biocompatible, antibacterial, polymeric hydrogels active against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains for food packaging applications. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Martínez-Vázquez AV, Guardiola-Avila IB, Flores-Magallón R, Rivera G, Bocanegra-García V. Detection of multi-drug resistance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Among the principal microorganisms transmitted to humans by foods of animal origin, Staphylococcus aureus stands out, causing a variety of diseases and with a wide potential for acquiring antimicrobial resistance. This work aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus, its multi-drug resistance (MDRSA), and the identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail beef and pork in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Methods
S. aureus strains isolated from retail meat were characterized by microbiological and molecular methods to determine phenotypic drug-resistance and detect MRSA strains.
Results
Of the 106 samples (54 from beef and 52 from pork) from 11 different cities, we detected a prevalence of S. aureus of 44.3% (47/106). A total of 87 S. aureus strains were identified; these presented 54 resistance patterns to different antimicrobials with a high prevalence of MDRSA (85%) and a low prevalence of MRSA strains (3%).
Conclusion
These results indicate the presence of MDRSA and MRSA in retail beef and pork in Tamaulipas, representing a high risk for consumer health.
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Evangelista AG, Corrêa JAF, Pinto ACSM, Luciano FB. The impact of essential oils on antibiotic use in animal production regarding antimicrobial resistance - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5267-5283. [PMID: 33554635 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1883548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Population growth directly affects the global food supply, demanding a higher production efficiency without farmland expansion - in view of limited land resources and biodiversity loss worldwide. In such scenario, intensive agriculture practices have been widely used. A commonly applied method to maximize yield in animal production is the use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics as growth promoters. Because of the strong antibiotic selection pressure generated, the intense use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has been associated to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Also, cross-resistance can occur, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and limiting treatment options in both human and animal health. Thereon, alternatives have been studied to replace AGP in animal production. Among such alternatives, essential oils and essential oil components (EOC) stand out positively from others due to, besides antimicrobial effectiveness, improving zootechnical indexes and modulating genes involved in resistance mechanisms. This review summarizes recent studies in essential oils and EOC for zoonotic bacteria control, providing detailed information about the molecular-level effects of their use in regard to AMR, and identifying important gaps to be filled within the animal production area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Prado Velho - Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessica Audrey Feijó Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Prado Velho - Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Prado Velho - Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Abdeen EE, Mousa WS, Abdelsalam SY, Heikal HS, Shawish RR, Nooruzzaman M, Soliman MM, Batiha GE, Hamad A, Abdeen A. Prevalence and Characterization of Coagulase Positive Staphylococci from Food Products and Human Specimens in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10010075. [PMID: 33466771 PMCID: PMC7829985 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have veterinary and public health importance as they are responsible for a wide range of difficult to treat infections and food poisoning. Two hundred samples (50 samples each of minced meat, beef luncheon, Karish cheese, and human samples (pus swab from open wounds)) were cultured, and MRSA strains were identified using disk diffusion tests and mecA gene-based PCR. A total of 35% (70/200) of the examined samples were confirmed as coagulase-positive S. aureus in minced meat (46%), beef luncheon (44%), Karish cheese (44%), and human samples (22%). The MRSA strains showed resistance to amoxicillin (91.4%), penicillin (97.1%), cefoxitin (85.7%), cephradine (82.9%), tetracycline (57.2%), and erythromycin (52.8%). More than half of the tested S. aureus isolates harbored the mecA gene. The sequence analysis of the mecA gene from the minced meat, Karish cheese, and human samples revealed high genetic similarities between the S. aureus isolates from these sources. In conclusion, our findings indicate a risk for the transmission of the mecA gene of S. aureus across the food chain between humans and animal food products. Further studies should focus on finding additional epidemiological aspects of the MRSA strains in food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman E. Abdeen
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1001346035
| | - Walid S. Mousa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
