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Kim H, Joo Baek E, Kim YK, Park H, Hye Hur S, Kim JE, Jin Kim H. Development of a method for analysis and risk assessment of residual pesticides in ginseng using liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 427:136675. [PMID: 37385061 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a method for detecting 335 pesticides in ginseng using liquid chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Additionally, the linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision of the method was validated. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for the instrument used in these experiments was 0.1-5.8 μg/kg and 0.3-17.5 μg/kg, respectively. The average recovery was 71.6-113.4%. From 2016 to 2019, 467 ginseng samples were analyzed, of which 304 samples detected pesticide residues, but most of them were below the standard. It can be observed that the hazard quotient (HQ) of ginseng for detected pesticides was less than 1, thus implying that the risk was low. Hence, in this study, we developed a specific, reliable, and suitable method for a fast and simultaneous analysis of 335 pesticides in ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoyoung Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Baek
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Yong-Kyoung Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Hyejin Park
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Suel Hye Hur
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Jang-Eok Kim
- Major in Environment and Life Chemistry, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
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2
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Udomkun P, Boonupara T, Sumitsawan S, Khan E, Pongpichan S, Kajitvichyanukul P. Airborne Pesticides-Deep Diving into Sampling and Analysis. TOXICS 2023; 11:883. [PMID: 37999535 PMCID: PMC10674914 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The escalating utilization of pesticides has led to pronounced environmental contamination, posing a significant threat to agroecosystems. The extensive and persistent global application of these chemicals has been linked to a spectrum of acute and chronic human health concerns. This review paper focuses on the concentrations of airborne pesticides in both indoor and outdoor environments. The collection of diverse pesticide compounds from the atmosphere is examined, with a particular emphasis on active and passive air sampling techniques. Furthermore, a critical evaluation is conducted on the methodologies employed for the extraction and subsequent quantification of airborne pesticides. This analysis takes into consideration the complexities involved in ensuring accurate measurements, highlighting the advancements and limitations of current practices. By synthesizing these aspects, this review aims to foster a more comprehensive and informed comprehension of the intricate dynamics related to the presence and measurement of airborne pesticides. This, in turn, is poised to significantly contribute to the refinement of environmental monitoring strategies and the augmentation of precise risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchimaporn Udomkun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thirasant Boonupara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
| | - Sulak Sumitsawan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA;
| | - Siwatt Pongpichan
- NIDA Center for Research and Development of Disaster Prevention and Management, Graduate School of Social Development and Management Strategy, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
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3
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Hou X, Liu L, Wei L, Feng D, Lv M, Wang X, Yu X, Lu Z, Hou Z. A Novel Analysis Method for Simultaneous Determination of 31 Pesticides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Ginseng. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:4208243. [PMID: 35223127 PMCID: PMC8866027 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4208243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is a perennial herb with a long growth cycle and is known to easily accumulate pesticides during its growth process, seriously threatening people's health. Therefore, to ensure safe consumption, it is necessary to detect and monitor pesticide residues in ginseng. In this study, a novel analysis method was established for simultaneous determination of 31 pesticides in ginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ginseng samples were extracted using acetonitrile, cleaned up by primary secondary amine (PSA) solid-phase extraction column eluted with acetonitrile-toluene, and then detected in multiple reaction mode (MRM). The calibration curves of target compounds were linear in the range of 0.005-1.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9921. The limits of detection of all the pesticides in ginseng were between 4.4×10-5 and 1.6 × 10-2 mg/kg. For fresh ginseng, the average recoveries ranged from 72.1 to 111.6%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.3-12.2%. For dry ginseng, the average recoveries were 74.3-108.3%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.9-14.9%. The residual concentrations of some pesticides in real samples were greater than the maximum residue limit (MRL) for European Union (EU). The method established here is rapid and simple with high sensitivity and good reproducibility, which is sensitive in the residue analysis of many pesticides in ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Liangyue Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Liping Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Da Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Meng Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Zhongbin Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Zhiguang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
