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Liu H, Fang H, Zhang G, Li J, Zhang X, Li Y. De novo transcriptome profiling reveals the patterns of gene expression in plum fruits with bud mutations. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:909-919. [PMID: 38974351 PMCID: PMC11222343 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Bud mutation is a common technique for plant breeding and can provide a large number of breeding materials. Through traditional breeding methods, we obtained a plum plant with bud mutations (named "By") from an original plum variety (named "B"). The ripening period of "By" fruit was longer than that of "B" fruit, and its taste was better. In order to understand the characteristics of these plum varieties, we used transcriptome analysis and compared the gene expression patterns in fruits from the two cultivars. Subsequently, we identified the biological processes regulated by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were highly enriched for "single-organism cellular process" and "transferase activity". KEGG analysis demonstrated that the main pathways affected by the bud mutations were plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism. The IAA, CKX, ARF, and SnRK2 genes were identified as the key regulators of plant hormone signal transduction. Meanwhile, TPP, the beta-glucosidase (EC3.2.1.21) gene, and UGT72E were identified as candidate DEGs affecting secondary metabolite synthesis. The transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data were also validated using RT-qPCR experiments. The transcriptome analysis demonstrated that plant hormones play a significant role in extending the maturity period of plum fruit, with IAA, CKX, ARF, and SnRK2 serving as the key regulators of this process. Further, TPP, beta-glucosidase (EC3.2.1.21), and UGT72E appeared to mediate the synthesis of various soluble secondary metabolites, contributing to the aroma of plum fruits. The expression of BAG6 was upregulated in "B" as the fruit matured, but it was downregulated in "By". This indicated that "B" may have stronger resistance, especially fungal resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01472-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Guangdi Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture, Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Jianshe Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture, Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Yu Li
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture, Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
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Miah MS, Farcuh M. The Expression of Key Ethylene and Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes of 'Honeycrisp' Apples Subjected to the Combined Use of Reflective Groundcovers and Aminoethoxyvinylglycine in the Mid-Atlantic US. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1141. [PMID: 38674550 PMCID: PMC11054659 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The decreased profitability of important apple cultivars, such as 'Honeycrisp', results from the poor red skin coloration and high fruit drop in the mid-Atlantic US. Apple red skin coloration is determined by the anthocyanin concentration. Reflective groundcovers promote red skin coloration, whereas aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) decreases the ethylene production and fruit drop, thus reducing the coloration. Although our previous study showed that combinations of these practices impact the fruit quality and color, research is lacking regarding their effects at the gene and metabolite levels. In this work, for two years, we compared the differences in the internal ethylene concentration (IEC), red skin coloration, fruit drop, transcript accumulation of key ethylene and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related genes, and total anthocyanin concentration of 'Honeycrisp' apples. The fruit was treated with combinations of reflective groundcover (Extenday) and AVG (130 mg L-1) and was assessed throughout ripening. Extenday-only-treated fruit displayed the highest upregulation of ethylene and anthocyanin biosynthetic-related genes and of total anthocyanins, exceeding 50% blush, while boosting the IEC. In contrast, AVG significantly decreased the expression of key ethylene and anthocyanin biosynthetic-related genes and total anthocyanins, thus preventing apples from reaching 50% blush, while also decreasing the IEC and fruit drop. The combination of Extenday x AVG fine-tuned the transcript accumulation of ethylene and anthocyanin biosynthetic-related genes as well as the total anthocyanins, allowing the 'Honeycrisp' fruit to exceed 50% blush, while increasing the IEC moderately and reducing the fruit drop (as compared to Extenday-only and control), thus enhancing the fruit economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Macarena Farcuh
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
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Tripathi A, Chauhan N, Mukhopadhyay P. Recent advances in understanding the regulation of plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis by ethylene-mediated pathways. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:543-557. [PMID: 38737326 PMCID: PMC11087406 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce a large repertoire of secondary metabolites. The pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of these metabolites are majorly conserved in the plant kingdom. However, a significant portion of these metabolites are specific to certain groups or species due to variations in the downstream pathways and evolution of the enzymes. These metabolites show spatiotemporal variation in their accumulation and are of great importance to plants due to their role in development, stress response and survival. A large number of these metabolites are in huge industrial demand due to their potential use as therapeutics, aromatics and more. Ethylene, as a plant hormone is long known, and its biosynthetic process, signaling mechanism and effects on development and response pathways have been characterized in many plants. Through exogenous treatments, ethylene and its inhibitors have been used to manipulate the production of various secondary metabolites. However, the research done on a limited number of plants in the last few years has only started to uncover the mechanisms through which ethylene regulates the accumulation of these metabolites. Often in association with other hormones, ethylene participates in fine-tuning the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites, and brings specificity in the regulation depending on the plant, organ, tissue type and the prevailing conditions. This review summarizes the related studies, interprets the outcomes, and identifies the gaps that will help to breed better varieties of the related crops and produce high-value secondary metabolites for human benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Tripathi