| | | | - Hanim S. Heikal
- Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
| | - Reyad R. Shawish
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohamed M. Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Gaber E. Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Hamad
- Center of Excellence for Screening of Environmental Contaminants, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (A.H.); (A.A.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Center of Excellence for Screening of Environmental Contaminants, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (A.H.); (A.A.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
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Hadi J, Wu S, Brightwell G. Antimicrobial Blue Light versus Pathogenic Bacteria: Mechanism, Application in the Food Industry, Hurdle Technologies and Potential Resistance. Foods 2020; 9:E1895. [PMID: 33353056 PMCID: PMC7767196 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light primarily exhibits antimicrobial activity through the activation of endogenous photosensitizers, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that attack components of bacterial cells. Current data show that blue light is innocuous on the skin, but may inflict photo-damage to the eyes. Laboratory measurements indicate that antimicrobial blue light has minimal effects on the sensorial and nutritional properties of foods, although future research using human panels is required to ascertain these findings. Food properties also affect the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light, with attenuation or enhancement of the bactericidal activity observed in the presence of absorptive materials (for example, proteins on meats) or photosensitizers (for example, riboflavin in milk), respectively. Blue light can also be coupled with other treatments, such as polyphenols, essential oils and organic acids. While complete resistance to blue light has not been reported, isolated evidence suggests that bacterial tolerance to blue light may occur over time, especially through gene mutations, although at a slower rate than antibiotic resistance. Future studies can aim at characterizing the amount and type of intracellular photosensitizers across bacterial species and at assessing the oxygen-independent mechanism of blue light-for example, the inactivation of spoilage bacteria in vacuum-packed meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Karki AB, Neyaz L, Fakhr MK. Comparative Genomics of Plasmid-Bearing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Various Retail Meats. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574923. [PMID: 33193185 PMCID: PMC7644949 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Food poisoning due to the consumption of Staphylococcus aureus contaminated food is a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of ten plasmid-bearing S. aureus strains isolated from retail beef, chicken, turkey, and pork. The chromosomes of the strains varied in size from 2,654,842 to 2,807,514 bp, and a total of 25 plasmids were identified ranging from 1.4 to 118 kb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed similarities between strains isolated from the same retail meat source, indicating an origin-specific genomic composition. Genes known to modulate attachment, invasion, and toxin production were identified in the 10 genomes. Strains from retail chicken resembled human clinical isolates with respect to virulence factors and genomic islands, and retail turkey and pork isolates shared similarity with S. aureus from livestock. Most chromosomes contained antimicrobial resistance, heavy metal resistance, and stress response genes, and several plasmids contained genes involved in antimicrobial resistance and virulence. In conclusion, the genomes of S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats showed an origin-specific composition and contained virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes similar to those present in human clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed K. Fakhr
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
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Modified tetra-oxygenated xanthones analogues as anti-MRSA and P. aeruginosa agent and their synergism with vancomycin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127494. [PMID: 32795625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five isolated xanthones from the C. cochinchinense and G. mangostana were evaluated and tested for antibacterial activities. Isolated 4 and 5 exhibited potent anti-MRSA and P. aeruginosa activity, but showed poor pharmacokinetic properties via ADMET prediction. It led us to improve pharmacokinetic properties of 4 and 5 by partially modifying them in acidic condition yielding fourteen analogues. It was found that analogues 4b, 4d and 5b possessed proper pharmacokinetic properties, while only 4b exhibited the best anti-MRSA and P. aeruginosa activity. The SEM results indicated that 4b may interact with or damage the cell wall of MRSA and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, a combination of 4b and vancomycin exhibits synergistic effect against both MRSA and P. aeruginosa at MIC value of 4.98 (MIC = 18.75 μg/mL for 4b) and 9.52 μg/mL (MIC = 75 μg/mL for 4b), respectively.
