1
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Tomou EM, Goula K, Skaltsa H, Urmann C. Comparative phytochemical analysis of cultivated and wild Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. raeseri infusions. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38300843 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2309323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the chemical composition of the infusions of Sideritis raeseri subsp. raeseri from cultivated and wild populations using NMR, LC-DAD, LC-HRESIMS, and GC-MS techniques, to reveal possible differences. Mainly carbohydrates, flavonoids, and phenylethanoid glycosides were detected in the 1H-NMR spectra of both infusions. In the GC-MS analysis, carbohydrates were shown to be the main constituents in both infusions. Caffeic acid was found in traces only in the cultivated sample, while quinic and chlorogenic acids were detected in both samples. Further investigation by LC-HRESIMS unveiled the same constituents with only slight differences in the amounts. Although the Sideritis samples originated from wild and cultivated populations, similar metabolic profiles were observed in the infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Section of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Organic-Analytical Chemistry, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Straubing, Germany
| | - Katerina Goula
- Section of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Section of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Corinna Urmann
- Organic-Analytical Chemistry, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Straubing, Germany
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
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2
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Tomou EM, Bieler L, Spöttl T, Couillard-Despres S, Skaltsa H, Urmann C. Metabolic Fingerprinting of Different Sideritis Taxa Infusions and Their Neurogenic Activity. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1087-1096. [PMID: 37044130 DOI: 10.1055/a-2072-2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, Sideritis extracts were shown to improve memory. However, their potential to promote the generation of new neurons, starting with the neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells, remains unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the neurogenic effects of different Sideritis infusions in neural stem and precursor cells and their impact on cell viability. Moreover, the metabolic fingerprints were recorded using LC-DAD, LC-HRESIMS, and GC-MS. The neurogenic potential of infusions of the eight Sideritis taxa tested was as potent as the classical neuronal inducer combination of retinoic acid and valproic acid. Further cytotoxicity assays revealed that the IC50 values of the extracts were between 163 and 322 µg/mL. Hierarchical cluster analyses of the metabolic fingerprints unveiled that the two Sideritis taxa with the lowest IC50 values were the most divergent in the analytical techniques used. As the analysis focused on polyphenols, it is reasonable to assume that these compounds are responsible for the effect on the cell viability of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. This study is the first report on the neurogenic potential of Sideritis taxa and might support the use of Sideritis herbal preparations in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Section of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens, Greece
- Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Organic-Analytical Chemistry, Straubing, Germany
| | - Lara Bieler
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Spöttl
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Section of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Corinna Urmann
- Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Organic-Analytical Chemistry, Straubing, Germany
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
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3
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Kaparakou EH, Daferera D, Kanakis CD, Skotti E, Kokotou MG, Tarantilis PA. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Popular Sideritis Species Cultivated in Greece Using GC-MS Analysis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1157. [PMID: 37509192 PMCID: PMC10377382 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The essential oils (EOs) of Sideritis L. have attracted great interest due to their pharmacological activities and potential applications in the cosmetic and perfume industries. The aim of this work was to study the EO chemical composition of three of the most popular, in Greece, mountain tea species: namely, these include Sideritis scardica, Sideritis raeseri, and Sideritis syriaca. (2) Methods: The EOs were obtained from the aerial parts of three Sideritis species that were cultivated in various regions of Greece by hydrodistillation, and the chemical composition was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. (3) Results: The EOs of the Sideritis species-S. scardica (SSC1, SSC2, SSC3), S. raeseri (SR1, SR2, SR3), and S. syriaca (SS1, SS2, SS3)-were analyzed by GC-MS, and they showed both qualitatively and quantitatively high variation in their chemical composition. (4) Conclusions: The EOs of S. scardica and S. raeseri from three different regions of Greece, and the S. syriaca from three different localities of Crete Island in Southern Greece, showed high chemical variability. Although 165 different components were found to be present in the nine samples through GC-MS analysis, only 7 (1-octen-3-ol, linalool, trans-pinocarveol, p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol, α-terpineol, myrtenol, and verbenone) were common components in the nine EOs, which were identified to be highly variable in different percentages among the samples. Even the EOs of SS1 and SS2, which were cultivated nearby, showed different GC profiles. The composition variation observed might be attributed to differentiations in the soil and climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria H Kaparakou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Daferera
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalabos D Kanakis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Skotti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Terma Leoforou Vergoti, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros A Tarantilis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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4