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
| | - Nisha Chauhan
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Pradipto Mukhopadhyay
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Olunusi SO, Ramli NH, Fatmawati A, Ismail AF, Okwuwa CC. Revolutionizing tropical fruits preservation: Emerging edible coating technologies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130682. [PMID: 38460636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Tropical fruits, predominantly cultivated in Southeast Asia, are esteemed for their nutritional richness, distinctive taste, aroma, and visual appeal when consumed fresh. However, postharvest challenges have led to substantial global wastage, nearly 50 %. The advent of edible biopolymeric nanoparticles presents a novel solution to preserve the fruits' overall freshness. These nanoparticles, being edible, readily available, biodegradable, antimicrobial, antioxidant, Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), and non-toxic, are commonly prepared via ionic gelation owing to the method's physical crosslinking, simplicity, and affordability. The resulting biopolymeric nanoparticles, with or without additives, can be employed in basic formulations or as composite blends with other materials. This study aims to review the capabilities of biopolymeric nanoparticles in enhancing the physical and sensory aspects of tropical fruits, inhibiting microbial growth, and prolonging shelf life. Material selection for formulation is crucial, considering coating materials, the fruit's epidermal properties, internal and external factors. A variety of application techniques are covered such as spraying, and layer-by-layer among others, including their advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, the study addresses safety measures, legislation, current challenges, and industrial perspectives concerning fruit edible coating films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Olugbenga Olunusi
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Hanuni Ramli
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Adam Fatmawati
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Ismail
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Bandar Indera Mahkota Razak, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Chigozie Charity Okwuwa
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Gou N, Chen C, Huang M, Zhang Y, Bai H, Li H, Wang L, Wuyun T. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Sugar and Acid Accumulation during Apricot Fruit Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16992. [PMID: 38069317 PMCID: PMC10707722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a fruit that belongs to the Rosaceae family; it has a unique flavor and is of important economic and nutritional value. The composition and content of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruit are key factors in determining the flavor quality. However, the molecular mechanism of sugar and acid accumulation in apricots remains unclear. We measured sucrose, fructose, glucose, sorbitol, starch, malate, citric acid, titratable acid, and pH, and investigated the transcriptome profiles of three apricots (the high-sugar cultivar 'Shushanggan', common-sugar cultivar 'Sungold', and low-sugar cultivar 'F43') at three distinct developmental phases. The findings indicated that 'Shushanggan' accumulates a greater amount of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol, and less citric acid and titratable acid, resulting in a better flavor; 'Sungold' mainly accumulates more sucrose and less citric acid and starch for the second flavor; and 'F43' mainly accumulates more titratable acid, citric acid, and starch for a lesser degree of sweetness. We investigated the DEGs associated with the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, citrate cycle pathway, glycolysis pathway, and a handful of sugar transporter proteins, which were considered to be important regulators of sugar and acid accumulation. Additionally, an analysis of the co-expression network of weighted genes unveiled a robust correlation between the brown module and sucrose, glucose, and fructose, with VIP being identified as a hub gene that interacted with four sugar transporter proteins (SLC35B3, SLC32A, SLC2A8, and SLC2A13), as well as three structural genes for sugar and acid metabolism (MUR3, E3.2.1.67, and CSLD). Furthermore, we found some lncRNAs and miRNAs that regulate these genes. Our findings provide clues to the functional genes related to sugar metabolism, and lay the foundation for the selection and cultivation of high-sugar apricots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Mengzhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Haikun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Tana Wuyun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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Integrated Physiological and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Differences in the Fruit Quality of the Blueberry Cultivated in Three Soilless Substrates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243965. [PMID: 36553707 PMCID: PMC9777891 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With improving living standards, traditional blueberry planting modes cannot meet commercial demands, and blueberry cultivation with soilless substrate has become a popular solution in the blueberry industry. In this study, different soilless substrate treatments were found to markedly influence fruit appearance and intrinsic quality. The fruit in the 50:50 peat/pine bark (v/v) (FPB) treatment group had the maximum single fruit weight, largest vertical diameter, and brightest color, as well as the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) value, solid-acid ratio and anthocyanin content. The fruit in the 50:50 pine bark/rice husk (v/v) (FBR) treatment group had the highest total phenol and flavonoid levels, largest drip loss value, and lowest total pectin content and firmness value. Metabolomic analysis showed that flavonoid, carbohydrate, and carbohydrate conjugate, and amino acid, peptide, and analog levels were significantly different between groups. Fruit in the FPB group had the highest sucrose, D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, salidroside, tectorigenin, naringenin chalcone, trifolirhizin, and galangin contents. The increase in the relative expression of phenylalanine (Phe) promoted the synthesis of fruit polyphenols in the FBR group. Our results provide new insights into the effects of different substrates on the quality of blueberries and a reference for the soilless substrate cultivation of blueberries.
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