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Enan G, Al-Mohammadi AR, Mahgoub S, Abdel-Shafi S, Askar E, Ghaly MF, Taha MA, El-Gazzar N. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus LC554891 by Moringa oleifera Seed Extract either Singly or in Combination with Antibiotics. Molecules 2020; 25:E4583. [PMID: 33036497 PMCID: PMC7582841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outbreaks caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are interesting due to the existence of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel ways to control such MDR S. aureus. In this study, some natural agents such as honey bee (HB), extracts of either Moringa oleifera seeds (MSE), or leaves (MLE) and essential oils of garlic, clove, and moringa were studied for their inhibitory activity against this S. aureus pathogen. About 100 food samples including beef luncheon (n = 25), potato chips (n = 50), and corn flakes (n = 25) were investigated for possible pollution with the S. aureus bacteria. The isolated bacteria suspected to belong S. aureus that grew well onto Baird-Parker agar (Oxoid) and shiny halo zones and positive coagulase reaction were selected and identified by API-Kits; all of them that were approved belong to S. aureus (18 strains). The sensitivity of the obtained 18 S. aureus bacterial strains to 12 antibiotics were evaluated; all of them were resistant to ofloxacin; however, other antibiotics tested showed variable results. Interestingly, the S. aureus No. B3 isolated from beef luncheon was resistant to10 antibiotics out of 12 ones tested. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR) of this S. aureus strain was about 83.3%. Therefore, its identification was confirmed by sequencing of a 16S rRNA gene which approved a successful biochemical identification carried out by API Kits and such strain was designated S. aureus LC 554891. The genome of such strain appeared to contain mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance; it was found to contain hla, hlb, tsst-1, and finbA that encode α-blood hemolysis, β-blood hemolysis, toxic shock syndrome gene, and fibrinogen-binding protein gene, respectively. In addition, the virulence factors viz. sea; seb; sec encoding enterotoxins were detected in the DNA extracted from S. aureus B3 strain. Aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds (MSE) showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus LC 554891 better than that obtained by tetracycline, essential oils or HB. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MSE was 20µg/mL. Instrumental analysis of MSE showed 14 bioactive chemical compounds. Combinations of both MSE and tetracycline showed distinctive inhibitory activity against S. aureus LC 554891 than that obtained by either tetracycline or MSE singly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Enan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (E.A.); (M.F.G.); (M.A.T.); (N.E.-G.)
| | - Abdul-Raouf Al-Mohammadi
- Department of Sciences, King Khalid Military Academy, P.O. Box 22140, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samir Mahgoub
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Seham Abdel-Shafi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (E.A.); (M.F.G.); (M.A.T.); (N.E.-G.)
| | - Eman Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (E.A.); (M.F.G.); (M.A.T.); (N.E.-G.)
| | - Mohamed F. Ghaly
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (E.A.); (M.F.G.); (M.A.T.); (N.E.-G.)
| | - Mohamed A. Taha
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (E.A.); (M.F.G.); (M.A.T.); (N.E.-G.)
| | - Nashwa El-Gazzar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (E.A.); (M.F.G.); (M.A.T.); (N.E.-G.)
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Sadiq A, Samad M, Saddam, Basharat N, Ali S, Roohullah, Saad Z, Khan AN, Ahmad Y, Khan A, Khan J. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Slaughter Houses and Meat Shops in Capital Territory of Pakistan During 2018–2019. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577707. [PMID: 33117321 PMCID: PMC7550752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.577707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a major concern in many parts of the world, including Pakistan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MRSA in slaughterhouses and meat shops in Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan, 2018–2019. A total of 300 samples were collected: 40 from each of working area, tools (knives, hooks), butcher hands and beef, 30 from each of chicken and mutton, 20 from each of nasal and rectal swabs. S. aureus was phenotypically identified by performing gram staining and biochemical tests. 150 of the 300 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus by phenotypic identification. MRSA was identified among S. aureus positive isolates by performing disk diffusion test and by detecting S. aureus-specific genes such as 16s rRNA, nuc, mecA, spa, and coa. Out of 150 isolates 96 (63%) showed resistance to antibiotic cefoxitin, known as a potential marker for detecting MRSA. While all 150 isolates have shown complete resistance to the four antibiotics neomycin, methicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The nuc and 16s rRNA genes were detected in all 150 S. aureus-positive isolates and 118 (79%) were confirmed to be MRSA through the detection of the mecA gene. MRSA prevalence was highest in chicken (23/30, 77%) followed by beef (25/40, 63%), mutton (15/30, 50%), knives (18/40, 45%), nasal swabs (7/20, 35%), working area (11/40, 28%), rectal swabs (5/20, 25%), hooks (7/40, 18%), and butcher hands (7/40, 18%). 50 MRSA-positive isolates were chosen to identify two virulence factors (spa and coa gene). Of the 50 MRSA isolates subject to coa and spa gene typing, 27 (54%) were positive for the coa gene and 18 (36%) were positive for the spa gene, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study on the molecular identification of MRSA in meat samples from Pakistan. High prevalence of MRSA in meat samples demand for implementation of proper hygienic practices and procedures during the slaughtering, transport and marketing of meat and meat products in order to prevent the spread of these bacteria to the human population.
