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Milczarek RR, Sedej I. Enhancing nutritional quality of spray‐dried concentrated watermelon juice using watermelon by‐product carrier blends. EFOOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Milczarek
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
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Xue S, Wan X, Lu S, Zhong Y, Xie D. A time-course transcriptome analysis of wax gourd fruit development reveals predominant genes regulating taste and nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:971274. [PMID: 36161022 PMCID: PMC9493329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.971274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wax gourd, which belongs to Cucurbitaceae, is an excellent plant resource with the concomitant function of both medicine and foodstuff. Its unique taste and rich nutrition are deeply accepted by consumers. However, the main flavor and nutrients are still unclear, which restricts the quality breeding process of wax gourd. Here, we discovered that monosaccharides, malic acid and citrulline affect the flavor and nutrition of wax gourd and clarified the dynamic accumulation process of these metabolites. To gain insights into the underlying predominant genes regulating accumulation of these metabolites, we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing analysis and compared the expression of screened genes among twenty-four germplasms with different metabolites levels. In addition, the expression abundance among the homologous genes were also analyzed. Finally, a total of 8 genes related to sugar [AGA2 (Bhi03G001926), SUS (Bhi12G001032)], malic acid [MDH (Bhi12G001426, Bhi01G000427), PEPC (Bhi12G000721, Bhi09G002867), ME (Bhi01G002616)] and citrulline [ASS (Bhi02G000401)], respectively were determined. In summary, understanding the core genes influencing taste or nutrition will provide a theoretical basis for fruit quality improvement in wax gourd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Xue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dasen Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Acharya P, Singh J, Jayaprakasha G, Jifon JL, Crosby KM, Patil BS. Impact of storage period and nanoparticle treatment on phytochemical composition of watermelons (Citrullus lanatus). J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ellis AC, Mehta T, Nagabooshanam VA, Dudenbostel T, Locher JL, Crowe-White KM. Daily 100% watermelon juice consumption and vascular function among postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:2959-2968. [PMID: 34344546 PMCID: PMC8435004 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Watermelon juice is a rich food source of cardioprotective compounds such as arginine, citrulline, and lycopene. Preventative interventions are warranted as risk of cardiovascular disease increases among women after menopause, and age alone is an independent risk factor for vascular dysfunction. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of 100% watermelon juice on measures of vascular function. METHODS AND RESULTS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 21 healthy postmenopausal women were randomized to consume two 360 mL servings of 100% watermelon juice per day or an isocaloric placebo for four weeks. Following a two-week washout period, they consumed the other beverage for an additional four weeks. Before and after each treatment arm, a fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum arginine, citrulline, lycopene, glucose, and insulin. Assessments of vascular function included pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, and flow-mediated dilation. General linear mixed models with intent-to-treat analyses were used to examine the effects of the intervention. Despite a significant treatment effect for circulating lycopene (p = 0.002), no changes in arginine, citrulline, or any vascular measures were observed. Although the juice intervention resulted in a slight but significant increase in fasting serum glucose (p = 0.001), changes in glucose homeostasis were not clinically significant. CONCLUSION In contrast to findings from previous studies in younger adults and those with pre-existing hypertension, measures of vascular function in this cohort of healthy postmenopausal women were not impacted by supplemental watermelon juice. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT03626168.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Ellis
- University of Alabama, Department of Human Nutrition, Russell Hall, Box 870311, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Tapan Mehta
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Vinoth A Nagabooshanam
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB/Lakeshore Foundation Research Collaborative, 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Tanja Dudenbostel
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Cardiovascular Disease, Vascular Biology & Hypertension, 933 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Julie L Locher
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, 933 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Kristi M Crowe-White
- University of Alabama, Department of Human Nutrition, Russell Hall, Box 870311, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
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Nutritional Composition and Health Benefits of Various Botanical Types of Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091755. [PMID: 34579288 PMCID: PMC8469201 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the diverse melon cultivars for nutrition aids in crop improvement and promoting a healthy diet. Here, we used in vitro assays to characterize the nutritional qualities and health-beneficial effects of 30 melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes, including 10 improved cultivars, 16 landraces, and 4 wild types collected from different parts of India. Two landraces (Sidoota and Alper Green) had the highest (12.20 and 11.25) total soluble solids (TSS) contents. The Sidoota and Pappusa landraces had high reducing sugar contents (2.84 and 2.81 mg g−1 fresh weight [FW]). The highest polyphenols contents (22.0 mg g−1 FW) were observed in the landraces Mage Kaayi-2, Budamekaayi, and Small Melon. Reflecting on the primary and secondary metabolite contents, the Mekke Kaayi and Giriyala landraces exhibited high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (97.6 and 91% at 100 μg mL−1). Additionally, seven of the landraces showed significant nitric oxide (NO) induction activity (>80% inhibition at 200 μg mL−1), indicating their potential health benefits, and seven showed considerable angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity (highest in Kashi Madhu), indicating their potential usefulness in reducing hypertension. Genotypes with high health beneficial compounds identified in this study can be used for breeding improved melon cultivars to promote these fruits as well as a healthy diet.