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Mróz M, Malinowska-Pańczyk E, Bartoszek A, Kusznierewicz B. Comparative Study on Assisted Solvent Extraction Techniques for the Extraction of Biologically Active Compounds from Sideritis raeseri and Sideritis scardica. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104207. [PMID: 37241947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The plants in the Sideritis genus are postulated to exhibit several important medicinal properties due to their unique chemical composition. To isolate the targeted phytochemical compounds, the selection of a suitable extraction method is of primary importance. In this work, a comparative study on the phytochemical profiles of various Sideritis raeseri and Sideritis scardica extracts has been carried out. An untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to investigate the metabolic differences between extracts obtained by conventional extraction and extractions assisted by microwaves, ultrasounds and high pressure. Additionally, the influence of extraction solvents on HPLC antioxidant profiles obtained following the derivatization of analytes with ABTS reagent was evaluated. A total of 102 metabolites have been putatively identified. The major secondary metabolites groups were classified as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolic acids. The main antioxidants in the extracts were isoscutellarein and hypolaetin derivatives as well as verbascoside and chlorogenic acid. The results showed that 70% ethanol was the most effective extractant for different classes of phytochemicals including antioxidants. In addition, extraction supported with microwaves, ultrasounds or high pressure improved the overall recovery of metabolites by about 3 times compared to the conventional extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Mróz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Malinowska-Pańczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Kusznierewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Chrysargyris A, Tomou EM, Goula K, Dimakopoulou K, Tzortzakis N, Skaltsa H. Sideritis L. essential oils: A systematic review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113607. [PMID: 36746369 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are extensively used in the food, cosmetic, perfume, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries due to their aroma and pharmacological properties. The Lamiaceae family is mainly represented by widely well-known medicinal and aromatic plants that produce essential oil. Over the years, Sideritis L. essential oils have attracted great interest due to their chemical variability among the different taxa and their pharmacological activities. In-depth research of previously published literature was performed on electronic databases with several key search words for the collection of the available data and a total of 128 scientific studies were used since 1983. To date, 155 accepted Sideritis samples have been studied originating from 15 countries and more than 250 compounds have been reported in 87 Sideritis taxa overall. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects have been the most studied pharmacological activities. This review summarizes and critically discusses the research work on the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of essential oil of the genus Sideritis based on the currently valid taxonomy. Additionally, statistical analysis is encompassed to provide a deeper comprehensive understanding of the high chemical polymorphism of Sideritis essential oils. We expect that this review will encourage researchers to investigate unexplored Sideritis taxa and will contribute to revealing uncharted scientific territory and future perspectives on these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Katerina Goula
- Section of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Dimakopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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Frezza C, De Vita D, Toniolo C, Sciubba F, Tomassini L, Venditti A, Bianco A, Serafini M, Foddai S. Leucosceptosides A and B: Two Phenyl-Ethanoid Glycosides with Important Occurrence and Biological Activities. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1807. [PMID: 36551235 PMCID: PMC9775335 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, the occurrence in the plant kingdom, the chemophenetic value and the biological activities associated with two specific phenyl-ethanoid glycosides, i.e., leucosceptoside A and leucosceptoside B, were reported. This is the first work ever conducted on such a subject. Analysis of the literature data clearly led to three important conclusions: leucosceptoside A is much more common in plants than leucosceptoside B; leucosceptoside A exerts more biological activities than leucosceptoside B even if nothing can be generally concluded about which one is actually the most potent; neither of these compounds can be used as a chemophenetic marker. These three aspects and more are discussed in more depth in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Frezza
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- NMR Lab, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lamberto Tomassini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venditti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Armandodoriano Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Foddai
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Dimaki VD, Zeliou K, Nakka F, Stavreli M, Bakratsas I, Papaioannou L, Iatrou G, Lamari FN. Characterization of Sideritis clandestina subsp. peloponnesiaca Polar Glycosides and Phytochemical Comparison to Other Mountain Tea Populations. Molecules 2022; 27:7613. [PMID: 36364439 PMCID: PMC9658581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sideritis clandestina (Bory & Chaub.) Hayek subsp. peloponnesiaca (Boiss. & Heldr.) Baden (SCP) is endemic to the mountains of the Northern Peloponnese (Greece). This and other Sideritis taxa, collectively known as mountain tea, are widely ingested as beverages for refreshment or medicinal purposes. We describe a methodology for the characterization of SCP. Four iridoid glycosides (monomelittoside, melittoside, ajugoside, and 7-O-acetyl-8-epiloganic acid), two phenolic acid glycosides (vanillic and salicylic acid glycosides), and three caffeoyl ester glycosides (chlorogenic acid, verbascoside, and isoverbascoside) were isolated from SCP for the first time. We used ultrasound-assisted extraction of 3 g of plant material to produce petroleum ether and aqueous extracts, which we then analyzed using GC/MS and LC/MS. This was applied to eight samples from four different taxa. In total, 70 volatile and 27 polar metabolites were determined. The S. clandestina samples had a lower phenolic content and weaker antioxidant properties than S. raeseri and S. scardica. However, S. clandestina ssp. clandestina seemed to be the most aromatic taxon, with almost double the number of volatiles as the others. Τhis study could contribute to authentication and chemotaxonomic studies of Sideritis taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia D. Dimaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Zeliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Fotini Nakka
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Michaela Stavreli
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bakratsas
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ligeri Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Gregoris Iatrou