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Kim YH, Kim HS, Kim S, Kim M, Kwak HS. Prevalence and Characteristics of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Retail Meat in Korea. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:758-771. [PMID: 32968728 PMCID: PMC7492173 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of
antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from 4,264 retail meat
samples including beef, pork, and chicken in Korea between 2013 and 2018. A
broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for
S. aureus. Molecular typing by multilocus sequence typing
(MLST), spa typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
(PFGE), was performed on mecA-positive S.
aureus strain. S. aureus was isolated at a rate of
18.2% (777/4,264), of which MRSA comprised 0.7% (29 strains). MLST
analysis showed that 11 out of the 29 MRSA isolates were predominantly sequence
type (ST) 398 (37.9%). In addition, ST72, ST692, ST188, ST9, and ST630
were identified in the MRSA isolates. The spa typing results
were classified into 11 types and showed a high correlation with MLST. The
antimicrobial resistance assays revealed that MRSA showed 100% resistance
to cefoxitin and penicillin. In addition, resistance to tetracycline
(62.1%), clindamycin (55.2%), and erythromycin (55.2%) was
relatively high; 27 of the 29 MRSA isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. PFGE
analysis of the 18 strains excluding the 11 ST398 strains exhibited a maximum of
100% homology and a minimum of 64.0% homology. Among these, three
pairs of isolates showed 100% homology in PFGE; these results were
consistent with the MLST and spa typing results. Identification
of MRSA at the final consumption stage has potential risks, suggesting that
continuous monitoring of retail meat products is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hoon Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Han Sol Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Seokhwan Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Migyeong Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Kwak
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
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Barberato-Filho S, Bergamaschi CDC, Del Fiol FDS, Antoniazzi FB, Stievano JM, Justo AC, Souza CDP, Silva MT. [Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Americas: systematic review and metanalysis of prevalence in food-producing animals Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina en la Región de las Américas: revisión sistemática y metanálisis de la prevalencia en la actividad agropecuaria]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2020; 44:e48. [PMID: 32973900 PMCID: PMC7498297 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals used to produce foods in the Americas. METHOD A systematic literature review was performed in the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Virtual Health Library. Articles published in the past 10 years, without language limits, were selected. The outcome of interest was the prevalence of MRSA in food-producing animals. Prevalence rates were meta-analyzed in grouped random effects models using the DerSimonian and Laird method. The geographic distribution of MRSA and the time trend of resistance were also analyzed. RESULTS Of 19 studies included, 11 were performed in the United States and 11 analyzed pig samples. Five studies were performed in South America. The samples analyzed in the studies were collected in farming, processing, and retail sites. MRSA prevalence in the Americas was 7.6% (95%CI: 5.6-9.5%), and was higher in pigs [12.6% (95%CI: 7.0-18.2%)] followed by bovine cattle [2.4% (95%CI: 1.2-3.7%)] and poultry [1.8% (95CI%: 0.3-3.4%)]. MRSA prevalence was higher in pigs in North America and bovine cattle in Latin America. There was no significant variation in MRSH prevalence along the 10-year period analyzed. CONCLUSIONS MRSA prevalence in food-producing animals in the Americas was higher in pigs, without significant changes across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Barberato-Filho
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
| | - Cristiane de Cássia Bergamaschi
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
| | - Fernando de Sá Del Fiol
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
| | - Felipe Bernardini Antoniazzi
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
| | - Julia Módolo Stievano
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
| | - Ana Celine Justo
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
| | - Camila de Paula Souza
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
| | - Marcus Tolentino Silva
- Universidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências FarmacêuticasSorocaba (SP)BrasilUniversidade de Sorocaba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Sorocaba (SP), Brasil.