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Assefa AD, Hur OS, Ro NY, Lee JE, Hwang AJ, Kim BS, Rhee JH, Yi JY, Kim JH, Lee HS, Sung JS, Kim MK, Noh JJ. Fruit Morphology, Citrulline, and Arginine Levels in Diverse Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) Germplasm Collections. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091054. [PMID: 32824928 PMCID: PMC7569901 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a non-seasonal, economically important, cucurbit cultivated throughout the world, with Asia as a continent contributing the most. As part of the effort to diversify watermelon genetic resources in the already cultivated group, this study was devoted to providing baseline data on morphological quality traits and health-beneficial phytonutrients of watermelon germplasm collections, thereby promoting watermelon research and cultivation programs. To this end, we reported morphological traits, citrulline, and arginine levels of watermelon genetic resources obtained from the gene bank of Agrobiodiversity Center, Republic of Korea, and discussed the relationships between each. Diverse characteristics were observed among many of the traits, but most of the genetic resources (>90%) were either red or pink-fleshed. Korean originated fruits contained intermediate levels of soluble solid content (SSC) while the USA, Russian, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Taiwan, and Uruguay originated fruits had generally the highest levels of soluble solids. The citrulline and arginine contents determined using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method ranged from 6.9 to 52.1 mg/g (average, 27.3 mg/g) and 1.8 to 21.3 mg/g (average, 9.8 mg/g), respectively. The citrulline content determined using the Citrulline Assay Kit ranged from 6.5 to 42.8 mg/g (average, 27.0 mg/g). Resources with high citrulline and arginine levels contained low SSC, whereas red- and pink-colored flesh samples had less citrulline compared to yellow and orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - On-Sook Hur
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Na-Young Ro
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jae-Eun Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ae-Jin Hwang
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Bich-Saem Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ju-Hee Rhee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jung-Yoon Yi
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ho-Sun Lee
- International Technology Cooperation Center, RDA, Jeonju 54875, Korea;
| | - Jung-Sook Sung
- Upland Crop Breeding Division, Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang 50424, Korea;
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Jae-Jong Noh
- Jeonbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan 54591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-290-6121
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Corleto KA, Singh J, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. A sensitive HPLC-FLD method combined with multivariate analysis for the determination of amino acids in l-citrulline rich vegetables. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:717-728. [PMID: 31324287 PMCID: PMC9307045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed analytical method reports the separation and quantification of 21 amino acids including l-citrulline from fresh vegetables and commercial juices using a C8 column. Optimal separation conditions for amino acids analysis were obtained with 20 mM sodium acetate (solvent A) and water with organic modifier acetonitrile and methanol (solvent B; 18/50/32 V/V). The ideal pH and column temperature were found to be 5.40 and 35 °C, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values were obtained in the range of 0.02–0.19 ng/mL and 0.04–0.39 ng/mL for all amino acids respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD) of intraday and interday analysis were found to be <2.7% and 7.9%, respectively. The recovery of amino acids were found be satisfactory for all the tested crops. The developed method was successfully used for the quantification of amino acids in six fresh vegetable juices including watermelon, cucumber, celery, calabaza squash, zucchini squash, yellow squash and commercial juices. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the significant differences in the amino acids profiles. l-citrulline content was highest in fresh watermelon juice (716.57 ± 24.80 μg/mL) and commercial watermelon lime juice (826.48 ± 34.48 μg/mL). The optimized analytical method is rapid, sensitive, accurate and reproducible for analysis of free amino acids including l-citrulline from different vegetable juices and other food products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to separate OPA derivatives of amino acids using C8 column from watermelon, cucumber, zucchini squash, yellow squash, calabaza squash, and celery in a HPLC-FLD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Corleto
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Jashbir Singh
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - G K Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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Abstract
Watermelon is the most significant, natural plant source of L-citrulline, a non-proteinaceous amino acid that benefits cardiovascular health and increases vasodilation in many tissues of the body. Watermelon is a member of the Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, melon, pumpkin, and cucumber. It is possible that other cucurbits could be good sources of citrulline or of arginine, its direct precursor. Twenty-one cultigens were evaluated in triplicate at two locations in North Carolina to estimate citrulline and arginine amounts and variation due to cultigen, replication, and environment. Cultigens containing the highest amount of citrulline (based on LS means) in g/kg fresh weight were ’Crimson Sweet’ watermelon (2.85), ’Dixielee’ watermelon (2.43), casaba-type melon (0.86), mouse melon (0.64), and horned melon rind (0.45). Additionally, mouse melon, horned melon, and bitter gourd (arils) may be interesting sources of arginine-family amino acids, perhaps because of their large seed and aril content relative to mesocarp.