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Fotini N. Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Krgović N, Jovanović M, Aradski AA, Janković T, Stević T, Zdunić G, Laušević SD, Šavikin K. Bioassay-Guided Skin-Beneficial Effects of Fractionated Sideritis raeseri subsp. raeseri Extract. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11202677. [PMID: 36297701 PMCID: PMC9609566 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potentials for skin-beneficial effects of the hydroethanolic extract of the aerial parts of ironwort (Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. raeseri) and its fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water). For these purposes, chemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial assays, as well as determination of sun protection factor (SPF), were performed. The highest total phenolic content and quantity of individual flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and verbascoside were determined in the n-butanol fraction, which is in line with results obtained for antioxidant activity. The greatest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most common causative agents of the skin infections in humans, was exhibited by the ethyl acetate fraction. The strongest anti-tyrosinase activity was shown by the hydroethanolic extract (52.64% of inhibition at 100 μg/mL). Almost all tested samples showed photoprotective activity with SPF higher than 6 obtained at a low concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, which was more than 15 for the butanol fraction. These findings revealed that the hydroethanolic extract of S. raeseri aerial parts could be a valuable ingredient in the formulation of cosmetic and medicinal products intended to overcome various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Krgović
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Jovanović
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Alimpić Aradski
- Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Janković
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stević
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Zdunić
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Duletić Laušević
- Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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9
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Comparison of Volatile Organic Compounds of Sideritis romana L. and Sideritis montana L. from Croatia. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195968. [PMID: 34641513 PMCID: PMC8512722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A study on the headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile of native populations of Sideritis romana L. and Sidertis montana L., Lamiaceae, from Croatia is reported herein, to elucidate the phytochemical composition of taxa from this plant genus, well-known for traditional use in countries of the Mediterranean and the Balkan region. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), using divinylbenzene/carboxene/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) or polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber, coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the dried aerial parts of six native populations in total. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on the volatile constituents with an average relative percentage ≥1.0% in at least one of the samples. Clear separation between the two species was obtained using both fiber types. The VOCs profile for all investigated populations was characterized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons, except for one population of S. romana, in which monoterpene hydrocarbons predominated. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the VOCs composition of natural populations of S. romana and S. montana from Croatia as well as the first reported HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis of S. romana and S. montana worldwide.
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An Epidemiological Study Report on the Antioxidant and Phenolic Content of Selected Mediterranean Functional Foods, Their Consumption Association with the Body Mass Index, and Consumers Purchasing Behavior in a Sample of Healthy Greek Adults. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional food consumption is shown to have a positive effect on anthropometric parameters and human health promotion. In addition, consumers seem to be more interested in food choices, that may have a positive effect on their health. The current study aimed to identify the antioxidant and phenolic content of naturally functional foods from the Mediterranean diet and to investigate consumer behavior towards their consumption in terms of their weight control, as well as their purchasing behavior and knowledge of functional foods. For this purpose, blueberries, cranberries, pomegranate, grapefruit, red peppers, almonds and mountain tea were analyzed for their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, using the Folin-Ciocalteau and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays, respectively. Furthermore, nine hundred forty-nine healthy Greek adults participated in an epidemiological study, by completing a validated food frequency questionnaire, for the consumption of the above investigated functional foods. Five hundred and fifty participants also completed an online questionnaire investigating factors that consumers evaluate when purchasing functional foods. Study results showed that the analyzed functional foods were high in antioxidants and phenolic compounds, especially the mountain tea. The increased consumption of cranberries, pomegranate, grapefruit, red peppers and mountain tea was significantly correlated with a decreased Body Mass Index, suggesting a possible positive role, in weight control. Participants seemed to be aware of the beneficial role of these specific investigated Mediterranean functional foods to human health. They evaluated the price, taste and nutritional value, as critical factors to buy these food products. A combination of factors seems to lead them to purchase and consume these functional foods. Future epidemiological and clinical studies should be conducted in order to further evaluate consumer preferences and bioactivity mechanisms related to Mediterranean functional food consumption.
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11
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Šavikin K, Živković J, Janković T, Ćujić-Nikolić N, Zdunić G, Menković N, Drinić Z. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Sideritis raeseri Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133949. [PMID: 34203414 PMCID: PMC8272202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we define the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive polyphenols from S. raeseri aerial parts using response surface methodology. The influence of ethanol concentration (10–90%), extraction temperature (20–80 °C), extraction time (10–60 min), and solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10–1:50) on total phenolic content as well as on content of individual flavonoids, and hypolaetin and isoscutellarein derivatives was studied. For the experimental design, a central composite design was chosen. In the obtained extracts, the following ranges of targeted compounds were detected: total phenol from 19.32 to 47.23 mg GAE/g dw, HYP from 1.05 to 11.46 mg/g dw, ISC 1 from 0.68 to 10.68 mg/g dw, and ISC 2 from 0.74 to 15.56 mg/g dw. The optimal extraction conditions were set as: ethanol concentration of 65%, extraction time of 50 min, extraction temperature of 63 °C, and solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:40. Contents of TP, HYP, ISC 1, and ISC 2 in optimal extracts were 47.11 mg GAE/g dw, 11.73 mg/g dw, 9.54 mg/g dw, and 15.40 mg/g dw, respectively. Experimentally set values were in good agreement with those predicted by the response surface methodology model, indicating suitability of the used model, as well as the success of response surface methodology in optimizing the conditions of the extraction.