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Likhachev IV, Kraeva LA, Samoilova AA, Rogacheva EV, Kaftyreva LA, Egorova SA, Mikhailov NV. Approbation of russian test strips for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms by gradient diffusion method (E-test). Klin Lab Diagn 2020; 65:557-561. [PMID: 33245641 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-9-557-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The most reliable criterion for the microorganisms antibiotic susceptibility is the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The gradient diffusion method (epsilometric test, e-test), carried out using test strips impregnated with an antimicrobial agent, allows to obtain the quantitative value of MIC, bypassing the time-consuming steps of the traditional method of serial dilutions. We tested strips for the epsilometric test, developed at Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute. The quality control, carried by testing the reference strains of E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus 29213, confirmed compliance of the manufacturer's declared antibiotic concentration ranges. The MIC values obtained in the study of the antibiotic susceptibility of 101 clinical isolates of microorganisms of the ESKAPE group, isolated from patients of various hospitals in St. Petersburg, were compared to 8 antimicrobial agents using tested test strips and the corresponding M.I.C. Evaluator of the Oxoid (UK). A high percentage of compliance of MIC values was demonstrated, as well as full compliance of susceptibility categories for all microorganism/antibiotic combinations. The resulting divergences in the MIC values did not exceed one step of a double serial dilution, which is permissible according to GOST R ISO 20776-1-2010. The study showed that the test strips developed at the Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute DNT are an acceptable alternative to import tests and, after the registration certificate will be completed, can be offered to determine the susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents in bacteriological laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - L A Kaftyreva
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute.,State Educational Institution of the Higher Professional Education "North-Western state medical University n.a. I.I. Mechnikov" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Gene Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Healthy Edible Marine Fish. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:9803903. [PMID: 32565817 PMCID: PMC7292986 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9803903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-three (33) isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from healthy edible marine fish harvested from two aquaculture settings and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, were characterised in this study. The phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles to 13 antibiotics were determined, and their antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed. A multiplex PCR was used to determine the epidemiological groups based on the type of SCCmec carriage followed by the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea-sed and the Panton Valentine leucocidin gene (pvl). A high antibiotic resistance percentage (67–81%) was observed for Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin, and Clindamycin, while maximum susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (100%), Imipenem (100%), and Ciprofloxacin (94%) was recorded. Nineteen (58%) of the MRSA strains had Vancomycin MICs of ≤2 μg/mL, 4 (12%) with MICs ranging from 4–8 μg/mL, and 10 (30%) with values ≥16 μg/mL. Overall, 27 (82%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with Erythromycin-Ampicillin-Rifampicin-Clindamycin (E-AMP-RIP-CD) found to be the dominant antibiotic-resistance phenotype observed in 4 isolates. Resistance genes such as tetM, tetA, ermB, blaZ, and femA were detected in two or more resistant strains. A total of 19 (58%) MRSA strains possessed SCCmec types I, II, or III elements, characteristic of healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), while 10 (30%) isolates displayed SCCmec type IVc, characteristic of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Six (18%) of the multidrug-resistant strains of MRSA were enterotoxigenic, harbouring the see, sea, or sec genes. A prevalence of 18% (6/33) was also recorded for the luk-PVL gene. The findings of this study showed that marine fish contained MDR-MRSA strains that harbour SCCmec types, characteristic of either HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA, but with a low prevalence of enterotoxin and pvl genes. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring and implementation of better control strategies within the food chain to minimise contamination of fish with MDR-MRSA and the ultimate spread of the bug.