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Development of Isocratic RP-HPLC Method for Separation and Quantification of L-Citrulline and L-Arginine in Watermelons. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:4798530. [PMID: 29853897 PMCID: PMC5954852 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4798530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) are known to have sufficient amino acid content. In this study, watermelons grown and consumed in Malaysia were investigated for their amino acid content, L-citrulline and L-arginine, by the isocratic RP-HPLC method. Flesh and rind watermelons were juiced, and freeze-dried samples were used for separation and quantification of L-citrulline and L-arginine. Three different mobile phases, 0.7% H3P04, 0.1% H3P04, and 0.7% H3P04 : ACN (90 : 10), were tested on two different columns using Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 and Gemini C18 with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and a detection wavelength at 195 nm. Efficient separation with reproducible resolution of L-citrulline and L-arginine was achieved using 0.1% H3P04 on the Gemini C18 column. The method was validated and good linearity of L-citrulline and L-arginine was obtained with R2 = 0.9956, y = 0.1664x + 2.4142 and R2 = 0.9912, y = 0.4100x + 3.4850, respectively. L-citrulline content showed the highest concentration in red watermelon of flesh and rind juice extract (43.81 mg/g and 45.02 mg/g), whereas L-arginine concentration was lower than L-citrulline, ranging from 3.39 to 11.14 mg/g. The isocratic RP-HPLC method with 0.1% H3P04 on the Gemini C18 column proved to be efficient for separation and quantification of L-citrulline and L-arginine in watermelons.
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Soteriou GA, Siomos AS, Gerasopoulos D, Rouphael Y, Georgiadou S, Kyriacou MC. Biochemical and histological contributions to textural changes in watermelon fruit modulated by grafting. Food Chem 2017; 237:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ellis AC, Dudenbostel T, Locher JL, Crowe-White K. Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Elders: The MOXIE Study. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 35:219-242. [PMID: 27897608 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2016.1250693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women in the United States. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness increase with advancing age and are early predictors of future CVD outcomes. We designed the Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Elders (MOXIE) study to examine the effects of 100% watermelon juice as a "food-first" intervention to reduce CVD risk among African American (AA) and European American (EA) women aged 55-69 years. Vascular dysfunction is more pronounced in AA compared to EA women due in part to lower nitric oxide bioavailability caused by higher oxidative stress. However, bioactive compounds in watermelon may improve vascular function by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and antioxidant capacity. This trial will use a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design to investigate the potential of 100% watermelon juice to positively impact various robust measures of vascular function as well as serum biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. This nutrition intervention and its unique methodology to examine both clinical and mechanistic outcomes are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cameron Ellis
- a Human Nutrition, University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA
| | - Tanja Dudenbostel
- b School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
| | - Julie L Locher
- c Geriatrics and Health Care Organizations and Policy, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
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Joshi V, Fernie AR. Citrulline metabolism in plants. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1543-1559. [PMID: 28741223 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline was chemically isolated more than 100 years ago and is ubiquitous in animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. Most of the research on plant citrulline metabolism and transport has been carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana and the Cucurbitaceae family, particularly in watermelon which accumulates this non-proteinogenic amino acid to very high levels. Industrially, citrulline is produced via specially optimized microbial strains; however, the amounts present in watermelon render it an economically viable source providing that other high-value compounds can be co-extracted. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of citrulline biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism in plants additionally pointing out significant gaps in our knowledge which need to be closed by future experimentation. This includes the identification of further potential enzymes of citrulline metabolism as well as obtaining a far better spatial resolution of both sub-cellular and long-distance partitioning of citrulline. We further discuss what is known concerning the biological function of citrulline in plants paying particular attention to the proposed roles in scavenging of excess NH4+ and as a compatible solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Martínez-Sánchez A, Alacid F, Rubio-Arias JA, Fernández-Lobato B, Ramos-Campo DJ, Aguayo E. Consumption of Watermelon Juice Enriched in l-Citrulline and Pomegranate Ellagitannins Enhanced Metabolism during Physical Exercise. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4395-4404. [PMID: 28513179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
l-Citrulline is a nonessential amino acid precursor of arginine and indirectly a precursor of nitric oxide (NO), which is a vasodilator and increases mitochondrial respiration. On the other hand, the antioxidant pomegranate ellagitannins are precursors of urolithin A, which has been associated with mitophagy and increased muscle function. To elucidate if a single dose of watermelon enrichment with these compounds could have a positive effect after high-intensity exercise (eight sets of eight repetitions of half-squat exercise), a double-blind randomized crossover in vivo study was performed in healthy male subjects (n = 19). Enrichment juices maintained basal levels of blood markers of muscle damage, such as lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin, and showed a significant maintenance of force during the exercise and a significant decrease in the rating of perceived exertion and muscle soreness after exercise. A positive effect was observed between l-citrulline and ellagitannins, improving the ergogenic effect of watermelon juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Martínez-Sánchez