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Lytra K, Tomou EM, Chrysargyris A, Drouza C, Skaltsa H, Tzortzakis N. Traditionally Used Sideritis cypria Post.: Phytochemistry, Nutritional Content, Bioactive Compounds of Cultivated Populations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:650. [PMID: 32477129 PMCID: PMC7235332 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sideritis species are recognized as important medicinal plants and their commercial demand is continuously on the rise both in the European and in the global market. Consequently, the cultivation of Sideritis species has been occurred to successfully meet the need for mass production of high-quality plant material. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the chemical composition of cultivated S. cypria. Infusions of flowers and leaves were prepared separately, according to the European Medicine Agency (EMA) monograph. The infusion of the flowers revealed the presence of four flavones, isoscutellarein-7-O-[6′″-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, its 4′-O-methyl-derivative, 4′-O-methyl-hypolaetin-7-O-[6′″-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, and isoscutellarein-7-O-[6′″-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; four phenylethanoid glucosides, acteoside, leucosceptoside A, lamalboside, and leonoside A; one iridoid, melittoside, and one phenolic acid, chlorogenic acid, while the infusion of the leaves of the same population afforded the same first two flavones; five phenylethanoid glucosides, acteoside, leucosceptoside A, lavandulifolioside, leonoside A, and lamalboside; melittoside and chlorogenic acid. The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was undertaken by high-field NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the essential oils of the flowers and leaves were studied by GC-MS, separately. In addition, the mineral, bioactive compounds, protein and carbohydrate contents were evaluated for both plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystalia Lytra
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Chryssoula Drouza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
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Sarakatsianos I, Adamopoulos K, Samanidou V, Goula A, Ninou E. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Sideritis raeseri, Sideritis scardica and Origanum vulgare. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180423125631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Medicinal plants consist a rich source of natural pharmacologically active
compounds. The aim of the current work, was the study and optimization of the extraction conditions of
phenolic constituents from important medicinal and aromatic plants, id. Sideritis raeseri, Sideritis scardica
and Origanum vulgare, implementing microwave assisted extraction technique.
Methods:
Optimization was based on various parameters affecting extraction procedure, such as the
duration of microwave radiation, the ratio of plant material mass to the solvent, the type and the concentration
of the solvent.
Results:
The results revealed that 10 min of microwave radiation provided the maximum extraction
yield of the phenolic constituents. The ratio of the plant material mass and the solvent had minor effect
to the extraction efficiency.
Conclusion:
The examined solvents provided an extraction yield of phenolic constituents following the
order: EtOH<MeOH<H2O<MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v)<EtOH:H2O (60:40, v/v), in the case of Sideritis
raeseri and Sideritis scardica and the order: H2O<MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v)<EtOH:H2O (60:40, v/v) <
MeOH<EtOH in the case of Origanum vulgare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sarakatsianos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Adamopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria Samanidou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasia Goula
- School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elissavet Ninou
- School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Aneva I, Zhelev P, Kozuharova E, Danova K, Nabavi SF, Behzad S. Genus Sideritis, section Empedoclia in southeastern Europe and Turkey - studies in ethnopharmacology and recent progress of biological activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:407-421. [PMID: 30927208 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last two decades there has been a substantial increase of the number of studies on the species of genus Sideritis. Species of section Empedoclia, occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean region and in part of Western Asia possess some remarkable characteristics and are known as valuable medicinal plants used by local people in the traditional medicine and for herbal tea. The objective of the review is to make a survey on the recent studies on the ethnopharmacology and biological activity of the species in Southeastern Europe and in Turkey, which is the center of distribution and their main occurrence. MAIN BODY The review focuses on the ethnopharmacology and biological activities of the species of interest. The survey revealed that a total of 47 species belonging to section Empedoclia have been studied either in ethnopharmacological aspect, or in relation to their biological activities, or both. Most species have been used traditionally by the local people as herbal tea or for treatment of various health problems, most frequently flu, cold and respiratory diseases. Sideritis species demonstrate numerous biological activities and are promising for use in the therapy of many diseases and health disorders. Antioxidant activity was found in 40 species, antimicrobial and antibacterial activity - in 27 species, anti-inflammatory - in 14 species, antifungal - in 8 species, cytotoxic - in 7 species. There were also some other, more specific biological activities, found in a few species, but considered promising for further studies and application. SHORT CONCLUSION The species of genus Sideritis, section Empedoclia have been used by local people as herbal tea and in traditional medicine since long time ago. People are taking advantage of the high species diversity and are aware of their useful properties. Much more information is available on the biological activities of the target species than on their traditional uses. Most species demonstrate various biological activities and are of substantial interest for further studies on their pharmacological properties and their potential for pharmacy and medicine. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of traditional uses and biological activities of some Sideritis species. Arrows with different colors represent biological activities of different species. The species and their corresponding color can be seen at the right part of the figure. The colors correspond also to the squares placed in the different parts of human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Ekaterina Kozuharova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Danova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sahar Behzad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Pohl P, Bielawska-Pohl A, Dzimitrowicz A, Greda K, Jamroz P, Lesniewicz A, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Welna M. Understanding element composition of medicinal plants used in herbalism-A case study by analytical atomic spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:262-271. [PMID: 30005241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article is focused on element composition of medicinal plants and herbs as well as their decoctions and infusions determined by atomic spectrometry methods. Considering quality and safety of these herbal beverages, widely practiced in herbalism for medicinal and supplementing purposes, element analysis is important, and quality of its results should not raise any doubts about reliability. Hence, original researches devoted to element analysis of decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants and herbs, published after 2000, have been surveyed in details, particularly focusing on sources of elements in medicinal plants, their availability for the intake during preparation of infusions and decoctions as well as different methodological aspects related to element analysis by atomic spectrometry, including sample pretreatment and preparation before measurements, calibration methods used, and verification of reliability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - A Bielawska-Pohl
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Dzimitrowicz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Greda
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Jamroz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Lesniewicz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Szymczycha-Madeja
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Welna
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Torres-León C, Ventura-Sobrevilla J, Serna-Cock L, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Contreras-Esquivel J, Aguilar CN. Pentagalloylglucose (PGG): A valuable phenolic compound with functional properties. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Tadić V, Oliva A, Božović M, Cipolla A, De Angelis M, Vullo V, Garzoli S, Ragno R. Chemical and Antimicrobial Analyses of Sideritis romana L. subsp. purpurea (Tal. ex Benth.) Heywood, an Endemic of the Western Balkan. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091395. [PMID: 28832536 PMCID: PMC6151398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study on essential oil and different solvent extracts of Sideritis romana L. subsp. purpurea (Tal. ex Benth.) Heywood (Lamiaceae) from Montenegro is reported. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil revealed a total of 43 components with bicyclogermacrene (23.8%), germacrene D (8%), (E)-caryophyllene (7.9%) and spathulenol (5.5%) as the major ones. Sesquiterpenoid group was found to be the most dominant one (64.8%), with 19.9% of the oxygenated forms. In the crude methanol extract of the investigated plant, obtained by Sohhlet exraction, the total phenol content was 14.7 ± 0.4 mg of GA/g, the total flavonoids were 0.29 ± 0.03% expressed as hyperoside percentage, whereas the total tannins content was 0.22 ± 0.04% expressed as pyrogallol percentage. For the antimicrobial activity determination, the following microorganisms have been used: methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29213)) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA (clinical strain)), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), carbapenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (clinical strain), carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (clinical strain) and Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). The essential oil showed high potency against MSSA and MRSA, both at high (~5 × 105 CFU/mL) and low (~5 × 103 CFU/mL) inoculum. With respect to MSSA, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 0.307 mg/mL, with bactericidal activity obtained at 0.615 mg/mL, while, in the case of MRSA, the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 0.076 and 0.153 mg/mL, respectively. Regarding anti-Candida albicans activity, the MIC value was 2.46 mg/mL without reaching fungicidal activity. In addition to the observed essential oil efficacy, different solvent extracts were analyzed for their antimicrobial activity. Similarly to the essential oil, thehighest efficacy was observed against both MSSA and MRSA strains, at high and low inoculums, in the case of the 1,2-dichloroethane and methanol extracts. A potent fungicidal activity has been also found for the n-hexane and 1,2-dichloroethane extracts. It can be concluded that Sideritis romana L. subsp. purpurea (Tal. ex Benth.) Heywood provides a wide range of application in different fields such as phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology or pharmacognosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Tadić
- Institute of Medicinal Plants Research Dr Josif Pančić, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mijat Božović
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Džordža Vašingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro.