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Torki Baghbaderani Z, Shakerian A, Rahimi E. Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1339-1349. [PMID: 32440171 PMCID: PMC7213866 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s241189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Torki Baghbaderani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Eom HS, Back SH, Lee HH, Lee GY, Yang SJ. Prevalence and characteristics of livestock-associated methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain in Korea. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e69. [PMID: 31775196 PMCID: PMC6883202 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in livestock animals have become a worldwide public health concern. While the prevalence and genetic profiles of MRSA strains in pigs and pork meat have been actively studied, livestock-associated MSSA strains have only been characterized in a few small-scale studies. In this investigation, we assessed the nationwide prevalence of MSSA in the Korean pig production chain, including pig farms, slaughterhouses, and retail markets. Among the 41 MSSA strains, the predominant clonal lineages were sequence type (ST) 398 (n = 15, 37%) and ST5 (n = 13, 32%). Although the overall prevalence of MSSA (2.58%) was low and mostly restricted to pig farms, ST398 MSSA strains showed higher level of multidrug resistance phenotype versus non-ST398 MSSA strains. In addition to the MDR phenotype, all of the ST398 MSSA strains exhibited resistance to tetracycline as they harbored the tet(K), tet(L), and/or tet(M) genes. However, ST398 MSSA strains did not exhibit increased resistance to zinc compared with the non-ST398 strains. This study is the first to provide evidence of ST398 MSSA emergence in livestock animals in Korea. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the potential of ST398 MSSA strains for human transmission. Our findings suggest that the MDR phenotype and high levels of tetracycline resistance may have played an important role in the emergence and prevalence of ST398 MSSA in pig farms in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sik Eom
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Back
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Haeng Ho Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Gi Yong Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
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Pang R, Wu S, Zhang F, Huang J, Wu H, Zhang J, Li Y, Ding Y, Zhang J, Chen M, Wei X, Zhang Y, Gu Q, Zhou Z, Liang B, Li W, Wu Q. The Genomic Context for the Evolution and Transmission of Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureus ST59 Through the Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32256477 PMCID: PMC7090029 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence type 59 (ST59) is a predominant clonal lineage of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in Asia. Despite its increasing clinical relevance in China, the evolution and geographic expansion of ST59 has been relatively uncared for. Previous study has shown that ST59 was the predominant clone in food-related MRSA in China. This study compared the genomes of 87 clonal complex (CC) 59 S. aureus isolates sourced from food chain and infection cases to reconstruct the molecular evolution and geographical spread of ST59. Accordingly, three major sub-clades of ST59 were identified and these did not correlate with isolation source or location. Phylogenetic analysis estimated that ST59 in mainland China diverged from a most common recent ancestor around 1974, and most of the cases of cross-country transmission occurred between 1987 and 2000. Notably, two recent events of cross-country transmission through the food chain were observed, the isolates from these events diverged within relatively short time intervals. These isolates also showed high similarity in terms of their core genome, accessory genes, and antibiotic resistance patterns. These findings provide a valuable insight into the potential route of ST59 expansion in China and indicate a need for robust food chain surveillance to prevent the spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Jiangmen, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Draft Genome Sequence of Megaplasmid-Bearing Staphylococcus sciuri Strain B9-58B, Isolated from Retail Pork. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/1/e01474-19. [PMID: 31896659 PMCID: PMC6940311 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01474-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the genome sequence of the megaplasmid-bearing Staphylococcus sciuri strain B9-58B, isolated from retail pork. This strain contains a 2,761,440-bp chromosome and a 162,858-bp megaplasmid. The genome contains putative genes involved in virulence, the stress response, and antimicrobial agent and heavy metal resistance.
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Nazari-Alam A, Pourbabaee M, Hadadi M, Hooshyar H, Pourbabaee P. Prevalence of Staphylococcus Aureus in raw hamburgers from Kashan in 2017. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/iahs.iahs_39_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Saadati A, Mashak Z, Yarmand MS. Prevalence of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene Amongst the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Fowl Meat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijep.2019.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered to be one of the most important causes of foodborne diseases. Objective: The current examination was performed to examine the distribution of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene amongst the MRSA strains isolated from raw fowl meat samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 fowl meat samples were collected and cultured. MRSA strains were identified using cefoxitin and oxacillin susceptibility tests. DNA samples extracted from the MRSA strains were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of SCCmec and PVL gene. Results: Twenty-two out of 240 (9.16%) raw fowl meat samples were positive for S. aureus strains. Twelve out of 22 S. aureus strains (54.54%) were determined as MRSA strains. The incidence of MRSA strains in raw chicken, turkey, quail, and ostrich meat samples was 66.66%, 50%, 50%, and 33.33%, respectively. The incidence of SCCmec IVa, SCCmec IVd, and SCCmec V was 50%, 8.33% and 41.66%, respectively. The applied method failed to detect SCCmec types I, II, III, IVb, and IVc. The incidence of the PVL gene amongst the MRSA strains was 75%. Conclusion: The presence of SCCmec IV and SCCmec V and PVL gene revealed occurrence of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) in fowl meat samples. Further studies are required to find additional epidemiological aspects of the MRSA strains in fowl meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Saadati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mashak