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT) , Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Fernando Alacid
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM) , Los Jerónimos Road 135, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM) , Los Jerónimos Road 135, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara Fernández-Lobato
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT) , Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
- Pharmacy Departament, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucı́a , Mezquita s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM) , Los Jerónimos Road 135, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Encarna Aguayo
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT) , Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
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A metabolomics approach to identify and quantify the phytochemicals in watermelons by quantitative 1HNMR. Talanta 2016; 153:268-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mamadou SADJI, Penelope MPERKINSVEAZIE, Ndeye FNDIAYE, Djibril TRAORE, Guoying MA, Cheikna ZONGO, Yves TRAORE, Mohamadou DSAL, Alfred TRAORE. Enhanced L-citrulline in parboiled paddy rice with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice for preventing Sarcopenia: A preliminary study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajfs2015.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Odewunmi NA, Umoren SA, Gasem ZM, Ganiyu SA, Muhammad Q. l-Citrulline: An active corrosion inhibitor component of watermelon rind extract for mild steel in HCl medium. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Soteriou G, Kyriacou M, Siomos A, Gerasopoulos D. Evolution of watermelon fruit physicochemical and phytochemical composition during ripening as affected by grafting. Food Chem 2014; 165:282-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Shashirekha MN, Mallikarjuna SE, Rajarathnam S. Status of Bioactive Compounds in Foods, with Focus on Fruits and Vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 55:1324-39. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.692736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tarazona-Díaz MP, Alacid F, Carrasco M, Martínez I, Aguayo E. Watermelon juice: potential functional drink for sore muscle relief in athletes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7522-7528. [PMID: 23862566 DOI: 10.1021/jf400964r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
l-Citrulline is an excellent candidate to reduce muscle soreness, and watermelon is a fruit rich in this amino acid. This study investigated the potential of watermelon juice as a functional drink for athletes. An in vitro study of intestinal absorption of l-citrulline in Caco-2 cells was performed using unpasteurized (NW), pasteurized (80 °C for 40 s) watermelon juice (PW) and, as control, a standard of l-citrulline. l-citrulline bioavailability was greater when it was contained in a matrix of watermelon and when no heat treatment was applied. In the in vivo experiment (maximum effort test in a cycloergometer), seven athletes were supplied with 500 mL of natural watermelon juice (1.17 g of l-citrulline), enriched watermelon juice (4.83 g of l-citrulline plus 1.17 g from watermelon), and placebo. Both watermelon juices helped to reduce the recovery heart rate and muscle soreness after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha P Tarazona-Díaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena , Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, E-30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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Application of watermelon rind as sorbent for removal of nickel and cobalt from aqueous solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jia S, Li J, Yunusova N, Park JH, Kwon SW, Lee J. A new application of charged aerosol detection in liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of polar and less polar ginsenosides in ginseng products. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:374-380. [PMID: 23390088 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conventional liquid chromatographic methods coupled with ultraviolet or evaporative light scattering detection are not sensitive enough to determine both polar and less polar ginsenosides at low concentrations. OBJECTIVE To establish a liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detection method for the simultaneous determination of polar and less polar ginsenosides in a variety of ginseng products METHODS Fourteen polar and less polar ginsenosides were extracted and concentrated by solid phase extraction. These were subsequently baseline-separated on a conventional reversed-phase C18 -column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a simple mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile. Components were then detected by means of charged aerosol detection. RESULTS The method developed allowed the simultaneous determination of six polar ginsenosides (Rg1 , Re, Rb1 , Rc, Rb, Rd) and eight less polar ginsenosides (Rg6 , F4 , Rk3 , Rh4 , Rg3 (S), Rg3 (R), Rk1 , Rg5 ) in a single chromatographic run. Further, the method was linear (R(2) > 0.99), accurate (relative recoveries, 90-112%), and precise (intraday RSD < 5.7% and interday RSD < 10.6%) within the concentration range tested. The method sensitivity was measured in terms of the limit of detection, which ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 µg/mL. CONCLUSION Concentrations of 14 ginsenosides were determined simultaneously in one homemade red ginseng and 13 commercial ginseng products of different types (liquid and solid samples), and results showed that ginsenoside content varied significantly among the samples tested. The method developed could serve as a useful analytical tool for the quality control of ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Jia
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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