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Cipolla
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Hodaj-Çeliku E, Tsiftsoglou O, Shuka L, Abazi S, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Lazari D. Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of some Aromatic and Medicinal Plants from Albania. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical compositions have been investigated of the volatile oils of nine populations of six species from Albania, namely Artemisia absinthium, Calamintha nepeta, Hypericum perforatum, Sideritis raeseri subsp. raeseri, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum from two wild populations, and Salvia officinalis (sage) from two wild and one cultivated population,. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and their analyses were performed by GC–MS. The major constituents were: A. absinthium: neryl isovalerate (19.5%), geranyl isobutanoate (16.4%) and carvacrol (8.8%); C. nepeta: pulegone (31.7%), spathulenol (20.0%) and isomenthone (12.7%); H. perforatum: caryophyllene oxide (31.0%), δ-selinene (10.5%) and carvacrol (10.4%); O. vulgare: carvacrol (81.0, 78.6%), γ-terpinene (5.5, 7.1%) and p-cymene (4.9, 4.1%) for O. vulgare originating from Tepelena and Vlora, respectively; S. raeseri: carvacrol (36.7%), caryophyllene oxide (17.8%), β-caryphyllene (8.7%), spathulenol (7.7%) and myrtenol (6.4%); S. officinalis: camphor (40.2, 47.8, 45.9%), α-thujone (19.2, 22.2, 13.7%), eucalyptol (5.4, 2.6, 6.0%), camphene (5.8, 6.1, 3.9, %), borneol (2.1, 2.9, 5.7%) and bornyl acetate (3.3, 1.4, 5.6%) for samples originating from Tepelena, Tirana and Vlora, respectively. The essential oils were also tested for their free radical scavenging activity using the following in vitro assays: i) interaction with the free stable radical of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and ii) inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation with 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide, dihydrochloride (AAPH). Finally, their inhibitory activity toward soybean lipoxygenase was evaluated, using linoleic acid as substrate. The essential oil of O. vulgare (OV-VL) presented the highest interaction with the stable radical DPPH (76.5%), followed by that of A. absinthium (54.7%). O. vulgare (OV-TP) and A. absinthium showed high anti-lipid peroxidation activity, 97.5% and 96.5%, respectively, higher than that of the reference compound trolox (73.0%). Only the tested sample of O. vulgare (OV-VL) significantly inhibited soybean lipoxygenase (54.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Entela Hodaj-Çeliku
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food, Tirana, Albania
| | - Olga Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lulëzim Shuka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sokol Abazi
- Department of Pharmacy, Aldent University, Tirana, Albania
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Diamanto Lazari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Chemicals Compositions, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cynara scolymus Leaves Extracts, and Analysis of Major Bioactive Polyphenols by HPLC. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4951937. [PMID: 28539965 PMCID: PMC5429947 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4951937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) was one of the plant remedies for primary health care. The present study was focused on the determination of chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activity and on analyzing its major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. Methods. Artichoke Leaves Extracts (ALE) were analyzed for proximate analysis and phytochemical and antioxidant activity by several methods such as DDPH, ABTS, FRAP, and beta-carotene bleaching test. The carrageenan (Carr) model induced paw oedema in order to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity. Identification and quantification of bioactive polyphenols compounds were done by HPLC method. The oxidative stress parameters were determined; CAT, SOD, GSH, MDA, and AOPP activities and the histopathological examination were also performed. Results. It was noted that EtOH extract of ALE contained the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents and the strongest antioxidants activities including DDPH (94.23%), ABTS (538.75 mmol), FRAP assay (542.62 umol), and β-carotene bleaching (70.74%) compared to the other extracts of ALE. Administration of EtOH extract at dose 400 mg/kg/bw exhibited a maximum inhibition of inflammation induced by Carr for 3 and 5 hours compared to reference group Indomethacin (Indo). Conclusion. ALE displayed high potential as natural source of minerals and phytochemicals compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Romanucci V, Di Fabio G, D'Alonzo D, Guaragna A, Scapagnini G, Zarrelli A. Traditional uses, chemical composition and biological activities of Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:373-383. [PMID: 27342219 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sideritis species have been used in folk medicine for their antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, digestive and anti-inflammatory properties. Over the years, the phytochemistry of the genus Sideritis has been studied, and various terpenoids, sterols, coumarins and especially flavonoid aglycones and glycosides have been identified. In particular, species from the Balkan Peninsula have been studied and were found to be rich in flavonoids, with valuable antioxidant activity. In the folk medicine of the Balkan countries, Sideritis raeseri is used as a herbal tea in the treatment of inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders and coughs, and also as a tonic, whereas extracts are used as a component of dietary supplements for anaemia. Its dried inflorescences are used to prepare a beverage called 'mountain tea'. In light of the considerable interest generated in the chemistry, pharmacological properties and commercial value of S. raeseri Boiss. & Heldr., we review and summarise the available literature on these plants. The review details the chemical composition of the essential oil, its mineral and polyphenol contents, the naming of these plants and their physicochemical characterisation, and the nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data and biological properties associated with the plant extracts, with a focus on their potential chemotherapeutic applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele D'Alonzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guaragna