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Yarmand
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Hachemi A, Zenia S, Denia MF, Guessoum M, Hachemi MM, Ait-Oudhia K. Epidemiological study of sausage in Algeria: Prevalence, quality assessment, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and the risk factors associated with consumer habits affecting foodborne poisoning. Vet World 2019; 12:1240-1250. [PMID: 31641303 PMCID: PMC6755385 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1240-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The first aim was to assess the quality and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus contamination of raw sausage sold in ten municipalities in the Northeast of Algeria. Second, a consumer sausage purchasing survey was designed to investigate potential risk factors that have a significant association with the occurrence of foodborne poisoning among sausage consumers’ behavior and its relationship with independent variables. Materials and Methods: A total of 230 butcheries from ten departments (Daira) of Algiers with more than 40 municipalities were included randomly in these studies to collect raw sausage samples and to distribute 700 structured questionnaires to meat consumers. Our two studies were conducted at the same time, between June 2016 and April 2018. Sausage samples were taken once per butchery to estimate the prevalence of S. aureus contamination and therefore deduct the quality assessment of raw sausage (Merguez) sold in Algiers, Algeria. All isolated strains were tested for their antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, questionnaires were distributed and used to collect information on various aspects of sausage consumption and foodborne disease. The data collected were analyzed with different statistical approaches, such as the Chi-square test and the odds ratio (OR) univariable logistic model. All the risk factors were analyzed by studying their association with the occurrence of consumers who claimed to have food poisoning after consuming sausage. Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus contamination from sausages was 25.22% (n=58/230). Over 83.33% of strains showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested. The most important was for tetracycline (58%) followed by fosfomycin (33%), penicillin G (25%), and oxacillin (36%). Moreover, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index include 20 profiles with MAR >0.2. Out of the 440 meat consumers, 22.16% revealed having food poisoning after sausage consumption. The risk factors recorded were: Consumption outside of home (24.30%, OR=1.769, p=0.040), during the summer season (24.30%, OR=1.159) and during lunch (26.50%, OR=1.421). Conclusion: Our study highlights a high prevalence of S. aureus contamination in Merguez, especially in some departments of Algiers, and the high multidrug resistance of S. aureus isolates against tetracycline and oxacillin; thus, S. aureus contamination in sausage is considered a potential risk to public health. Therefore, to reduce and prevent the spread of resistant strains, robust management and monitoring of antibiotic use should be established. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the sanitation conditions and education regarding personal hygiene and change certain consumption habits of Algerian consumers to ensure food safety. Finally, it can be concluded that the application of the HACCP system is essential either in butcheries producing sausage and/or slaughterhouses. From this perspective, studies might be performed to characterize Staphylococcus spp and S. aureus to investigate their virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Hachemi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Safia Zenia
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources (GRAAL), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Fatih Denia
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Beraki Road, BP 71, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meryem Guessoum
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources (GRAAL), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | | | - Khatima Ait-Oudhia
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers 16000, Algeria
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Phylogenetic and Molecular Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bloodstream Infections in Northeast Brazil. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070210. [PMID: 31336623 PMCID: PMC6680844 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious human pathogen associated with serious nosocomial and community-acquired infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, and sepsis, among others. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular profile, antimicrobial resistance, and clonal diversity of S. aureus isolated from the bloodstream. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobial was performed by an automated method. The presence of several virulence and resistance genes was evaluated by PCR. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to analyze the clonal diversity of S. aureus. A high resistance to oxacillin (78%), clindamycin (78%), erythromycin (70%), ciprofloxacin (61%), and gentamicin (52%) was observed among the isolates. In most of them, the following virulence genes were detected: hlb (83%), ebpS (61%), icaA (57%), fnbpA (17%), and clfA (13%). Only one isolate carried the pvl gene. MLST analysis identified five new sequence types (STs): 5429, 5430, 5431, 5432, and 5433, as well as another seven-ST5, ST97, ST398, ST101, ST30, ST461, and ST2779-among the remaining strains. These seven STs and the four new STs are clustered in four clonal complexes: CC1, CC2, CC7, and CC17. Phylogenetic analysis showed the genetic relationship of the five new ST strains with another 18 strains. Altogether, these analyses indicate the horizontal transfer acquisition of virulence factor genes and multidrug resistance.
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Charlermroj R, Makornwattana M, Phuengwas S, Meerak J, Pichpol D, Karoonuthaisiri N. DNA-based bead array technology for simultaneous identification of eleven foodborne pathogens in chicken meat. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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