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4
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Xie H, Li H, Zhao Y, Liu L, Chen X. Analysis of dietary exposure and risk assessment of pesticide residues in roots and rhizomes of Chinese herbs. J Food Sci 2021; 87:124-140. [PMID: 34939193 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Medicine food homologous (MFH) plants provide therapeutic and health care effects through diet. Thus, a risk assessment system for hazardous ingredient residues is urgently required to ensure their safe use. In this study, the pesticide contamination of six root and rhizome Chinese herbs, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Panacis Quinquefolii Radix, Pseudostellariae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Codonopsis Radix, and Glehniae Radix, and the risks associated with their intake were investigated. A total of 420 MFH plant samples collected from 22 provinces in China were tested, and 61 pesticides were detected in 413 samples. Multiple pesticide residues were detected in each MFH sample, with contents ranging from 0.0002 to 3.010 mg/kg dry weight. Carbendazim (≥47.14%) and propham (≥40%) were the most frequently detected pesticides. Risk assessment determined by hazard quotients indicated that the risks were acceptable, with no short- or long-term adverse health effects. However, considering the high incidence of residues and the detection of unregistered or even prohibited pesticides, strict supervision of soil quality and pesticide application (particularly cadusafos) in MFH plant cultivation are recommended to aid in monitoring MFH plant quality and ensuring diet and drug safety. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ensure the diet and drug safety of Chinese herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Xie
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Lanqi Liu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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5
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Yao Y, Bai L, Tian H, Wu X, Zhang N, Wu L, Jia Y, Ren X. A fluorinated chitosan-based QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of 20 organophosphorus pesticide residues in ginseng using GC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5209. [PMID: 34216008 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new fluorinated methacrylamide (MACF) was synthesized and evaluated as an adsorbent in the dispersive solid-phase extraction for the effective determination and extraction of 20 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from ginseng samples using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) method coupled with GC-MS/MS. The properties of MACF were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high-resolution 19 F NMR. MACF, chitosan, primary and secondary amine, octadecylsilane, graphitized carbon black, Z-Sep, Z-Sep+ , and EMR-Lipid were compared in terms of extraction efficiency. The best results were obtained when MACF was used. Matrix-matched calibration was employed for quantification. All the OPPs exhibited good linearity (r2 > 0.9969) with the concentration at their respective concentration ranges. The limits of detection were 1.5-3.0 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification were 5.0-10.0 μg/kg. The trueness of the 20 pesticides at four spiked levels ranged from 86.1 to 111.1%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 11.3%. The modified QuEChERS method using MACF as the adsorbent was sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective and could be used for the determination of 20 OPP residues in ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunheng Yao
- Product Quality Inspection Institute of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Yanji, China
| | - Longlv Bai
- Product Quality Inspection Institute of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Yanji, China
| | - Haifeng Tian
- Product Quality Inspection Institute of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Yanji, China
| | - Xinzi Wu
- Product Quality Inspection Institute of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Yanji, China
| | - Nianjie Zhang
- Product Quality Inspection Institute of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Yanji, China
| | - Lunpeng Wu
- National Ginseng Products Quality Supervision Inspection Center, Yanji, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xiuli Ren
- Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Ryu SH, Choi GH, Park SW, Kim BS, Kim JH, Lee HS. A comparison of the effectiveness of QuEChERS, FaPEx and a modified QuEChERS method on the determination of organochlorine pesticides in ginseng. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246108. [PMID: 33513159 PMCID: PMC7846022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a review of methods used in the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ginseng and compares the effectiveness of three extraction methods (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS), a modified QuEChERS and a Fast Pesticide Extraction (FaPEx)) in the analyses of 20 OCPs in ginseng root samples. For each method, sample mass, solvent volume and sorbent mass were varied to identify the optimum combination to effectively isolate analytes of interest from the complex sample matrix. Extracts were analyzed using the gas chromatography-μ-electron capture detector (GC-μ-ECD), and confirmatory analyses performed by gas chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Eighteen out of 20 OCPs spiked onto in-house prepared ginseng samples produced acceptable recoveries (51-156%) when extracted using QuEChERS and FaPEx. All 20 analytes, including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p, p'- DDD) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o, p'-DDT), produced acceptable recoveries (51-129%) with the use of a modified QuEChERS method. The applicability of the modified QuEChERS method was demonstrated through the analysis of ginseng samples grown in endosulfan-treated soil. The samples were analyzed by both GC-μ-ECD and GC-MS/MS with no significant difference identified in the results of each analytical method. This study highlights the applicability of the modified QuEChERS method, in combination with GC- μ-ECD, to determine organochlorine pesticides in ginseng. This may be especially useful for laboratories in developing countries and less advanced institutions without access to MS/MS instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- CSIR Water Research Institute, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Megson
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Song-Hee Ryu
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Geun-Hyoung Choi
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Sub Lee
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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7
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Molecularly imprinted dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pyraclostrobin in ginseng. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Li M, Wang S, Lang Z, Xu G, Yu Y. Combination of chemical and toxicological methods to assess bioavailability of Tolclofos-methyl by earthworms. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:183-189. [PMID: 31173956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tolclofos-methyl (TM) is an organophosphorus fungicide and widely utilized to control soil-borne diseases. However, toxic effects of TM on terrestrial invertebrates are still unknown. Here we measured the bioaccumulation of TM in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) to assess its environmental bioavailability. Mortality, weight change, and oxidative damage of earthworms were determined to investigate the toxicological bioavailability of TM. ROS, SOD and MDA in highest concentration treatment group significantly increased compared to the control group, suggesting that hazardous effects of TM to earthworms were caused by the oxidative stress. To further examine its toxicological bioavailability, cytotoxicity test was carried out by using extracted earthworm coelomocytes. The biomarkers, e.g., intracellular ROS, extracellular LDH, and cell viability showed correlation with TM in the culture media, demonstrating that cytotoxicity test could be employed to reflect the toxicological bioavailability of pollutants to earthworms or other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Food and Environmental Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150066, China
| | - Ze Lang
- School of Food and Environmental Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150066, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Zang P, Zhao Y, He Z, Zhu H, Song S, Zhang L. Study on the simultaneous degradation of five pesticides by Paenibacillus polymyxa from Panax ginseng and the characteristics of their products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:415-422. [PMID: 30399540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The quality and safety of ginseng products were seriously affected due to the slow metabolism and long-term residual pesticides in ginseng. Microbial degradation is an effective method to degrade pesticide residues. In this study, ginseng endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa was used to degrade pesticide residues. A method of simultaneous determination of fluazinam, BHC, PCNB, chlorpyrifos and DDT in ginseng roots and ginseng stems and leaves by GC was established. The sample was extracted with n-hexane and purified by Florisil solid phase extraction column. The limit of quantitation was 0.01 μg mL-1, the linear relationship was good (r ≥ 0.9901). 7 days after inoculated with P. polymyxa, the degradation rates of fluazinam, BHC, PCNB, chlorpyrifos, and DDT in the medium were 94.77%, 70.34%, 77.92%, 78.30%, 66.70%, respectively (P < 0.05). The safety of 5 pesticide degradation products was investigated by GC-MS. The results showed that after 7 days degradation, the main degradation products were alkanes, which are non-toxic and can't cause secondary pollution to the environment. The actual degradation results were verified by field experiments. The results indicated that after sprayed 5 times with P. polymyxa, the degradation rates of fluazinam, BHC, PCNB, chlorpyrifos and DDT in the ginseng roots were 66.07%, 46.24%, 21.05%, 72.40%, 54.21%, respectively (P < 0.05). The degradation rates in ginseng stems and leaves were 74.18%, 55.61%, 73.65%, 58.13%, 46.91%, respectively (P < 0.05). The results indicated that Paenibacillus polymyxa was an effective degradation strain of 5 pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China.