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli, Italy
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Ammar I, Ennouri M, Bouaziz M, Ben Amira A, Attia H. Phenolic Profiles, Phytchemicals and Mineral Content of Decoction and Infusion of Opuntia ficus-indica Flowers. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 70:388-394. [PMID: 26243666 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Opuntia flowers are a natural source of biologically active compounds and they have been used as medicinal plant for a long time. Despite the various uses reported for the decoction and infusion of these flowers, their characterization has been discarded. In this study, the decoction and infusion prepared from Opuntia ficus-indica were analyzed with respect to their content in minerals and phytochemicals in order to evaluate its nutritional characteristics. The obtained data proved that these preparations are a rich source of minerals mainly K and Ca. Moreover, the phytochemical analysis revealed that they have important polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins contents with the infusion that presented the highest polyphenol levels. LC-MS analyses of decoction and infusion allowed the characterization of 20 phenolic compounds. It is mainly identified by the presence of flavonols glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Ammar
- Alimentary Analysis Laboratory, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Monia Ennouri
- Alimentary Analysis Laboratory, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences & Technology of Mahdia, Université de Monastir, Sidi Messaoud 5111, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bouaziz
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Environnement, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1177, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amal Ben Amira
- Alimentary Analysis Laboratory, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hamadi Attia
- Alimentary Analysis Laboratory, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Sideritis galatica Bornm.: A source of multifunctional agents for the management of oxidative damage, Alzheimer's's and diabetes mellitus. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Qazimi B, Stefkov G, Karapandzova M, Cvetkovikj I, Kulevanova S. Aroma Compounds of Mountain Tea ( Sideritis scardica and S. raeseri) from Western Balkan. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the volatile aroma components was defined in the dried and fresh aerial parts of Sideritis scardica Griseb. from R. Macedonia and S. raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. from R. Macedonia, Albania and Greece. Analysis was made by gas chromatography (GC/FID/MS) equipped with a headspace (HS) sampler. Thirty-two components (15 monoterpenes representing 33.2–62.8% and 17 sesquiterpenes representing 25.2–51.2% of the entire volatiles) were identified as aroma components of dried plant material of S. scardica. Thirty components {14 monoterpenes (19.3–74.2%), 2 alcohols (6.2–38.4%) and 14 sesquiterpenes (18.2–33.5%)} were identified as aroma components in the fresh aerial parts of S. scardica. The predominant components were trans-caryophyllene, β-pinene, α-pinene and 1-octen-3-ol, which were found only in the fresh samples. In the aerial parts of S. raeseri, 43 components were identified in the dried samples {22 monoterpenes (65.7–94.3%) and 21 sesquiterpenes (5.4–27.8%)} and 29 components {15 monoterpenes (77.3–90.7%) and 14 sesquiterpenes (6.3–18.2%)} in the respective fresh samples. Prevailing components in all tested samples of S. raeseri were β-pinene, α-pinene, α-copaene, sabinene and limonene. Only minor differences were revealed in the qualitative composition of the aroma volatiles between the dried and fresh plant material of both species. Furthermore there was almost no difference in the chemical profiles of the aroma compounds between S. scardica and S. raeseri, except for 1-octen-3-ol, which was present only in fresh S. scardica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bujar Qazimi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University”Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Str. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Gjoshe Stefkov
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University”Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Str. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Marija Karapandzova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University”Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Str. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Ivana Cvetkovikj
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University”Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Str. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Svetlana Kulevanova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University”Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Str. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
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Qazimi B, Stefkov G, Karapandzova M, Cvetkovikj I, Kulevanova S. Volatile aroma compounds in infusions of stems and rosette leaves of Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. from R. Macedonia, Albania and Greece. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2014. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2014.60.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the volatile aroma components was defined in the infusion prepared by stems of Sideritis raeseri (SR-S) from R. Macedonia, Albania and Greeсe and in the infusion of rosette leaves of S. raeseri (SR-R) from R. Macedonia. Analysis were made by
gas chromatography (GC/FID/MS) equipped with a headspace (HS) sampler. Twenty components (12 monoterpenes representing 76.70- 94.84% and 8 sesquiterpenes representing 5.16-18.55% of the entire volatiles) were identified as aroma components in SR-S samples. The predominant components in all samples were β-pinene, α-pinene and trans-сaryophyllene. The high abundance of limonene and δ-3-сarene were characteristic for the samples from Greeсe and 1,8-сineole was for the samples from R. Maсedonia and Albania. In the infusions of SR-R, ten components were identified, 5 monoterpenes (73.20-83.89%) and 5 sesquiterpenes (16.10-26.80%). Prevailing components in
all tested samples of SR-R were β-pinene, α-pinene, 1,8-cineole and α-epi-murolol. There was almost no difference in the chemical profiles of the aroma compounds between SR-S and SR-R. Infusion of rosette leaves exhibit very similar aroma compounds profile with the infusion of stems of S. raeseri.