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China.
| | - Pu Zang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China
| | - Shengnan Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Chang Chun 130118, China
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10
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Kikuchi H, Sakai T, Nemoto S, Akiyama H. Total determination of residual flutolanil and its metabolites in livestock products and seafood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2366-2374. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1530457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kikuchi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Sakai
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Nemoto
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Ma C, Liu Z, Qi Y, Wang S, Cao X, Wang J, She Y, Shao Y, Shen J, Zhang C, Jiang Z. Residue behavior and risk assessment of thifluzamide in the maize field ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21195-21204. [PMID: 29777494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the dissipation kinetics and final residue levels of thifluzamide in the maize field ecosystem were investigated. Using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS), a rapid, sensitive, efficient, and reliable method for extraction and quantitative analysis of thifluzamide residues in maize grain, maize plant, and soil was developed. Satisfactory recoveries of 78.7-97.0% were achieved with relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 1.6 to 8.2%. The limits of detection (LODs) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.002-0.005 and 0.010 mg kg-1, respectively. The dissipation kinetics of thifluzamide in maize plant was well fitted by the first-order kinetic model with short half-lives of 0.19-0.22 days, while thifluzamide degraded slowly in soil with half-lives of 4.56-15.85 days. The final residues in maize grain, maize plant, and soil samples collected at the milk stage and the physiological maturity stage were no more than 0.010, 0.807, and 0.278 mg kg-1, respectively. Given that no maximum residue limit (MRL) for thifluzamide in maize has been established, the safety of this fungicide application was estimated by a dietary risk assessment. The hazard quotient was 0.03%, which was substantially less than 1, indicating that the long-term risk induced by the thifluzamide application on maize at the recommended dose is negligible. These results help governments to develop regulations for the safe use of thifluzamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- Food Science and Technology, Grain College, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongdong Liu
- Food Science and Technology, Grain College, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Qi
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolin Cao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jitai Shen
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejun Jiang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhang H, Zhang A, Huang M, Yu W, Li Z, Wu S, Zheng K, Zhang K, Hu D. Simultaneous determination of boscalid and fludioxonil in grape and soil under field conditions by gas chromatography/tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 28905410 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine boscalid and fludioxonil in grape and soil samples. These samples were extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile and purified using a mixed primary secondary amine/octadecylsilane sorbent. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) in the calibration range 0.005-2 μg/mL for both pesticides. The limits of detection and quantification for the two analytes in grape and soil were 0.006 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Fungicide recoveries in grape and soil were 81.18-92.11% for boscalid and 82.73-97.67% for fludioxonil with relative standard deviations of 1.31-10.31%. The established method was successfully applied to the residual analysis of boscalid and fludioxonil in real grape and soil samples. The terminal residue concentrations of boscalid and fludioxonil in grape samples collected from Anhui and Guizhou were <5 mg/kg (the maximum residue limit set by China) 7 days after the last application and 1 mg/kg (the maximum residue limit set by USA) 14 days after the last application. These results could provide guidance for the proper and safe use of boscalid and fludioxonil in grape and help the Chinese government to establish an MRL for fludioxonil in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - A'wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhurui Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sizhuo Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kunming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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13
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Mutengwe MT, Chidamba L, Korsten L. Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables at Two of the Biggest Fresh Produce Markets in Africa. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1938-1945. [PMID: 28221902 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In most countries, fresh produce sold at local markets is usually not analyzed for agricultural chemical residues as export products are, which raises concerns about the perceived safety levels of local food supplies in contrast with exported products. The aim of this study was to determine pesticide residue levels in fruits and vegetables sold at two of the biggest fresh produce markets in Africa. A total of 199 fruit and vegetable samples were collected between 2012 and 2014 and analyzed for 74 pesticides commonly used in the horticultural sector. Of the samples analyzed, 91% were compliant with set maximum residue levels (MRLs). The remaining samples either contained unregistered chemicals (8%) or exceeded set MRL values (1%). Products containing more than one pesticide residue constituted 4.02% of all samples tested. Imazalil and iprodione were found to be the most frequently detected pesticides (12 samples each). Boscalid, endosulfan, profenofos, and procymidone were associated with the most noncompliance, including exceeding MRL values or being unregistered for the specific crop. The establishment of a national pesticide monitoring program is essential for the country and would ensure that pesticides are used in accordance with good agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbulaheni T Mutengwe