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Goulas V, Exarchou V, Kanetis L, Gerothanassis IP. Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of mountain tea (Sideritis syriaca) decoction. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Danesi F, Saha S, Kroon PA, Glibetić M, Konić-Ristić A, D'Antuono LF, Bordoni A. Bioactive-rich Sideritis scardica tea (mountain tea) is as potent as Camellia sinensis tea at inducing cellular antioxidant defences and preventing oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3558-3564. [PMID: 23649594 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several countries, tea (hot-water infusions of dried Camellia sinensis (CS) leaves) is a major source of antioxidant flavonoids, and its consumption has been associated with several favourable outcomes. Other plants used for the preparation of herbal teas are sources of phenolic antioxidant compounds; among them Sideritis scardica (SS) is used for the preparation of a popular drink throughout Eastern and Central Europe. We have compared the effects of an SS extract to a CS extract in HepG2 cells to set the scientific basis for the exploitation of other herbal teas in counteraction of oxidative stress. RESULTS Although SS extract had a lower phenolic concentration and total antioxidant capacity than CS extract, their cellular antioxidant effects were similar. The different phenolic pattern of the extracts suggests that the protective activity is not limited to catechins. CONCLUSION Although further research is needed, our data represent a first contribution for the evaluation of the potential effect of SS in increasing antioxidant defences. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Danesi
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, 47521, Cesena, FC, Italy
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Karapandzova M, Qazimi B, Stefkov G, Bačeva K, Stafilov T, Panovska TK, Kulevanova S. Chemical Characterization, Mineral Content and Radical Scavenging Activity of Sideritis scardica and S. raeseri from R. Macedonia and R. Albania. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical characterization was made of over-ground flowering parts of Sideritis scardica from R. Macedonia and S. raeseri from both R. Macedonia and R. Albania. GC/FID/MS investigation of the n-hexane extracts revealed more than 90 components, dominated by diterpenes and hydrocarbons. The most abundant components were hentriacontane, nonacosane and heptacosane, and two other components both with MW=286, probably diterpenes, which were not fully identified. In addition, the content of total phenols, made by the Folin-Cioclateu method, ranged up to 50.8 and up to 48.9 mg gallic acid/g for S. scardica and S. raeseri, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH assay and the activity, presented as IC50 values, ranged from 3.2-8.9 mg/mL and 7.6-12.6 mg/mL for S. scardica and S. raeseri, respectively. The content of twenty minerals in dried over-ground parts of the plants and in water tea-infusions were determined by the ICP-AES method and some of them alternatively by ETAAS. The most abundant minerals were K > Ca > Mg > P > Fe > Al > Na. The microelements and toxic elements contents were represented in the following order: Zn > Mn > B > Ba > Cu > Sr > Li > Ni > Cr > Co, and Cd > Pb > As, respectively. Water tea-infusions contained a large portion of the total K, P, Na, Cu and Pb, but smaller amounts of the other elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Karapandzova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Bujar Qazimi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Gjoshe Stefkov
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Katerina Bačeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Trajče Stafilov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Tatjana Kadifkova Panovska
- Institute of Aplied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Svetlana Kulevanova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Samanidou V, Tsagiannidis A, Sarakatsianos I. Simultaneous determination of polyphenols and major purine alkaloids in Greek Sideritis species, herbal extracts, green tea, black tea, and coffee by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:608-15. [PMID: 22282422 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 phenolic antioxidants: flavan-3-ols, (-)-epigallocatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-gallocatechin, a phenolic acid (gallic acid), a hydroxycinnamic acid (chlorogenic acid), flavones (apigenin), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin), and purine alkaloids (caffeine theophylline, theobromine) in different herb extracts, tea, and coffee varieties. The developed method was validated and successfully applied in order to determine the polyphenolic content to estimate the antioxidant activity of the Sideritis species commonly known as Greek mountain tea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the quantitative determination of catechins and other polyphenols in Greek mountain tea. Acidic hydrolysis was necessary for the simultaneous determination of the aglycones of the target analytes. According to our results, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, apigenin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate are found in the Sideritis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Fraga BM. Phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy of Sideritis species from the Mediterranean region. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 76:7-24. [PMID: 22326508 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemical content of the Mediterranean species of the Sideritis genus has been reviewed. The components included in this review are monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, flavones, coumarins and phenylpropanoids. From the chemotaxonomic point of view, we have divided the species from this region into four groups. The first of this is formed by taxa containing triterpenes, but not diterpenes. A second group is constituted by species having bicyclic diterpenes of the labdane type and not diterpenes. The third group is characterized by its content in tetracyclic diterpenes of the ent-kaurene type. A fourth group is composed of plants with tetracyclic diterpenes of the ent-beyer-15-ene and/or ent-atis-13-ene class. In addition, the relations of these Mediterranean species with those of the Macaronesian region have been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Qazimi B, Karapandzova M, Stefkov G, Kulevanova S. Chemical composition of ultrasonic-assisted n-hexane extracts of Sideritis scardica Grieseb. and Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. (Lamiaceae) from Macedonia and Albania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2010.56.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition of n-hexane extracts obtained from dried over-ground parts of two species of Sideritis, S. scardica Grieseb. and S. raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed using GC/FID/MS. The collection of plants was made on different locations in the western part of Macedonia and the southern part of Albania, comprising twelve different samples of plant material. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction process was used for preparation of the n-hexane extracts yielded 0.73-3.33 % and 9.11-10.44 % of extracts for S. scardica and S. raeseri, respectively. Over one hundred constituents of the extracts were identified, belonging to several classes of components: diterpenes, hydrocarbons, dominantly present in each of the extracts, followed by fatty acids, aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, sterols, triterpene alcohols, and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which were found in much smaller amounts or only in traces. The most abundant constituents of the extracts of both species of Sideritis were two diterpene components, both with M=286, which were not fully identified. Large percentages of nonacosane (1.71-12.22% and 7.46-19.68% for S. scardica and S. raeseri, respectively) and hentriacontane (4.48-20.79% and 8.09-30.31 % for S. scardica and S. raeseri, respectively) were also found in the extracts of both species.
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Erkan N, Cetin H, Ayranci E. Antioxidant activities of Sideritis congesta Davis et Huber-Morath and Sideritis arguta Boiss et Heldr: Identification of free flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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