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Well-Being, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lizyben Chidamba
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Well-Being, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Well-Being, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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14
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Tripathy V, Saha A, Patel DJ, Basak BB, Shah PG, Kumar J. Validation of a QuEChERS-based gas chromatographic method for analysis of pesticide residues in Cassia angustifolia (senna). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:508-518. [PMID: 27153296 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1170544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple multi-residue method based on modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) approach was established for the determination of 17 organochlorine (OC), 15 organophosphorous (OP) and 7 synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides in an economically important medicinal plant of India, Senna (Cassia angustifolia), by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture and flame thermionic detectors (GC/ECD/FTD) and confirmation of residues was done on gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The developed method was validated by testing the following parameters: linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect, accuracy-precision and measurement uncertainty; the validation study clearly demonstrated the suitability of the method for its intended application. All pesticides showed good linearity in the range 0.01-1.0 μg mL(-1) for OCs and OPs and 0.05-2.5 μg mL(-1) for SPs with correlation coefficients higher than 0.98. The method gave good recoveries for most of the pesticides (70-120%) with intra-day and inter-day precision < 20% in most of the cases. The limits of detection varied from 0.003 to 0.03 mg kg(-1), and the LOQs were determined as 0.01-0.049 mg kg(-1). The expanded uncertainties were <30%, which was distinctively less than a maximum default value of ±50%. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine pesticide residues in 12 commercial market samples obtained from different locations in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Tripathy
- a ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Ajoy Saha
- a ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Dilipkumar J Patel
- b Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - B B Basak
- a ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Paresh G Shah
- b Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- a ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research , Anand , Gujarat , India
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15
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Su R, Li D, Wang X, Yang H, Shi X, Liu S. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in ginseng by carbon nanotube envelope-based solvent extraction combined with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:141-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Pesticides Residues Rapid Extraction from Panax Ginseng Using a Modified QuEChERS Method for GC–MS. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Wang L, Kong W, Yang M, Han J, Chen S. Safety issues and new rapid detection methods in traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:38-46. [PMID: 26579423 PMCID: PMC4629208 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a major strategic issue that involves human health. With the continuous improvement in disease prevention and treatment, the export of TCM and its related products has increased dramatically in China. However, the frequent safety issues of Chinese medicine have become the 'bottleneck' impeding the modernization of TCM. It was proved that mycotoxins seriously affect TCM safety; the pesticide residues of TCM are a key problem in TCM international trade; adulterants have also been detected, which is related to market circulation. These three factors have greatly affected TCM safety. In this study, fast, highly effective, economically-feasible and accurate detection methods concerning TCM safety issues were reviewed, especially on the authenticity, mycotoxins and pesticide residues of medicinal materials.
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Key Words
- 2D DNA barcodes
- AA, aristolochic acid, Afs, aflatoxins
- Authentication
- DON, deoxynivalenol, GICA, gold immunochromatographic assay
- LOD, limit of detection, OTA, ochratoxin A
- Mycotoxins
- PAs, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- Pesticide residues
- Rapid detection
- SSCP, single-strand conformation polymorphism, ZEN, zearalenone
- Safety issue
- Traceability
- Traditional Chinese medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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18
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Kuang Y, Qiu F, Kong W, Luo J, Cheng H, Yang M. Simultaneous quantification of mycotoxins and pesticide residues in ginseng with one-step extraction using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 939:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Tong H, Tong Y, Xue J, Liu D, Wu X. Multi-residual Pesticide Monitoring in Commercial Chinese Herbal Medicines by Gas Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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